Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
SOURCEBOOK
REFINING
easy-e, edisc, eplug, Fisher, NotchFlo, POSI-SEAL, WHISPER TRIM, and VEE-BALL are
marks owned by Fisher Controls International LLC, a business of Emerson Process Management. The Emerson logo is a trademark and service mark of Emerson Electric Co. All other
marks are the property of their respective owners.
This publication may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in whole
or in part, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without the written permission of Fisher Controls International LLC.
Emerson Process Management gratefully acknowledges the contribution made to this book
by Key Control, Inc. and the contributions made by Emerson Process Management employees:
Justin E. Trawny Refining-Petrochemical Industry Manager (Fisher Valve Division)
Tim Olsen Process & Performance Consultant-Advanced Applied Technologies
(Process Solutions Division)
Printed in U.S.A., First Edition
Table of Contents
Contents at a Glance
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Furnace, Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Distillation Column, Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Gas Plant, Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Crude Distillation, Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Vacuum Distillation, Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Delayed Coking Unit, Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Hydrotreater, Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Hydrocracker, Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Catalytic Reformer Unit, Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Fluid Catalytic Cracker, Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Alkylation Unit, Chapter 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Amine Unit, Chapter 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Sulfur Recovery Unit, Chapter 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Blending Unit, Chapter 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
ii
Complete Contents
Refinery Control Valves
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Other Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
Process Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Valve Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Control Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Process Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
Problem Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
1 Furnace
Other Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Control Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Feed Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Fuel Gas Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 Distillation Column
Other Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Control Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Feed Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Reflux Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Bottom Product Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Pressure Control Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Overhead Product Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Reboil Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3 Gas Plant
Other Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Control Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Lean Sponge Oil Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Absorber/Deethanizer Reboil Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Fractionator Overhead Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Sponge Absorber Overhead Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Absorber/Deethanizer Bottom Product Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Absorber Lean Oil Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Debutanizer Bottom Product Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Debutanizer Reflux Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Debutanizer Reboil Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Debutanizer Overhead Product Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
C3/C4 Splitter Bottom Product Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
C3/C4 Splitter Reflux Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
C3/C4 Splitter Overhead Product Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
C3/C4 Splitter Reboil Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
iii
4 Crude Distillation
Other Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Control Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Feed Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Pump-Around Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Fuel Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Bottoms Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Reflux Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Fractionator Stripping Steam Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Stripping Steam Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Stripper Bottoms (Product) Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Overhead Pressure Control Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Overhead Product Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
5 Vacuum Distillation
Other Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Control Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Feed Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Fuel Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Pump-Around Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Stripping Steam Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Vacuum Resid Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Stripper Bottoms (Product) Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Gas Oil Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Stripping Steam Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
iv
7 Hydrotreater
Other Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Control Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Unit Feed Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Fuel Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Recycle Hydrogen Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Reactor Hydrogen Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Separator Overhead Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Makeup Hydrogen Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Recycle Purge Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Stripper Reflux Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710
Stripper Bottoms Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
Stripper Light-Ends Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
Stripper Naphtha Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714
Reactor Let-Down Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Hot and Cold High-Pressure Separator Let-Down Valve . . . . . . . . . . . 716
8 Hydrocracker
Other Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Control Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Feed Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Fuel Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Recycle Hydrogen Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Reactor Hydrogen Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
High-Pressure Separator Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Low-Pressure Separator Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Makeup Hydrogen Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Recycle Purge Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810
Fractionator Pump-Around Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811
Fractionator Bottom Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812
Fractionator Reflux Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813
Fractionator Heavy Naphtha Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814
Fractionator Distillate Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815
Fractionator Vent Gas Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816
Fractionator Light Naphtha Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817
High-Pressure Separator Let-Down Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818
Low-Pressure Separator Let-Down Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818
11 Alkylation Unit
Other Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Control Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Feed Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Makeup Acid Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Caustic Wash Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Water Wash Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Depropanizer Bottom Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Depropanizer Reflux Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
DIB (Deisobutanizer) Isobutane Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Makeup Isobutane Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1110
Depropanizer Reboil Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111
DIB Reboil Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112
Depropanizer Propane Product Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113
DIB Reflux Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1114
DIB Bottom Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1115
Debutanizer Alkylate Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1116
Debutanizer Reflux Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1117
Debutanizer Butane Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1118
Debutanizer Reboil Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1119
12 Amine Unit
Other Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Control Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Scrubber Bottom Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Scrubber Lean Amine Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Amine Makeup Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Regenerator Bottom Recycle Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Regenerator Reflux Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Regenerator Bottom-to-Storage Unit Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Regenerator Reboil Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Regenerator Sulfur Gas Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1210
vi
131
131
133
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
14 Blending Unit
Other Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Control Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Component Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
141
141
143
143
vii
viii
Introduction
The petroleum refining industry is an industry
that is most vital to our modern global economy.
Almost constantly, you are in close contact with
products that once were distilled through columns like those shown above. Some of these
materials and products are so important that
their rapidly fluctuating market values are reported every day on television, radio, Internet,
and newspapers.
RAW MATERIALS
INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS
A standard format is used to present the information on each refining process. The information provided is:
D Other commonly-used names for the described process
D The basis (feed rate) for the example process
D A short description of the process
D A list and description of each important process valve in the unit
D A functional drawing of the process
x
Other Names
It is not possible to make an all-inclusive list of
commonly-used process names. Many refineries
have developed specific process names based
on local preference or the preferences of the
licensor or designer that developed the process.
Process Descriptions
Many processing units within a refinery contain
furnaces and distillation columns, which makes
these pieces of equipment and their operation
fairly universal. The valve requirements for these
units are presented in Chapters 1 and 2, respectively, and are not repeated in the chapters that
follow.
Control Valves
Chapters 3 through 14 discuss refining processes, with the valve information presented in
each chapter applying directly to the specific
process being described.
Valve Selection
The information presented in this sourcebook is
intended to assist in understanding the control
valve requirements of general refining processes.
W8119
Since every refinery is different in its unit makeup and the technologies it utilizes, the control
valve requirements and recommendations presented by this sourcebook should be considered
as general guidelines.
The information in this sourcebook is intended to
assist with understanding general refining process requirements and general control valve
considerations.
Under no circumstances should this information
alone be used to select a control valve without
ensuring that the proper valve construction is
identified for the application and process conditions.
xi
Process Drawing
Abbreviations
E0922
Problem Valves
Often there are references to valve-caused
problems or difficulties. The litany of problems
includes valve stickiness caused by excessive
friction (called stiction), excessive play in valveto-actuator linkages (typically in rotary valves)
that causes deadband, excessive valve stem
packing leakage, and valve materials that are
incompatible with the flowing medium. Any one
or a combination of these difficulties can affect
xii
BBL
Barrels
BPD
CCR
DIB
Deisobutanizer
FCC
Gal
Gallons
GPM
HCO
HDS
Hydrodesulfizer
HVGO
LCO
LVGO
LPG
MBPD
MCF
MCFD
MMCF
MMCFD
MGPY
MLB
Thousand pounds
MLBD
SRU
SWS
Chapter 1
Furnace
Other Names
Heater, cracking furnace, steam cracker, steam
re-former, reboiler heater
Description
Furnaces are used to heat process feed material.
Heat is created by burning fuel in burners on the
floor and/or walls of the furnace. There are many
different types of fuel that can be used by a furnace,
such as natural gas, liquified petroleum gas (LPG),
refinery waste gas and fuel oil.
The process feed stream to a furnace is usually
broken into multiple tube passes to improve heat
transfer. The most common configurations are twoand four-pass furnaces. The passes are recombined
into a single effluent stream after they exit the
furnace.
The outlet temperature of a furnace is normally
dictated by the requirements of a downstream
process, usually a reactor or distillation column.
Adjusting the amount of fuel burned controls the
outlet temperature.
www.Fisher.com
Typical Furnace
12
FURNACE
Control Valves
W2966
W3962
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy duty general-purpose
Heavy-duty,
general purpose globe valves
easy eR valves
easy-e
Process Impact
D Control is critical to maintaining integrity of
internal furnace tubes, such as preventing coke
lay-down.
D Valve performance is critical to overall reliability
of furnace.
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
FURNACE
13
W7435
W8192
W8119
Vee-Ball R Valve
easy-e R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch
rotary ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Process Impact
Special Considerations
14
FURNACE
Chapter 2
Distillation Column
Other Names
Tower, stripper, stabilizer, splitter, demethanizer,
deethanizer, depropanizer, debutanizer, DIB
(deisobutanizer) tower, precut tower
Description
Distillation columns are a basic building block for
every refinery. The objective for any distillation
column is to separate a feed stream into
light-component and heavy-component product
streams.
The distillation process relies on the relative volatility
between the components that make up the feed
stream. The high-volatility (lighter) components will
boil at a lower temperature than will the low-volatility
(heavier) components. Therefore, when heat is
added to the column through a bottom reboiler, the
lighter materials are vaporized and rise to the top of
the column. The overhead vapors are cooled until
they condense and become a liquid again.
The efficiency of the distillation depends on the
amount of contact between the vapor rising and the
liquid falling down through a column. Therefore,
www.Fisher.com
22
DISTILLATION COLUMN
Control Valves
Feed Valve Function (#1)
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Dependent on material being distilled
Valve Types
Lower flow rates (line sizes
4 inches and smaller)
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty general
general-purpose
purpose globe
valves
Process Impact
D Minimal impact to process
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D Flashing might be present depending on the
process variables.
DISTILLATION COLUMN
23
W8192
W6234
W8119
Vee-Ball R Valve
easy-e R Valve
edisc R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high
High-capacity,
high-rangeability
rangeability V
V-notch
notch rotary
ball valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
ediscR valves
High-performance
High
performance butterfly valves
POSI-SEAL
POSI
SEAL R valves
Heavy-duty,
y
y general-purpose
g
globe
g
valves
easy-e
y R valves
Process Impact
D Critical to maintaining vapor/liquid balance in
the column, ultimately affecting the efficiency of the
column
24
DISTILLATION COLUMN
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Through 12 inches
8560
Through 24 inches
8532
A41
Larger sizes
A31A
High pressure
A11
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
EW
Special Considerations
D Typically none
W5793
W5791
W8192
Vee-Ball R Valve
eplug R Valve
Pressure Range
Dependent on process design
Temperature Range
Dependent on material being distilled
Valve Types
High capacity high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary ball valves
General and severe-service
Generalsevere service eccentric rotary-plug
rotary plug valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
eplugR valves
Process Impact
D Dependent on downstream destination
Special Considerations
D Could encounter higher viscosity materials,
sludge and process media with entrained particles
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
CV500
V500
DISTILLATION COLUMN
25
W3162
W8119
W8192
easy-e R Valve
26
DISTILLATION COLUMN
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee Ball R
Vee-Ball
valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Process Impact
Special Considerations
DISTILLATION COLUMN
27
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Process Impact
D Typically no critical impact
D Dependent on downstream destination
28
DISTILLATION COLUMN
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D None
W2966
W8119
W3162
W0451
easy-e R Valve
Pressure Range
Dependent on process design, typically 10.3
bar (150 psig) saturated steam
Temperature Range
Dependent on material being distilled
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D This valve is important because it drives the
vapor back up through the column. Vapor through
the column affects column efficiency. Reboiler steam
will have a direct effect on overhead reflux flow.
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Special Considerations
D Consideration of materials for steam application
DISTILLATION COLUMN
29
210
DISTILLATION COLUMN
Chapter 3
Gas Plant
Other Names
Light ends unit, sat. (saturated) gas plant
Description
Most reactive processes in a refinery create light end
material in addition to the desired products
(gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and so on). These light
ends include hydrogen, methane, ethylene, ethane,
propylene, propane, and various butanes and
butenes. Light ends are usually a low-value process
stream, and are often used as fuel gas for process
heaters. However, if enough light-end materials are
produced, there is economic incentive to separate
the light ends into component streams. The exact
product streams will depend on refinery needs as
well as any potential external marketing
opportunities.
Some cracking units produce enough light ends that
a gas plant is built specifically as part of the unit.
(Delayed cokers and fluid catalytic crackers are units
that usually have an integral gas plant.) In other
cases, gas plants are built to handle the combined
light ends of several process units.
Almost all valves in a light-ends gas plant are a
possible source of fugitive emissions. Therefore, it is
very likely that the valve packing will be kept very
tight. This can lead to excessive control valve dead
band. Packing selection might play a critical role in
valve performance for this type of service.
The example used for this section is a typical FCC
gas plant. The light ends that come from the FCC
fractionator overhead are separated by this plant into
www.Fisher.com
32
GAS PLANT
Control Valves
Lean Sponge Oil Valve Function (#1)
W8192
W3162
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,general-purpose
Heavy
duty,general purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Process Impact
D Poor valve control can allow higher value,
heavier components to escape to the lower value
fuel gas system.
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D None
GAS PLANT
33
W2966
W8119
W3162
W0451
easy-e R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Steam
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D This valve is important because it drives the
vapor back up through the column. Vapor though the
column affects column efficiency.
34
GAS PLANT
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Special Considerations
D Consideration of materials for steam application
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Typically less than 34.5 bar (500 psig)
Temperature Range
Dependent on material being distilled
Valve Types
Lower flow rates (line size 4 inches
and smaller)
Heavy-duty, general-purpose
globe valves
Process Impact
D Control problems with this valve will produce a
ripple effect through the rest of the gas plant.
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D None
GAS PLANT
35
W3162
W8119
easy-e R Valve
36
GAS PLANT
W8192
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee Ball R valves
Vee-Ball
Process Impact
D Controls the back pressure to the distillation
column
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D Packing on these valves is important to reduce
fugitive emissions.
D Consider using special materials for the sponge
absorber overhead valve if there is an acid gas
environment.
GAS PLANT
37
W5793
W5791
W8192
Vee-Ball R Valve
eplug R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high
High-capacity,
high-rangeability
rangeability V
V-notch
notch rotary
ball valves
General and severe
Generalsevere-service
service eccentric rotary
rotaryplug valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
eplugR valves
Process Impact
D Dependent on downstream destination.
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
CV500
V500
Special Considerations
D Ball valves or eccentric plug valves might
require Stellite (Alloy 6) or ceramic trim materials
D Low-flow, clean fluids or small line size
applications could use globe valves
38
GAS PLANT
W5791
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
eplug R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high
High-capacity,
high-rangeability
rangeability V
V-notch
notch rotary
ball valves
General and severe
Generalsevere-service
service eccentric rotary
rotaryplug valves
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
Process Impact
D Dependent on downstream destination
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
CV500
V500
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Special Considerations
D Ball valves or eccentric plug valves might
require Stellite (Alloy 6) or ceramic trim materials.
D Low-flow, clean fluids or small line-size
applications could use globe valves
GAS PLANT
39
W5791
W8192
W3162
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
eplug R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high
High-capacity,
high-rangeability
rangeability V
V-notch
notch rotary
ball valves
General and severe
Generalsevere-service
service eccentric rotary
rotaryplug valves
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
eplugR valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D Dependent on downstream destination.
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
CV500
V500
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Special Considerations
D Ball valves or eccentric plug valves might
require Stellite (Alloy 6) or ceramic trim materials.
D Low-flow, clean fluids or small line-size
applications could use globe valves
310
GAS PLANT
W6234
W8192
W2777
Vee-Ball R Valve
Design EW Valve
edisc R Valve
Pressure Range
Dependent on distillation process
Temperature Range
Less than 93_C (200_F)
Valve Types
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability
V-notch rotary ball valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
ediscR valves
High-performance
High
performance butterfly valves
POSI-SEAL
POSI
SEAL R valves
Heavy duty, general-purpose
Heavy-duty,
general purpose globe
valves
easy eR
easy-e
valves
Process Impact
D Critical to maintaining vapor/liquid balance in
the column, ultimately affecting the efficiency of the
column
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Through 12 inches
8560
Through 24 inches
8532
A41
Larger sizes
A31A
High pressure
A11
ED
EW
Special Considerations
D Typically none
GAS PLANT
311
W2966
W3162
W8119
W0451
easy-e R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Steam
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D This valve is important because it drives the
vapor back up through the column. Vapor through
the column affects column efficiency.
312
GAS PLANT
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Special Considerations
D Consideration of materials for steam application
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee Ball R valves
Vee-Ball
Process Impact
D Typically no critical impact
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D None
GAS PLANT
313
W5791
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
eplug R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high
High-capacity,
high-rangeability
rangeability V
V-notch
notch rotary
ball valves
General and severe
Generalsevere-service
service eccentric rotary
rotaryplug valves
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
eplugR valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D Dependent on downstream destination
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
CV500
V500
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Special Considerations
D Ball valves or eccentric plug valves might
require Stellite (Alloy 6) or ceramic trim materials.
D Low-flow, clean fluids or small line-size
applications could use globe valves
314
GAS PLANT
W5811
W8192
POSI-SEAL R Valve
W8299
Vee-Ball R Valve
edisc R Valve
Pressure Range
Dependent on distillation process
Temperature Range
Less than 93_C (200_F)
Valve Types
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability
V-notch rotary ball valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
ediscR valves
High-performance
High
performance butterfly valves
POSI-SEAL
POSI
SEAL R valves
Heavy duty, general-purpose
Heavy-duty,
general purpose globe
valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D Critical to maintaining vapor/liquid balance in
the column, ultimately affecting the efficiency of the
column
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Through 12 inches
8560
Through 24 inches
8532
A41
Larger sizes
A31A
High pressure
A11
ED
EW
Special Considerations
D Typically none
GAS PLANT
315
W3162
W8119
W8192
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Process Impact
D Typically no critical impact
D Dependent on downstream destination
316
GAS PLANT
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D None
W2966
W3162
W8119
W0451
easy-e R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D This valve is important because it drives the
vapor back up through the column. Vapor through
the column affects column efficiency.
