Chapter 3

Preliminary Concept For Strengthening

Spatial Justice In Greater Malang
3.1.

Back Wash Effect in Spatial Justice

The specific term spatial justice has not been commonly used until very recently, and even
todaythere are tendencies among geographers and planners to avoid the explicit use of the
adjectivespatial in describing the search for justice and democracy in contemporary societies.
Either thespatiality of justice is ignored or it is absorbed (and often drained of its specificity) into
such relatedconcepts as territorial justice, environmental justice, the urbanization of injustice, the
reduction of regional inequalities. Critical spatial thinking today hinges around three principles:
a)

The ontological spatiality of being (we are all spatial as well as social and temporal beings).

b)

The social production of spatiality (space is socially produced and can therefore be socially
changed).

c)

The socio-spatial dialectic (the spatial shapes the social as much as the social shapes the
spatial).

Concept of Spatial Justice are (1) In the broadest sense, spatial (in) justice refers to an intentional
and focused emphasis on the spatial or geographical aspects of justice and injustice. As a starting
point, this involves the fair and equitable distribution in space of socially valued resources and the
opportunities to use them. (2) Spatial justice as such is not a substitute or alternative to social,
economic, or other forms of justice but rather a way of looking at justice from a critical spatial
perspective. From this viewpoint, there is always a relevant spatial dimension to justice while at the
same time all geographies have expressions of justice and injustice built into them. (3) Spatial
(in)justice can be seen as both outcome and process, as geographies or distributional patterns that
are in themselves just/unjust and as the processes that produce these outcomes. It is relatively easy
to discover examples of spatial injustice descriptively, but it is much more difficult to identify and
understand the underlying processes producing unjust geographies. (4) Locational discrimination,
created through the biases imposed on certain populations because of their geographical location, is
fundamental in the production of spatial injustice and the creation of lasting spatial structures of
privilege and advantage. The three most familiar forces shaping locational and spatial discrimination

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are class, race, and gender, but their effects should not be reduced only to segregation. (5) The
political organization of space is a particularly powerful source of spatial injustice, with examples
ranging from the gerrymandering of electoral districts, the redlining of urban investments, and the
effects of exclusionary zoning to territorial apartheid, institutionalized residential segregation, the
imprint of colonial and/or military geographies of social control, and the creation of other coreperiphery spatial structures of privilege from the local to the global scales. (6) The normal workings
of an urban system, the everyday activities of urban functioning, is a primarysource of inequality and
injustice in that the accumulation of locational decisions in a capitalisteconomy tends to lead to the
redistribution of real income in favor of the rich over the poor. Thisredistributive injustice is
aggravated further by racism, patriarchy, heterosexual bias, and many otherforms of spatialand
locational discrimination.Note again that these processes can operate withoutrigid forms of spatial
segregation. (7) Geographically uneven development and under development provides another
framework for interpreting the processes that produce injustices, but as with other processes, it is
only when thisunevenness rigidifies into more lasting structures of privilege and advantage that
interventionbecomes necessary. (8) Perfectly even development, complete socio-spatial equality,
pure distributional justice, as well as universal human rights are never achievable.Every geography in
which we live has some degree ofinjustice embedded in it, making the selection of sites of
intervention a crucial decision.
In the end, spatial justice could be explained as integrative of urban rural interactions. Integration of
cities with their exurbs can be viewed negatively as sprawl. For rural development, the simple
factthat growth cannot be understood as isolated from urban fates leads to the study of urbanrural
linkage models (Partridge et al, 2007). That urban development can affect rural population through
growth or decline is captured by the terms spread and backwash effects.The recent growth in
literature around agglomeration economies and amenities relates the growth in cities to growth in
outlying areas. However, they tend to incongruously impose an assumption across all study sites:
that outlying areas enjoy the growth benefits of only the closestcity.
According to Hirschman (1958, p. 188), the most important of the positive effects are the more
developed regions purchases and investments in the less developed region. In contrast,
Hirschmans negative (backwash or polarization) effects include migration from the rural area to the
more developed region, especially of the more skilled and trained workers, and weak production in
the outlying region, caused by superior urban competition.

