7519ENG ENERGY AUDIT REPORT

68/17 Marlow Street, Woodridge

Site Energy Report

By Moses Majiwa s2938992

Table of Contents
1.0 SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... 3
2.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 4
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................................... 4
SCOPE ................................................................................................................................................ 5
METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................................... 5
SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND ASSUMPTIONS ......................................................................................... 5

3.0 THE SITE............................................................................................................................ 6

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SITE................................................................................................... 6

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF MAIN APPLIANCES .......................................................................................... 7
HEATING AND COOLING (AIR CONDITIONING) ........................................................................................... 7
HOT WATER ....................................................................................................................................... 7
LIGHTING............................................................................................................................................ 8
PERSONAL COMPUTERS ........................................................................................................................ 8

4.0 ENERGY CONSUMPTION .................................................................................................... 8

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5

SUMMARY OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION .................................................................................................... 8

SEASONAL PATTERNS FOR ENERGY USE ................................................................................................... 9
ENERGY USE BY APPLICATION .............................................................................................................. 10
ENERGY USAGE MONITORING.............................................................................................................. 11
ENERGY USAGE ASSUMPTIONS............................................................................................................. 11

5.0 AUDIT MEASURES AND CALCULATIONS ......................................................................... 12

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6

COOKING AND WATER HEATING............................................................................................................ 12

KITCHEN APPLIANCES .......................................................................................................................... 12
OTHER APPLIANCES ............................................................................................................................ 12
LIGHTING.......................................................................................................................................... 12
BILL DETAILS ..................................................................................................................................... 12
STANDBY POWER ............................................................................................................................... 13

6.0 ENERGY MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITIES ....................................................................... 14

7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUMMARY FOR ENERGY REDUCTION .................................. 15
7.1 GAS (COOKING AND WATER HEATING)................................................................................................... 16
7.2 OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................... 17

8.0 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 17

9.0 APPENDIX ........................................................................................................................ 19
9.1 MEASURED DATA AND OTHER COMPUTATIONS ....................................................................................... 19
9.2 UTILITY BILLS ..................................................................................................................................... 24

ii

1.0 Summary
An Energy Audit was conducted at unit 68 17 Marlow Street, Woodridge in the state of
Queensland. The major purpose of the energy audit was to help identify Energy
Management Opportunities (EMO) in a typical family dwelling. This was to give a full
perspective of the contribution of family units to energy usage and consumption. Power
consumption measurements of various devices in the home were taken, the power and gas
bills were examined and extrapolated over a quarter a year to estimate the annual energy
consumption. The findings indicate an annual consumption of 6303.29kWhs of energy
which translates to an annual cost of A$2,062.67. This translates to greenhouse gas
emission of 5.1 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year. Using the National Australian Built
Environment Rating System (NABERS) home energy rating tool [1], the home was rated
at 5 stars (see Table 10). This implies that the house uses less energy than similar houses
in the same area which means that it generates less greenhouse gas emissions than similar
houses in the neighbourhood [2]. This could potentially be because of implementation of
past Energy Management opportunities, however this could not be readily be verified.
Energy made easy online tool was also used to compute the average household electricity
usage for the zone of the site for a 4 family household including children and this was
established to be 7,666kWh per year.
Potential energy management opportunities were identified and consequently areas for
cost effective energy savings and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The energy
management opportunities identified can be categorised into short term and long term
actions plans. The short term energy saving initiatives can cost effectively save up to 25%
of the current home energy use. This could potentially save A$506.23 annually and
reduce the greenhouse gas emissions by 1.25 tonnes CO2 equivalent per annum, these are
summarised in Table 1 below. Other suggested initiatives which could be undertaken by
the owner of the house and have a longer payback period could drastically reduce the
water heating costs and the current energy use involves the installation of a solar water
heating system or a solar energy system albeit with a longer payback period of upto
11years.

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Table 1 Energy audit summary for unit 68, 17 Marlow Street.

ENERGY AUDIT SUMMARY
Total Annual Energy Consumption (kWh)
Electricity
Gas
Total Annual Energy Cost (A$)
Electricity
Gas
Total Carbon emissions (Tonnes CO2 e)
Electricity
Gas
Identified annual energy savings (kWh p.a.)
Identified annual cost savings (A$ p.a.)
Identified annual carbon emission savings
(tonnes CO2 equivalent)
Energy savings as a percentage of total