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Special Considerations
D Consideration of materials for steam application
GAS PLANT
317
318
GAS PLANT
Chapter 4
Crude Distillation
Other Names
Crude unit, crude fractionator, crude column, pipestill
Description
The crude distillation unit is the first processing unit
in a refinery. The unit is a complex distillation column
that is used to separate crude oil into the basic
product streams. The basic product streams from a
crude distillation unit can vary widely depending on
the refinery operating objectives. Typical basic
product streams are naphtha, kerosene, diesel, gas
oil, heavy gas oil and bottoms. Normally, these
product streams are sent to downstream units for
further processing before being sent to product
tanks.
The crude oil is sent through a process heater and is
partially vaporized before entering the fractionator
near the bottom of the column. Refer to the chapter
www.Fisher.com
42
CRUDE DISTILLATION
Control Valves
Feed Valve Function (#1)
W3162
W8119
W8192
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Lower flow rates (line sizes
4 inches and smaller)
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty general
general-purpose
purpose globe
valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee Ball R
Vee-Ball
Process Impact
D Minimal impact to process
valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D Flashing might be present depending on the
process variables
CRUDE DISTILLATION
43
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Process Impact
D Critical to maintaining heat balance around the
column
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D Typically none: dependent on distillation unit
and process
D NACE materials
44
CRUDE DISTILLATION
W3162
W8119
W8192
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch
rotary ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee Ball R valves
Vee-Ball
Process Impact
D Performance is critical to controlling furnace
temperature
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D Potential for acidic fouling gases (for example,
H2S, HCL)
CRUDE DISTILLATION
45
W5793
W5791
W8192
Vee-Ball R Valve
eplug R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
General and severe
Generalsevere-service
service eccentric
rotary-plug valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
eplugR valves
Process Impact
D Dependent on downstream destination
Special Considerations
D Could encounter higher viscosity materials,
sludge and process media with entrained particles
46
CRUDE DISTILLATION
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
CV500
V500
W6234
W8192
W2777
Vee-Ball R Valve
Design EW Valve
edisc R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high
High-capacity,
high-rangeability
rangeability V
V-notch
notch rotary
ball valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
ediscR valves
High-performance
High
performance butterfly valves
POSI-SEAL
POSI
SEAL R valves
Heavy-duty,
y
y general-purpose
g
globe
g
valves
easy-e
y R valves
Process Impact
D Critical to maintaining vapor/liquid balance in
the column, ultimately affecting the efficiency of the
column
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Through 12 inches
8560
Through 24 inches
8532
A41
Larger sizes
A31A
High pressure
A11
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
EW
Special Considerations
D Typically none
CRUDE DISTILLATION
47
W2966
W8119
W3162
W0451
easy-e R Valve
Pressure Range
Dependent on process design, typically 10.3
bar (150 psig) saturated steam
Steam
Temperature Range
Dependent on material being distilled
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D This valve is important because it drives the
vapor back up through the column. Vapor through
the column affects column efficiency. Reboiler steam
will have a direct effect on overhead reflux flow.
48
CRUDE DISTILLATION
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Special Considerations
D Consideration of materials for steam application
W2966
W3162
W0451
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Pressure Range
Dependent on process design, typically 10.3
bar (150 psig) saturated steam
Temperature Range
Dependent on material being distilled
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D This valve is important in that it drives the vapor
back up through the column. Vapor through the
column affects column efficiency. Reboiler steam will
have a direct effect on overhead reflux flow.
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Special Considerations
D Consideration of materials for steam application
CRUDE DISTILLATION
49
W7435
W8192
W5791
Vee-Ball R Valve
eplug R Valve
Pressure Range
Dependent on process design
Temperature Range
Dependent on material being distilled
Valve Types
High capacity high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary ball valves
General and severe-service
Generalsevere service eccentric rotary-plug
rotary plug valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
eplugR valves
Process Impact
D Dependent on downstream destination
Special Considerations
D Could encounter higher viscosity materials,
sludge, and process media with entrained particles.
410
CRUDE DISTILLATION
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
CV500
V500
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Process Impact
Special Considerations
CRUDE DISTILLATION
411
W3162
W8119
W8192
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Dependent on material being distilled
Valve Types
Lower flow rates (line size
4 inches and smaller)
Heavy duty,
duty general
general-purpose
purpose globe
valves
Process Impact
D Typically no critical impact
D Dependent on downstream destination
412
CRUDE DISTILLATION
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D None
Chapter 5
Vacuum Distillation
Other Names
Vacuum tower, vacuum flash
Description
The vacuum distillation unit is fed the bottoms from
the crude unit. The unit is a complex distillation
column that fractionates the crude bottoms under a
vacuum to improve separation into basic product
streams. The basic product streams from a vacuum
distillation unit can vary widely depending on the
refinery operating objectives. Typical basic product
streams are gas oil, LVGO (light vacuum gas oil),
HVGO (heavy vacuum gas oil), and residual (resid)
bottoms. Normally, these product streams are sent
on to downstream units for further processing.
The crude bottom stream is sent through a process
charge heater and is partially vaporized before
entering the vacuum fractionator near the bottom of
the column. Refer to the chapter covering the
www.Fisher.com
52
VACUUM DISTILLATION
Control Valves
Note: Valve applications in this process might require alternative packing orientations to account for vacuum
pressure conditions.
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Lower flow rates (line sizes
4 inches and smaller)
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty general
general-purpose
purpose globe
valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee Ball R
Vee-Ball
Process Impact
D Minimal impact to process
valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D Flashing might be present depending on the
process variables
VACUUM DISTILLATION
53
W3162
W8119
W8192
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch
rotary ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee Ball R
Vee-Ball
valves
Process Impact
D Performance is critical to controlling furnace
temperature
D Performance is critical to reducing energy costs
associated with furnace
54
VACUUM DISTILLATION
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D Potential for acidic fouling gases (for example,
H2S, HCL)
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Process Impact
D Critical to maintaining heat balance around the
column
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D Typically none: dependent on distillation unit
and process
D NACE Materials
VACUUM DISTILLATION
55
W2966
W8119
W3162
W0451
easy-e R Valve
Pressure Range
Dependent on process design, typically 10.3
bar (150 psig) saturated steam
Steam
Temperature Range
Dependent on material being distilled
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D This valve is important because it drives the
vapor back up through the column. Vapor through
the column affects column efficiency. Reboiler steam
will have a direct effect on overhead reflux flow.
56
VACUUM DISTILLATION
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Special Considerations
D Consideration of materials for steam application
W7435
W8192
W5791
Vee-Ball R Valve
eplug R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
General and severe
Generalsevere-service
service eccentric
rotary-plug valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
eplugR valves
Process Impact
D Dependent on downstream destination
Special Considerations
D Could encounter higher-viscosity materials,
sludge and process media with entrained particles
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
CV500
V500
VACUUM DISTILLATION
57
W5793
W5791
W8192
Vee-Ball R Valve
eplug R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
General and severe
Generalsevere-service
service eccentric rotary
rotaryplug valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
eplugR valves
Process Impact
D Dependent on downstream destination
Special Considerations
D Could encounter higher viscosity materials,
sludge and process media with entrained particles.
58
VACUUM DISTILLATION
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
CV500
V500
W3162
W8119
W8192
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee Ball R
Vee-Ball
Process Impact
D Typically no critical impact
valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D None
VACUUM DISTILLATION
59
W2966
W8119
W3162
W0451
easy-e R Valve
Pressure Range
Dependent on process design, typically 10.3
bar (150 psig) saturated steam
Steam
Temperature Range
Dependent on material being distilled
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D This valve is important because it drives the
vapor back up through the column. Vapor through
the column affects column efficiency. Reboiler steam
will have a direct effect on overhead reflux flow.
510
VACUUM DISTILLATION
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Special Considerations
D Consideration of materials for steam application
Chapter 6
Other Names
Coker
Description
The delayed coking unit process thermally cracks
heavy feedstocks such as crude unit bottoms,
vacuum unit bottoms or other heavy gas oils. The
products are sponge or needle coke, gas oil,
naphtha, and light ends.
The incoming feed is sent, along with coke drum
vapors, to the bottom of a fractionator. The
fractionator bottoms are sent to the coking furnace.
