Mysql Chapter-1: Database

CBSE ORIENTATION PROGRAMME FOR INFORMATICS PRACTICES
MYSQL CHAPTER-1
Introduction
Database
A database is a organized collection of data.
Database -> Data File -> Record - > Data Item
Relational Database
It is a collection of logically related tables.
Table/Relation: A group of rows and columns form a table. The horizontal subset of
the Table is known as a Row/Tuple. The vertical subset of the Table is known as a
Column/an Attribute.
Example:
Table: Employee
Eno
45
32
12
09
Name
Ramanuj Singh
Gareema Seth
John Brooke
Ahmed Abdul
Desig
Dir
Mgr
Acc
Mgr
Salary
90000
78000
25000
78000
A relation in a database has the following characteristics:

1. Every value in a relation is atomic - i.e. it can not be further divided
2. Names of columns are distinct and order of columns is immaterial
3. The rows in the relation are not necessarily ordered
Since relation is a set, and sets are not ordered hence no ordering defined on
tuples of relation
Relational Database Management System
The software required to handle/manipulate these tables/relations is known as
Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) MySQL, Oracle, Sybase, DB2, MS
SQL Server, etc.
RDBMS Terminology:
A Candidate key is an attribute (or set of attributes) that uniquely identifies
a row.
Example: Item Number and Item Descrition both may be used to uniquely
identify each row in a Stock Table, so both are examples of Candidate keys.
A Primary Key is one of the candidate keys, which is used to identift a row
uniquely.
MySQL - 1
Example: Admission Number in the Student Table, Accession Number of a

Book in the Book table, Employee Id of an employee in the Employee Table,
Item Number of an item in the Stock table, Flight Number of a flight in the
Flight Master Table, etc.
MYSQL
Note: A table may have more than one candidate keys but definitely has one
and only one primary key.
Alternate Key: Only one of the candidate key will be selected as a primary
key of a table. All other candidates are called Alternate keys.
Introduction to MySQL.
MySQL is a fast, easy-to-use RDBMS used for small and big business applications.
MySQL is developed, marketed, and supported by a Swedish Company MySQL AB.
MySQL is released under an open-source license so it is customizable. It

requires no payment for its usage.
MySQL is a very powerful software to handle RDBMS.
MySQL uses a standard form of the well-known ANSI-SQL standards
MySQL is a platform independent application which works on many operating

systems like Windows, UNIX, LINUX etc. And has compatibility with many
languages including JAVA , C++, PHP, PERL, etc.
MySQL is a easy to install RDBMS and capable of handling large data sets.
2
MySQL - 2
MYSQL CHAPTER-2
Installing MySQL
Windows Environment
DOWNLOADING MySQL
Installation file for MySQL may be downloaded from the link:

http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/5.1.html#downloads
(Choose appropriate download link as per the operating system)
Click on the "Download"
button
for
the
Community Server. This
brings further down the
page, to the list of
supported
platforms
(i.e., operating systems
that it will run on),
which include 32-bit
and 64-bit Windows,
several different Linux,
Solaris, Mac OS X, and a
few others.
INSTALLING MySQL
After the installation file has finished downloading, double-click it, which begins
the MySQL Setup Wizard.
MySQL - 3
At the welcome dialog box, click the "Next" button.
MYSQL
The MySQL Setup Wizard allows

to choose the installation
directory on the computer, and
whether or not to have optional
components installed. In the
"Setup Type" dialog box, choose
Typical
from
the
three
options. MySQL will be installed
in
the
default
directory,
"C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL
Server 5.0. Now, click the
"Next" button.
Now it is ready to install MySQL's files. Click

the "Install" button.
After the Setup Wizard has completed, one
can and should configure the new server.
Click the "Finish" button.
4
MySQL - 4
CONFIGURING MySQL
At the initial Server Instance Configuration Wizard dialog box, click the "Next"
button.
Keep selecting the default options provided in subsequent windows. If the
configuration does not encounter any errors, then information will be prompted
that the configuration file was created, the MySQL service was installed and
started, and the security settings have been applied.
Note: In the process of configuration of MySQL, a prompt for password will be
displayed Remember this password will be required each time to start MySQL
Testing MySQL
Follow the steps to start MySQL
Start> Programs>MySQL>.>MySQL Command Line Client
OR
MySQL - 5

Goto the folder
C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.1\bin [Assuming C:\ drive as the drive having MySQL]
And Click on the following file
MySQL.EXE
MYSQL
MySQL will prompt a message to provide password (it requires the same password,
which was entered during the installation)
Enter Password:****
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.0.51a-community-nt MySQL Community Edition (GPL)
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.
Mysql>
To exit from MySQL, type QUIT or EXIT
Mysql>QUIT
The above steps ensure successful installation and configuration of MySQL database
server. Next time in the MySQL prompt, one can create and use databases, create
tables and execute SQL queries.
Linux Environment
Installation of the binary version of MySQL, release 4.0.20, to run on Linux is as
follows:
DOWNLOADING MYSQL
Installation file for MySQL may be downloaded from the link:

http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/5.1.html#downloads
(Choose appropriate download link as per the desired operating system)
Create MySQL User Account:
# cd /usr/local
# groupadd mysql
# useradd -c "MySQL Software Owner" -g mysql mysql
# passwd mysql
Changing password for user mysql.
New password: **********
BAD PASSWORD: it is too short
Retype new password: **********
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
INSTALLING BINARY VERSION
Unzip the files and change the directory to mysql
# cd mysql
# scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
6
Preparing db table
Preparing host table
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Preparing user table
Preparing func table
...
...
...
The latest information about MySQL is available on the web at
http://www.mysql.com
Support MySQL by buying support/licenses at https://order.mysql.com
STARTING AND STOPPING THE DATABASE SOFTWARE
Starting the MySQL Database

# su # cd /usr/local/mysql
# bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /usr/local/mysql/data
Stopping the MySQL Database

# su # cd /usr/local/mysql
# bin/mysqladmin -u root shutdown
040803 23:36:27 mysqld ended
[1]+ Done
bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql
TESTING THE INSTALLATION
Ensure that the MySQL Software, the mysqld server, is running and the initial
MySQL tables has been set.
MySQL - 7
MYSQL
MYSQL CHAPTER 3
Starting with MySQL
Connecting To Server
To start working with MySQL, a connection to the database is required. The first
step in database management is to create a database (assuming the user has
privilege to create database)
mysql> CREATE DATABASE School;
Now the database called School is created. One must be connected to the database
before using it.
mysql> use mydatabase;
Database Changed
Now, MySQL prompt can accept any query related to the database School.
To create a table in the database
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE <TableName>(<ColumnName1> <Data Type1>,
<ColumnName2> <Data Type2>, ,<ColumnNameN> <Data TypeN>);
Example:
mysql> CREATE TABLE Student
(
RollNo DECIMAL(3),
Name
VARCHAR(25)
);
To add a row(s), in the table, use the following command

