CHAPTER 3 SOLUTIONS

2/20/10

3-1)
a) I 0
b) I rms

V0 Vm 170 /

3.60 A.
R
R
15
V
V
170
rms m
5.66 A.
R
2 R 2(15)

c) P I 2 R 5.66 2 (15) 480 W .

170
(5.66) 679 VA.
2
P 480 W
e) pf
0.707 70.7%
S 679 VA
d ) S Vrms I rms

3-2)
a ) I 0 12 A.; I 0

V0
V0 I 0 R (12)(20) 240 V .
R

Vm
; Vm Vo 240 754 V .

754
Vrms
533 V .
2
N1 240

0.45
N 2 533
Vo

b) I o I o

N2
12

26.7 A.
N1 0.45

3-3)
a ) pf

V
V
V
P
P

; I rms s ,rms ; VR ,rms m ; Vs ,rms m

S Vs ,rms I rms
R
2
2

Vm
/R
V
/R
2
1
2
pf

Vs ,rms I rms Vm Vm
2
2

2 / R
2
b) Displacement pf cos(1 ) cos(0) 1
2
R , rms

I1

V1 1 Vm
1

0; pf cos(1 1 ) DF ; DF
R R 2
2

3-4) Using Eq. 3-15,

a ) i (t )

Vm
V
sin(t ) m (sin )e t /
Z
Z

Z R 2 ( L) 2 122 (377(0.012)) 2 12.8

L
1 377(0.012)

tan
0.361 rad
12
R

L 377(0.012)

0.377
R
12
i (t ) 13.2sin(t 0.361) 4.67e t /0.377 : 3.50 rad 201
b) I avg 4.36 A. (numerical integration)

tan 1

2
c) I rms 6.70 A. ( numerical integration) P I rms
R (6.70) 2 (12) 538 W .

d ) pf

P
538

0.67
S (120)(6.70)

3-5) Using Eq. 3-15,

a ) i (t )

Vm
V
sin(t ) m (sin )e t /
Z
Z

Z R 2 ( L) 2 102 (377(0.015)) 2 11.5

L
1 377(0.015)

tan
0.515 rad
10
R

L 377(0.015)

0.565
R
10
i (t ) 14.8sin(t 0.515) 7.27e t /0.565 : 3.657 rad 209.5
b) I avg 5.05 A. (numerical integration)

tan 1

2
c) I rms 7.65 A. ( numerical integration) P I rms
R (7.65) 2 (10) 584 W .

d ) pf

P
584

0.637 63.7%
S (120)(7.65)

3-6) Using Eq. 3-15,

a ) i (t )

Vm
V
sin(t ) m (sin )e t /
Z
Z

Z R 2 ( L) 2 152 (377(0.08)) 2 33.7

L
1 377(0.08)

tan
1.11 rad
15
R

L 377(0.08)

2.01
R
15
i (t ) 10.1sin(t 1.11) 9.02e t /2.01 : 4.35 rad 250
b) I avg 4.87 A. ( numerical integration)

tan 1

2
c) I rms 6.84 A. ( numerical integration) P I rms
R (6.84) 2 (15) 701 W .

d ) pf

P
701

0.427 42.7%
S (240)(6.84)

3-7) Using an ideal diode model, R = 48 for an average current of 2 A.

8.0A

Current
Iavg = 2 A for R = 48 ohms
4.0A
(16.700m,2.0030)

Average Current

0A
0s

5ms
I(R1)

10ms
AVG(I(L1))
Time

15ms

20ms

3-8) Using Eqs. 3-22 and 3-23,

Vm
V
sin(t ) dc Ae t /
Z
R
V
V
m sin( ) dc e /
Z
R

a ) i (t )

Z R 2 ( L) 2 102 (377(.075) 2 30.0

L
1 377(.075)

tan
1.23 rad
10
R

L 377(0.075)

2.83
R
10
V
100
sin 1 dc
0.299 rad 17.1
Vm 240 2

tan 1

i (t ) 11.3sin(t 1.23) 10 21.2e t /2.83 ; 3.94 rad 226

I avg 3.13 A. (numerical integration), Pdc Vdc I avg (100)(3.13) 313 W .
2
b) I rms 4.81 A. (numerical integration) PR I rms
R (4.81) 2 (10) 231 W .

c ) pf

P
313 231

0.472 47.2%
S (240)(4.81)

3-9) Using Eqs. 3-22 and 3-23,

Vm
V
sin(t ) dc Ae t /
Z
R
V
V
m sin( ) dc e /
Z
R

a ) i (t )

Z R 2 ( L) 2 122 (377(0.12) 2 46.8

L
1 377(0.12)

tan
1.31 rad
12
R

L 377(0.12)