In this furnace, the feed is rapidly heated and
partially vaporized. Steam is often injected into the
feed oils to control the furnace residence time. The
vapor-liquid mixture leaves the furnace and enters
the bottom of a coke drum. In the coke drum the
entrained liquid is thermally cracked to coke and
other vapor products. The vapors leave the top of
the coke drum and enter the bottom of the
fractionator.
www.Fisher.com
62
Control Valves
Decoke Water Valve Function (#1)
W8192
W5791
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
eplug R Valve
Pressure Range
Dependent on process design
Temperature Range
Dependent on process design
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High-capacity, high-rangeability V-notch
rotary ball valves
General- and severe-service eccentric rotary-plug
valves
easy-e
easy
eR
valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
eplugR valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
CV500
V500
Process Impact
Special Considerations
63
W2966
W8119
W3162
W0451
easy-e R Valve
Pressure Range
Dependent on process design, typically 10.3
bar (150 psig) saturated steam
Steam
Temperature Range
Dependent on process design
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D This valve is important because it drives the
vapor back up through the column. Vapor through
the column affects column efficiency. Reboiler steam
will have a direct effect on overhead reflux flow.
64
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Special Considerations
D Utilize materials suited to steam application
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Lower flow rates (line sizes
4 inches and smaller)
Higher flow rates (line sizes
6 inches and larger)
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty general
general-purpose
purpose globe
valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch
rotary ball valves
Process Impact
D Minimal impact to process
easy-e
easy
eR
valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D Flashing might be present depending on the
process variables
65
W7435
W8192
W5791
Vee-Ball R Valve
eplug R Valve
Pressure Range
Dependent on process design
Temperature Range
Approximately 371_C (700_F)
Valve Types
High-capacity, high-rangeability V-notch
rotary ball valves
General- and severe-service eccentric rotaryplug valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
eplugR valves
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
CV500
V500
Process Impact:
Special Considerations
66
W3162
W8119
W8192
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch
rotary ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Process Impact
Special Considerations
67
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Dependent on process design
Valve Types
Lower flow rates (line sizes
4 inches and smaller)
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty general
general-purpose
purpose globe
valves
Process Impact
D Minimal impact to process
68
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D Flashing might be present depending on the
process variables
W3162
W8119
W8192
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Process Impact
D Critical to maintaining heat balance around the
column
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D Typically none; dependent on distillation unit
and process
D NACE Materials
69
W6234
W8192
W2777
Design EW Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
edisc R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high
High-capacity,
high-rangeability
rangeability V
V-notch
notch rotary
ball valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
ediscR valves
Heavy-duty,
y
y general-purpose
g
globe
g
valves
easy-e
y R valves
Process Impact
D Critical to maintaining vapor/liquid balance in
the column, ultimately affecting the efficiency of the
column
610
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Through 12 inches
8560
Through 24 inches
8532
A41
Larger sizes
A31A
High pressure
A11
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
EW
Special Considerations
D Typically none
W5793
W5791
W8192
Vee-Ball R Valve
eplug R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
General and severe
Generalsevere-service
service eccentric
rotary-plug valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
eplugR valves
Process Impact
D Dependent on downstream destination
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
CV500
V500
Special Considerations
D Could encounter higher viscosity materials,
sludge, and process media with entrained particles.
D Ball valves or eccentric plug valves might
require Stellite (Alloy 6) or ceramic trim materials.
611
W2966
W8119
W3162
W0451
easy-e R Valve
Pressure Range
Dependent on process design, typically 10.3
bar (150 psig) saturated steam
Steam
Temperature Range
Dependent on material being distilled
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D This valve is important because it drives the
vapor back up through the column. Vapor through
the column affects column efficiency. Reboiler steam
will have a direct effect on overhead reflux flow.
612
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Special Considerations
D Utilize materials suited to steam application
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee Ball R
Vee-Ball
valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Process Impact
Special Considerations
613
W7435
W8192
W5791
Vee-Ball R Valve
eplug R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
General and severe
Generalsevere-service
service eccentric rotary
rotaryplug valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
eplugR valves
Process Impact
D Dependent on downstream destination
Special Considerations
D Could encounter higher viscosity materials,
sludge, and process media with entrained particles
614
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
CV500
V500
W3162
W8119
W8192
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Dependent on material being distilled
Valve Types
Lower flow rates (line size
4 inches and smaller)
Higher flow rates (line
size 6 inches and larger)
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty general
general- purpose globe
valves
High capacity, highHigh-capacity,
high rangeability
V-notch rotary ball valves
Process Impact
D Typically no critical impact
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D None
615
616
Chapter 7
Hydrotreater
Other Names
Hydroprocesser, unionfining, unifiner, desulfurizer,
HDS (hydrodesulfurizer)
Description
The Hydrotreating process removes undesirable
materials from a feedstock by selective reactions
with hydrogen in a heated catalyst bed. Sulfur,
nitrogen, and certain metal contaminants are
removed from the feed. Olefins and aromatics are
converted to saturated hydrocarbons. Hydrotreating
is often used to remove catalyst poisons from a
feedstock before downstream processing. It also is
used to remove contaminants from product streams
to meet environmental standards.
The incoming feed is assumed to be distillate for this
description. The gas oil is heated in a furnace to
reaction temperature. It is combined with a recycle
hydrogen stream before flowing through the reactor
with one or more catalyst beds. The reactor effluent
is sent to a separator. The vapor from the separator
is recycled through a compressor back to the feed.
Makeup hydrogen is added to this stream as
necessary. The liquid from the separator is sent to a
stripper. In the stripper, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia,
and light ends are sent overhead as vapors.
Naphtha is produced as the overhead liquid product.
The stripper bottom is treated, desulfurized distillate.
www.Fisher.com
Typical Hydrotreater
72
HYDROTREATER
Control Valves
Unit Feed Valve Function (#1)
W2966
W8119
W3162
W0451
easy-e R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy duty general-purpose
Heavy-duty,
general purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D Control is critical to maintaining integrity of
internal furnace tubes, such as preventing coke
laydown
D Valve performance is critical to overall reliability
of the furnace
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
HYDROTREATER
73
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch
rotary ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee Ball R valves
Vee-Ball
Process Impact
D Performance is critical to controlling furnace
temperature.
D Performance is critical to reducing energy costs
associated with the furnace.
74
HYDROTREATER
Unbalanced,cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D Potential for acidic fouling gases (for example,
H2S, HCL)
W5815
W6848
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Design HP Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D Important to maintaining back pressure on the
compressor
D Important to maintain hydrogen/feed ratio
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
HPD, EHD
HPT, EHT
Special Considerations
D H2S with hydrogen in a high-pressure service;
always a concern for sulfur stress cracking
(metallurgy considerations).
HYDROTREATER
75
W3379
W6848
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Design EH Valve
Design HP Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D Critical to maintaining reactor temperature
76
HYDROTREATER
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
HPD, EHD
HPT, EHT
Special Considerations
D None
W3379
W5815
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Design EH Valve
Design HP Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D Critical to recovery of recycle gas and reactor
efficiency
D Poor performance can cause pressure swings
in recycle gas system and can create instability.
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
HPD, EHD
HPT, EHT
HYDROTREATER
77
W5815
W3162
W6848
easy-e R Valve
Design EH Valve
Design HP Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D Critical to maintaining reactor temperature
78
HYDROTREATER
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
HPD, EHD
HPT, EHT
Special Considerations
D None
W5815
W8119
W6848
easy-e R Valve
Design EH Valve
Design HP Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D Critical to maintaining reactor temperature
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
HPD, EHD
HPT, EHT
Special Considerations
D Could experience high pressure drop
D Will have entrained H2S in process media
HYDROTREATER
79
W5811
W8192
POSI-SEAL R Valve
W8299
Vee-Ball R Valve
edisc R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high
High-capacity,
high-rangeability
rangeability V
V-notch
notch rotary
ball valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
ediscR valves
High-performance
High
performance butterfly valves
POSI-SEAL
POSI
SEAL R valves
Heavy-duty,
y
y general-purpose
g
globe
g
valves
easy-e
y R valves
Process Impact
D Critical to maintaining vapor/liquid balance in
the column, ultimately affecting the efficiency of the
column
710
HYDROTREATER
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Through 12 inches
8560
Through 24 inches
8532
A41
Larger sizes
A31A
High pressure
A11
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
EW
Special Considerations
D Typically none
W5793
W5791
W8192
Vee-Ball R Valve
eplug R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
General and severe
Generalsevere-service
service eccentric rotary
rotaryplug valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
eplugR valves
Process Impact
D Dependent on downstream destination
Special Considerations
D Could encounter higher viscosity materials,
sludge, and process media with entrained particles.
