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P
Pronoun
use
have the text in hands
Civil Law versus Criminal Law (US)
General concepts
Civil Law Concepts
pad for your notes
dictionaryy
shawn
njohnsonand
dassociates.com
G tti ready
Getting
d ...
Personal pronouns
subject
f
form
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
theyy
Reflexive
pronouns
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
P
Personal
l pronouns division
di i i
Subject pronouns
Object pronouns
Personal pronouns represent specific
people or things.
g
Example:
I went home early. