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Chapter 22 Objectives
-Explain why and how nuclear reactions occur
-Write balanced nuclear equations of radioactive processes and transmutations
-Describe, write, and solve equations with alpha decay, beta decay, electron capture, positron
capture, and gamma ray emissions
-Solve problems involving half-life
-Describe nuclear fission and nuclear fusion; give examples and explain each of their uses
-Give examples of applications and uses of nuclear radiation
-Describe advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy from nuclear fission
22-1 The Nucleus
Nuclide: an atom that is identified by the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus
Mass defect: the difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and
electrons
Notating atoms: Element-Mass Number OR
ex. Radium:
Radium-228 or
Decay series:
Mass (amu)
4.002 60
Consists of
Helium nucleus: 2
protons, 2 neutrons
Stopped by
Paper/skin
Beta particle
1-
0.000 5486
High energy e-
Positron
1+
0.000 5486
Positron
A few feet of
dirt/concrete
Gamma ray
Half-Life
Half-life: time required for half of the atoms of a radioactive nuclide to decay
Chain reaction
Agriculture
o
Nuclear power plants: a facility that uses heat from nuclear reactors to produce electrical energy
Nuclear reactors: devices that use controlled-fission chain reactions to produce energy or radioactive nuclides
Shielding:
radiation-absorbing material that is used to decrease radiation exposure from nuclear reactors,
especially gamma rays
Control rods:
Moderator:
neutron-absorbing rods that help control the reaction by limiting the number of free neutrons
a material used to slow down the fast neutrons produced by fission
-Problems: environmental requirements, safety, plant construction costs, storage of spent fuel
Practice Problems
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4. After 24 days, 0.125 grams remains of a 1.00 g sample of
Iodine-131. What is the half-life of Iodine-131?
5. Consider a certain type of nucleus that has a half-life of 30
minutes. Calculate the percent of original sample of nuclides
remaining after 3.0 hours have passed.
6. Describe two applications of nuclear radiation in society.
7. Describe the conditions under which alpha decay, beta decay,
4.
5.
8 days
1.56%
7.
Alpha decay occurs when a nucleus is too heavy.
Beta decay occurs when a nucleus contains too many
neutrons. Positron emission occurs when a nucleus
contains too many protons. Electron capture occurs when a
nucleus contains too many protons. Gamma ray emission
occurs following other types of decay that leave the
nucleus in an excited state, as the nucleus returns to its
ground energy state.
9.
10.