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
CV500
V500
HYDROTREATER
711
W3162
W8119
easy-e R Valve
712
HYDROTREATER
W8192
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee Ball R
Vee-Ball
valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Process Impact
Special Considerations
HYDROTREATER
713
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
Highhigh rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Process Impact
D Typically no critical impact
D Dependent on downstream destination
714
HYDROTREATER
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D None
W6787
DST
W6020
W8961
W8433
W0514
461 Valve
Design DST-G
Valve
Design HPA
Valve
Pressure Range
69 to 138 bar (1000 to 2000 psig)
Temperature Range
Greater than 260_C (500_F)
Valve Types
Cold high-pressure
separator let-down
let down
valve
HPAD, EHAD
HPAT, EHAT
HPAD
HPAT
High-pressure,
High
pressure, severe
severe-service
service angle valves with DST trim
High-pressure, severe-service angle valve
Process Impact
D Impacts volume and quality of recycle gas
HPAD, EHAD
HPAT, EHAT
461
Special Considerations
D Will more than likely see flashing across this
valve
D Will have entrained H2S gas in process media
HYDROTREATER
715
W6787
DST
W8961
W6020
W8433
W0514
461 Valve
Design DST-G
Valve
Design HPA
Valve
Hot and Cold High Pressure Separator Let-Down Valve Specification (#14)
Process Media
Media
Hydrocarbon gases and liquids
Hydrogen
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Cold high-pressure
separator let-down
let down
valve
HPAD, EHAD
HPAT, EHAT
HPAD
HPAT
High-pressure,
High
pressure, severe
severe-service
service angle valves with DST trim
High-pressure, severe-service angle valve
Process Impact
D Susceptible to failures, so there often will be
two valves in parallel
Special Considerations
D This is a workhorse valve.
716
HYDROTREATER
HPAD, EHAD
HPAT, EHAT
461
Chapter 8
Hydrocracker
Other Names
Unicracker
Description
The hydrocracking process converts (or cracks)
heavy feedstocks into lighter components by
selective reactions with hydrogen in multiple heated
catalyst beds. The process is most commonly used
to create gasoline or diesel product streams.
The incoming gas oil feed is heated in a furnace to
reaction temperature. It is combined with a recycle
hydrogen stream before flowing through the reactor
with multiple catalyst beds. Additional recycle
hydrogen is added between each bed to control the
cracking conversion. The reactor effluent is sent to
high-pressure, then low-pressure separators. The
vapor from the separators is recycled through a
compressor back to the feed. Makeup hydrogen is
added to this stream as necessary. The liquid from
the low pressure separator is sent to a fractionator
where the reactor effluent is separated into
component product streams.
www.Fisher.com
Typical Hydrocracker
82
HYDROCRACKER
Control Valves
Feed Valve Function (#1)
W7435
W8119
W6848
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Design HP Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball R
valves
Process Impact
Valve control is critical to product conversion
Will require material consideration for the given
process
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
HPD, EHP
HPT, EHT
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
The process media might have high sulfur
content (sulfur stress cracking concerns).
Consider process fluid when selecting valve
materials.
HYDROCRACKER
83
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch
rotary ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
Performance is critical to controlling furnace
temperature.
Performance is critical to reducing energy costs
associated with furnace.
84
HYDROCRACKER
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
Potential for acidic fouling gases (for example,
H2S, HCL)
W5815
W6848
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Design EH Valve
Design HP Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
HPD, EHD
HPT, EHT
Process Impact
Special Considerations
HYDROCRACKER
85
W3379
W8119
easy-e R Valve
W6848
Design EH Valve
Design HP Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
HPD, EHD
HPT, EHT
Process Impact
Special Considerations
86
HYDROCRACKER
W6787
DST
W8433
W8961
W0514
Pressure Range
103 to 241 bar (1500 to 3500 psig)
Temperature Range
204 to 454C (400 to 850F)
Valve Types
High-pressure, severe service angle valve
461
High pressure severe service angle valves with NotchFlo DST trim
High-pressure,
HPAD, EHAD
HPAT, EHAT
HPAD
HPAT
Process Impact
Special Considerations
HYDROCRACKER
87
W6787
DST
W8433
W5028-1
W6020
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
HPAD
HPAT
HPAD, EHAD
HPAT, EHAT
Valve Types
Process Impact
Special Considerations
88
HYDROCRACKER
W8119
easy-e R Valve
W3379
W6848
Design EH Valve
Design HP Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
Critical to maintaining reactor temperature.
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
HPD, EHD
HPT, EHT
Special Considerations
None
HYDROCRACKER
89
W3162
W8119
W6848
easy-e R Valve
Design HP Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
Critical to maintaining reactor temperature
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
HPD, EHD
HPT, EHT
Special Considerations
Could experience high pressure drop across
this valve
Will have entrained H2S in process media
810
HYDROCRACKER
W3162
W8119
W8192
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Process Impact
Critical to maintaining heat balance around the
column
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
Typically none; dependent on distillation unit
and process
NACE Materials
HYDROCRACKER
811
W5793
W5791
W8192
Vee-Ball R Valve
eplug R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
General and severe
Generalsevere-service
service eccentric
rotary-plug valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
eplugR valves
Process Impact
Dependent on downstream destination
Special Considerations
Could encounter higher viscosity materials,
sludge, and process media with entrained particles.
812
HYDROCRACKER
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
CV500
V500
W5811
W8192
POSI-SEAL R Valve
W8299
Vee-Ball R Valve
edisc R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high
High-capacity,
high-rangeability
rangeability V
V-notch
notch rotary
ball valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
ediscR valves
High-performance
High
performance butterfly valves
POSI-SEAL
POSI
SEAL R valves
Heavy-duty,
y
y general-purpose
g
globe
g
valves
easy-e
y R valves
Process Impact
Critical to maintaining vapor/liquid balance in
the column, ultimately affecting the efficiency of the
column
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Through 12 inches
8560
Through 24 inches
8532
A41
Larger sizes
A31A
High pressure
A11
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
EW
Special Considerations
Typically none
HYDROCRACKER
813
W7435
W8119
W8192
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Dependent on material being distilled
Valve Types
Lower flow rates (line size
4 inches and smaller)
Higher flow rates (line
size 6 inches and larger)
Heavy duty,
duty general
general-purpose
purpose globe
valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability
V-notch rotary ball valves
Process Impact
Typically no critical impact
Dependent on downstream destination
814
HYDROCRACKER
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
None
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
General and severe
Generalsevere-service
service eccentric
rotary-plug valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
eplugR valves
Process Impact
Dependent on downstream destination
Special Considerations
Could encounter higher viscosity materials,
sludge and process media with entrained particles.
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
CV500
V500
HYDROCRACKER
815
W3162
W8119
W8192
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Dependent on material being distilled
Valve Types
Lower flow rates (line size
4 inches and smaller)
Heavy duty,
duty general
general-purpose
purpose globe
valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee Ball R
Vee-Ball
Process Impact
Typically no critical impact
Dependent on downstream destination
816
HYDROCRACKER
valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
None
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Dependent on material being distilled
Valve Types
Lower flow rates (line size
4 inches and smaller)
Higher flow rates (line
size 6 inches and larger)
Heavy duty,
duty general
general-purpose
purpose globe
valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
Highhigh rangeability
V-notch rotary ball valves
Process Impact
Typically no critical impact
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
None
HYDROCRACKER
817
W6787
DST
W8433
W8961
W0514
Pressure Range
69 to 138 bar and as low as 14 bar (1000 to
2000 psig and as low as 200 psig)
Temperature Range
66 to 288C (150 to 550F)
Valve Types
High-pressure, severe service angle valve
461
High pressure severe service angle valves with NotchFlo DST trim
High-pressure,
Process Impact
Susceptible to failures, so there often will be
two valves in parallel
Special Considerations
This is a workhorse valve.
818
HYDROCRACKER
HPAD, EHAD
HPAT, EHAT
HPAD
HPAT
W6787
DST
W8961
W8433
W0514
Pressure Range
69 to 138 bar and as low as 14 bar (1000 to
2000 psig and as low as 200 psig)
Temperature Range
66 to 288C (150 to 550F)
Valve Types
High-pressure, severe service angle valve
461
High pressure severe service angle valves with NotchFlo DST trim
High-pressure,
Process Impact
Susceptible to failures, so there often will be
two valves in parallel
HPAD, EHAD
HPAT, EHAT
HPAD
HPAT
Special Considerations
This is a workhorse valve and is subject to
severe service conditions (for example, outgassing)
because of large pressure drops.
The process media flowing through this valve
can have catalyst fines in it.
