CHAPTER 5:

1.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

1.
2.
3.

2.

ENERGY AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

Energy is required to cause a chemical or physical change in matter.

A chemical change involves the formation of a new substance which is different in
composition and property from the original reactants.
A physical change only involves a change in form but no new substances are
formed.

HEAT CHANGE IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

1.
2.
3.

3.

An exothermic reaction is one which releases heat to the environment.

An endothermic reaction is one that absorbed heat from the environment.
Exothermic and endothermic reactions bring about changes in temperature to the
reactants and products.
THE REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS

REACTIVITY OF METAL WHEN REACTING WITH

METAL
Water
Pottasium (K)
Sodium (Na)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Aluminium (Al)
Zinc (Zn)
Iron (Fe)
Tin (Sn)
Lead (Pb)
Copper (Cu)
Silver (Ag)
Gold (Au)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

4.

Dilute acid

Oxygen

React with cold water

React with dilute acid
React with hot water or
steam

Do not react with cold

water or steam

Reactivity of
Metals in
decreasing
order

React with hot dilute

acid
Do not react with dilute
acid

Reactive metals such as sodium, calcium and pottasium reacts vigorously with water.
Less reactive metals such as zinc and iron react with steam.
Inactive metals such as gold and silver do not react with water or steam.
Most metals react with acids giving off hydrogen.
Most metals react with oxygen to form metallic oxides.
The reactivity series of metals consists of metals arranged in order of reactivity based
on its reactions with several substances.

APPLICATION OF REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS

1.

The extraction of metals is an industrial process of separating a pure metal from its
ore. In industry, metals are heated with carbon to separate them from the impurities
in ore.

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5.

ELECTROLYSIS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

6.

THE PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY FROM CHEMICAL REACTIONS

1.

7.

Reactions that use electrical energy to dissociate a chemical compound is called

electrolysis.
A chemical compound that is capable of conducting an electric current in its molten or
aqueous form is known as an electrolyte.
The materials immersed in an electrolyte to enable electrical conductivity are called
electrodes.
The electrodes connected to the negative terminal of the battery or cell is termed the
anode.
The electrodes connected to the positive terminal of the battery or cell is termed the
cathode.
Anions and cations are charged particles that will be attracted to the anode and
cathode respectively during electrolysis.
In industry, electrolysis is widely used in the extraction of metals, purification of
metals and metal electroplating.

Dry cell, lead acid accumulator, alkaline battery, silver oxide mercury batteries and
nickel cadmium batteries are some of the main sources of electrical energy.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT OCCUR IN THE PRESENCE OF LIGHT

1.
2.
3.

Some chemical reactions are initiated by light energy e.g. photosynthesis and
reaction of chemical photographic film.
Chemical should be stored in dark container to prevent them from reacting to light.
Sources of energy should be used carefully and prudently. Its use should not pollute
the environment or pose a danger to human health

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74

PAPER 1
1. Which of the following is a chemical change?
A.
B.

2.

Ice melts
Milk turns sour

C. Salt dissolves in water

D. Water evaporates from a pool

The diagram shows paper burning.

What type of change is taking place?

A. Colour change
B. Rate of change
3.

Why is crystallization of copper (II) sulphate considered a physical change?

A.
B.
C.
D.

4.

Physical change
Not reversible
More energy needed
No new substances formed
New particles are formed

Chemical change
Reversible
Less energy needed
New substances formed
No formation of new particles

Which of the following is an endothermic reaction?

A.
B.
C.
D.

6.

New substance is formed

No new substance is formed
More heat is absorbed during the reaction
Chemical bonds between particles take place

Which of the following pairs of changes is true?

A
B
C
D
5.

C. Physical change
D. Chemical change

Haber Process
Contact Process
Reaction of acid and alkali
Dissolving ammonium nitrate in water

Which of the following is true for endothermic reaction?

A. Heat is released to the surroundings
B. The temperature of the solution decreases
C. The pressure of the surroundings increases
D. The products have less energy than the reactants

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7.

Which of the following chemicals absorb heat from the surrounding when
dissolved in water?
A. Sodium hydroxide
B. Ammonium chloride

8.

C. Sulphuric acid
D. Hydrochloric acid

The table shows the result of dissolving one spatula of sodium hydroxide in
distilled water.
Type of solution
Distilled water
Distilled water + Sodium hydroxide
Rises in temperature

Temperature( 0C)
29
31
2

What has caused the increase in temperature?

A.
B.
C.
D.
9.

Oxidation took place

Exothermic reaction took place
Endothermic reaction took place
Heat was absorbed from the surrounding area

The information shows a chemical reaction.