6303.29
2528.67
3774.62

2062.67
1296.59
766.08

5.10
2.04
3.06

1546.98
506.23
1.25
25%

2.0 Introduction
2.1

Background

An energy audit is a very important step within the process of energy management
process [3]. It sits at the core of the energy management program and helps to validate the
energy management opportunities (EMOs) in the site at which it is conducted. The
premier goal of energy management is to minimise the effects of energy consumption on
the generation of greenhouse gases that cause climatic changes (global warming and
environmental impact). However, for the home owner or user, a home energy audit serves
more as a point of savings by helping to reduce energy costs and subsequently as a
contribution to environmental conservation.
The energy audit exercise was carried out at unit 68, 17 Marlow street in Woodridge
ostensibly to identify opportunities to improve energy efficiency, decrease energy costs
and reduce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change [4]. In order to
achieve this, the energy audit exercise will seek to establish the following;
a) Determine where and when energy is used
b) Establish the trend of usage and the cost
c) Identify energy management opportunities and assess the benefits
d) Provide recommendations and advise on actions to undertake

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Scope

The energy audit assignment was confined to unit 68, 17 Marlow Street in Woodridge.
The unit is a townhouse in a compound of 128 other units. The assessment of energy use
entailed all electrical appliances in the home, lighting sources and electrical plug points.
Given that it was a private energy audit exercise, the level of analysis was moderate in the
sense that it did not require a highly skilled or certified energy auditor. The scope of the
exercise is basically to demonstrate the understanding of the principles of energy auditing
and application of the same in real scenario.
2.3

Methodology

Prior to the commencement of the audit, a condition survey was conducted where all the
appliances and electrical points that were to be covered in the audit were listed. This
essentially covered all the rooms in the entire house.
A form was prepared to aid in data collection and make the exercise easier. Starting with
the living room, data was collected from each room and the appliances in the room.
Measurement of power consumption of appliances was carried out using the MS-6115
Multifunction power meter taking care to include technical characteristics of the
appliances/systems, design conditions as well as other parameters. For the lighting
system, Lux measurements were taken using the lux meter. Care was taken to ensure the
readings were taken over the appropriate maximum range while the lux meter was placed
on the desktop/table. Other information that was collected included the general building
characteristics such as floor area, construction details such as external walls, partitioning
walls, windows etc. as well as building orientation. The electricity and natural gas
invoices for the last quarter were also collected to assist in the analysis of the collected
data.
The collected data which is presented in Table 5 and Table 7 in section 9.0 Appendix was
then analysed to identify potential Energy Management Opportunities (EMOs). The
benefits of such EMOs were then assessed and recommendations made on action to be
taken to gain maximum benefits from the audit.
2.4

Source of Information and Assumptions

The primary data used in this energy audit exercise were acquired through measurements
at the audit site. The secondary data were obtained from sources that were carefully

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selected based on the relevance to the exercise. All the sources for secondary information
as well as those used in compiling this report are acknowledged in section 8.0.
Three online tools were used, the first one from Energy Made Easy to estimate the
average household electricity usage per quarter for similar housing units in the same area
as the audit site and the results are presented in Figure 2, The second online tool by
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory was used to estimate the energy consumed by
appliances while on standby mode and this is presented in Table 3 and the third tool
National Australian Built Environment Rating System (NABER) was used to estimate the
home rating of the house based on its energy consumption data and this is presented in
Table 10. NABER essentially compares the energy usage of the site to the average home
to find out if the household is a high or low consumer. The NABER Average usage is
calculated using information from thousands of Australian homes [1].
The actual operation characteristic of the refrigerator could not be determined as it
required usage monitoring over a period of time. Therefore, even though it is on for
24hours, it was assumed go on standby mode half of the time. This assumption is based
on a study of typical appliances of similar nature [5].
The second assumption made is that the householders take approximately 10 minutes in
the shower each per day. As such for four occupants of the house, this takes a cumulative
total of 40minutes per day. This helps us to compute the energy savings from behavioural
adjustment for the time taken in the shower.
3.0 The Site
3.1

General characteristics of the site

The audit was undertaken in a townhouse that is one among 128 other units in the
complex. The townhouses are not detached and total land area occupied by the house is
approximately 120m2 while the house alone occupies a total floor area of 96.84m2 for
both the ground and upstairs. The external walls are made of bricks while the internal
partitioning walls are wooden. The windows are made with ordinary clear glass and
security screens. The windows and doors are well fitted not to allow air leaks, however,
they are not insulated. The design of the house allows maximum illumination by natural
light in all the rooms.

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Figure 1 A snapshot of the site showing the entrance and the external brick walls.