HYDROCRACKER
819
820
HYDROCRACKER
Chapter 9
Other Names
Reformer, cat reformer, platformer, CCR (continuous
catalytic reformer)
Description
The catalytic reforming process upgrades
low-octane naphtha feedstocks to high octane
reformate for the gasoline blending pool. Heated
naphtha is reacted with hydrogen in the presence of
a catalyst to reform the naphtha components into a
stream that is rich with high octane aromatic
hydrocarbons. The unit is also a net hydrogen
producer, as the reactions strip hydrogen away from
saturated hydrocarbons to create the aromatics.
The catalytic reformer process used for illustration in
this sourcebook uses four fixed bed reactors. This
type of reformer is subject to catalyst degradation
due to coke formation. The catalyst must be
regenerated or replaced every few years depending
on how hard the unit is used. Many newer reformers
are CCR (continuous catalytic reformers), which use
a continuous catalyst regeneration and makeup
process somewhat similar to that of a FCC (fluid
catalytic cracker).
The incoming naphtha feed is heated in a furnace to
reaction temperature. It is combined with a recycle
hydrogen stream before flowing through the first of
www.Fisher.com
92
Control Valves
Feed Valve Function (#1)
W2966
W3162
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Pressure Range
Dependent on process design
Temperature Range
Dependent on process design
Valve Types
Heavy duty general-purpose
Heavy-duty,
general purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D Control is critical to maintaining integrity of
internal furnace tubes, such as preventing coke
lay-down.
D Valve performance is critical to overall reliability
of furnace.
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
93
W3162
W8119
W8192
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch
rotary ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee Ball R valves
Vee-Ball
Process Impact
D Performance is critical to controlling furnace
temperature.
D Performance is critical to reducing energy costs
associated with the furnace.
94
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D Potential for acidic fouling gases (for example,
H2S, HCL)
W8119
W6848
W3379
easy-e R Valve
Design EH Valve
Design HP Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
HPD, EHD
HPT, EHT
Process Impact
Special Considerations
95
W6787
DST
W5028-1
W8433
W6020
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Cold high
high-pressure
pressure separator
let-down valve
Hot high-pressure
high pressure separator
let-down valve
HPAD, EHAD
HPAT, EHAT
HPAD
HPAT
High-pressure,
High
pressure severe
severe-service
service angle valves with
DST trim
Process Impact
D Susceptible to failures, so there often will be
two valves in parallel
Special Considerations
D This is a workhorse valve.
96
HPAD, EHAD
HPAT, EHAT
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy duty, general
general- purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Process Impact
D Valve controls source of hydrogen feed to
multiple refinery units.
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D None
97
W3162
W5028-1
easy-e R Valve
W6020
Pressure Range
69 to 138 bar (1000 to 2000 pig)
Temperature Range
Greater than 260_C (500_F)
Valve Types
Heavy duty general-purpose
Heavy-duty,
general purpose angle valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D Impacts volume and quality of recycle gas
EAD
EAT
HPAD, EHAD
HPAT, EHAT
Special Considerations
D There will more than likely be flashing across
this valve.
D Will have entrained H2S gas in process media
98
W2966
W8119
W3162
W0451
easy-e R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D This valve is important because it drives the
vapor back up through the column. This affects
column efficiency. Reboiler steam will have a direct
effect on overhead reflux flow.
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Special Considerations
D Consideration of materials for steam application
99
W5811
W8192
POSI-SEAL R Valve
W8299
Vee-Ball R Valve
edisc R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high
High-capacity,
high-rangeability
rangeability V
V-notch
notch rotary
ball valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
ediscR valves
Heavy-duty,
y
y general-purpose
g
globe
g
valves
easy-e
y R valves
Process Impact
D Critical to maintaining vapor/liquid balance in
the column, ultimately affecting the efficiency of the
column
910
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Through 12 inches
8560
Through 24 inches
8532
A41
Larger sizes
A31A
High pressure
A11
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
EW
Special Considerations
D Typically none
W5793
W5791
W8192
Vee-Ball R Valve
eplug R Valve
Pressure Range
Dependent on process design
Temperature Range
Dependent on material being distilled
Valve Types
High capacity high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary ball valves
General and severe-service
Generalsevere service eccentric rotary-plug
rotary plug valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
eplugR valves
Process Impact
D Dependent on downstream destination.
Special Considerations
D Could encounter higher viscosity materials,
sludge and process media with entrained particles.
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
CV500
V500
911
W3162
W8119
easy-e R Valve
912
W8192
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Dependent on material being distilled
Valve Types
Lower flow rates (line size 4
inches and smaller)
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty general
general-purpose
purpose
globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Process Impact
Special Considerations
913
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Process Impact
D Typically no critical impact
D Dependent on downstream destination
914
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D None
Chapter 10
Other Names
FCC, cat cracker, fluid unit
Description
The FCC (fluid catalytic cracking) process cracks
heavy feedstocks such as gas oils, vacuum gas oils,
and resid material into gasoline, light fuel oils, and
light ends. The cracked components are produced
by selective reactions in a fluidized catalyst bed in
the presence of heat.
The incoming feed is heated in a furnace to the
reaction temperature. The feed enters a vertical
reactor where it contacts hot catalyst powder. The
feed vaporizes and cracks as it moves up the
reactor, carrying catalyst with it. Coke is formed on
the catalyst as the reactions take place. The catalyst
and the cracked material are separated. The spent
catalyst is sent to a regenerator where it is
regenerated by burning off the coke. The
regenerated coke is recycled to the reactor. The
cracked material continues on to a fractionating
tower, where it is separated into wet gas, distillate,
LCO (light cycle oil), HCO (heavy cycle oil), and
www.Fisher.com
102
Control Valves
Air Valve Function (#1)
W5811
W8192
POSI-SEAL R Valve
W8299
Vee-Ball R Valve
edisc R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Ambient
Valve Types
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability
V-notch rotary ball valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
ediscR valves
Process Impact
D Very critical to catalyst regeneration
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Through 12 inches
8560
Through 24 inches
8532
A41
Larger sizes
A31A
Special Considerations
D None
103
W2966
W8119
W3162
W3162
easy-e R Valve
Pressure Range
Dependent on process design
Temperature Range
Dependent on process design
Valve Types
Heavy duty general-purpose
Heavy-duty,
general purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D Control is critical to maintaining integrity of
internal furnace tubes, such as preventing coke
lay-down.
D Valve performance is critical to overall reliability
of furnace.
104
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Pressure Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch
rotary ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee Ball R valves
Vee-Ball
Process Impact
D Performance is critical to controlling furnace
temperature
Unbalanced,cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D Potential for acidic fouling gases (for example,
H2S, HCL)
105
W5811
W6886
POSI-SEAL R Valve
Pressure Range
1.7 bar (25 psig)
Temperature Range
538 to 760_C (1000 to 1400_F)
Valve Types
High performance butterfly valves
High-performance
POSI-SEAL
POSI
SEAL R valves
Process Impact
D Critical to controlling the differential pressure
between the reactor and the regenerator
106
A41
Larger sizes
A31A
Special Considerations
D Hot process fluid
107
W3162
W8119
W8192
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Process Impact
D Critical to maintaining heat balance around the
column
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D Typically none: dependent distillation unit and
process
D NACE materials
108
W5791
W8192
W0514
Vee-Ball R Valve
eplug R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
538_C (1000_F)
Valve Types
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
General and severe
Generalsevere-service
service eccentric
rotary-plug valves
Self-cleaning angle valve
Process Impact
D Not Critical
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
eplugR valves
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
CV500
V500
461
Special Considerations
D Very erosive, corrosive, viscous process
conditions
D Could have concentrated amounts of catalyst
fines
D Temperatures are very high
FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING UNIT
109
W6234
W8192
W2777
Vee-Ball R Valve
Design EW Valve
edisc R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high
High-capacity,
high-rangeability
rangeability V
V-notch
notch rotary
ball valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
ediscR valves
High-performance
High
performance butterfly valves
POSI-SEAL
POSI
SEAL R valves
Heavy-duty,
y
y general-purpose
g
globe
g
valves
easy-e
y R valves
Process Impact
D Critical to maintaining vapor/liquid balance in
the column, ultimately affecting the efficiency of the
column
1010
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Through 12 inches
8560
Through 24 inches
8532
A41
Larger sizes
A31A
High pressure
A11
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
EW
Special Considerations
D Typically None
W5793
W5791
W8192
Vee-Ball R Valve
eplug R Valve
Pressure Range
Dependent on process design
Temperature Range
Dependent on material being distilled
Valve Types
High capacity high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary ball valves
General and severe-service
Generalsevere service eccentric rotary-plug
rotary plug valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
eplugR valves
Process Impact
D Dependent on downstream destination
Special Considerations
D Could encounter higher viscosity materials,
sludge, and process media with entrained particles
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
CV500
V500
1011
W7435
W8192
W5791
Vee-Ball R Valve
eplug R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
General and severe
Generalsevere-service
service eccentric
rotary-plug valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
eplugR valves
Process Impact
D Dependent on downstream destination.