Nitrogen + Hydrogen

Ammonia

+ Heat

Which of the following statements is true?

A.
B.
C.
D.
10.

The process is called the Contact Process

Heat was absorbed from the surrounding area
The chemical reaction above is an exothermic reaction
The chemical reaction above is an endothermic reaction

The diagram shows the heating of copper (II) carbonates

Solution X

What is solution X?
A. Lime water
B. Distilled water

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C. Hydrochloric acid
D. Potassium manganate (IV)

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11.

Which of the following is the process of producing ammonia?

A. Haber process
B. Contact process

12.

Which of the following metals reacts more vigorously with oxygen?

A. Zinc
B. Copper

13.

Has a shiny surface

Reacts with cold water
Only reacts with steam
Does not conduct electricity

What will happen to a zinc roof when acid rains fall on it?
A.
B.
C.
D.

17.

Metallic oxide
Salt and hydrogen gas
Alkali solution and hydrogen gas
Alkali solution and metallic oxide

Which of the following shows the difference between calcium and zinc?
A.
B.
C.
D.

16.

C. Ferum
D. Copper

What is the product when reactive metals reacts with water?

A.
B.
C.
D.

15.

C. Aluminium
D. Magnesium

Which of the following is more reactive than carbon?

A. Zinc
B. Sodium

14.

C. Reducing process
D. Electrolysis process

Corrode
Change its shape
Become black in colour
Become stronger and harder

The diagram shows an apparatus used to investigate the reactivity of metals

toward oxygen.

Substance
P

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What is substance P?
A. Copper (II) oxide
B. Ammonium chloride

18.

C. Sodium hydroxide
D. Potassium manganate(VII)

The diagram shows a reaction of metal with water.

Sodium

Water

Which of the following observation is correct?

A.
B.
C.
D.

19.

The beaker becomes cool

The sodium sinks in water
Heat energy is released to the surroundings
The sodium changes to become a black solid

The information below is about the reaction of metals L, M and N with water
and steam.
Metal
L
M
N

Observation
Reacts vigorously with water.
Does not react with cold water or steam.
Reacts with steam but not with cold water.

Which of the following is the correct arrange of reactivity in ascending order?

A. L,M,N
B. M,N,L

20.

C. N,M,L
D. M,L,N

The diagram shows gas P is collected in the experiment.

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What is P?
A. Oxygen
B. Nitrogen

21.

C. Chlorine
D. Hydrogen

Aluminium + hydrochloric acid

Aluminium chloride + Gas X

Based on the above equation, what is gas X?

A. Oxygen
B. Hydrogen
22.

C. Helium
D. Carbon dioxide

What is the product when magnesium reacts with oxygen?

A. Magnesium oxide
B. Magnesium chloride

23.

C. Magnesium hydroxide
D. Magnesium carbonate

The information shows the observations of metals P, Q and R when heated.

Metal
P
Q
R
S

Observation
A bright flame spreads slowly.
A glow spreads slowly.
Burns with shiny white flame.
No change.

Which metal is the most reactive?

A. P
B. Q
24.

Which of the following metal oxides does not react with carbon?
A. Zinc oxide
B. Ferum oxide

25.

C. Copper(II) oxide
D. Aluminium oxide

Which of the following statements about electroplating iron nail with silver is
correct?
A.
B.
C.
D.

26.

C. R
D. S

The iron nail is the anode

The iron nail is the cathode
The silver plate is the cathode
The iron (II) nitrate solution is used as electrolyte

What is the element that is involved during the extraction of tin?

A. Carbon
B. Iron granules

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C. Cryolite
D. Quicklime

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27.

Why is Aluminium metal extracted from its ore by electrolysis and not
through heating with carbon ?
A.
B.
C.
D.

28.

Which of the following equations represents the reaction that takes place in a
blast furnace during the extraction of tin ore ?
A.
B.
C.
D.

29.

Solid.
Solid and molten
Solid and aqueous
Molten or aqueous

Which of the following is the application of electrolysis?

A.
B.
C.
D.

31.

Tin + Carbon dioxide

Tin oxide + Carbon
Tin oxide + Carbon
Tin + Carbon dioxide
Tin carbonate
Tin oxide + Carbon dioxide
Tin oxide +
Zinc
Tin + Zinc oxide

Which of the following states of electrolyte could conduct electricity?

A.
B.
C.
D.

30.

Heating methods are complex

Aluminium is more reactive than carbon
Because source of carbon is hard to find
The cost of extraction through electrolysis is cheaper

Purification of metal
Purification of non-metal
Production of electrical energy
Production of radioactive energy

The diagram shows an electroplating of an iron spoon.