3.2

General Description of Main Appliances

The major power consuming appliances in the house are those with high power rating as
well as those with short time but intense use. These are the ones which required higher
scrutiny and attention. Such high energy consumers include the hair dryer, iron, vacuum
cleaner, Rice Cooker, Microwave as well as the Gas cooker.
The second category of high energy consuming appliances in the home are those which
have lower power but run nonstop, such include the television, the Fridge as well as the
fans during summer time.
3.3

Heating and Cooling (Air conditioning)

The living room and dining room of the site which adopts an open plan architecture are
air cooled as there are no air conditioners or fans installed. The three bedrooms rooms in
the house are all fitted with fans which are integrated with the lighting system. These fans
are mostly used during the summer and other warm months.
3.4

Hot Water

The site uses a separate natural gas fired domestic hot water tank. The system is the
continuous flow type and has been observed to increase the energy cost of the house due
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to the supply charges that comprise this component. The hot water unit comprise a 90litre
capacity tank that consumes 30MJ of energy per hour of use with a rated output power of
6.1kW.
3.5

Lighting

Thirty five percent, which forms majority of the light sources in the house, were compact
fluorescent lamps (CFLs). This is an indication that the home owner has invested a great
deal in previous energy management opportunities. Another 14% are Halogen energy
saver lamps. These are a form of incandescent lamps and less energy efficient than the
CFLs. The rest are a mix of fluorescent lamps and LEDs.
3.6

Personal Computers

Personal computing devices are quite a number in the house. There are two laptops which
are used quite often given that the two adults in the house are both students. Besides the
children also share these laptops for their school asignments every so often or just as a
form of entertainment. There are also two ipads and mobile phones.
4.0 Energy Consumption
4.1

Summary of Energy Consumption

The only electricity bill available for the house indicated that for the three months
commencing 4th February 2015 when the householders moved into the house to 20th April
2015 [76 days], the energy consumed was 298kWh at a total cost of A$152.92. This
resulted in the generation of 0.3 Tonnes CO2 equivalents of greenhouse gases. On the
other hand, the natural gas bill for the period 4th February 2015 to 27th March 2015 [52
days] indicated an energy consumption of 2103MJ which is equivalent to 584.17kWh at a
cost of A$118.37. These were to support the livelihoods of two adults and two children in
a floor space of 96.84m2
Since there was no data for the previous consumption period, it wa not possible to make a
comparison. As such the bill figures were used to extrapolate the consumption pattern for
the house for one year. Table 2 below gives the estimated annual energy consumption for
the energy audit site and the annual cost of the site. The table also give the estimated
annual greenhouse gas emissions in terms of tonnes of CO2 equivalents.

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Table 2 Estimated Annual Energy consumption, cost (A$) and GHG emissions for the site
DESCRIPTION

Gas (cooking & Water heating)

Kitchen Appliances
Other Appliances
Lighting
Standby
Total

KWhs/Yr

3774.62
943.07
990.90
379.23
215.47
6303.29

Cost (A$)/yr

766.08
483.56
508.09
194.45
110.48
2,062.67

EMMISSIONS
(tonnes of CO2 e)

3.06
0.76
0.80
0.31
0.17
5.10

The indirect emissions from consumption of purchased energy (electricity and gas) was
then calculated using the formula [6].
=

(i)

Where
Y = the scope 2 emissions measured in CO2-e tonnes
Q = the quantity of electricity purchased (kilowatt hours)
EF = the scope 2 emission factor, for the State, Territory or electricity grid in which the
consumption occurs (kg CO2-e per kilowatt hour). This value is 0.81 for Queensland.
NB: Natural gas, the energy was purchased in Mega Joules and was converted to kWh

4.2

Seasonal Patterns for Energy Use

Energy made easy online tool was used to model the electricity consumption benchmark
(average household electricity usage) for the localised zone of the site for a household of
4 family members including children [7] and this is illustrated in Figure 2 below. This
presents a typical energy usage for the site over a period of one year through the seasons.

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Average household electricity usage per

period for QLD 4114 Zone
1,980
Usage per period(kWh)

1,960
1,940
1,920
1,900
1,880
1,860
1,840
1,820
1,800
Summer (Dec Feb)

Autumn (Mar-May) Winter (Jun-Aug)

Spring (Sep-Nov)

Period of use

Figure 2 Average household electricity usage per quarter for a typical house in the zone
of the energy audit site

4.3

Energy Use by Application

A keen observation of Figure 3 below shows that 60% of the energy consumption goes
towards water heating and cooking both of which use natural gas. Although Natural gas is
cheaper than electrical energy by 31 cents per kilowatt hour equivalent, this component of
energy use constitutes the most expensive application in the house gobbling A$766.06 per
annum. Worse still, it contributes the largest share of greenhouse gas emissions
amounting to 3.06 tonnes of CO2 equivalent as seen from Table 2 above.