Syntax:
INSERT INTO <TableName>
VALUES (<Value1>,<Value2>, ,<ValueN>);
Example:
mysql> INSERT INTO Student
To view the content of a table, use
VALUES (14,Aruna Asaf Ali);

VALUES (12,Tarun Sinha);
VALUES (16,John Fedrick);
VALUES (10,Yogi Raj Desai);
the following command
Syntax:
SELECT * FROM <TableName>;
8
MySQL - 8
Example:
mysql> SELECT * FROM Student;
+---------------------------+
|Rno
| Name
|
+---------------------------+
| 14
| Aruna Asaf Ali
|
| 12
| Tarun Sinha
|
| 16
| John Fedrick
|
| 10
| Yogi Raj Desai
|
+---------------------------+
Any time to know the database currently in use, the command SELECT DATABASE()
can be used.
mysql> select database();
database()
school_db
1 row in set 0.0 secs
MySQL - 9
MYSQL
MYSQL CHAPTER 4
Creating and Managing Tables
MySQL Data Types
Every column (or data item) should belong to a unique domain (known as data
type). These data types help to describe the kind of information a particular
column holds. MySQL supports the ANSI SQL data types. Some of the commonly
used data types alongwith their characteristics are as follows:
Class
Data Type
Description
Text
CHAR(size)
A fixed-length string between 1 CHAR(size)

and 255 characters in length
right-padded with spaces to the
specified length when stored.
Values must be enclosed in
single quotes or double quotes.
Format
VARCHAR(size) A
variable-length
string VARCHAR
between 1 and 255 characters (size)
in
length;
for
example
VARCHAR(25).
Values must be enclosed in
single quotes or double quotes.
#
NUMERIC
date
Example
Maths
TexT
Computer
Me and u
DECIMAL(p,s)
It can represent number with or

without the fractional part. The
size argument has two parts :
precision and scale. Precision
(p) indicates the number of
significant digits and scale
(s)maximum number of digits to
the right of the decimal point.
Number(p,s) 17.32
345
INT
It is used for storing integer

values
INT
INT(5)
DATE
It represents the date including

day, month and year between
1000-01-01 and 9999-12-31
YYYY-MMDD
2009-07-02
SQL Commands
SQL commands can be classified into the following:
Data Definition Language (DDL): A database scheme is defined by set of
definitions, which are expressed, by a special set of commands called Data
Definition Language (DDL). They are used to create tables, databases, identify
data items, provide unique names to the data items and to define the length and
provide the range of values that each data item can assume. They are CREATE
TABLE, ALTER TABLE and DROP TABLE commands.
10
Data Manipulation Language (DML): The data manipulation language (DML) handles
operations such as entering rows into a table, changing data, deleting rows, and
MySQL - 10
extracting data from rows and tables. With DML, one does not change the table's
structure, but rather its contents. It contains commands like INSERT, UPDATE and
DELETE.
Data Control Language (DCL): This allows definition of a security mechanisms for
protecting data from unauthorized access. It contains commands like GRANT and
REVOKE.
CREATE TABLE
Tables are defined with the CREATE TABLE command. When tables are created its
columns are named, data types and sizes supplied for each column. At least one
column must be specified.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE <table-name> (< column name><data type> [
<size>], (< column name><data type> [ <size>], );
Example:
mysql> USE school_db;
Database changed
mysql> CREATE TABLE Student(
Rollno decimal(3,0),
Name varchar(15),
Gender char(1),
Marks1 int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec)
DESCRIBE
The describe statement can be used to see the structure of the table as indicated
in the Create Command,
mysql> DESCRIBE Student;
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+---------------+
| Field | Type
| Null | Key |Default | Extra
|
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+---------------+
| rollno | decimal(3,0)
|
|
|
|
|
| name
| varchar(15)
|
|
|
|
|
| gender | char(1)
|
|
|
|
|
| marks1 | int
|
|
|
|
|
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+---------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
ALTER Command
The ALTER statement can add, remove or change table's column(s).
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE <table_name>
ADD/DROP <column_name> [datatype];
Example:
mysql> ALTER TABLE student ADD games
VARCHAR(5);
mysql> DESCRIBE Student;

+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type
| Null | Key | Default | Extra
|
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
MySQL - 11

|
|
|
|
|
| name
| varchar(15)
|
|
|
|
|
| gender | char(1)
|
|
|
|
|
| marks1 | int
|
|
|
|
|
| games | varchar(5)
|
|
|
|
|
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
MYSQL
After this command the games column will be added and a null value will be
assigned for all the rows in this column.
mysql> SELECT * from student;
+-----------+---------+-----------+-----------+-------+---------+
|
rollno |
name |
Gender |
Marks1 |Grade | games
|
+-----------+---------+-----------+-----------+-------+---------+
| 15001
| Nidhi
|
F
|
60
| C
|
NULL |
| 15002
| John
|
M
|
70
| B
|
NULL |
| 15003
| Mukesh
|
M
|
78
| B
|
NULL |
| 15004
| Priya R |
F
|
68
| C
|
NULL |
| 15005
| Ashish Jr|
M
|
84
| A
|
NULL |
| 15006
|Govindan
|
M
|
52
| D
|
NULL |
| 15007
|Maya
|
F
|
60
| C
|
NULL |
| 15008
|Priya
|
F
|
80
| A
|
NULL |
| 15009
|Radha
|
F
|
55
| D
|
NULL |
| 15010
|Sneha
|
F
|
70
| B
|
NULL |
| 15011
|Ashish
|
M
|
40
| F
|
NULL |
| 15012
|Mukund
|
M
|
55
| D
|
NULL |
| 15013
|Asif
|
M
|
90
| S
|
NULL |
| 15014
|Helen
|
F
|
74
| B
|
NULL |
| 15015
|Goody
|
F
|
87
| S
|
NULL |
+-----------|---------|-----------|-----------|-------|----------+
Changing a Column Definition:

Syntax:
ALTER TABLE <table> MODIFY <column> <new_definition>
So to change the newly added games COLUMN to hold 3 figure values we would
enter:
mysql> ALTER TABLE Student MODIFY games INT(3);
Deleting Column of a Table

