278413263.

doc

{{<P=21><C=04><S=core><T=LQ><M=10><L=2><X=H><id=001>}}
2143001

The following figure shows a diver of 75 kg jumping from a 3-m springboard.

(a) How much energy does the diver need to climb up to the springboard?
(2 marks)
(b) The diver steps hardly on the springboard before he takes off and he jumps
up 1 m.
(i)

How much elastic potential energy is stored in the springboard?

(2 marks)

(ii) What is the take-off velocity of the diver?

(2 marks)

(c) Hence, or otherwise, find the time between the diver taking off and entering
water.
(2 marks)
(d) The diver cannot finish 3 somersaults before he enters water and he can
earn only very low marks. Suggest what he can do on the springboard to
improve his performance. Explain your answer briefly.
(2 marks)
-- ans -Solutions
(a) Potential energy = mgh

Marks
1M

= 75 10 3
= 2250 J
The diver needs 2250 J to climb to the springboard.

1A

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(b) (i)

By the law of conservation of energy,

energy stored in the springboard = PE gained by the diver

1M

= mgh
= 75 10 1
= 750 J

1A

Elastic potential energy of 750 J is stored in the springboard.

(ii)

Let v be the take-off velocity of the diver.

By the law of conservation of energy,
gain in kinetic energy loss = loss in elastic potential energy
1
75 v 2 = 750
2

v = 4.47 m s1

1M
1A

The take-off velocity of the diver is 4.47 m s 1 .

(c)

Take the upward direction as positive.

For the whole journey,
by s = ut +

1M

1 2
at ,
2

3 = 4.47 t +

1
(10) t2
2

t = 1.34 s or 0.447 s (rejected)

1A

The time taken between the diver taking off and entering water is
1.34 s.
(d) The diver can step on the springboard harder, so that more elastic
potential energy is stored in the springboard.

1A

Then by the law of conservation of energy, the diver can jump

higher and he will have longer time to finish his motion.

1A

-- ans end -{{<P=21><C=04><S=core><T=LQ><M=10><L=2><X=H><id=002>}}

2143002
Tom rides on the Crazy Galleon (pirate ship) in Ocean Park. The boat is 26 m
long and swings to-and-fro. The angle of full swing is 75 (Fig a).

278413263.doc

75
boat

Fig a

Tom sits at A, the middle of the boat, and the distance OA is 30 m. When the boat
is in full swing, Tom moves to B (Fig b).

Fig b

(a) (i)

Find AOB and AB.

(3 marks)

(ii) Hence, find Toms maximum rise in height.

(3 marks)

(b) Tom has a mass of 35 kg. From (a), find the maximum potential energy
gained by Tom.
(2 marks)
(c) When Tom moves back to A from B, what is his velocity at A if no work is
done by the motor on the boat?
(2 marks)
-- ans --

278413263.doc

Solutions

Marks

(a)

(i)

Since the angle of full swing of the boat is 75, AOB = 37.5.

1A

Given: AO = OB = 30 m
By cosine law,
AB2 = OA2 + OB2 2 OA OB cos AOB

1M

AB2 = 2 302 (1 cos 37.5)

AB = 19.3 m

1A

AOB and AB are 37.5 and 19.3 m respectively.

(ii)

OAB =
=

1
(180 AOB)
2
1
(180 37.5)
2

= 71.25

1M

BAC = 90 OAB = 90 71.25 = 18.75

1M

BC = 19.3 sin 18.75 = 6.20 m

1A

The maximum distance raised by Tom is equal to 6.20 m.

(b) Maximum potential energy gained by Tom
= mgh

1M

= 35 10 6.20
= 2170 J

1A

278413263.doc

(c)

Let v be the velocity of Tom at A.

By the law of conservation of energy,
kinetic energy at A = potential energy at B
1M

1
mv 2 = mgh
2

v=
=

2gh

2 10 6.20

= 11.1 m s1

1A

The velocity of Tom at A is 11.1 m s1.

-- ans end -{{<P=21><C=04><S=core><T=LQ><M=15><L=2><X=H><id=003>}}

2143003
The figure shows a vertical plane through the portion ABC of a road. The points
A and C are 36 m and 28 m higher than the lowest point B respectively. A car of
mass 750 kg starts travelling on the road at A.
A
C
36 m
B

(a) State two sources of resistance acting on the car.

28 m

(2 marks)

(b) The car runs from A to B with its engine shut down. Given that its speed at
A is 2 m s1, its speed at B is 12 m s1, and the average resistance is 720 N.
Find, as the car travels from A to B,
(i)

the loss in potential energy,

(2 marks)

(ii) the gain in kinetic energy,

(2 marks)

(iii) the work done against resistance, and

(2 marks)

(iv) the distance from A to B.

(2 marks)

(c) Given that the distance from B to C is 120 m, and the average resistance is
720 N. Can the car travel to C without starting its engine? Justify your
answer.
(3 marks)
(d) When the car arrives at B, its engine starts and supplies power to the wheels.
After 7.5 seconds, the car reaches C without reducing speed. Find the

278413263.doc

average power supplied by the engine between B and C. Assume that the
engine has no energy loss and the average resistance is still 720 N. (2 marks)
-- ans -Solutions

Marks

(a) The resistance acting on the car comes from

the friction between the wheels and the road and

1A

air resistance.
(b) (i)

1A

Loss in potential energy = mgh

1M

= 750 10 36
= 270 000 J
(ii)

1
Gain in kinetic energy = m v 2 u 2
2

1A
1M

1
750 (122 22)
2

= 52 500 J

1A

(iii) By the law of conservation of energy,

work done against resistance = PE loss KE gain

1M

= 270 000 52 500

= 217 500 J
(iv) By W = fs,

1M

distance from A to B =
(c)

Kinetic energy at B =

1A

W 217 500
=
= 302 m
f
720

1
1
mv 2 = 750 12 2 = 54 000 J
2
2

1A
1A

Minimum energy required for the car to go from B to C

= gain in potential energy + work done against resistance
= mgh + fs
= 750 10 28 + 720 120
1A

= 296 000 J
Since the minimum energy required for the car to go from B to C is
greater than the total energy of the car at B, the car cannot reach C.
(d) Average power supply =

E
t

1A
1M

278413263.doc

296 000
7. 5

= 39 500 W

1A

-- ans end -{{<P=21><C=04><S=core><T=LQ><M=13><L=2><X=H><id=004>}}

2143004
A block of mass 5 kg is placed on a rough inclined plane as shown in the
following figure. The friction between the block and the inclined plane is 10 N.

1m
30

(a) Find the net force acting on the block, and hence describe the motion of the
block.
(3 marks)
(b) Calculate the gain in kinetic energy of the block when it reaches the ground.
(2 marks)
(c) Calculate the speed of the block when it reaches the ground.

(2 marks)

(d) Consider the work done by the normal force and the work done against
friction.
(i)

Explain briefly why the work done against friction is negative. (1 mark)

(ii) Explain whether the work done by normal reaction is positive,

negative, or zero.
(2 marks)
(e) Suggest two advantages and one disadvantage of using an inclined plane to
help bring up a load to a higher place.
(3 marks)
-- ans -Solutions
(a) Net force = mg sin friction

Marks
1M

= 5 10 sin 30 10
= 15 N
There is a net force of 15 N acting on the block down the inclined plane.

1A

278413263.doc

The block slides down the inclined plane with uniform acceleration.

1A

(b) Gain in kinetic energy

= loss in potential energy work done against friction
= mgh fs
= 5 10 1 10

1M
1
sin 30

= 30 J
(c)

1A

Let v be the speed of the block when it reaches the ground.

1
mv 2 = 30
2

1M

1
5 v 2 = 30
2

v = 3.46 m s1

1A

The speed of the block is 3.46 m s1 when it reaches the ground.

(d) (i)
(ii)

The frictional force and the motion are in opposite directions.

1A

The work done by normal reaction is zero.

1A

This is because the normal reaction and the direction of motion are
perpendicular to each other.

1A

(e) Advantages:
A smaller force (or less power) is needed than lift the load up vertically.

1A

When it falls down, it will slip along the inclined plane with a smaller
acceleration and would not be so dangerous.

1A

Disadvantage:
A considerable amount of energy is wasted.

1A

(accept other reasonable answers)

-- ans end
{{<P=21><C=04><S=core><T=LQ><M=13><L=2><X=H><id=005>}}
2143005
In the following figure, a boy of mass 40 kg wearing a pair of roller-blades
skates down a slope which makes an angle of 20 with the horizontal. The speed
of the boy at A is 5 m s1. Assume that there is no energy loss as the boy skates
down.

278413263.doc

(a) What is the kinetic energy of the boy at A?

(2 marks)

(b) The boy then reaches B. the following quantities at B.

(i)

Find his loss in potential energy.

(ii) Find his speed at B.

(2 marks)
(3 marks)

(c) If a wind suddenly blows and the boy exerts a 30-N force against the
resistance, what is the power of the boy? Assume he keeps himself
travelling at the speed mentioned in (b)(ii).
(2 marks)
(d) Assume there is no wind and at B, the boy sees an old lady standing 10 m in
front of him. He tries to stop himself.
(i)

What is the minimum braking force he should apply in order to prevent

knocking down the lady?
(2 marks)

(ii) He finally stops himself successfully at C.

Someone claims that, Energy is not conserved as the brake applies
because the kinetic energy of the boy at C is not equal to that at B.
Comment on this statement.

