Destini Walker

2nd block
Chapter 6 Vocabulary

1. Thayendanegea or Joseph Brant (1743 24 November 1807) was a Mohawk

military and political leader who was closely associated with Great Britain
during and after the American Revolution. He was perhaps the most wellknown American Indian of his generation. He met many of the most
significant people of the age, including George Washington and King George
III.
2. The Necessary and Proper Clause (also known as the Elastic Clause, the
Basket Clause, the Coefficient Clause, and the Sweeping Clause[1]) is the
provision in Article One of the United States Constitution, section 8, clause
18: The Congress shall have Power - To make all Laws which shall be
necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and
all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United
States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
3. Yorktown, Lord Cornwallis Because of their lack of success in suppressing the
Revolution in the nothern colonies, in early 1780 the British switched their
strategy and undertook a series of campaigns through the southern colonies.
This strategy was equally unsuccessful, and the British decided to return to
their main headquarters in New York City. While marching from Virginia to
New York, British commander Lord Cornwallis became trapped in Yorktown on
the Chesapeake Bay. His troops fortified the town and waited for
reinforcements. The French navy, led by De Grasse, blocked their escape.
After a series of battles, Cornwallis surrendered to the Continental Army on
October 19, 1781, which ended all major fighting in the Revolutionary War.
4. Major battles: Saratoga, Valley Forge In 1777, British General John Burgoyne
attacked southward from Canada along the Hudson Valley in New York,
hoping to link up with General Howe in New York City, thereby cutting the
colonies in half. Burgoyne was defeated by American General Horatio Gates
on October 17, 1777, at the Battle of Saratoga, surrendering the entire British
Army of the North. Valley Forge was not a battle; it was the site where the
Continental Army camped during the winter of 1777- 78, after its defeats at
the Battles of the Brandywine and Germantown. The Continental Army
suffered further casualties at Valley Forge due to cold and disease.
Washington chose the site because it allowed him to defend the Continental
Congress if necessary, which was then meeting in York, Pennsylvania after
the British capture of Philadelphia.

5. Robert Morris (1734-1806) A delegate to the Second Continental Congress.

He agreed that Britain had treated the colonies unfairly, but he didnt believe
that the colonies should dissolve ties with Britain. He argued against the
Declaration of Independence.
6. Articles of Confederation: powers, weaknesses, successes The Articles of
Confederation delegated most of the powers (the power to tax, to regulate
trade, and to draft troops) to the individual states, but left the federal
government power over war, foreign policy, and issuing money. The Articles
weakness was that they gave the federal government so little power that it
couldnt keep the country united. The Articles only major success was that
they settled western land claims with the Northwest Ordinance. The Articles
were abandoned for the Constitution
7. Separation of power The powers of the government are divided between
three branches: the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary.
8. Northwest Ordinance, 1787 A major success of the Articles of Confederation.
Set up the framework of a government for the Northwest territory. The
Ordinance provided that the Territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states,
outlawed slavery in the Territory, and set 60,000 as the minimum population
for statehood
9. Slavery and the Constitution: slave trade, 3/5 Clause The Souths slave trade
was guaranteed for at least 20 years after the ratification of the Constitution.
Slaves were considered 3/5 of a person when determining the state
population.
10.Proposed Jay-Gardoqui Treaty, 1785 This treaty between the U.S. and Spain
would have given the U.S. special privileges at Spanish ports in exchange for
giving Spain exclusive rights to the Mississippi River. The U.S. needed access
to the Mississippi more than they needed privileged trade with Spain, so this
treaty was never signed.
11.Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan, Connecticut Plan The Virginia Plan called for a
two-house Congress with each states representation based on state
population. The New Jersey Plan called for a one-house Congress in which
each state had equal representation. The Connecticut Plan called for a twohouse Congress in which both types of representation would be applied, and
is also known as the Compromise Plan.
12."The Federalist, # 10" This essay from the Federalist Papers proposed setting
up a republic to solve the problems of a large democracy (anarchy, rise of
factions which disregard public good).