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As summarized by Barkley, Henry, and Bao (1996), the flow of investment funds, spending for goods
and services,people,firms and employment, knowledge and technology, and government outlays
result in positive and negative growth implications for rural areas. These implications range from the
life-cycle theory movement of firms to the fringe(providing spread effects) to the investment of rural
funds in expanding urban markets(backwash effects). Whether these flows occur, or to what extent
they occur, relies on arange of factors, including production methods, distance, and the context of
the outlyinglocations, such as whether the locations offer high quality public services and
lowerpublic sector costs (Henry, Barkley, and Bao, 1997). While most research, including
thatpresented here, favors the predomination of spread effects, the range of flows and
thepreconditions guiding the magnitude of flows presents the possibility that backwasheffects could
dominate (e.g., Barkley, Henry, and Bao, 1994). At its simplest, spread and backwash can be
measured by either population changeor income change as a function of distance to and growth in
the nearest city (Berry,1970; Gaile, 1980). Regardless of a towns economic structure or amenities
(though thesefeatures certainly matter, as discussed below; see also Blank, 2005), it is possible for
thecommunity to grow if its excess labor can access the city, or if the community can accessthe
urban service and recreation sectors. As Partridge et al. (2007) describe, the concept of population
growth effects that are solely attributable to distance to the urban center canbe called the urban
distance discount (UDD). In addition to the UDD, several factors may influence spread and backwash
effects, most notably, the income and population growthrates of the nearest city or set of cities, and
the characteristics of the non metropolitan community, such as age and economic structure.

Figure 3.1
The Problem and Issue of Spatial Justice In Greater Malang
Source : Analysis, 2015

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Greater Malang has experience of spatial injustice because of backwash effect. It affected by
inappropriate of rural-urban linkages. Urban has increasing proggresively their economic sector
which is the secondary and tertiary sectors, but It doesnt promote the primary sector as their raw
materials sources which comes from rural. The Urban absorb most of rural sources without given
fairly reimbursement. Large area in rural did not developed well, so they are being left behind than
the cities. The disparities could be solved by spread effect paradigm development. To achieve the
spatial justice in Greater Malang, once of spread effect paradigm to promote the spatial justice is
Agribussines.
The oposite of Backwash Effect is a spread effect. Spread effect is a phenomena when the resource
and production either agriculture and production distribute in balance. To achieve the spread effect,
the appropriate concept that can implemented in Greater Malang is anagribusiness concept.
Agribusiness concept is a concept that have a purpose to increase the value of the an agriculture
commodities with processing, innovation and marketing.
3.2.
3.2.1

Spread Effect of Development

Agrobusiness

According to the picture, the concept of agrobussines is a systematic relation and stages of
agricultural activities.To achive the agribussines concept, the area must have a commodities as main
raw materials to produce some competitive products. The commodities can be food plant product,
vegetables, fruits, livestock and fishes. To produce competitive products, farmer of group of farmer
must have a good seedling, good fertilizer, agriculture equipments and so on. To fulfill theirneeds, a
group of farmer should borrow money or applying credit to financial agent. The financial agent can
be bank, koperasi and so on. To produce a competitive product, farmer or group of farmer also need
some facilities they are regulation about farming, transportation to ease the agricultural distribution
and marketing of agriculture things.

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Figure 3.2
Sub-System Linkages In Agribussines
Source : Firdaus, 2008

Figure 3.3
AgribusinessEvolution
Source : Firdaus, 2008

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According to this picture, agriculture activities was growing time to time. Agriculture begin with
collecting and hunting activities. This period is happened in pre-history ages. In this period, human
not use an agriculture equipment and produce the food only to fulfiill their needed. In age when
agriculture technique is discovered, about at 2.000 yeras BC, human begin to use agriculture
equipment to produce foods product. In this period, the purpose of agriculture activities still fulfill
theirdaily needs. The big changes had happened when human realized that they have a different
resource, different needed and they can serve it by their self. At this age, human use an agriculture
equipment, begin to cultivation with a process. The purpose of their activities are fulfill their needed
and sell it into market, although the scale of marketing still in domestic area (region).
In modern ages in agriculture context, at 1900 farmer begins to introduce processing after the
produce the commodities. This effort can increase the value of commodities. When it happens, the
market segmentation and area distribution are becoming larger. Foods trading specially agriculture
products not only in domestic area, but until foreign area (ex-region). The stages and effort in
agriculture activities from begining to trading usually called agribusiness.
3.2.2

Agribusiness In Planning context

Figure 3.4
Agribusiness Concept In Planning Context
Source : Authors, 2015

According to the agribusiness concept, the teamtries to develop the planning concept depend on
regional role in framework agribusiness concept. In commodity aspect, the area that is role in this
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partsouthern, part and Nortern Part of Malang Regency. It's same with agriculture things. In those
parts, Malang Regency have a role as agricultural product provider. In this part, the dimensions of
commodities areaneconomist. The next aspect is a supporting facilities aspect. Supporting facilities
aspect is an aspect that should build to increasing the quality, quantity and competitiveness of
agriculture production. The main area that should allocate those facilities is in the farming town (
Perri urban area). Because of in this area, the agriculture product should get some processing before
sell to market area. The important supporting facilities are bank, koperasi, market, regulation and
transportation.
1. Bank
Bank as a credit provider should allocate in perri urban area because of to added value some
product, community need a capital.
2. Koperasi
Koperasi is a community corporation that uses a family principle. Koperasi not only have a
function like a bank, but also can keep stability of agriculture product price. The mechanism
happen with agreement between koperasi members about price.
3. Transportation
Transportation facilities consist of road and vehicle. Transportation facilities in perri urban
area should have a big scale to distribute commodities, product and equipment from
agriculture based area to market area and opposite.
4. Market
In perri urban area, the market has a function as collects and transit place. It means that this
market must have a storage to save the commodities before transfer to another area.
5. Regulation
To support the agribusiness activities, local government have to formulate regulation that
can strengthening this activities and keep sustainability of agiculture sectors.
In the last stages of agribusiness before transfering and selling the agriculture product to market
place is inovation stages. This stages consist of marketing, added value and processing. This stage is
can achieved by several tools. They are community based development and interduce technology
and new inovation in agriculture processing.
From this figure, we can identify an aspect that influence and involve in agribusiness. They are
spatial aspect, community aspect, economy aspect, governace aspect, infrastructure (physical)
aspect, and tecnology aspect.

