In order to determine the properties of a mixture, the pure component properties are required

in order for the mixing rules to be applied. The following pure component properties are
found from Dortmund Data Bank for the gas mixture at the mean temperature of 322

and at an intermediate pressure of 2 bar:

Table : Pure component properties of gas mixture at 322 and 2 bar (Dortmund
Data Bank, 2012).
Component
Propylene

Density

Heat capacity

Viscosity

(kg/m3)

(J/kg.K)

(Pa.s)

2.143

2531.646

1.637 10-

Thermal
Conductivity
(W/m.K)
0.0568

2-chloropropene

3.897

1578.583

1.785 10-

0.0400

Dichloropropene

5.651

1157.933

1.734 10-

0.0273

Allyl chloride

3.897

1575.584

1.734 10-

0.0332

Hydrogen chloride

1.857

810.356

2.817 10-

0.0280

For gas mixtures at low pressures, the following mixing rules are proposed by TEMA (2007)
for calculating the viscosity, thermal conductivity, density and heat capacity:
1

mix =
i=1

i y i M i2
yi M

(8-4).

1
2
i

k mix =
i=1

k i y i M i3
1

y i M 3i

(8-4).

mix = x i i
i=1

C p , mix = xi C p ,i
i=1

(8-4).

(8-4).

According to Incropera et al. (2005), energy balances provide a fundamental means of accounting for
intensive property changes e.g. temperature of a material. In order to determine the outlet temperature
of the propylene glycol coolant stream, and energy balance must be conducted over the entire heat
exchanger with the assumption that there is no heat losses to the environment which is the worst case
as the coolant will exit at the highest temperature possible.

h ,T h , out
T
h C p , mix
Q=m

(8-4).

Qworst =1.1 Q

(8-4).

c ,
Q
T c, out =
+T
c C p ,c
m

(8-4).

According to Purohit (1983), costs of shell-and-tube exchangers vary according to: TEMA type; shell
diameter; tube length, diameter, gage, pitch and layout; number of tube passes; shell- and tubeside
design pressures; and materials of construction. As a result of analysing purchase prices of exchangers
in 1982, the following baseline cost (in $/ft2) for an exchanger was developed:

b=

6.6
7 D
(
)
1e 27
s

pfr

(8-4).

It must be noted that the inside shell diameter used in the above equation must be in inches.
Furthermore, the baseline cost equation assumes that the exchanger has a E-type TEMA shell;

standard tube length of 20 ft (6.1 m); tube gage of 14 Birmingham Wire Gage (BWG); 1 or 2 tube
passes; shell- and tubeside design pressures less than 150 psi (10.35 bar); and carbon steel material of
construction for all components. The value of

p , the cost multiplier, can be calculated using the

following equation:

p=0.75 p2t

a
do

( )

(8-4).

is a constant that is dependent on the tube layout pattern. It takes on value of 1 for square or

rotated square layouts and a value of 0.85 for triangular or rotates triangular patterns.
The TEMA-type front head multiplier ( f ) and TEMA-type rear head multiplier ( r ) can be
obtained from Table D-11.
In terms of the calculation procedure suggested by Purohit (1983), once the baseline cost is estimated
corrections need to be applied in order to account for the design specifications of the actual exchanger.
Corrections are made for the shell type; expansion joints; tube length; tube passes; design pressures;
materials of construction and tube gage.
i) Correction for shell type
The cost correction for the shell type,

C s , can be read from Table #:

Table #: Cost corrections for TEMA shell type (Purohit, 1983).

TEMA Shell Type

Cs

Open-tube exchanger (no shell)

E One-pass
J Divided flow
X Cross flow
G Split flow
F Two-pass with longitudinal baffle
K Kettle-type reboiler

-0.2
0
0
0
0.05-0.1
0.15-0.2
0.25-0.35

ii) Correction for tube length

On a $/ft2 basis, long, skinny exchangers are more economical than short, fat ones because of labour
cost and material scrapped in cutting tubes. If the length of an exchanger is equal to or greater than 20

C L , will equal to 0. However if smaller

ft (6.1 m) then the cost correction factor for tube length,

lengths are used, then the factor is calculated as follows:

C L = 1

0.002083 ( Ds12 )
L
1.5
6.1
L
1
6.1

(8-4).

iii) Correction for tube passes

Larger numbers of tube passes increase exchanger cost by hiking labour costs and reducing the
available heat-exchange surface. According to Sinnott (2005), exchangers can have as many as 20
tube passes. Equation # can be used to estimate the extra cost for more than two tube passes:

CN =
TP

As a reminder,

CN

TP

will equal to zero if

( N TP 1 )

(8-4).

100

N TP equals either 1 or 2.

iv) Correction for design pressures

Exchanger price rises with increasing design pressure. This correction factor will not be considered in
this report as the maximum shell-side pressure is 2.77 bar while the maximum tube-side pressure is
4.5 bar. According to Purohit (1983), a correction needs to be applied only if the design pressure of
either side exceeds 150 psi (10.35 bar).
v) Corrections for materials of construction
Purohit (1983) explains that exchanger costs consist essentially of labour, profit and materials. The
costs of materials can be broken down into those for the shell, tubes, tubesheets and channels.

Cmt = y (M 11)

y=0.129+ 0.0016 ( Ds12 )

(8-4).

do
2

0.75 ( pt ) a

(8-4).

Cost =Eb

Cms =0.1( M 21)

(8-4).

Cmc =0.06(M 21)

(8-4).

Cmts =0.04(M 21)

(8-4).

C g= y (g1)

(8-4).

Eb =bA ( 1+C T )

(8-4).

CEPCI of current yearmonth

CEPCI of Eb base year

(8-4).