3.77
R
12
V
48
sin 1 dc
0.287 rad 16.4
Vm 120 2

tan 1

i (t ) 3.63sin(t 1.31) 4.0 7.66e t /3.77 ; 4.06 rad 233

I avg 1.124 A. (numerical integration), Pdc Vdc I avg (48)(1.124) 54.0 W .
2
b) I rms 1.70 A. ( numerical integration) PR I rms
R (1.70) 2 (12) 34.5 W .

c) pf

P 54.0 34.5

0.435 43.5%
S (120)(1.70)

3-10) Using Eq. 3-33,

Vm
V
(cos cos t ) dc ( t )
L
L
V
48
sin 1 dc sin 1
0.287 rad .
120 2
Vm
i (t )

i (t ) 4.68 4.50 cos(t ) 1.23t A.; 4.483 rad 257

1
Io
i (t )d (t ) 2.00 A.; Pdc I oVdc 2.00(48) 96 W .
2

3-11)

300W

200W
L = 0.25 H

100W

0W
0s

5ms
AVG(W(Vdc))

10ms
Time

15ms

20ms

3-12) L 0.14 H for 50 W (51 W).

100W

(16.670m,51.156)
50W

L = 0.14 H

0W
0s

5ms
AVG(W(Vdc))

10ms
Time

15ms

20ms

3-13) Using Eq. 3-34,

a)
V0

Vm 120 2
V 54

54.0 V .; I 0 0
4.50 A.

R 12

b)
n
Vn
Zn
In
0 54.02 12.00 4.50
1 84.85

25.6

3.31

2 36.01

46.8

0.77

91.3

0.08

7.20

The terms beyond n = 1 are insignificant.

3-14)

Run a transient response long enough to achieve steady-state results (e.g., 1000ms). The peak-topeak load current is approximately 1.48 A, somewhat larger than the 1.35 A obtained using only
the first harmonic. (The inductance should be slightly larger, about 0.7 H, to compensate for the
approximation of the calculation.)

3-15)
a)
Vm 50

3.98 A.
R 4
Vm / 2
V
I1 1

Z1
R 2 ( L) 2
I0

25
R 2 ( L) 2

R 2 ( L) 2 9 ( L) 2
L

0.05 I 0 0.199 A.

25
125 L
0.199

125
0.33 H
2 60

b) A PSpice simulation using an ideal diode model gives 0.443 A p-p in the steady state. This
compares with 2(I1)=2(0.199)=0.398 A p-p.

3-16)
Vm 170

54.1 V

V V
54.1 24
I 0 0 dc
3.01 A.
R
10
io 1 A. 2 I1 I1 0.5 A.
a ) V0

Vm 170

85 V
2
2
V
85
Z1 1
170 R 2 ( L) 2 L
I1 0.5

V1

170
450 mH .
377
b) Pdc I avgVdc (3.01)(24) 72.2 W .
L

2
c) PR I rms
R; I rms

2
n , rms

(3.01) 2 (0.5 / 2) 2 3.12 A.

PR (3.12) 2 (10) 97.4 W .

3-17) a) = RC = 10310-3=1 s; /T = 60. With >> T, the exponential decay is very small and
the output voltage has little variation.
b) Exact equations:

tan 1 ( RC ) tan 1 (377) 1.5573 rad 90.15

Vm sin 200sin(90.15) 199.9993
sin sin e (2 )/ RC 0 1.391 rad 79.72
Vo Vm (1 sin ) 3.21 V .
c) Approximation of Eq. 3-51:
Vo

Vm
200

3.33 V .
fRC (60)(103 )(103 )

3-18) a) R = 100 : = RC (100)10-3 = 0.1 s; /T = 6.

tan 1 ( RC ) tan 1 (37.7) 1.5973 rad 91.52

Vm sin 200sin(91.52) 199.93
sin sin e (2 )/ RC ) 0 1.0338 rad 59.23
Vo Vm (1 sin ) 28.16 V . (exact )
Vo

Vm
200

33.3 V . (approximation)
fRC (60)(100)(103 )

b) R = 10 : = RC (10)10-3 = 0.01 s; /T = .6.

tan 1 ( RC ) tan 1 (3.77) 1.830 rad 104.9

Vm sin 200sin(104.9) 193.3
sin sin e (2 )/ RC ) 0 0.2883 rad 16.5
Vo Vm (1 sin ) 143.2 V . (exact )
Vo

Vm
200

333 V . (approximation)
fRC (60)(10)(103 )

In (a) with /T=6, the approximation is much more reasonable than (b) where /T=0.6.

3-19) a) With C = 4000 F, RC = 4 s., and the approximation of Eq. 3-51 should be reasonable.
Vo

Vm
120 2

0.707 V .
fRC (60)(4)

b) With C = 20 F, RC = 0.02, which is on the order of one source period. Therefore, the
approximation will not be reasonable and exact equations must be used.

tan 1 ( RC ) tan 1 ((377)(1000)(20(10) 6 ) 1.703 rad 97.6)

0.5324 rad 30.5 (numerically from Eq. 3 43)
Vo Vm Vm sin 83.6 V .

3-20) a) With C = 4000 F, RC = 2 s., and the approximation of Eq. 3-51 should be reasonable.
Vo

Vm
120 2

1.41 V .
fRC (60)(2.0)

b) With C = 20 F, RC = 0.01, which is on the order of one source period. Therefore, the
approximation will not be reasonable and exact equations must be used.

tan 1 ( RC ) tan 1 ((377)(500)(20(10) 6 ) 1.83 rad 104.9)

0.2883 rad 16.5 ( numerically from Eq. 3 43)
Vo Vm Vm sin 121 V .
3-21) From Eq. 3-51
C

Vm
120 2

1,886 F
fRVo 60(750)(2)

V
2

sin 1 1 o sin 1 1
1.417 rad 81.2
Vm
120 2

sin

I D , peak Vm C cos
18.7 A.
R

V
I D ,avg m 0.226 A.
R

3-22) Assuming Vo is constant and equal to Vm,

P

Vo2 Vm2
V 2 (120 2) 2

R m
576
R
R
P
50

From Eq. 3-51

C

Vm
120 2

3, 270 F
fRVo 60(576)(1.5)

V
1.5

sin 1 1 o sin 1 1
1.438 rad 82.4
Vm
120 2

sin

I D , peak Vm C cos
28.1 A.
R

V
I D ,avg m 0.295 A.
R

3-23) Using the definition of power factor and Vrms from Eq. 3-53,
pf

2
2
Vrms
/R
Vrms
/R
V
P

rms
S (Vs ,rms )( I s , rms ) (Vs ,rms )(Vrms / R) Vs ,rms

Vm
sin 2
1

2 1 1 sin 2 1 sin 2
2

2
2 2
4
Vm / 2
2
3-24)
Vm
120 2
(1 cos )
(1 cos 45) 46.1 V .
2
2
V2
V
sin 2
b) P rms ; Vrms m 1
R
2

2
a ) Vo

120 2
0.785 sin(2(0.785))
1

80.9 V .
2

2
80.92
P
65.5 W .
100
P 65.5
80.9
c) S Vs , rms I rms (120)
0.674 67.4%
97.1 VA; pf
S 97.1
100

3-25)
a ) vo I o R (2.5)(30) 75 V

Vm
(1 cos )
2

2 Vo
2 (75)
1 cos 1
1 65.5 or 1.143 rad
240 2
Vm

cos 1
b) P

Vo2,rms
R

Vm
sin 2 240 2
1.143 sin(2(1.143))
1

147.6 V .
2

2
2

2
147.62
P
726 W .
30
P 726
147.6
c) S Vs , rms I rms (240)
0.615 61.5%
1181 VA; pf
S 1181
30

Vo , rms

3-26)
a ) i (t ) 5.42sin(t 0.646) 1.33e t /0.754 A.
25 0.524 rad , 3.79 rad 217 (numerically )

1
b) I o
i (t )d (t ) 1.80 A.
2

c) I rms

1 2
2

i (t )d (t ) 2.80 A.; Po PR I rms

R (2.80) 2 25 193 W .
2

3-27)
a ) i (t ) 3.46sin(t 0.615) 6.38e t /0.707 A.

60 1.047 rad , 3.748 rad 215 (numerically )

1
b) I o
i (t )d (t ) 0.893 A.
2
c ) I rms

1 2
2
i (t )d (t ) 1.50 A.; Po PR I rms
R (1.50) 2 40 90.3 W .
2

3-28) 46. Do a parametric sweep for alpha. Use the default (Dbreak) diode, and use Ron =
0.01 for the switch. Alpha of 46 degrees results in approximately 2 A in the load.

3-29) 60.5. Do a parametric sweep for alpha. Use the default (Dbreak) diode, and use Ron
= 0.01 for the switch. Alpha of 60.5 degrees results in approximately 1.8 A in the load.

3-30) From Eq. 3-61,

a ) i (t ) 4.29sin(t 1.263) 4.0 7.43e t /3.142 A., 0.873 t 3.95 rad

1
Io
i (t )d (t ) 1.04 A., Pdc I oVdc (1.04)(48) 50.1 W .
2
b) I rms

1 2
2
i (t )d (t ) 1.67 A.; PR I rms
R (1.67) 212 33.5 W .