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Kitchen
Appliances, 15%
Other
Appliances,
16%

Gas (cooking &

Water heating),
60%

Lighting, 6%
Standby, 3%

Figure 3 Proportion of energy usage by application in the house

Other appliances constitute the next major consumer of energy (16%) and the highest
consumer of electrical energy in the home. These constitute an array of appliances used in
all the rooms in the house. The next significant consumption of energy in the house is by
kitchen appliances such as fridge, microwave and rice cooker which take up 15% of the
total energy consumption in the home.
4.4

Energy Usage Monitoring

The only tools available on the site for monitoring the energy usage are the electricity
meter and the gas meters. The readings from these meters are taken regularly (quarterly
for electricity and bi-monthly for gas) by the utility retailers. Availability of such data
would be useful in plotting the daily energy usage pattern for the home, in the absence of
which it is not possible to second guess what the daily consumption profile would be.
4.5

Energy Usage Assumptions

In taking the energy usage of the appliances, a generous estimation was made as to the
time of use of each appliance per day. This enabled the computation of the average usage
pattern for the appliances as well as the cost of energy thereof. An estimation of the time
of use of the appliances were made because there was no concise way of determining
such times except through the observed behaviour of the householders.
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5.0 Audit Measures and Calculations

5.1

Cooking and water heating

The energy usage for this component of the energy audit was derived from the actual bill
for the period 4th February 2015 to 27th March 2015 [52 days]. It turned out to constitute
the greatest component of the energy consumption in the house accounting for 60% of all
the energy used annually. This indicates greatest potential for energy management
opportunities within this component as identified in section 6.0 below.
5.2

Kitchen appliances

Measurements for power usage were taken for the appliances in the kitchen by use of the
standard socket power meter. The appliances were plugged onto the power meter and then
turned on, the power drawn by the appliances was then recorded. All the data required
was obtained for all the four appliances grouped in this category as shown in Table 5
below. The daily energy use was then computed by multiplying the measured power that
the appliance draws with the estimated time of use per day.
5.3

Other Appliances

The power usage by other appliances in the home was also taken using the standard
power meter. The house does not have so many appliances, therefore it was not very
difficult obtaining the measurements for these other appliances. There were two sets of
hard wired appliances namely the ceiling fans and the toilet exhaust fans for which the
energy use were deducted from the power ratings of the equipment as per the user guides.
5.4

Lighting

The lux measurements for all the lights in the house were taken using the lux meter. The
lights were switched on and with the lux meter places strategically on the table, readings
were taken noting the appropriate adjustment for the required range of reading. The
readings for the power consumption for the lighting systems were obtained either from
the body of the light sources themselves or from the datasheets of the light sources. All
the data obtained were tabulated in Table 7 below.
5.5

Bill Details

The householders are new tenants to the site under audit. There were only two bills
available for this audit and those were the bills for electricity [76 days] and gas [52 days].
The figures in the bills were ascertained by comparison with the relevant tariff structure

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from the utilities and confirmed to be accurate for the purpose of this audit. The relevant
sections of these bills are presented in Figure 5 and Figure 6 respectively.
5.6

Standby power

Electrical appliances in homes consume some energy when left in standby mode or even
when switched off. Although this kind of energy consumption would look insignificant at
the household level, it becomes greatly significant when aggregated at national level [8].
It thus forms an energy management opportunity especially in developed countries [5]. In
Australia, field studies have shown that standby power accounts for 11.6% of energy used
in a household [8].
There are possibly several methods of calculating the power consumed by appliances on
standby mode. In this exercise, two possibilities are considered, the first was to calculate
standby power consumption based on 10% of the rated power of the appliance [9] and the
second method was using an online standby power computation tool by Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory [10]. Table 3 presents the results of both methods.
In a 24 hour period, the refrigerator is considered to draw power to run the compressor for
half the time while it would be on standby for the other 12hours [5].
Table 3 Estimated standby energy consumption for appliances and the cost per year
APPLIANCE Rated Power (W)
TV
97
Refrigerator
305
Microwave
1000
Total

COMPUTED
ESTIMATED1
kWh/Yr Cost/Yr kWh/Year Cost/Yr
84.972
30.5
100
215.47

43.57
15.64
51.28
110.48

342.00
236.52
162.00
740.52

38.00
26.28
18.00
82.28

It should be noted that the computed values for standby power were preferred and used in
this audit report as the origin of the formula was based in Australia and hence more
appropriate for the site being audited. The estimated values use a tool from the united
states of America which could have adopted different parameters.

Estimates were obtained using the online tool from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

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6.0 Energy Management opportunities

It is acknowledged that all electrical appliances were designed for a specific use or set of
uses. As equipment and appliances age, their efficient operation reduces in terms of
meeting the needs of primary design and so does their efficient utilisation of power.
Energy management opportunities are thus geared towards reducing the level of energy
use by an equipment or set of equipments while still maintaining the level of use for that
equipment. Figure 4 below gives a snapshot of the methodology adopted in arriving at the
Energy Management Opportunities from this audit exercise.