13.In the government, bicameralism (Latin bi, two + camera, chamber) is the
practice of having two legislative or parliamentary chambers. Thus, a
bicameral parliament or bicameral legislature is a legislature which consists
of two chambers or houses. Bicameralism is an essential and defining feature
of the classical notion of mixed government. Bicameral legislatures tend to
require a concurrent majority to pass legislation.
14.Continental Army was an army formed after the outbreak of the American
Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America.
Established by a resolution of the Continental Congress on June 14, 1775, it
was created to coordinate the military efforts of the Thirteen Colonies in their
revolt against the rule of Great Britain. The Continental Army was
supplemented by local militias and other troops that remained under control
of the individual states. General George Washington was the Commander-inChief of the army throughout the war.
15.The Annapolis Convention was a meeting at Annapolis, Maryland of 12
delegates from five states (New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware,
and Virginia) that called for a constitutional convention. The formal title of the
meeting was a Meeting of Commissioners to Remedy Defects of the Federal
Government. The defects that they were to remedy were those barriers that
limited trade or commerce between the largely independent states under the
Articles of Confederation. The convention met from September 11 to
September 14, 1786. The commissioners felt that there were not enough
states represented to make any substantive agreement. New Hampshire,
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and North Carolina had appointed
commissioners who failed to arrive in Annapolis in time to attend the
meeting, while Connecticut, Maryland, South Carolina and Georgia had taken
no action at all. They produced a report which was sent to the Congress and
to the states. The report asked support for a broader meeting to be held the
next May in Philadelphia. It expressed the hope that more states would be
represented and that their delegates or deputies would be authorized to
examine areas broader than simply commercial trade. The direct result of the
report was the Philadelphia Convention of 1787
16.Benedict Arnold He had been a Colonel in the Connecticut militia at the
outbreak of the Revolution and soon became a General in the Continental
Army. He won key victories for the colonies in the battles in upstate New York
in 1777, and was instrumental in General Gates victory over the British at
Saratoga. After becoming Commander of Philadelphia in 1778, he went
heavily into debt, and in 1780, he was caught plotting to surrender the key
Hudson River fortress of West Point to the British in exchange for a
commission in the royal army. He is the most famous traitor in American
history.

17.Daniel Shays Rebellion Occurred in the winter of 1786-7 under the Articles of
Confederation. Poor, indebted landowners in Massachusetts blocked access to
courts and prevented the government from arresting or repossessing the
property of those in debt. The federal government was too weak to help
Boston remove the rebels, a sign that the Articles of Confederation werent
working effectively.
18.The Wilderness Road was the principal route used by settlers for more than
fifty years to reach Kentucky from the East. In 1775, Daniel Boone blazed a
trail for the Transylvania Company from Fort Chiswell in Virginia through the
Cumberland Gap into central Kentucky. It was later lengthened, following
Native American trails, to reach the Falls of the Ohio at Louisville. The
Wilderness Road was steep and rough, and it could only be traversed on foot
or horseback. Despite the adverse conditions, thousands of people used it
19.The Constitutional Convention[1] (also known as the Philadelphia Convention,
[1] the Federal Convention,[1] or the Grand Convention at Philadelphia) took
place from May 14 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to
address problems in governing the United States of America, which had been
operating under the Articles of Confederation following independence from
Great Britain. Although the Convention was purportedly intended only to
revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset of many of
its proponents, chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton,
was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The
delegates elected George Washington to preside over the convention. The
result of the Convention was the United States Constitution, placing the
Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United
States.
20. Marquis de Lafayette was a French major general who aided the colonies
during the Revolutionary War. He and Baron von Steuben (a Prussian general)
were the two major foreign military experts who helped train the colonial
armies.
21. Loyalists people in the thirteen colonies that were loyal to the British
during the Revolution
22. Republican Motherhood" identifies the concept related to women's roles
as mothers in the emerging United States before, during, and after the
American Revolution (c. 1760 to 1800). It centered on the belief that children
should be raised to uphold the ideals of republicanism, making them the ideal
citizens of the new nation. Republican motherhood meant a new and
important role for women, especially regarding civic duty and education, but
it did not soon lead to the vote for women.