To delete a column of a table the ALTER command can be used with Drop
command.
mysql> ALTER Student DROP games;
mysql> DESC Student;
12
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type
| Null | Key | Default | Extra
|
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
|
|
|
|
|
| name
| varchar(15)
|
|
|
|
|
| gender | char(1)
|
|
|
|
|
| marks1 | int
|
|
|
|
|
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
MySQL - 12
MYSQL CHAPTER -5
MySQL Select Statement
The SQL SELECT command is used to fetch data from MySQL database. There are
various ways and combinations, a select command can be used into.
Complete Syntax:
SELECT */<Column Name(s)/<Expression(s)>
FROM <Table Name>
[WHERE <Condition>]
[GROUP BY <Grouping Column>]
[HAVING <Grouping Condition>]
[ORDER BY <Column Name(s)>];
Selecting Specific Column
Here is generic SQL syntax of SELECT command to fetch data from MySQL table:
Syntax:
SELECT <column name> FROM <table name>;
mysql> select rollno from student;
+--------------------------+
|
roll no
|
+--------------------------+
|
15001
|
|
15002
|
|
15003
|
|
15004
|
|
15005
|
|
15006
|
|
15007
|
|
15008
|
|
15009
|
|
15010
|
|
15011
|
|
15012
|
|
15013
|
|
15014
|
|
15015
|
+--------------------------+
Selecting more than one Columns

Syntax:
SELECT <column name> FROM <table name>;
mysql> SELECT rollno, name
from student;
+-----------+-----------+
|
rollno |
name
|
+-----------+-----------+
| 15001
| Nidhi
|
| 15002
| John
|
| 15003
| Mukesh
|
| 15004
| Priya R |
| 15005
| Ashish Jr|
| 15006
| Govindan |
| 15007
| Maya
|
| 15008
| Priya
|
| 15009
| Radha
|
MySQL - 13

| 15010
| Sneha
|
| 15011
| Ashish
|
| 15012
| Mukund
|
| 15013
| Asif
|
| 15014
| Helen
|
| 15015
| Goody
|
+-----------|-----------+
MYSQL
Selecting all Columns

mysql> SELECT * FROM student;
+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+-------+
|
rollno |
name | Gender |
Marks1 |Grade |
+-----------+---------+----------+----------+-------+
| 15001
|Nidhi
|
F
|
60
| C
|
| 15002
|John
|
M
|
70
| B
|
| 15003
|Mukesh
|
M
|
78
| B
|
| 15004
|Priya R |
F
|
68
| C
|
| 15005
|Ashish Jr|
M
|
84
| A
|
| 15006
|Govindan |
M
|
52
| D
|
| 15007
|Maya
|
F
|
60
| C
|
| 15008
|Priya
|
F
|
80
| A
|
| 15009
|Radha
|
F
|
55
| D
|
| 15010
|Sneha
|
F
|
70
| B
|
| 15011
|Ashish
|
M
|
40
| F
|
| 15012
|Mukund
|
M
|
55
| D
|
| 15013
|Asif
|
M
|
90
| S
|
| 15014
|Helen
|
F
|
74
| B
|
| 15015
|Goody
|
F
|
87
| S
|
+----------|---------|----------|-----------|-------|
Eliminating redundant data

By default data is selected from all the rows of the table, even if the data in the
result gets duplicated. Using the keyword DISTINCT, the duplicity can be
eliminated in the result.
mysql> SELECT DISTINCT marks1 FROM student;
This will provide result as

+------+
|marks1|
+------+
| 40 |
| 52 |
| 55 |
| 60 |
| 68 |
| 70 |
| 74 |
| 78 |
| 80 |
| 84 |
| 87 |
| 90 |
+------+
14
Selecting specific rows WHERE clause

MySQL - 14
Instead of displaying all the rows certain rows can be displayed based on the
criteria for selection of rows using the keyword WHERE
mysql> SELECT marks1 FROM student WHERE marks1 > 70;
The output would be

+------+
|marks1|
+------+
| 74 |
| 78 |
| 80 |
| 84 |
| 87 |
| 90 |
+------+
MySQL OPERATORS AND THEIR PRECEDENCE

MySQL has the following operators:
Arithmetic Operators +, -, *, /, %
mysql> SELECT marks1*2 FROM student WHERE marks1 > 70;
The output would be

+--------+
|marks1*2|
+--------+
| 148
|
| 156
|
| 160
|
| 168
|
| 174
|
| 180
|
+-------+
Relational Operators =, >, <, >=, <=, < >

Comparison Operators LIKE, BETWEEN, IN
Logical Operators AND, OR
All these operators have precedence. Precedence determines which operation will
be performed first in an expression comprising of multiple operators. Parenthesis
can be used to change the preference of an operator.
Operator
Precedence
()
1
* /
2
+3
< <= > >=
4
LIKE IN BETWEEN
5
AND OR
6
Arithmetic Operators
MySQL supports the following 5 arithmetic operators: + (Addition), - (Subtraction),
*(Multiplication), / (Division) and % (modulo ie remainder)
mysql> SELECT 6+3;
MySQL - 15

+-----+
| 6+3 |
+-----+
|
9 |
+-----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
MYSQL
mysql> SELECT 6-3;

+-----+
| 6-3 |
+-----+
|
3 |
+-----+
mysql> SELECT 6*3;

+-----+
| 6*3 |
+-----+
| 18 |
+-----+
mysql> SELECT 6/3;
+------+
| 6/3 |
+------+
| 2.00 |
+------+
Relational Operators
To compare two values, a relational operator is used. The relational operators are
=, >, <, >=, <=, < >. They are combined with WHERE clause.
Logical Operators
The logical operators OR, AND, NOT are used to connect search conditions in the
WHERE .
mysql> SELECT rollno, name FROM student WHERE marks1 > 50 AND marks1 < 60;
The output would be

+------+-----------+
|rollno|
name
|
+------+-----------+
| 15006 |Govindan |
| 15009 |Radha
|
| 15012 |Mukund
|
+------+----------+
Condition based on Range

The BETWEEN operator defines the range of values that the column values must
fall into to make the condition true. The range has both the upper and lower value.
mysql> SELECT rollno, name FROM student WHERE marks1 BETWEEN 50 AND 60;
The output would be

16
+------+----------+
|rollno|
name
|
MySQL - 16

+------+----------+
| 15006 |Govindan |
| 15009 |Radha
|
| 15012 |Mukund
|
+------+----------+
Condition based on a List