Special Considerations
D Could encounter higher viscosity materials,
sludge and process media with entrained particles.
1012
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
CV500
V500
W5793
W5791
W8192
Vee-Ball R Valve
eplug R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
General and severe
Generalsevere-service
service eccentric
rotary-plug valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
eplugR valves
Process Impact
D Dependent on downstream destination
Special Considerations
D Could encounter higher viscosity materials,
sludge and process media with entrained particles.
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
CV500
V500
1013
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Process Impact
Special Considerations
1014
W3162
W8119
W8192
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Lower flow rates (line size
4 inches and smaller)
Higher flow rates (line
size 6 inches and larger)
Heavy duty,
duty general
general-purpose
purpose globe
valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability
V-notch rotary ball valves
Process Impact
D Typically no critical impact
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D None
1015
1016
Chapter 11
Alkylation Unit
Other Names
Alky
Description
The alkylation unit is used to convert light olefins,
usually propylene or butylene, produced by a FCC or
delayed coker unit into a gasoline blending
component called alkylate. Alkylate is one of the
more valuable blending components for gasoline
because it has a high octane rating coupled with a
low Reid vapor pressure.
The light olefin feed to an alkylation unit is mixed
with recycled isobutane from the DIB
(deisobutanizer) tower overhead and is cooled
before entering the reactor. The isobutane-olefin
mixture, along with sulfuric acid and refrigerant, is
sent to the stirred reactor. In the presence of the
acid, the olefins and isobutane react, forming the
alkylate compounds and generating heat.
www.Fisher.com
112
ALKYLATION UNIT
Control Valves
It is important to keep in mind that Alloy 20 is a
predominate valve trim material used in a sulfuric
acid alkylation unit depending upon the process
media. Also, Monel (high-nickel alloy) is a
predominate valve trim material used in an HF
(hydrofluoric) acid alkylation unit depending on the
process media.
W7027
W8119
W2966
Pressure Range
13.8 to 24.1 (200 to 350 psig)
Temperature Range
38 to 66_C (100 to 150_F)
Valve Types
Heavy-duty, general-purpose globe valves
easy-eR valves
Process Impact
D Avoid high valve friction. To maintain proper
olefin-to-acid ratio, it is important to avoid creating
large process swings.
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
Special Considerations
D None
ALKYLATION UNIT
113
W7027
W2966
W8119
easy-e R Design
EZ Valve
Pressure Range
13.8 to 20.7 bar (200 to 300 psig)
Temperature Range
38_C (100_F)
Valve Types
Heavy-duty, general-purpose globe valves
easy-eR valves
Process Impact
D It is important that the valve maintain good
control so that acid runaway reaction is minimized
This is where the octane is boosted. Too much acid
can increase operating costs.
114
ALKYLATION UNIT
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
Special Considerations
D Ensure that the valve materials are compatible
with process media.
W7027
W2966
W8119
easy-e R Design
EZ Valve
Pressure Range
6.9 to 10.3 bar (100 to 150 psig)
Temperature Range
16 to 52_C (60 to 125_F)
Valve Types
Heavy-duty, general-purpose globe valves
easy-eR valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
Process Impact
Special Considerations
ALKYLATION UNIT
115
W7027
W2966
W8119
easy-e R Design
EZ Valve
Pressure Range
6.9 to 10.3 bar (100 to 150 psig)
Temperature
38_C (100_F)
Valve Types
Heavy-duty, general-purpose globe valves
easy-eR valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
Process Impact
Special Considerations
116
ALKYLATION UNIT
W5793
W5791
W8192
Vee-Ball R Valve
eplug R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
General and severe
Generalsevere-service
service eccentric rotary
rotaryplug valves
Process Impact
D Dependent on downstream destination
Special Considerations
D Could encounter higher viscosity materials,
sludge and process media with entrained particles.
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
CV500
V500
ALKYLATION UNIT
117
W6234
W8192
W2777
Design EW Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
edisc R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high
High-capacity,
high-rangeability
rangeability V
V-notch
notch rotary
ball valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
ediscR valves
Heavy-duty,
y
y general-purpose
g
globe
g
valves
easy-e
y R valves
Process Impact
D Critical to maintaining vapor/liquid balance in
the column, ultimately affecting the efficiency of the
column
118
ALKYLATION UNIT
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Through 12 inches
8560
Through 24 inches
8532
A41
Larger sizes
A31A
High pressure
A11
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
EW
Special Considerations
D Typically none
W3162
W8119
W8192
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee Ball R
Vee-Ball
Process Impact
D Typically no critical impact
valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D None
ALKYLATION UNIT
119
W7027
W2966
W8119
easy-e R Design
EZ Valve
Pressure Range
13.8 to 20.7 (200 to 300 psig)
Temperature Range
16 to 66_C (60 to 150_F)
Valve Types
Heavy-duty, general-purpose globe valves
easy-eR valves
Process Impact
D Important to maintaining isobutane to olefin
ratio
1110
ALKYLATION UNIT
Unbalanced, cageless
Special Considerations
D None
EZ
W2966
W8119
W0451
W3162
easy-e R Valve
Pressure Range
Dependent on process design, typically 10.3
bar (150 psig) saturated steam
Temperature Range
Dependent on material being distilled
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D This valve is important because it drives the
vapor back up through the column. Vapor though the
column affects column efficiency. Reboiler steam will
have a direct effect on overhead reflux flow.
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Special Considerations
D Consideration of materials for steam application
ALKYLATION UNIT
1111
W2966
W3162
W8119
W3162
easy-e R Valve
Pressure Range
Dependent on process design, typically 10.3
bar (150 psig) saturated steam
Steam
Temperature Range
Dependent on material being distilled
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D This valve is important in that it drives the vapor
back up through the column. This affects column
efficiency. Reboiler steam will have a direct effect on
overhead reflux flow.
1112
ALKYLATION UNIT
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Special Considerations
D Consideration of materials for steam
application.
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Process Impact
D Typically no critical impact
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D None
ALKYLATION UNIT
1113
W6234
W8192
W2777
Vee-Ball R Valve
Design EW Valve
edisc R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high
High-capacity,
high-rangeability
rangeability V
V-notch
notch rotary
ball valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
ediscR valves
High-performance
High
performance butterfly valves
POSI-SEAL
POSI
SEAL R valves
Heavy-duty,
y
y general-purpose
g
globe
g
valves
easy-e
y R valves
Process Impact
D Critical to maintaining vapor/liquid balance in
the column, ultimately affecting the efficiency of the
column
1114
ALKYLATION UNIT
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Through 12 inches
8560
Through 24 inches
8532
A41
Larger sizes
A31A
High pressure
A11
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
EW
Special Considerations
D Typically none
W7435
W8192
W5791
Vee-Ball R Valve
eplug R Valve
Pressure Range
Dependent on process design
Temperature Range
Dependent on material being distilled
Valve Types
High capacity high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary ball valves
eplugR
Process Impact
D Dependent on downstream destination.
Special Considerations
D Could encounter higher viscosity materials,
sludge, and process media with entrained particles.
valves
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
CV500
V500
ALKYLATION UNIT
1115
W3162
W8119
W8192
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee Ball R valves
Vee-Ball
Process Impact
D Typically no critical impact
D Dependent on downstream destination
1116
ALKYLATION UNIT
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D None
W5811
W8192
POSI-SEAL R Valve
W8299
Vee-Ball R Valve
edisc R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high
High-capacity,
high-rangeability
rangeability V
V-notch
notch rotary
ball valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
ediscR valves
High-performance
High
performance butterfly valves
POSI-SEAL
POSI
SEAL R valves
Heavy-duty,
y
y general-purpose
g
globe
g
valves
easy-e
y R valves
Process Impact
D Critical to maintaining vapor/liquid balance in
the column, ultimately affecting the efficiency of the
column
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Through 12 inches
8560
Through 24 inches
8532
A41
Larger sizes
A31A
High pressure
A11
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
EW
Special Considerations
D Typically none
ALKYLATION UNIT
1117
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general- purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee Ball R
Vee-Ball
Process Impact
D Typically no critical impact
D Dependent on downstream destination
1118
ALKYLATION UNIT
valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D None
W2966
W8119
W0451
W3162
easy-e R Valve
Pressure Range
Dependent on process design, typically 10.3
bar (150 psig) saturated steam
Temperature Range
Dependent on material being distilled
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D This valve is important because it drives the
vapor back up through the column. Vapor through
the column affects column efficiency. Reboiler steam
will have a direct effect on overhead reflux flow.