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Figure 3.5
Agribussines Management
Source : Authors, 2015

1. Spatial aspect
In this aspect, we talk about infrastructure distribution, infrastructure optimum location,
infrastructure allocation and avalibility of infrastructure. In spatial concept, the infrasstructure,
either main and suporting agriculture infrastrucvture should be availible and can be accesed by
farmer or group of farmer. Those infrastructure also should be increas the agriculture
productivity and percapita income specially to proplr who involve in agribusiness activity.
2. Community aspect
When talking about empowerment, the important terms is community. In this aspect,
community should increas the participation in planning and developing thier environment,
specialy social environment. The main idea of community participation in this concept are
coordination, colaboration and cooperation between all of community in developing suporting
infrastructure, doing added value to agriculture produc and invole in formulate planning and
development plan.
3. Economy aspect
Economy aspect have a significant role to determine what sectors or commodities should
develop and make it to be competitive advantages product. In this aspect, stakeholder should
make a consideration about commodities that eligible to develop depend on economic
condition such as price, production, market oportunity and advantages (comparative and
competitive).
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4. Governance aspect
To achieve the agribusiness concept, some area needs a good governance aspect. The imprtant
things in governance consept is how the stakeholders doing coordination, colaboration and
create a system to suport agribusiness activity. The expected out come from governance aspect
are regulation about agibusiness, comitment to build infrastructure and comitment to keeping
sustaibnability of agriculture economic based development.
5. Infrastructure aspect
Inftrastructure cant be seperated from activities specially agribusiness. Because of
infrastructure have a big role to keeping activities on. In this aspect, infrastructure shoulad
develop appropriate with community and development plan needed. Based infrastrucutre
should develop in peri urabna area as tertiery area of agribusiness activity such as road, bank,
koperasi, market and so on.
6. technology aspect
Agriculture product can give more incoime and benefit to agribusiness player if the adding value
to the agriculture product. To adding value, player need a technology in processsing and
marketing their product. The technology must give more benefit then negative impact. It is
means that the technology should effective, eficient, appropriate usees and have an
environemnt awareness.

3.3.

Planning Concept

In planning concept, author trying to elaborate the agrobusiness concept, planning activities and
aspect of development. Planning concept consist of six part, they are spatial concept, community
concept, economy concept, governace concept, infrastructure (physical) concept, and technology
concept.
Goals : To achieve the agrobusiness concept in perri urban area as effort to deceasing the disparity
between urban area and rural area.
Objectives
To achieve the goals, there are some aspect that can to do. They are:
1. Identify and develop the competitive sectors or commodities.;
2. Formulating regulation to suport the agribusiness activities.
3. Developing the suporting facilities;
4. Empowering the communities;
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5. Create competitive advantages product;

6. Increasing the welfare and prosperity of agrivusiness player.
Table 3.1
Objectives of Planning Concept
No

Objectives

Identify
and
develop
the
competitive sectors or commodities

Economic

Formulating regulation to suport

the agribusiness activities.

Community

Governance

Governance

Developing the suporting facilities

Concept

Details

Spatial

Governance

Infrastructure
4

Empowering the communities

Community

Create competitive advantages

product

Technology

Source : Authors, 2015

Identify the tipology of commodities.

Developing potency of economy specially in
agriculture sectors and commodities;
Create community instutuion that have fungtion
to representer communities in formulate
regulation with government
Create abd formulate appropriate regualtion to
suppoert agribusiness activity
Formulate budget and planning to create
infrastructure
Synchronizing development intra sub-government
and extra governmenet
Devide the area in to three part. Collecting
facilities area, Processing and added value facilities
area and marketing area.
Distribute facilities appropriate with areas.
Create coordination and colaboration in providing
facilities
Create governing body to manage the
agrobusiness suporting facilities
Develop the base infrastructure
Develop the new technology infrastructure
Strengtening social capital
Increasing community participation
Build koperasi
Introduce modern
technology in processing
agriculture product
Introduce inovation pproduct of agriculture
commodities;
Introduce market and economy knowledge

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