The IN operator selects values that match any value in the given list of values that
the column values must fall into to make the condition true.
mysql> SELECT rollno, name FROM student WHERE marks1 IN (68,70,76, 80);
The output would be

+--------+----------+
|rollno |
name
|
+--------+----------+
| 15002 |John
|
| 15004 |Priya R
|
| 15008 |Priya
|
| 15010 |Sneha
|
+--------+----------+
Condition based on pattern matches

Here is generic SQL syntax of SELECT command along with LIKE clause to fetch data
from MySQL table:
SELECT <column name>, [<column name>]
WHERE <column name> LIKE Pattern [AND [OR]] <Condition2>;
Like clause can be used instead of equal sign to match patterns (a meta character).
mysql> SELECT * FROM student WHERE name LIKE %ya;
The output would be

+-----------+---------+-----------+-----------+-------+
|
rollno |
name |
Gender |
Marks1 |Grade |
+-----------+---------+-----------+-----------+-------+
| 15007
|Maya
|
F
|
60
| C
|
| 15008
|Priya
|
F
|
80
| A
|
| 15009
|Radha
|
F
|
55
| D
|
| 15010
|Sneha
|
F
|
70
| B
|
+-----------|---------|-----------|-----------|-------|
Sorting the Results- ORDER BY

The results obtained using SELECT command can be sorted either in ascending or
descending values of a single column or columns using ORDER BY clause.
SELECT <column name>, [<column name>]
WHERE {<column name > = condition1]
[ORDER BY <column name>];
mysql> SELECT * FROM student WHERE marks1 > 70 ORDER BY name;
MySQL - 17
MYSQL
The output would be

+-----------+---------+-----------+-----------+-------+
|
rollno |
name |
Gender |
Marks1 |Grade |
+-----------+---------+-----------+-----------+-------+
| 15005
|Ashish Jr|
M
|
84
| A
|
| 15013
|Asif
|
M
|
90
| S
|
| 15015
|Goody
|
F
|
87
| S
|
| 15014
|Helen
|
F
|
74
| B
|
| 15003
|Mukesh
|
M
|
78
| B
|
| 15008
|Priya
|
F
|
80
| A
|
+-----------|---------|-----------|-----------|-------|
mysql> SELECT * FROM student WHERE marks1>60 ORDER BY Gender ASC,

marks1 DESC;
The output would be

+-----------+----------+---------+-----------+-------+
|
rollno |
name
| Gender |
Marks1 |Grade |
+-----------+----------+---------+-----------+-------+
| 15015
|Goody
|
F
|
87
| S
|
| 15008
|Priya
|
F
|
80
| A
|
| 15014
|Helen
|
F
|
74
| B
|
| 15010
|Sneha
|
F
|
70
| B
|
| 15004
|Priya R
|
F
|
68
| C
|
| 15013
|Asif
|
M
|
90
| S
|
| 15005
|Ashish Jr |
M
|
84
| A
|
| 15003
|Mukesh
|
M
|
78
| B
|
| 15002
|John
|
M
|
70
| B
|
-----------|-----------|---------|-----------|-------|
If the name has more than one same value then those rows will be sorted as per
the marks1 in descending order.
18
MySQL - 18
MYSQL CHAPTER-6
Built-in Functions
MySQL supports functions that can be used to manipulate data. Such functions can
be used to manipulate data.
Single-row functions return a single result row for every row of a queried table. They are
categorize into: Numeric functions, String functions, and Date and Time functions.
Numeric Functions: Numeric functions accept numeric input and return numeric values.
Numeric Functions
SNo
1
Name
POWER()
Description
Example
Return the argument raised to the

specified power. POW () works
the same way.
ROUND()
ROUND(X) :Rounds the argument

ROUND(X,D) : Rounds the
argument to d decimal places.
(i) POW(2,4);
Result:16
(ii) POW(2,-2);
Result:0.25
(iii) POW(-2,3)
Result: -8
(i) ROUND(-1.23);
Result: -1
(ii) ROUND(-1.58);
Result: -2
(iii) ROUND(1.58);
Result: 2
(iv) ROUND(3.798, 1);
Result: 3.8
(v) ROUND(1.298, 0);
Result: 1
(vi) ROUND(23.298, -1);
Result: 20
TRUNCATE()
Truncates the argument to

specified number of decimal
places
(i) TRUNCATE(7.29,1)
Result: 7.2
(ii) TRUNCATE(27.29,-1)
Result: 20
MySQL - 19
Character Functions
MYSQL
SNo Name
1
LENGTH()
Description
Returns the length of a string
in bytes.
Example
LENGTH(INFORMATICS)
Result:11
CHAR()
Return the character for each

integer passed.
CHAR(65)
Result : A
CONCAT()
Returns concatenated string.
CONCAT(Informatics, ,
Practices)
Result : Informatics Practices
INSTR()
Returns the index of the first

occurrence of substring.
INSTR(Informatics, mat)
Result : 6
LOWER()
Returns the argument in

lowercase.
LOWER(INFORMATICS)
Result : informatics
LCASE()
Works the same way as

LOWER().
LCASE(INFORMATICS)
Result : informatics
UCASE()
Returns the argument in

uppercase.
UCASE(informatics)
Result : INFORMATICS
UPPER()
Works the same way as

UPPER().
UPPER(informatics)
Result : INFORMATICS
LEFT()
Returns the leftmost number

of characters as specified.
LEFT(INFORMATICS PRACTICES, 3)
Result : INF
10
RIGHT()
Returns the specified number

of characters from the
rightmost position.
RIGHT(INFORMATICS PRACTICES,
3)
Result : CES
11
MID()
Returns a substring starting

from the specified position.
MID(INFORMATICS PRACTICES,
3,4)
Result : FORM
12
LTRIM()
Removes leading spaces.
13
RTRIM()
Removes trailing spaces.
14
TRIM()
15
SUBSTR()
Removes leading and trailing

spaces.
Returns the substring as
specified.
LTRIM('
INFORMATICS')
Result: 'INFORMATICS
RTRIM('INFORMATICS
')
TRIM('
INFORMATICS
')
SUBSTRING('Informatics
Practices',5)
Result : 'rmatics Practices'
SUBSTRING('Informatics
Practices',5,3)
Result : 'rma'
String functions are used to extract, change, format or alter character strings.
20
MySQL - 20
Date and Time Functions