Figure 4 Flow chart for the identification of EMOs [3]

The identified energy management opportunities were grouped into three categories based
on the cost investment level needed as well as the period of implementation. Those that
involved minimal or no cost investment and took shorter implementation time were
recommended to be prioritised.
1.1

Category I No cost investment

This category of EMOs require no cost investment at all and do not interfere with the
normal operation of the home. It generally involves behavioural changes. The identified
EMOs in this category include the following;

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a) Taking shorter time in the shower that is reducing the time it takes to shower per
person from 10 minutes to 4 minutes a day. This could be aided by the use of a
timer set at 4 minutes.
b) Turning off yard lights and other lights and equipment when not in use
1.2

Category II Low cost investment

This category of EMOs require minimal cost investment and may have minor to the
normal operation of the home. It generally involves behavioural changes. The identified
EMOs in this category include the following;
a) Changing the Halogen incandescent lamps to the more energy efficient compact
fluorescent lamps [11].
b) Investing in standby power management devices for the TV and refrigerator so as
to reduce the standby power consumption to the national target of one watt per
appliance [12].
c) Replacing the standard shower head with an energy efficient shower head that
would reduce the flow rate of water during the time of showering hence reducing
the quantity of heated water used and consequently the energy that would have
been consumed in heating that water.
1.3

Category III High cost investment

This category of EMOs require high cost investment and has major alteration with the
normal operation of the home. The identified EMOs in this category involves investment
in renewable energy system such as solar water heating system to supplement the natural
gas as a source of energy for the water.
The current water heating system is a Rheem water Model No. 31N090 of 90 litre
capacity. It consumes 30MJ/hour of gas and has an output power of 6.1KW. A 1.5kW
unit of solar water heating system would cost approximatel A$3,950/= , with an annual
energy savings of 2071kWh it would result in an annual cost saving of $341 will result in
a payback period of 11.6 years.
7.0 Recommendations and Summary for Energy Reduction
Table 4 below gives a summary of the recommended energy reduction actions and the
potential savings. The actions target the energy management opportunities highlighted in
section 6.0 above and more particularly on the items that comprise the use of gas as it
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constitutes the largest energy consuming component in the house. In this area, the main
recommendation is behavioural change in the bathroom which would involve the
reduction of showering time from 10 minutes per person to4minutes per person per day.
This could potentially save 1216.67kWh of energy annually. In addition, an investment in
an energy saving shower head could go a long way in reducing the amount of water used
during the shower time and hence the amount of energy that would have been used in
heating that water.
Table 4 Recommended energy usage reduction actions and potential savings

Kitchen
Living
Room
Standby
Power
Standby
Power
Standby
Power

Bathroom

TYPE OF
Appliance
Halogen Energy
Saver
Halogen Energy
Saver

TV

Refrigerator

Microwave

Hot water
(bathing)
Total

7.1

NO.

kWh/yr

TOTAL
kWh/yr

106.85

106.848

106.85

106.848

84.972

30.5

100

ACTION

TOTAL
kWh/yr

Savings
(kWh/yr)

Use CFL

18

36.288

70.56

Use CFL

18

36.288

70.56

1 watt
initiative

8.76

76.21

1 watt
initiative

8.76

21.74

1 watt
initiative

8.76

91.24

Reduce
shower
time from
10 to 4
minutes
per person

811.11

1216.67

909.97

1546.98

84.972

30.5

100

2027.8
2456.95

Total

Gas (Cooking and water heating)

Cooking and water heating is observed to constitute the greatest component of energy use
in the house accounting for 60% of all energy consumption as seen in Figure 3. This
indicates that this component provides the greatest energy management opportunity in the
house.
Given that cooking is an essential element of life in the house, the major area of focus for
energy management would be the water heating component. The recommendation here
would be two fold, one involving behavioural changes and the other involving minor
investments. On behavioural changes, it would be wise to reduce the time taken to take a
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shower to a shorter time. This can be limited to the time it takes to soap up, wash down
and rinse. A shower timer may be used to manage the shower time to just four minutes.
This would go a long way in reducing the hot water used in the shower. Secondly,
installing an energy efficient shower head rather than the standard one would save water
and by extension the energy required to heat large amounts of water that would otherwise
have been used during the shower.
7.2

Other Recommendations

Though they look relatively insignificant, the power consumed by appliances in the house
when on standby mode constitutes 3% of the total energy used in the house. If the one
watt per appliance initiative is adopted, this could result in a saving of almost 200kWh
per annum. If this is aggregated per residential zone, or even nationally, it could make a
great saving on the environment and the economy.
Further recommended actions involve the replacement of the less efficient halogen
incandescent lamps with the more efficient Compact fluorescent lamps which provide
similar luminaire.
To reduce the usage of energy in the house, the household already uses coin laundry for
washing cloths and drying them in the sun (during summer) instead of using home
laundry machine and electric dryer. These are energy efficient ways whose benefits have
not been computed and incorporated in the report as they were already in place.
Furthermore using natural light to illuminate the house as much as possible also helps
reduce dependence on light sources to illuminate the house..