2
P 50.1 33.5

0.417 41.7%
S (120)(1.67)

c) pf

3-31) From Eq. 3-61,

a ) i (t ) 2.95sin(t 0.515) 0.96 3.44e t /0.565 A., 1.047 t 3.32 rad
Io

1
i (t )d (t ) 0.454 A., Pdc I oVdc (0.454)(96) 43.6 W .
2

b) I rms

1 2
2

i (t )d (t ) 0.830 A.; PR I rms

R (0.830) 2100 69.0 W .

c ) pf

P
43.6 69.0

0.565 56.5%
S (240)(0.830)

3-32) 75. Alpha = 75 degrees gives 35 W in the dc voltage source. An Ron = 0.01 for the
switch and n = 0.001 for the diode (ideal model).

3-33) From Eq. 3-61,

a ) i (t ) 5.99sin(t 1.50) 24.0 29.3e t /14.1 A., 0.873 t 4.24 rad
Io

1
i (t )d (t ) 1.91 A., Pdc I oVdc (1.91)(48) 91.6 W .
2

b) I rms

1 2
2

i (t )d (t ) 2.93 A.; PR I rms

R (2.93) 2 2 17.1 W .

3-34) 81
3-35)
di (t )
Vm sin t Vdc
dt
di (t ) 1
[Vm sin t Vdc ] or
dt
L
di (t )
1

[Vm sin t Vdc ]

d (t ) L

i (t )

1
(Vm sin t Vdc )d (t )
L

Vm
V
(cos cos t ) dc ( t )
L
L
i (t ) 4.34 7.58cos t 1.82t A., 1.309 t 4.249

1
Io
i (t )d (t ) 1.91 A.
2

3-36)
v0 = vs when S1 on, v0=0 when D2 on

Vo
V
1
I o , Vo
Vm sin(t )d (t ) m (1 cos )

R
2
2

Io

Vm
(1 cos )
2 R

3-37)

I X
u cos 1 1 L s ;
X s Ls 377(1.5)(10) 3 0.566
Vm

5(0.452)

u cos 1 1
10.47
120 2

Vm
X L X s
120 2
5(.566)
1
53.57 V .
1


2Vm

2 2(120)
V
(compared to m 54.0 V .)

Vo

PSpice:
Use a current source for the constant load current:

D1 to D2

D2 to D1

3-38) u = 20. Run the simulation long enough for steady-state results. From the Probe output,
the commutation angle from D1 to D2 is about 20 degrees, and from D2 to D1 is about
18 degrees. Note that the time axis is changed to angle in degrees here.

3-39) Run the simulation long enough for steady-state results. From the Probe output, the
commutation angle from D1 to D2 is about 16.5 degrees, and from D2 to D1 is about
14.7 degrees. Note that the time axis is changed to angle in degrees here.

3-40) At t = , D2 turns on, D1 is on because of the current in LS (see Fig. 3-17).

KVL; vLS Vm sin t Ls
V
diD1
m
d t Ls

did 1
diD1
LS
dt
d (t )

sin(t )d (t ) i

D1

( )

at t u , iD1 0

Vm
[1 cos( u )] I L
Ls

cos( u ) cos u 0

I X
u cos 1 1 L s
Vm

Vm
V
(1 cos u) I L m cos u I L
Ls
Ls

3-41) At t = ,
is (t )

V
1
Vm sin(t )d (t ) 0 m [cos cos t ]

Ls
Ls

iD 2 ( wt ) I L is I L
iD 2 ( u ) 0 I L

Vm
[cos cos t ]
Ls

Vm
[cos cos( u )]
Ls

I L Ls
cos cos( u )
Vm

I X
u cos 1 cos L s
Vm

3-42) A good solution is to use a controlled half-wave rectifier with an inductor in series with the
48-V source and resistance (Fig. 3-15). The switch will change the delay angle of the
SCR to produce the two required power levels. The values of the delay angle depend on
the value selected for the inductor. This solution avoids adding resistance, thereby
avoiding introducing power losses.
3-43) Several circuit can accomplish this objective, including the half-wave rectifier of Fig. 3-2a
and half-wave rectifier with a freewheeling diode of Fig. 3-7, each with resistance added.
Another solution is to use the controlled half-wave rectifier of Fig. 3-14a but with no
resistance. The analysis of that circuit is like that of Fig. 3-6 but without Vdc. The
resulting value of is 75, obtain from a PSpice simulation. That solution is good
because no resistance is needed, and losses are not introduced.
3-44 and 3-45) The controlled half-wave rectifier of Fig. 3-15 (without the resistance) can be
used to satisfy the design specification. The value of the delay angle depends on the value
selected for the inductor.