Chromium
Solution R
Iron spoon

What is solution R?
A.
B.

Chromium(III) nitrate
Hydrochloric acid

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C. Iron (II) sulphate

D. Silver nitrate
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32.

The diagram shows electrolysis process.

Switch

Bulb

Carbon rod

Substance X

What is substance X?
A. Sugar solution
B. Glucose solution

33.

C. Ethanol solution
D. Sodium chloride solution

The diagram shows an electrolysis process.

Switch

Bulb

Carbon rod

Molten lead bromide

Heat

What are the products of electrolysis at the anode and cathode?

A
B
C
D

Anode
Oxygen
Bromine
Lead
Hydrogen

Cathode
Hydrogen
Lead
Bromine
Oxygen

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34.

What is the purpose of cryolite in aluminium extraction?

A.
B.
C.
D.

35.

To purify the aluminium oxide

To lowered the melting point of aluminium oxide
To reduce the conductivity of aluminium oxide
To extract aluminium from the aluminium oxide

The diagram shows how electrolysis is used to purify copper.

Copper (II)
nitrate

What is X and Y ?
A
B
C
D

36.

Dry cell
Electroplating
Electrolysis of molten aluminium ore
Reduction of a metallic ore by carbon

What type of battery is used in watches?

A. Dry cell
B. Nickel cadmium

38.

Y
Pure copper
Impure copper
Pure copper
Carbon

Which of the following involves the conversion of chemical energy to

electrical energy?
A.
B.
C.
D.

37.

X
Carbon
Pure copper
Impure copper
Pure copper

C. Silver oxide mercury

D. Lead acid accumulator

What is the advantage of alkaline cell compared to dry cell?

A. It is cheaper
B. It is rechargeable

C. The size is smaller

D. It has a longer life span

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39.

The diagram shows a simple cell.

Which electrodes and electrolyte could be used to cause the bulb to light up?

A
B
C
D

40.

S
Copper
Carbon
Copper
Copper

Electrolyte
Copper(II) sulphate
Sulphuric acid.
Ethanol
Hydrochloric acid.

Which of the following is true for silver oxide mercury cell?

A.
B.
C.
D.

41.

R
Copper
Carbon
Zinc
Magnesium

Small
Cheap
Heavy
Rechargeable

The diagram shows a simple cell.

Which of the following metals would be Q?

A
B
C
D

P
Zinc
Zinc
Lead
Copper

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Q
Aluminium
Iron
Iron
Magnesium

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42.

Which of the following is the advantage of using lead acid accumulator?

A. Portable
B. It is cheaper

43.

C.
D.

High voltage
Not rechargeable

The diagram shows a simple cell.

What is X and Y?

A
B
C
D

44.

X
Carbon rod
Zinc plate
Copper plate
Glass rod

Y
Carbon rod
Copper plate
Copper plate
Iron rod

Which of the following processes requires light to function?

A. Rusting
B. Burning

45.

C. Respiration
D. Photosynthesis

The word equation below shows the decomposition reaction by light energy.
Silver chloride

Silver

+ Chlorine

Which of the following changes of energy is correct?

A.
B.
C.
D.
46.

Heat energy light energy

Light energy chemical energy
Heat energy chemical energy
Chemical energy heat energy

Why does photography paper exposed to sunlight become black?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Sunlight emits black light

Sunlight causes the formation of black pigments
The layers of silver at photography paper is oxidized
Silver bromide decomposes to silver and bromine

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47.

What is the advantage of a dry cell compared to an acid-lead accumulator?

A.
B.
C.
D.

48.

Which of the electric cells can be recycle?

A.
B.
C.
D.

49.

Dry cell
Alkaline batteries
Lead acid accumulators
Silver oxide-mercury batteries

Why photosensitive chemical are stored in dark bottle?

A.
B.
C.
D.

50.

The voltage is higher

It has longer life span.
Its electrolyte does not spill
It is long lasting as long as fuel is supplied

Sensitive to light
Sensitive to heat
React with water
React with oxygen

What type of battery is used in a car?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Alkaline battery
Acid-lead battery
Silver oxide battery
Nickel-cadmium battery

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PAPER 2
SECTION A
1. The diagram shows an experiment of reaction between calcium and water. The
volume of gas X collected from the reaction is shown in table I.

DIAGRAM 1
b)

Based on table I, draw a graph to show the relationship at the

total volume of gas X against time.

80
Volume of X
(cm3)

60

120

150

40

20

30

60
20
20

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90

Time / s

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a)

What is the relationship between the volume of gas X and time in the
first 90 second?
As the time increases, the volume of gas X collected increases
..
(1 mark)

b)

State the hypothesis based on Table 1.