8.0 References
[1]

O. o. E. a. Heritage. "NABERS HOME Rating Calculator," 04/05;

http://www.nabers.com.au/HomeCalculator/.

[2]

E. E. O. Section, "Energy Efficiency Opportunities Program Industry

Guidelines," E. a. T. Department of Resources, ed., Department of Resources,
Energy and Tourism, 2011.

[3]

O. o. E. Efficiency, "Energy Savings Toolbox An Energy Audit Manual and

Tool," N. R. Canada, ed., Canadian Industry Program for Energy Conservation
(CIPEC), 2008.

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[4]

S. Stegen, "Energy Audit Lecture Notes," School of Engineering, Griffith

University, 2015.

[5]

P. A.-D.-V. Raj, M. Sudhakaran, and P. P.-D.-A. Raj, Estimation of standby

power consumption for typical appliances, Journal of Engineering Science and
Technology Review, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 71-75, 2009.

[6]

D. o. t. Environment, "National Greenhouse Accounts Factors," D. o. t.

Environment, ed., Department of the Environment, 2014.

[7]

A. AER. "Average household electricity usage," 04/05, 2015;

https://www.energymadeeasy.gov.au/bill-benchmark/results/4114/4.

[8]

B. Mohanty, Standby Power Losses in Household Electrical Appliances and

Office Equipment, in Regional Symposium on Energy Efficiency Standards and
Labelling, Bankok, Thailand, 2001.

[9]

E. R. Program. "Standby power | Energy Rating," 04/05, 2015;

http://www.energyrating.gov.au/about/other-programs/standby-power/.

[10]

A. Meier. "Standby Power : Data," 04/05, 2015; http://standby.lbl.gov/summarychart.html.

[11]

M. M. Trevor Stork FIES, "The Basics of Efficient Lighting," W. Department of

the Environment, Heritage and the Arts, ed., National Framework for Energy
Efficiency (Australia), 2010.

[12]

E. a. T. Department of Resource, "E3 Consultation RIS: Standby Power," E. a. T.

Department of Resource, ed., Equipment Energy Efficiency (E3) Program, 2011.

[13]

Q. Government, "Queensland Development Code Mandatory Part 4.1

Sustainable buildings guideline," D. o. L. G. a. Planning, ed., Department of Local
Government and Planning, 2011.

Griffith University Nathan Campus

Page -18-

9.0 Appendix
9.1

Measured data and other computations

Table 5 Measured power (W) and estimated energy consumption for the appliances in the house2
ROOM
Living Room

Kitchen

Bathroom
Main
Bedroom

Kids
Bedroom

WATTS
(W)
97.0
5.5
5.3
648.5
1166.7
101.9
1427.4

HOURS
USED/DAY
4.0
4.0
24.0
1.3
0.5
24.0
0.1

HOURS ON
STANDBY
20
0
0
0
0

1
1

6.9
1461.9

0.2
0.3

Ceiling Fan (ACES 48AL)

Phone charger - Sony
Phone charger - S4
Phone charger - S3
Ipad 1 charger
Ipad 2 charger

1
1
1
1
1
1

65.0
8.0
7.8
6.1
24.0
22.3

Ceiling Fan (ACES 48AL)

65.0

APPLIANCE
LG 32" TV
Super Woofer Speaker
Broadband Modem
Rice Cooker (Black & Decker)
Microwave (LG MS1949G/00)
Fridge (Centrex CTF360A(S))
Vacuum cleaner
Gas (cooking & Water heating)3
Hair clipper (Remington HC824)
Hair Dryer (Boston 08/4B)

QNTY
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

kWh/
DAY
0.3880
0.0220
0.1272
0.8647
0.5834
2.4456
0.1359
11.234

kWh/
WK
2.72
0.15
0.89
6.05
4.08
17.12
0.95
78.64

kWh/
MONTH
10.86
0.62
3.56
24.21
16.33
68.48
3.81
314.55

kWh/
QTR
32.59
1.85
10.68
72.63
49.00
205.43
11.42
943.65

kWh/
YR
130.37
7.39
42.74
290.53
196.01
821.72
45.68
3774.62

0
0

0.0012
0.4873

0.01
3.41

0.03
13.64

0.10
40.93

0.39
163.73

3.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0

0
0
0
0
0
0

0.1950
0.0160
0.0156
0.0122
0.0240
0.0223

1.37
0.11
0.11
0.09
0.17
0.16

5.46
0.45
0.44
0.34
0.67
0.62

16.38
1.34
1.31
1.02
2.02
1.87

65.52
5.38
5.24
4.10
8.06
7.49

3.0

0.1950

1.37

5.46

16.38

65.52

The actual average energy consumed per day for the period 4th February to 20th April 2015 was 3.92kWh [See Figure 5]