(2 marks)

-- ans -Solution
(a) Kinetic energy of the boy at A =
=

1
mv 2
2

1M

1
40 5 2
2

= 500 J
(b) (i)

Marks

Loss in potential energy = mgh

= 40 10 10 sin 20
= 1368 J

1A
1M

278413263.doc

= 1370 J
(ii)

1A

Let v be the speed of the boy at B.

Total kinetic energy of the boy at B
= kinetic energy at A + loss in potential energy from A to B

1M

= 500 + 1368
= 1868J
1M

1
mv 2 = 1868
2
1
40 v 2 = 1868
2

v = 9.66 m s1

1A

The speed of the boy at B is 9.66 m s1.

(c)

Power = Fv

1M

= 30 9.66
= 290 W
(d) (i)

1A

In order to prevent knocking down the lady, the boy should stop
in 10 m.
Let F be the minimum braking force applied.
Work done by the deceleration force = loss in kinetic energy
Fs = 1868

1M

F 10 = 1868
F = 187 N

1A

The minimum braking force the boy should apply is 187 N.

(ii)

The statement is false.

1A

Energy is always conserved.

In this case, the KE of the boy lost during the brake is converted
to other energy such as the internal energy of the roller-bikes.

1A

-- ans end -{{<P=21><C=04><S=core><T=LQ><M=11><L=2><X=H><id=006>}}

2143006

(a) A lorry of mass 3000 kg is travelling on a highway at 64.8 km h1.

(i)

What is the kinetic energy of the lorry?

(2 marks)

278413263.doc

(ii) The driver applies the brake to stop the lorry. If the average braking
force is 8000 N, what is the braking distance?
(2 marks)
(iii) Describe the energy change in braking the lorry.

(1 mark)

(b) A 1500 kg car travels on another highway. The driver applies the brake
suddenly and the average braking force is 7000 N.
(i)

What is the speed of the car before the brake applied if the skid mark
on the road is 42 m?
(2 marks)

(ii) The speed limit of the highway is 70 km h1. Does the car exceed the
limit before the brake is applied? Show your calculation.
(2 marks)
(c) Does the lorry in (a) or the car in (b) make greater damage in accident?
Explain without calculation.
(2 marks)
-- ans -Solutions
(a) (i)

Kinetic energy of the lorry =

=

Marks
1M

1
mv 2
2
1
64.8
3000

2
3. 6

= 486 000 J
(ii)

1A

Take the moving direction of the lorry as positive.

By the law of conservation of energy,
work done by the braking force = loss in kinetic energy
Fs = 486 000

1M

8000s = 486 000

s = 60.8 m

1A

The braking distance is 60.8 m.

(iii) The kinetic energy of the car is converted to the internal energy
of the road surface and the tyres.
(b) (i)

1A

Let v be the speed of the car.

By the law of conservation of energy,
work done by the braking force = loss in kinetic energy
Fs =
7000 42 =

1
mv 2
2
1
1500 v 2
2

1M

278413263.doc

v = 19.8 m s1

1A

The speed of the car is 19.8 m s1.

(ii)

(c)

19.8 m s1 = 19.8 3.6 km h1 = 71.3 km h1

1M

The car driver exceeds the limit.

1A

The lorry in (a) makes greater damage.

1A

It has a much greater kinetic energy although it is slower.

1A

-- ans end -{{<P=21><C=04><S=core><T=LQ><M=19><L=3><X=H><id=007>}}

2143007
A wooden block moves towards the right in the horizontal direction. The mass of
the wooden block is 2 kg. The friction between the wooden block and the ground
is 4 N. At t 0, the speed of the wooden block is 5 m s1. Starting from t 2 s, a
pushing force of magnitude 10 N is applied on the wooden block to the right.
(c) Draw the free-body diagram of the wooden block after the pushing force is
applied.
(4 marks)
(b) Find the work done by friction in the first 2 s.

(6 marks)

(c) Find the kinetic energy of the wooden block at t 2 s.

(4 marks)

(d) Find the acceleration of the wooden block when the pushing force is
applied.
(2 marks)
(e) Find the power of the pushing force in terms of the time T it acts on the
wooden block.
(3 marks)
-- ans -Solutions

Marks

(a)
normal reaction
pushing force
friction
weight

(Correct pushing force)

1A

(Correct weight)

1A

(Correct friction)

1A

278413263.doc

(Correct normal reaction)

1A

(b) Take the direction to the right as positive.