The longer the time taken the higher the volume of gas X collected
..

c)

...
(1 mark)
State the responding variable in this experiment.
The volume of gas X collected

(1 mark)

d)

What is the total volume of gas X, which is collected in 90 second?

71cm3

(1mark)

e)

Predict the volume of gas X, which is collected in 180 second

74cm3/ No change

(1mark)

2.

Diagram 2 shows an arrangement of apparatus to study the purification of metal.

Copper(ll)nitrate solution

DIAGRAM 2

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The experiment is repeated a few times with different quantities of electric

current. The mass of cathode after 10 minutes are recorded in table 2.
Electric
current (A)
Mass of
cathode (g)

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.05

1.10

1.15

1.2

1.5

1.8

2.1

1.25

1.30

1.35

TABLE 2
(a) In diagram 2, mark the positive electrode and the negative electrode with the
symbol (+) and (-).
(1 mark)
(b) Draw a graph showing the mass of cathode versus the quantity of
electric current.
1.4
Mass of
cathode
(g)

X
X

1.3

X
1.2

X
X

1.1

X
1.0
0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5
Quantity of Electric current (A)

c)

d)

From the graph, drawn, determine the mass of cathode when the quantity of
electric current is 1.2A.
1.2g

(1 mark)
What is the relationship between the quantity of electric current and the
mass of cathode?
The
larger the quantity of electric current that flows, the higher

the mass of cathode.

(1 mark)

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3. Diagram 3 shows an experiment done by a student.

Thermometer

Sodium chloride

Ammonium chloride

Hydrochloric
acid

Water

Beaker B

Beaker A

DIAGRAM 3
Table 3 shows the result of the experiment.
Beaker
A
B

Substance

Initial
temperature

Final
temperature

29 0C

34 0C

29 0C

25 0C

Hydrochloric acid +
sodium chloride
Water +
ammonium chloride
TABLE 3

(a) State the type of chemical reaction in both beakers.

i. Beaker A.
Exothermic reaction

ii. Beaker B.
Endothermic reaction
......
(2 marks)
(b)

Give inference for your answer in (a).

Heat is released in the reaction in beaker A while heat is
..

absorbed in the reaction in beaker B

..

(1 mark)

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(c)

Name the variable involved in this experiment.

i.

Manipulated variable.
Types of substances

ii.

Constant variable.
Quantity of water
.
(2 marks)

4.

Diagram 4 shows a simple cell for the production of electrical energy.

Experiment I

Experiment II

DIAGRAM 4
Table 4 shows the result of the experiment.
Experiment
I

Pair of metals
Zinc and copper

Voltmeter/V
1.1

II

Lead and copper

TABLE 4

0.5

(a) Based on experiment above, complete the voltmeter reading in Table 4.

(2 marks)
(b) Give your inference from the observation?
An electric current is produced in both experiment
...
(1 mark)
(c) State the variables in this experiment.
i. Manipulated variable.
Pair of metals

ii. Responding variable.

Voltmeter reading

(2 marks)
(d) If copper plates are used for electrode A and B, predict the voltmeter reading.
0 // zero // no voltmeter reading

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(1 mark)

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SECTION B
1.

Diagram 5 shows a model of a simple cell.

Galvanometer

Copper plate
Zinc plate

Vinegar solution

DIAGRAM 5
a)

What can be observed on the Galvanometer?

The needle of the galvanometer deflects //
.
galvanometer shows reading
(1mark)

b)

Give an inference to the observation in 1(a).

Electric
current is produce
.
(1 mark)

c)

Write the energy, transformation that occurs in this experiment.

Chemical energy Electrical energy
.
(1 mark)

d) (i) What will happen if the copper plate is replaced with a carbon rod?
The needle of the galvanometer deflects
.
(1mark)

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2.

Diagram 6 shows an experiment to study the reactivity of metals with oxygen.

The metal is heated first before potassium manganate(VII) is heated.
metal

DIAGRAM 6
The observation of this experiment is recorded in Table 5.
Metal
P
Q
R

Observation
Glow brightly
Glow dimly
Burn brightly
TABLE 5

(a) Arrange the above metals in the decreasing order of reactivity with oxygen.
R, P, Q
..
(1 mark)
(b) What is the function of potassium manganate (VII)?
To produce oxygen gas

(1 mark)
(c) Explain why the glass wool is placed in between the metals and the potassium
maganate(VII) .
To prevent potassium manganate (VII) from mixing with
...
the metals
...
(1 mark)
(d) Explain why the metals are heated first before heating
potassium manganate(VII).
So that oxygen can react faster with hot metals
..
..
(1 mark)

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3.