Energy usage per day was computed from actual natural gas bill. 1kWh = 3.6MJ [See Figure 6]

Griffith University Nathan Campus

Page -19-

Moses Majiwa
ROOM
Study

Laundry
Toilet
TOTAL

s2938992
APPLIANCE
Ceiling Fan (ACES 48AL)
Laptop 1
Laptop 2
Kitchen Master (KMS1200)Iron
Exhaust fans

Energy Audit

QNTY
1
1
1

WATTS
(W)
65.0
68.3
64.2

HOURS
USED/DAY
3.0
10.0
5.0

1
2

1226.2
40.0

0.2
1.0

HOURS ON
STANDBY
0
0
0

kWh/
DAY
0.1950
0.6830
0.3210

kWh/
WK
1.37
4.78
2.25

0.2044
0.0400
16.99

1.43
0.28
118.93

kWh/
MONTH
5.46
19.12
8.99

kWh/
QTR
16.38
57.37
26.96

kWh/
YR
65.52
229.49
107.86

5.72
17.17
68.67
1.12
3.36
13.44
475.72 1,427.15 5,708.59

Table 6 Estimated cost of energy consumed by the appliances in the home

ROOM
Living Room

Kitchen

Bathroom
Master BR

APPLIANCE
LG 32" TV
Super Woofer Speaker
Broadband Modem
Rice Cooker (Black & Decker)
Microwave (LG MS1949G/00)
Fridge (Centrex CTF360A(S))
Vacuum cleaner
Gas (cooking & Water heating)4
Hair clipper (Remington HC824)
Hair Dryer (Boston 08/4B)
Ceiling Fan (ACES 48AL)
Phone charger - Sony
Phone charger - S4
Phone charger - S3

QNTY COST/DAY COST/WK COST/MNTH COST/QTR COST/YR

1
0.20
1.39
5.57
16.71
66.85
1
0.01
0.08
0.32
0.95
3.79
1
0.07
0.46
1.83
5.48
21.91
1
0.44
3.10
12.41
37.24
148.97
1
0.30
2.09
8.38
25.13
100.50
1
1.25
8.78
35.11
105.34
421.34
1
0.07
0.49
1.95
5.86
23.42
1
2.28
15.96
63.84
191.52
766.08
1
1
1
1
1
1

0.00
0.25
0.10
0.01
0.01
0.01

0.00
1.75
0.70
0.06
0.06
0.04

0.02
7.00
2.80
0.23
0.22
0.18

0.05
20.99
8.40
0.69
0.67
0.53

0.20
83.95
33.60
2.76
2.69
2.10

The cost of Energy per day was computed from actual natural gas bill. Cost Natural gas consumed per day = A$2.28

Griffith University Nathan Campus

Page -20-

Moses Majiwa
ROOM

Kids Bedroom
Study

Laundry
Toilet
Total

s2938992
APPLIANCE
Ipad 1 charger
Ipad 2 charger
Ceiling Fan (ACES 48AL)
Ceiling Fan (ACES 48AL)
Laptop 1
Laptop 2
Kitchen Master (KMS1200)- Iron
Exhaust fans

Energy Audit

QNTY COST/DAY COST/WK COST/MNTH COST/QTR COST/YR

1
0.01
0.09
0.34
1.03
4.13
1
0.01
0.08
0.32
0.96
3.84
1
0.10
0.70
2.80
8.40
33.60
1
0.10
0.70
2.80
8.40
33.60
1
0.35
2.45
9.81
29.42
117.67
1
0.16
1.15
4.61
13.83
55.30
1
0.10
0.73
2.93
8.80
35.21
2
0.02
0.14
0.57
1.72
6.89
36.62
146.48
439.43
1,757.74
5.23

Table 7 Measured illumination for lights in the house

LOCATION
Front entrance
Garage
Living room
Dining
Kitchen
Laundry
Toilet 1
Backyard
Stairway
Toilet 2
Bathroom
Master
bedroom

TYPE OF LIGHT
Halogen
Fluorescent tube
Halogen Energy Saver
E-Star CFL
Halogen Energy Saver
E-Star CFL
Genie Fluorescent
tube
Floodlight
LED
E-Star CFL
Fluorescent slimline
Fluorescent T2 mini
twist