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Special Considerations
D Consideration of materials for steam application
ALKYLATION UNIT
1119
1120
ALKYLATION UNIT
Chapter 12
Amine Unit
Other Names
Amine contactor, amine scrubber
Description
Amine units are used to clean up the various sour
light-gas streams created by the refinery cracking
and treating units. The objective of an amine unit is
to strip hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2),
and other environmental poisons from sour light gas
streams. This prepares the light gas streams to be
used in other processing units, to be sold as
products, or to be burned as fuel gas.
An amine unit, in its simplest form, refers to a single
amine scrubber and an amine regenerator. This is
the unit used for illustration in this document.
However, usually several amine scrubbers will be
serviced by a single amine regenerator.
The term amine unit can be misleading. Rarely is
amine treating considered to be a standalone unit in
a refinery. In many cases each processing unit will
have a small amine scrubber located within its unit
boundaries or will share a scrubber with a few other
units. Several of these scrubbers will receive and
return amine to a central regenerator located within
one of the units.
The amine process begins with sour gas entering
the bottom of an amine scrubber and then rising
towards the top of the scrubber. Lean amine is
added at the top of the scrubber and flows down to
the bottom. As the lean amine drops to the bottom, it
strips H2S and SO2 from the sour gas, becoming
www.Fisher.com
122
AMINE UNIT
Control Valves
Scrubber Bottom Valve Function (#1)
W6787
DST
W8192
W8119
W8433
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
16 to 52_C (60 to 125_F)
Valve Types
Heavy-duty, general-purpose
globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Process Impact
D The only problem that typically is associated
with this valve is improper control affecting the
amine regenerators bottom level (too high or too
low).
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED,
HPAD
ET,
HPAT
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D Ensure valve material is compatible with
process media.
AMINE UNIT
123
W2966
W8119
W3162
W0451
easy-e R Valve
Pressure Range
13.8 to 20.7 bar (200 to 300 psig)
Temperature Range
38 to 93_C (100 to 200_F)
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Process Impact
Special Considerations
124
AMINE UNIT
W3162
W8119
W8192
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
Process Impact
D Typically none
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee Ball R valves
Vee-Ball
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D Ensure valve material is compatible with
process media.
AMINE UNIT
125
W5793
W5791
W8192
Vee-Ball R Valve
eplug R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
General and severe
Generalsevere-service
service eccentric rotary
rotaryplug valves
Process Impact
D Dependent on downstream destination
Special Considerations
D Could encounter higher viscosity materials,
sludge and process media with entrained particles
126
AMINE UNIT
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
CV500
V500
W5811
W8299
W2777
POSI-SEAL R Valve
edisc R Valve
Design EW Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high
High-capacity,
high-rangeability
rangeability V
V-notch
notch rotary
ball valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
ediscR valves
High-performance
High
performance butterfly valves
POSI-SEAL
POSI
SEAL R valves
Heavy-duty,
y
y general-purpose
g
globe
g
valves
easy-e
y R valves
Process Impact
D Critical to maintaining vapor/liquid balance in
the column, ultimately affecting the efficiency of the
column
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Through 12 inches
8560
Through 24 inches
8532
A41
Larger sizes
A31A
High pressure
A11
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
EW
Special Considerations
D Typically none
AMINE UNIT
127
W7435
W8192
W5791
Vee-Ball R Valve
eplug R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
General and severe
Generalsevere-service
service eccentric rotary
rotaryplug valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
eplugR valves
Process Impact
D Dependent on downstream destination
Special Considerations
D Could encounter higher viscosity materials,
sludge, and process media with entrained particles.
128
AMINE UNIT
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
CV500
V500
W2966
W8119
W3162
W3162
easy-e R Valve
Pressure Range
Dependent on process design, typically 10.3
bar (150 psig) saturated steam
Temperature Range
Dependent on material being distilled
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Process Impact
D This valve is important because it drives the
vapor back up through the column. Vapor through
the colum affects column efficiency. Reboiler steam
will have a direct effect on overhead reflux flow.
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Special Considerations
D Consideration of materials for steam application
AMINE UNIT
129
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
1210
AMINE UNIT
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Dependent on material being distilled
Valve Types
Lower flow rates (line size 4
inches and smaller)
Heavy duty,
duty general
general- purpose
globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Process Impact
Special Considerations
AMINE UNIT
1211
1212
AMINE UNIT
Chapter 13
Other Names
SRU, Claus unit
Description
The crude oil processed by refineries contains
varying amounts of sulfur. The sulfur is removed
during processing, mostly as hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
Environmental regulations restrict the amount of H2S
and other sulfur compounds that can be released to
the environment. The SRU (sulfur recovery unit) is
used to convert H2S to elemental sulfur through a
series of reactors. The unit illustrated is a common
method known as the Claus process.
The feed sources for a SRU are acid gases from the
amine treaters and sour gas from the sour water
strippers. The acid and sour gases are burned in a
reaction furnace in the presence of enough air and
/or oxygen to combust approximately one third of the
incoming H2S plus any remaining hydrocarbons and
ammonia. The combustion products are cooled in
www.Fisher.com
132
Control Valves
Fuel Gas Valve Function (#1)
W3162
W8119
W8192
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
38_C (100_F)
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee Ball R valves
Vee-Ball
Process Impact
D Impacts temperature of thermal reactor
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D None
133
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
38_C (100_F)
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Process Impact
Special Considerations
134
W5811
W8299
W6234
POSI-SEAL R Valve
edisc R Valve
The main air valve sets a bulk air flow rate to the
thermal reactor. It is only adjusted to keep the trim
air valve in the middle of its control range. Many
Pressure Range
6.9 bar (100 psig)
Temperature Range
38_C (100_F)
Valve Types
ediscR valves
High-performance
High
performance butterfly valves
POSI-SEAL
POSI
SEAL R valves
Process Impact
D Sets the bulk rate of flow to the thermal reactor
Through 12 inches
8560
Through 24 inches
8532
A41
Larger sizes
A31A
High pressure
A11
Special Considerations
D None
135
W6234
W8192
W2777
Vee-Ball R Valve
Design EW Valve
edisc R Valve
Pressure Range
Air
Temperature Range
38_C (100_F)
Valve Types
Heavy duty, general-purpose
Heavy-duty,
general purpose globe
valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability
V-notch rotary ball valves
easy eR valves
easy-e
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
ediscR valves
High-performance
High
performance butterfly valves
POSI-SEAL
POSI
SEAL R valves
Process Impact
D Important to total air flow rate to the thermal
reactor
136
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
EW
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Through 12 inches
8560
Through 24 inches
8532
A41
Larger sizes
A31A
High pressure
A11
Special Considerations
D None
W3162
W8119
W8192
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee-Ball
Vee
Ball R valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Process Impact
Special Considerations
137
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Dependent on material being distilled
Valve Types
Lower flow rates (line size 4
inches and smaller)
Heavy duty,
duty general
general- purpose
globe valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Process Impact
Special Considerations
138
W3162
W8119
W8192
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee Ball R
Vee-Ball
valves
Process Impact
D Important in maintaining process temperatures
for Claus reactors
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D None
139
1310
Chapter 14
Blending Unit
Other Names
Blender
Description
A blending unit creates a finished refinery product
stream. The most common type is a gasoline
blender. However, blenders are also used for other
products, such as diesel or jet fuel.
A gasoline blender can create several different
products from the same available components. For
example, most refineries produce three octane
grades of unleaded gasoline. There are different
specifications on gasoline vapor pressure depending
on whether it is summer or winter. Also, different
regional environmental requirements exist
depending on where the gasoline is to be marketed.
Each of these considerations require a different mix
of the gasoline components produced by the
refinery.
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Control Valves
Component Valve Function (#1, #2, #3, #4)
W7435
W8192
W8119
easy-e R Valve
Vee-Ball R Valve
Pressure Range
Temperature Range
Valve Types
Heavy-duty,
Heavy
duty, general
general-purpose
purpose globe valves
High capacity, high-rangeability
High-capacity,
high rangeability V-notch
V notch rotary
ball valves
easy-e
easy
eR valves
Vee Ball R
Vee-Ball
valves
Process Impact
D Although problems with valves do not typically
affect the blending process as do improperly
functioning analyzers, they can have a significant
impact on the product spec if the valve problem is
not found and corrected within a reasonable time.
Unbalanced, cageless
EZ
ED
ET
Class 150
V150
Class 300
V300
Special Considerations
D In selecting a valve, it is probably better to err
on the side of better valve performance than on
price.
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been made to ensure their accuracy, they are not to be construed as warranties or guarantees, express
or implied, regarding the products or services described herein or their use or applicability. All sales are
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