Date Time functions manipulate the display format of dates and time.
SNo
1
Name
CURDATE()
Description
Returns the current date
Example
CURDATE();
Result: '2009-07-21'
NOW()
Returns the current date and

time
NOW();
Result : '2009-07-21
13:58:11'
SYSDATE()
Return the time at which the

function executes
SYSDATE();
Result: '2009-07-21
13:59:23
DATE()
Extracts the date part of a

date or datetime expression
DATE('2003-12-31
01:02:03');
Result:: '2003-12-31'
MONTH()
Returns the month from the

date passed
MONTH('2009-07-21');
Result : 7
YEAR()
Returns the year
YEAR('2009-07-21');
Result : 2009
DAYNAME()
Returns the name of the

weekday
DAYNAME('2009-07-21');
Result : TUESDAY
DAYOFMONTH()
Returns the day of the

month (0-31)
DAYOFWEEK()
Returns the weekday index

of the argument
10
DAYOFYEAR()
Return the day of the year

(1-366)
DAYOFMONTH('2009-0721');
Result: 21
DAYOFWEEK('2009-0721');
Result: 3 (Sunday is
counted as 1)
i) DAYOFYEAR('2009-0721');
Result: 202
DAYOFYEAR('2009-01-01');
Result: 1
AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS
COUNT(), SUM(),AVG(), MAX(), MIN()
COUNT(<Column name>) Outputs the number of rows or column values selected
by the query
Example
mysql> USE school_db;
Database changed
mysql> SELECT COUNT(rollno) from Student;
MySQL - 21
MYSQL
COUNT(rollno)
--------------------------------14
The most common usage for this is just to specify an asterisks as the column to
count the number of rows (or in this case rollno).
Example
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Student WHERE rollno > 15010;
COUNT(rollno)
--------------------------------5
If distinct occurrence of values in a column is required, DISTINCT keyword is used

with the column name.
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT marks1) FROM Student WHERE marks1 IN BETWEEN 69 AND
80;
COUNT(marks1)
--------------------------------3
Even though there were two students with marks 70 only one occurrence was
counted.
SUM() - The SUM aggregate function calculates the sum total of values in a column.
The column using sum must be of numeric data type.
mysql> SELECT SUM(marks1) FROM Student;
SUM(marks1)
--------------------------------215
AVG()- The AVG( ) calculates the average or arithmetic mean of the values
mysql> SELECT AVG(marks1) from Student;
AVG(marks1)
--------------------------------483.3
MAX()- The MAX( ) calculates the maximum value of the column data
mysql> SELECT MAX(marks1) from Student;
MAX(marks1)
--------------------------------60
MIN- The MIN( ) calculates the minimum value of the column data
mysql> SELECT MIN(marks1) from Student;
22
MIN(marks1)
---------------------------------
MySQL - 22

40
COLUMN ALIAS
While displaying the column values after extracting using select queries it might be
preferable for the result to show different headings instead of the column name
included in the table. This can be done by providing an Alias to the column name
(pseudoname). This will not affect the original column headings of the table or
their values. For example if the value of the column to be sorted is based on an
expression, column alias can be used and the same can be used in the ORDER BY
clause.
SELECT Name, Mark1*2 AS Total , grade
FROM Student
WHERE marks1>60
ORDER BY Total desc;
+-----------+---------+-------+
|
Name
| Total | Grade |
+------------+---------+------+
|
Asif
|
180
| S
|
|
Goody
|
174
| S
|
|
Ashish Jr|
168
| A
|
|
Priya
|
160
| A
|
|
Mukesh
|
156
| B
|
|
Helen
|
148
| B
|
|
John
|
140
| B
|
|
Sneha
|
140
| B
|
-----------|---------|---------|
Working with Character Strings and Dates, Working with NULL values
Strings are values such as english, Maximum MARKS. They can use either a
single quote or double quotes to surround a string value. Several escape sequences
are recognized within strings and can be used to indicate special characters.
\0
NULL
\
single quote
\
double quote
\b
backspace
\t
tab
\n
newline
\\
backslash
Quotes can be included within strings.
Examples
I cant
He said, I told you so.
I cant
I can\ t
Date and Time values.
Dates and times are values such as 2009-07-06 or 21:25:43. MySQL also
understands combined date/time values such as 2009-07-06 21: 34:25. By default
it represents year- month-day format.
MySQL - 23
MYSQL
The NULL Values

NULL is something of a typeless value. Generally it is used to mean no value,
unknown value or missing value. Inserting NULL values into table columns, retrieve
them from tables and test whether or not a value is NULL. NULL values do not
allow any arithmetic operation on them.
A condition that compares column value to NULL, does not work properly.
To handle such situation MySQL provides three operators
IS NULL: operator returns true of column value is NULL.
IS NOT NULL: operator returns true of column value is not NULL.
<=> operator compare values, which (unlike the = operator) is true even for two
NULL values
Conditions involving NULL are special. One cannot use = NULL or != NULL to look for
NULL values in columns. Such comparisons always fail because it's impossible to tell
whether or not they are true. Even NULL = NULL fails.
To look for columns that are or are not NULL, use IS NULL or IS NOT NULL.
Suppose a table tcount_tbl is in School_db database and it contains two columns
author and count, where a NULL count indicates that the value is unknown: It was
created using the command,
mysql> create table tcount_tbl
-> (
-> author varchar(40) NOT NULL,
-> count INT
-> );
After inserting some rows now on firing select query

mysql> SELECT * from tcount_tbl;
+-----------------+----------------+
| author
|
Count
|
+-----------------+----------------+
| mahran
|
20 |
| mahnaz
|
NULL |
| Jen
|
NULL |
| Gill
|
20 |
+-----------------+----------------+
To find records where the count column is or is not NULL, the queries should be
written like this:
mysql> SELECT * FROM tcount_tbl WHERE count IS NULL;
+-----------------+----------------+
| author
|
count |
+-----------------+----------------+
| mahnaz
|
NULL |
| Jen
|
NULL |
+-----------------+----------------+
24
MySQL - 24
MYSQL CHAPTER-7
Grouping
Generating Summaries
One of the most useful things that is done by MySQL is to summarize lots of raw
data. The following query shows how many students are there in the student table.
The GROUP BY clause lets us group the results of a SELECT command before
printing them. It returns single value for a set of rows. It can be applied to all
numeric data types, some char and date data types. Grouping can be done by
column names or aggregate functions.
SELECT COUNT(*), marks1 FROM
student GROUP BY marks1;
The output would be

+---------+------------+
|
marks1 | count(*) |
+-----------+-------- +
|
60
|
2
|
|
70
|
2
|
|
78
|
1
|
|
68
|
1
|
|
84
|
1
|
|
52
|
1
|
|
80
|
1
|
|
55
|
2
|
|
40
|
1
|
|
90
|
1
|
|
74
|
1
|
|
87
|
1
|
+---------+------------+
12 rows in set (0.15)
The HAVING clause places conditions on groups in contrast to WHERE clause that
places conditions on individual rows. While WHERE conditions cannot include
aggregate functions, HAVING conditions can do so.
SELECT COUNT(*), marks1 FROM
student GROUP BY marks1 HAVING count(*) > 1;
+---------+-------------+
|
marks1 | count)(*) |
+---------+-------------+
|
60
|
2
|
|
70
|
2
|
|
55
|
2
|
+---------+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.05)
This counts the number of times a row (or field) is returned.

COUNT(<Colimn Name>)
The most common usage for this is just to specify an asterisks * as the column to
count the number of rows (or in this case marks1).
MySQL - 25
MYSQL
MYSQL CHAPTER-8
DML Statements
The data manipulation language (DML) handles operations such as entering rows
into a table, changing data, deleting rows, and extracting data from rows and
tables. With DML, one does not change the table's structure, but rather its
contents.
The DML commands are:
DELETE
INSERT
SELECT
UPDATE
removes rows from a table

enters rows into a table
extracts data from rows in a table
changes the values of the columns in a row
As seen in an earlier MYSQL CHAPTER, SELECT is the most comprehensive DML

command. It has several functions, but the most common is to extract data from a
table.
INSERTING DATA INTO TABLE
The rows are added to the tables using INSERT command of MySQL.
Syntax:
INSERT INTO <tablename>[<column list>] VALUES (<value>, <value> );
mysql> INSERT INTO student VALUES(15016,Ravi,M,80,A);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
The order of values should match the order of columns in the CREATE TABLE
command of the Student table.
Alternate Syntax :
mysql> INSERT INTO student (rollno,name,gender,marks1,grade)
VALUES(15017,Manju,F,80,A);
Here the column names are explicitly specified.

It is possible to insert values for specific columns. Those columns that are not
specified in the list will have the default values; if it is defined for them else NULL
value will be inserted. Example in the Student table the marks1 column has default
value 25 declared.
mysql> INSERT INTO student (rollno,gender, grade)
VALUES(15018,F,A);
Query OK. 1 row affected.
26
mysql > Select * from student where rollno = 15018;

MySQL - 26
+--------+---------+--------+-------+-------+
|rollno | name
| gender |marks1 |grade |
+--------+---------+--------+-------+-------+
| 15018 |
|
F
| 25 | A
|
+--------+---------+--------+-------+-------+
Inserting NULL Values

The concept of the NULL value is a common source of confusion for newcomers to SQL, who
often think that NULL is the same thing as an empty string ''. This is not the case. For example,
the following statements are completely different:
Consider a table called my_table having column called PHONE, IDATE
mysql> INSERT INTO my_table (phone) VALUES (NULL);

mysql> INSERT INTO my_table (phone) VALUES ('');
Both statements insert a value into the phone column, but the first inserts a NULL value
and the second inserts an empty string. The meaning of the first can be regarded as
phone number is not known and the meaning of the second can be regarded as the
person is known to have no phone, and thus no phone number.
Inserting Date Values
The default way to store a date in MySQL is with the type DATE. Below is the proper
format of a DATE.
YYYY-MM-DD
Date Range: 1000-01-01 to 9999-12-31
While entering a date in a format other than the Year-Month-Day format, it might work,
but it won't be storing them as expected. To insert the current date into the table MySQL's
built-in function CURDATE() can be used in the query. Following are some examples of
inserting date values.
mysql>
mysql>
mysql>
mysql>
mysql>
INSERT
INSERT
INSERT
INSERT
INSERT
INTO
INTO
INTO
INTO
INTO
my_table
my_table
my_table
my_table
my_table
(idate)
(idate)
(idate)
(idate)
(idate)
VALUES
VALUES
VALUES
VALUES
VALUES
(19970505);
('97-05-05');
('1997.05.05');
('1997 05 05');
('0000-00-00');
DELETE COMMAND
This is used to delete rows from a table. This removes the entire rows, not the
individual column values.
Syntax:
mysql> DELETE FROM < tablename> [ Where < condn>];
Query OK. 1 row affected
mysql > Select * from student where rollno = 15018;
+--------+---------+--------+-------+-------+
|rollno | name
+--------+---------+--------+-------+-------+
|
|
|
|
|
|
+--------+---------+--------+-------+-------+
It can be used to delete all rows of the table also.

mysql> Delete from Student;
MySQL - 27
mysql > Select * from student;
MYSQL
+--------+---------+--------+-------+-------+
|rollno | name
+--------+---------+--------+-------+-------+
|
|
|
|
|
|
+--------+---------+--------+-------+-------+
UPDATE COMMAND
There may be a requirement where existing data in a MySQL table need to be
modified. UPDATE command can help in the same. This will modify any column
value of any MySQL table.
Syntax:
UPDATE <table_name>
SET <column name> = <value>, [ <column name> = <value>, ]
[WHERE <condn>];
The command can be used to update one or more column all together. WHERE
clause helps in updation of selected rows in a table.
Example:
mysql> UPDATE Student SET name = Manjula where rollno = 15017;

Multiple columns can also be updated at one time.