Diagram 7 shows the apparatus to electroplate an iron ring.

Silver
Iron ring
Electrolyte

DIAGRAM 7

(a) Give two reasons why iron ring need to be coated with silver.
i. To prevent the ring from corrosion

ii. To make the ring looks more attractive

(2 marks)
(b)

Suggest a suitable electrolyte.

Silver nitrate
..
(1 mark)

(c)

State the observation that occur at

i. anode.
The silver plate becomes thinner
..

ii. cathode.
Silvery metal deposited on the ring.
.
(2 marks)

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93

SECTION C
1.

Study the statement below carefully.

A large amount of air bubbles is released when a magnesium strip is placed in
hydrochloric acid but when a copper plate is placed in the same acid, no
changes are observed.
(a)

Suggest a suitable hypothesis to investigate this statement.

[1 mark]

(b)

Describe one experiment to test your hypothesis based on the following.

(i)
Aim of experiment
[1 mark]
(ii)
Variables
[2 marks]
(iii)
List of apparatus
[1 mark]
(iv)
Method
[3 marks]
(v)
Tabulation of data
[1 mark]
(vi)
Conclusion
[1 mark]

ANSWER
Hypothesis: The rate of reaction between magnesium and acid is higher than
copper with acid or
Magnesium has higher reactivity with acid than copper
Aim:

To study the rate of reaction of different metals with acid.

Variable:
Constant
: Concentration of acid
Manipulated : Type of metal
Responding : Rate of reaction with acid
Apparatus and materials: magnesium strip, copper plate, hydrochloric acid,
boiling tube, cork stopper, delivery tube, water
container, Bunsen burner, wooden tong.
Method: 5 cm3 of hydrochloric acid is poured into the boiling tube
3 cm long magnesium strip is put into the acid
The gas released is tested with a lighted wooden splinter
The experiment is repeated using copper
All observation are recorded in the table
Tabulation of data:
Metals
Magnesium
Copper

Rate of reaction with acid

Conclusion: Different metals react with acid at the different rate

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2.

(a)

State one method used to purify a piece of impure copper.

Explain the method.

(b)

[4 marks]

A man found a strange substance and after examines he confirmed that

substance is a metal ore. . He heat the substance with carbon to
purified it but no reaction occurs. Explain how the substance can be
extracted from the metal ore.
Your answers should include the following.
(i)
Identify the problem
(ii)
Clarification of the problem
(iii)
Solving methods
(iv)
Explain the method using

[6 marks]

ANSWER
A

Impure copper

Pure copper
Copper (II) sulphate solution

The diagram shows how electrolysis is used to purify copper

The anode is made of impure copper
The cathode is made of pure copper
The electrolyte used is copper (II) sulphate solution
Switch turns on.

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95

b)

Identify the problem :

To extract metal from bauxite/ metal ore
Clarification of the problem:
The metal ore does not reacts with carbon.
Solving methods:
Use electrolysis
Explain the method using:

Graphite
Metal ore + cryolite

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3.

(a)

Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram

Heat the crucible until the metal ore and cryolite melts.
Turn on switch to start the electrolysis process
Observe the graphite electrodes and ammeter
Record the observation

Diagram 8 shows the formation of white fumes when ammonia gas

and hydrogen gas are mixed.

DIAGRAM 8
State four reasons why the reaction above is considered as
a chemical change.

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[4 marks]

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96

(b)

Diagram 9 shows the physical changes that happen to two different

substances.
Soap powder

Soap solution

Water

Zinc nitrate

Zinc nitrate
solution

Water

DIAGRAM 9
Study the activities above carefully. Build a concept regarding the physical
changes. Explain your answer based on the following.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

Identify the information

Identify two common features
Relate the common features with the physical changes to
build an initial concept
State one example of physical change and one non-examples
State the actual concept of physical change

[1 mark]
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
[1 mark]

ANSWER
a)

New substances are formed

Involving a change of heat energy
The new substance will have different chemical properties and composition
Difficult to reverse

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97

b)
(i)

Identify the information

Soap powder form bubble in water
Zinc nitrate powder formed zinc nitrate solution

(ii)

Identify two common features

The state of the substance change
New substance are not formed

(iv)

Relate the common features with the physical changes to build an initial
concept
The process where state of the substance changes but new
substance is not formed is a physical change

(iv)

State one example of physical change and one non-examples

Example: The melting of ice/freezing of water
Non-example: Burning of paper

(v)

State the actual concept of physical change

The physical change is a process involving a change of state of
matter and does not produce a new substance

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*The bolded and italic letter is the answer

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