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i
vin
Ci
vout
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Integrator
The input current can be converted into a charge
Cf
i
vin
Ri
vout
dv out
v in
i = ------- = C f ------------dt
Ri
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Stabilized Integrator
The constant term from the integral is undesirable on the output.
A switch can be used to discharge the capacitor.
The circuit can provide a path for the capacitor to discharge.
Rf = 22 M
i
vin
Ri = 100 k
Cf = 1 F
vout
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Limited Differentiator
Differentiator has large amplification at high frequencies.
A high frequency cutoff above the signal range is often needed.
Combine an integrator and differentiator.
Cf = 50 pF
vin
Ci = 0.01 F Rf = 100 k
Ri = 1 k
+
vout
1
f B = ------------------ = 160Hz
2R f C i
1
v out = ----------- v in dt
Ri Cf
1
f B = ------------------ = 3MHz
2R i C f
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DC Amplifiers
Logarithmic Amplifier
Use a transistor in the feedback network of an inverting amplifier.
Vin
2N2222
R = 100 k
RB = 100 k
Vout
V BE V T
V in
= -------R
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Analog Product
Combine logarithm amplifiers and summation amplifiers
VC = 2b
V1
R
RB
(a lnV1 + b)
V2
R
R
RB
(a lnV2 + b)
Vout = cV1V2
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Current-to-Voltage Converter
Operational feedback relies on current.
Rf
Vout
V out = R f I
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Current-to-Current Converter
An extra resistor to defines the current.
Rf
Iin
Iin
RL
Vout
IL
Rg
Ig
V out = R f I in
I L = I in 1 + ------
R g
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Voltage-to-Current Converter
An op-amp follower can be used to drive a conventional transistor
current source.
Iout
I1
Vin
VC
VG
VS
Rf
I2
IR
VE
R
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Vin
Ri1
Rf1
Rf2
I2
Ri2
R f2
R i2
-------- = -------R f1
R i1
Iout
V in
I out = -------R f2
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