mysql> UPDATE Student SET name = Manjula , marks1 = 70, grade = B where
rollno = 15017;
Query OK , 1 row affected (0.8 sec)
If the condition satisfies the column values of more than one row of the tables then
all those rows will be affected.
mysql> UPDATE Student SET grade = E
Query OK , 1 row affected (0.8 sec)
where marks1 between 50 AND 55
Mysql> Select * from Student;
28
+-----------+---------+-----------+-----------+-------+
|
rollno |
name |
Gender |
Marks1 |Grade |
+-----------+---------+-----------+-----------+-------+
| 15001
| Nidhi
|
F
|
60
| C
|
| 15002
| John
|
M
|
70
| B
|
| 15003
| Mukesh
|
M
|
78
| B
|
| 15004
| Priya R |
F
|
68
| C
|
| 15005
| Ashish Jr|
M
|
84
| A
|
| 15006
|Govindan |
M
|
52
| E
|
| 15007
|Maya
|
F
|
60
| C
|
| 15008
|Priya
|
F
|
80
| A
|
| 15009
|Radha
|
F
|
55
| D
|
| 15010
|Sneha
|
F
|
70
| B
|
| 15011
|Ashish
|
M
|
40
| F
|
| 15012
|Mukund
|
M
|
55
| D
|
| 15013
|Asif
|
M
|
90
| S
|
| 15014
|Helen
|
F
|
74
| B
|
| 15015
|Goody
|
F
|
87
| S
|
+-----------|---------|-----------|-----------|-------|
MySQL - 28
MYSQL CHAPTER-9
Working with Two Tables
Thus far only data from one table had been retrieved at a time. This is fine for
simple takes, but in most real world MySQL usage often there is a need to get data
from multiple tables in a single query. Multiple tables can be used in a single SQL
query. The act of joining in MySQL refers to smashing two or more tables into a
single table.
JOINS can be used in SELECT, UPDATE and DELETE statements to join MySQL tables.
Lets see an example of LEFT JOIN also which is different from simple MySQL JOIN.
Suppose we have two tables Student and Activity in School_db. A complete listing
is given below:
Example:
Try out following examples:
mysql> use School_db;
Database changed
mysql> SELECT * from student;
+-----------+---------+-----------+-----------+-------+
|
rollno |
name |
Gender |
Marks1 |Grade |
+-----------+---------+-----------+-----------+-------+
| 15001
| Nidhi
|
F
|
60
| C
|
| 15002
| John
|
M
|
70
| B
|
| 15003
| Mukesh
|
M
|
78
| B
|
| 15004
| Priya R |
F
|
68
| C
|
| 15005
| Ashish Jr|
M
|
84
| A
|
| 15006
|Govindan |
M
|
52
| D
|
| 15007
|Maya
|
F
|
60
| C
|
| 15008
|Priya
|
F
|
80
| A
|
| 15009
|Radha
|
F
|
55
| D
|
| 15010
|Sneha
|
F
|
70
| B
|
| 15011
|Ashish
|
M
|
40
| F
|
| 15012
|Mukund
|
M
|
55
| D
|
| 15013
|Asif
|
M
|
90
| S
|
| 15014
|Helen
|
F
|
74
| B
|
| 15015
|Goody
|
F
|
87
| S
|
+-----------|---------|----------|-----------|-------|
mysql> SELECT * from Activity;
+----- --+------- --|
| Gender | activity |
+--------+-- -------+
|
M
| cricket |
|
F
| hockey |
+--------+----------+
mysql>
Now a MySQL query can be written to join these two tables. This query will select
all the students from table student and will pickup corresponding activity from
Activity table.
mysql> SELECT a.rollno, a.name, b.activity FROM Student a,
Activity b WHERE a.gender = b.gender;
MySQL - 29
MYSQL
+-----------+-----------+--------------+
|
rollno |
name
| activity
+
+-----------+-----------+--------------+
| 15001
| Nidhi
| hockey
|
| 15002
| John
| cricket
|
| 15003
| Mukesh
| cricket
|
| 15004
| Priya R | hockey
|
| 15005
| Ashish Jr| cricket
|
| 15006
| Govindan | cricket
|
| 15007
| Maya
| hockey
|
| 15008
| Priya
| hockey
|
| 15009
| Radha
| hockey
|
| 15010
| Sneha
| hockey
|
| 15011
| Ashish
| cricket
|
| 15012
| Mukund
| cricket
|
| 15013
| Asif
| cricket
|
| 15014
| Helen
| hockey
|
| 15015
| Goody
| hockey
|
+-----------|-----------+--------------|
This is also called as EQUI JOIN .

MySQL LEFT JOIN:
A MySQL left join is different from a simple join. A MySQL LEFT JOIN gives extra
consideration to the table that is on the left. Consider one more table called
Sports of the Student_db;
mysql> use School_db;
Database changed
Mysql> Select * from Sports;
+-------------+-----------+----------+---------+
|
rollno
|
name |
gender | activity|
+-------------+-----------+----------+---------+
| 15001
| Nidhi
|
F
| cricket |
| 15002
| Jo
|
M
| hockey
|
| 15008
| Priya
|
F
| volleyball|
| 15009
| Radha
|
F
| cricket
|
| 15012
| Mukund
|
M
| hockey
|
| 15013
| Asif
|
M
| cricket |
+--------------+-----------+-----------+----------+
mysql> SELECT a.rollno, a.name, b.activity FROM student a LEFT JOIN activity b ON a.gender =
b.gender;
+--------+----------+----------------+
| rollno | name
| activity
|
+--------+----------+----------------+
| 15001
|Nidhi
|
cricket
|
| 15004
|Priya R |
null
|
| 15007
|Maya
|
null
|
| 15008
|Priya
|
volleyball
|
| 15009
|Radha
|
cricket
|
| 15010
|Sneha
|
null
|
| 15014
|Helen
|
null
|
| 15015
|Goody
|
null
|
+---------+---------+----------------+
MySQL CROSS JOIN:

30
A MySQL cross join returns all the rows from both the tables. Consider one more table called Sports
, Hours of the Student_db;
MySQL - 30
mysql> USE School_db;

Mysql> SELECT * FROM Sports;
+-------------+-----------+----------+---------+
|
rollno
|
name |
gender | activity|
+-------------+-----------+----------+---------+
| 15001
| Nidhi
|
F
| cricket |
| 15002
| Jo
|
M
| hockey
|
| 15008
| Priya
|
F
| volleyball|
| 15009
| Radha
|
F
| cricket
|
| 15012
| Mukund
|
M
| hockey
|
| 15013
| Asif
|
M
| cricket |
+------------+-----------+----------+----------+
mysql> SELECT * FROM Hours;

+---------------+
|
hours
|
+---------------+
|
mor
|
|
eve
|
+---------------+
Now on performing cross join

mysql> SELECT c.rollno, C.name, O.hours FROM sports as C
CROSS JOIN hours as O;
+-------------+-----------+----------+
|
rollno
|
name |
hours |
+-------------+-----------+----------+
| 15001
| Nidhi
|
mor
| 15002
| Jo
|
mor
| 15008
| Priya
|
mor
| 15009
| Radha
|
mor
| 15012
| Mukund
|
mor
| 15013
| Asif
|
mor
| 15001
| Nidhi
|
eve
| 15002
| Jo
|
eve
| 15008
| Priya
|
eve
| 15009
| Radha
|
eve
| 15012
| Mukund
|
eve
| 15013
| Asif
|
eve
+--------------+-----------+-----------+
MySQL - 31
MYSQL
MYSQL CHAPTER-10
Drop Table
To remove all entries from the table the DELETE statement can issued without any
conditions.
DELETE from activity;
However, this does not delete the table. The table still remains, which can be
checked with SHOW TABLES;
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
+---------------------+
| Tables in school_db |
+---------------------+
| student
|
| sports
|
| activity
|
+---------------------+
To delete the table, a DROP table command can be issued.