Griffith University Nathan Campus

NO. Watt
1
53
1
36
1
53
1
18
1
53
1
18

TOTAL
Watt
53
36
53
18
53
18

LUX
(Lumen per sqr
meter)
85.6
93.4
39.4
51.4
49.6
162.8

REQUIRED
LUX[13]
40
80
80
80
160
160

1
1
1
1
1

18
150
12.5
15
10

18
150
12.5
15
10

62.5
212
22.8
112.1
31.4

80
40
40
80
80

11

11

14.1

80

Page -21-

Moses Majiwa

LOCATION
Study
Bedroom

s2938992

TYPE OF LIGHT
E-Star CFL
E-Star CFL
Total

NO. Watt
1
18
1
18
14
484

TOTAL
Watt
18
18
483.5

Energy Audit

LUX
(Lumen per sqr
meter)
28.5
25.6

REQUIRED
LUX[13]
320
80

Table 8 Energy consumed by the lighting system

Hours
Used/day

TYPE OF LIGHT

Front entrance

Halogen

53

0.0530

0.37

1.48

4.45

17.81

Garage

Fluorescent tube
Halogen Energy
Saver

36

0.0720

0.50

2.02

6.05

24.19

53

0.3180

2.23

8.90

26.71

106.85

E-Star CFL
Halogen Energy
Saver

18

0.67

0.0120

0.08

0.34

1.01

4.03

53

0.3180

2.23

8.90

26.71

106.85

18

0.0180

0.13

0.50

1.51

6.05

Toilet 1

E-Star CFL
Genie Fluorescent
tube

18

0.5

0.0090

0.06

0.25

0.76

3.02

Backyard

Floodlight

150

0.25

0.0375

0.26

1.05

3.15

12.60

Stairway

LED

12.5

0.0750

0.53

2.10

6.30

25.20

Toilet 2

15

0.5

0.0075

0.05

0.21

0.63

2.52

Bathroom
Master
bedroom

E-Star CFL
Fluorescent
slimline
Fluorescent T2 mini
twist

10

0.67

0.0067

0.05

0.19

0.56

2.24

11

0.0220

0.15

0.62

1.85

7.39

Study

E-Star CFL

18

0.1440

1.01

4.03

12.10

48.38

Bedroom

E-Star CFL

18

0.0360

0.25

1.01

3.02

12.10

1.13

7.90

31.60

94.81

379.23

Living room
Dining
Kitchen
Laundry

NO.

Total
power (W)

LOCATION

Total

Griffith University Nathan Campus

KWhs/Day

KWhs/Wk

KWhs/Month

KWhs/QTR

KWhs/Yr

Page -22-

Moses Majiwa

s2938992

Energy Audit

Table 9 Annual energy consumption and cost (A$) for unit 68/17 Marlow Street, Woodridge
DESCRIPTION

Kitchen
Appliances
Other
Appliances
Lighting
Standby
Gas (cooking
& Water
heating)
Total

KWhs/Day

KWhs/Wk

KWhs/Month

KWhs/QTR

KWhs/Yr

Cost/Day

Cost/Wk

Cost/Mnth

Cost/Qtr

2.81

19.65

78.59

235.77

943.07

1.44

10.07

40.30

120.89

483.56

2.95
1.13
0.64

20.64
7.90
4.49

82.58
31.60
17.96

247.73
94.81
53.87

990.90
379.23
215.47

1.51
0.58
0.33

10.59
4.05
2.30

42.34
16.20
9.21

127.02
48.61
27.62

508.09
194.45
110.48

11.23
18.76

78.64
131.32

314.55
525.27

943.65
1575.82

3774.62
6303.29

2.28
6.14

15.96
42.97

63.84
171.89

Griffith University Nathan Campus

Cost/yr

191.52
766.08
515.67 2,062.67

Page -23-

Moses Majiwa
9.2

s2938992

Energy Audit

Utility bills

Figure 5 Electricity bill for U68, 17 Marlow street for the period 4th February to 20th April 2015

Griffith University Nathan Campus

Page -24-

Moses Majiwa

s2938992

Energy Audit

Figure 6 Natural Gas bill for U68, 17 Marlow street for the period 4th February to 27th March 2015

Griffith University Nathan Campus

Page -25-

Moses Majiwa

s2938992

Energy Audit

Table 10 NABERS HOME Rating Summary Report

Postcode
People in home
Weeks unoccupied
Electricity
GreenPower
Natural Gas
Greenhouse gas emissions

4114
4
0
2,529 kWh pa
0%
13,589 MJ pa
3,210 kgCO2 pa

What the Rating means:

The average NABERS Rating is 2.5 stars.
More stars indicate better environmental performance.
A 3 star home is above average, 4 stars is excellent and 5 stars is exceptional.
The NABERS HOME Energy Rating is 5 stars i.e. Top performer. This means the home is a market leader, using less energy than most similar
homes. This is likely to be because of smart house design, smart operation and smart choices of energy sources.

Griffith University Nathan Campus

Page -26-