By F = ma,

1M

acceleration due to friction =

F 4
=
= 2 m s2
m
2

1M

In the first 2 s,
displacement = ut +

1M

1 2
at
2

=52+

1
2 2 2
2

=6m

1M

Work done by friction = fs

1M

= 4 6
= 24 J
(c)

1A

At t = 2 s, speed of the wooden block = u + at

1M

= 5 + (2) 2

Kinetic energy of the wooden block =

=

= 1 m s1

1M

1
mv 2
2

1M

1
2 12
2

=1J

1A

(d) When the pushing force is applied,

net force on the wooden block = pushing force friction

1M

= 10 4
=6N
Acceleration of the wooden block =

F 6
= = 3 m s2
m 2

(e) Speed of the wooden block = u + at = 1 + 3T

Power of the pushing force = Fv

1A
1M
1M

= 10 (1 + 3T)
= 10 + 30T

-- ans end -{{<P=21><C=04><S=core><T=LQ><M=14><L=3><X=H><id=008>}}

1A

278413263.doc

2143008
Bungee jumping is a very exciting activity. Mark jumps from rest at a height of
40 m in a game. When he falls by 15 m, the elastic string starts to stretch. When
he gets to the lowest point, the elastic string was elongated by 10 m. Then he
rebounds upwards for 20 m in 3 s. The mass of Mark is 50 kg. Neglect the mass
of the string and the air resistance. The acceleration due to gravity is 10 m s2.
Take the gravitational potential energy on the ground as zero.

(a) State the energy transformation process from Marks jumping down till
rebounding.
(3 marks)
(b) Find the speed and kinetic energy of Mark respectively when the elastic
string starts to stretch.
(4 marks)
(c) Find the gravitational potential energy of Mark and the elastic potential
energy in the string when Mark reaches the lowest point.
(4 marks)
(d) Find the average power of Marks weight in the rebounding process.
(3 marks)
-- ans -Solutions

Marks

(a) When Mark jumps down, his gravitational potential energy was
transformed into kinetic energy.

1A

When the elastic string starts to stretch and before Mark gets to the
lowest point, his kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy are
transformed into elastic potential energy.

1A

278413263.doc

When Mark rebounds, the elastic potential energy in the string is

transformed into Marks kinetic energy and gravitational potential
energy.

1A

(b) Before the string starts to stretch, the motion is free falling.
Take the downward direction as positive.
By v2 = u2 + 2as,

1M

speed of Mark = u 2 2as = 0 2 2 10 15 =

Kinetic energy of Mark =
=

300

= 17.3 m s1

1M

1
mv 2
2
1
50
2

300

= 7500 J
(c)

1A

Gravitational potential energy = mgh

1A
1M

= 50 10 (40 15 10)
= 7500 J

1A

By the law of conservation of energy,

elastic potential energy at the lowest point
= loss in gravitational potential energy
= 50 10 40 7500

1M

= 12 500 J

1A

(d) Work done = Fs = 50 10 20 = 10 000 J

1M

W
t

1M

Average power =
=

10 000
3

= 3330 W

1A

-- ans end -{{<P=21><C=04><S=core><T=LQ><M=14><L=3><X=H><id=009>}}

2143009

The following figure shows a small block M of mass 1 kg being transported

across a small hill along ABC by an applied force F, which is always parallel to
the path. The speed of M is kept constant throughout the journey and the friction
between the block and the road is 2.60 N.

278413263.doc

M
10 m
30

30

(a) Consider the journey from A to B.

(i)

Draw a labelled force diagram to show all the forces acting on the
block.
(4 marks)

(ii) Find the applied force F.

(2 marks)

(iii) Find the work done by F.

(2 marks)

(b) Consider the journey from B to C.

(i)

Determine the direction and magnitude of the applied force F.

marks)

(ii) Find the work done by F.

(2
(1 mark)

(c) A student says that both the potential energy and the kinetic energy of the
block M are the same at A and C. Therefore the total work done by F in
transporting the block from A to C is zero. Comment on this statement.
(3 marks)
-- ans -Solutions

Marks

(a) (i)
normal reaction
applied force F

friction
weight

(Correct normal reaction)

1A

(Correct applied force F)

1A

(Correct friction)

1A

(Correct weight)

1A

278413263.doc

(ii)

Since the speed of M is constant, the net force along the

path is 0.
Applied force F = mg sin + friction

1M

= 1 10 sin 30 + 2.60
= 7.6 N
(iii) Work done = Fs

1A
1M

= 7.6

10
sin 30

= 152 J

1A

(b) (i)
normal reaction
applied force
F

weight

Applied force F = mg sin friction

= 1 10 sin 30 2.6
= 2.4 N (up and parallel to the inclined plane)
(ii)

1A + 1A

Work done = Fs
= 2.4

10
sin 30

= 48 J

1A

The work done by F on block M is 48 J, i.e. the energy of

block M decreases.
(c)

In transporting the block from A to C, the kinetic and potential

energy of the block does not change.

1A

However, there is energy loss fs due to friction. The total work

done by F is equal to the energy loss due to friction, which is not
zero.

1A

Therefore, the total work done by F is not zero. The student is not
correct.

-- ans end --

1A

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