DROP TABLE activity;
Now, we won't get this table in SHOW TABLES; listing

mysql> SHOW TABLES;
+---------------------+
| Tables in school_db |
+---------------------+
| student
|
| sports
|
+---------------------+
32
MySQL - 32
MYSQL CHAPTER-11
Concept of Transactions
In the SQL world, the term "transaction" refers to a series of SQL statements which
are treated as a single unit by the RDBMS. Typically, a transaction is used to group
together SQL statements which are interdependent on each other; a failure in even
one of them is considered a failure of the group as a whole. Thus, a transaction is
said to be successful only if *all* the individual statements within it are executed
successfully.
Any RDBMS, which supports transaction must conform to the so-called "ACID rules",
which specify the fundamental principles for truly secure transactions.
The START TRANSACTION or BEGIN statement begins a new transaction. COMMIT
commits the current transaction, making its changes permanent. ROLLBACK rolls
back the current transaction, canceling its changes.
Let's create a sample table, and see how transactions work:
mysql> CREATE TABLE t (f INT);
Now to begin a transaction, and insert a record:

mysql> BEGIN;
mysql> INSERT INTO t(f) VALUES (1);
mysql> SELECT * FROM t;

+------+
| f
|
+------+
|
1 |
+------+
mysql> ROLLBACK;
mysql> SELECT * FROM t;

Empty set (0.00 sec)
Without a COMMIT statement, the insert was not permanent, and was reversed
with the ROLLBACK. Note that the added record was visible during the transaction
from the same connection that added it.
MySQL - 33
MYSQL
Appendix A
In this section, two methods for making backups of MySQL data and database
structures are discussed, namely mysqldump and mysqlhotcopy.
mysqldump
The utility mysqldump provides a rather convenient way to dump existing data and
table structures. Note that while mysqldump is not the most efficient method for
creating backups (mysqlhotcopy is, described next), it does offer a convenient
method for copying data and table structures which could then be used to
repopulate another SQL server, that server not even necessarily being MySQL.
The function mysqldump can be used to backup all databases, several databases,
one database, or just certain tables within a given database.
Using mysqldump to backup just one database:
%>mysqldump [options] db_name
Using mysqldump to backup several tables within a database:

%>mysqldump [options] db_name table1 table2 . . . tableN
Using mysqldump to backup several databases:

%>mysqldump [options] --databases [options] db_name1 db_name2 . . . db_nameN
mysqlhotcopy
The mysqlhotcopy utility is a perl script that uses several basic system and SQL
commands to backup a database. More specifically, it will lock the tables, flush the
tables, make a copy, and unlock the tables. Although it is the fastest method
available for backing up a MySQL database, it is limited to backing up only those
databases residing on the same machine as where it is executed.
The function mysqlhotcopy can be executed to backup one database, a number of
databases, or only those databases matching a name specified by a regular
expression. In this section, the syntax involved with each scenario is provided,
followed with a few examples.
Using mysqlhotcopy to backup just one database:
%>mysqlhotcopy [options] db_name /path/to/new_directory
Using mysqlhotcopy to backup just several databases:

%>mysqlhotcopy [options] db_name_1 ... db_name_n /path/to/new_directory
The options can be viewed by executing the following command:

%>mysqlhotcopy --help
34
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CBSE ORIENTATION PROGRAMME FOR INFORMATICS PRACTICES

A relation in a database has the following characteristics:

CBSE ORIENTATION PROGRAMME FOR INFORMATICS PRACTICES

Example: Admission Number in the Student Table, Accession Number of a

MySQL is released under an open-source license so it is customizable. It

MySQL is a very powerful software to handle RDBMS.

MySQL uses a standard form of the well-known ANSI-SQL standards

MySQL is a platform independent application which works on many operating

CBSE ORIENTATION PROGRAMME FOR INFORMATICS PRACTICES

Installation file for MySQL may be downloaded from the link:

CBSE ORIENTATION PROGRAMME FOR INFORMATICS PRACTICES

At the welcome dialog box, click the "Next" button.

The MySQL Setup Wizard allows

Now it is ready to install MySQL's files. Click

CBSE ORIENTATION PROGRAMME FOR INFORMATICS PRACTICES

CBSE ORIENTATION PROGRAMME FOR INFORMATICS PRACTICES

Installation file for MySQL may be downloaded from the link:

CBSE ORIENTATION PROGRAMME FOR INFORMATICS PRACTICES

Starting the MySQL Database

Stopping the MySQL Database

CBSE ORIENTATION PROGRAMME FOR INFORMATICS PRACTICES

To add a row(s), in the table, use the following command

VALUES (14,Aruna Asaf Ali);

CBSE ORIENTATION PROGRAMME FOR INFORMATICS PRACTICES

CBSE ORIENTATION PROGRAMME FOR INFORMATICS PRACTICES

A fixed-length string between 1 CHAR(size)

It can represent number with or

It is used for storing integer

It represents the date including

CBSE ORIENTATION PROGRAMME FOR INFORMATICS PRACTICES

ADD/DROP <column_name> [datatype];

mysql> DESCRIBE Student;

CBSE ORIENTATION PROGRAMME FOR INFORMATICS PRACTICES

Changing a Column Definition:

Deleting Column of a Table

CBSE ORIENTATION PROGRAMME FOR INFORMATICS PRACTICES

Selecting more than one Columns

CBSE ORIENTATION PROGRAMME FOR INFORMATICS PRACTICES

Selecting all Columns

Eliminating redundant data

This will provide result as

Selecting specific rows WHERE clause

CBSE ORIENTATION PROGRAMME FOR INFORMATICS PRACTICES

The output would be

MySQL OPERATORS AND THEIR PRECEDENCE

The output would be

Relational Operators =, >, <, >=, <=, < >

CBSE ORIENTATION PROGRAMME FOR INFORMATICS PRACTICES

mysql> SELECT 6-3;

mysql> SELECT 6*3;

The output would be

Condition based on Range

The output would be

CBSE ORIENTATION PROGRAMME FOR INFORMATICS PRACTICES

Condition based on a List

The output would be

Condition based on pattern matches

The output would be

Sorting the Results- ORDER BY

CBSE ORIENTATION PROGRAMME FOR INFORMATICS PRACTICES

The output would be

mysql> SELECT * FROM student WHERE marks1>60 ORDER BY Gender ASC,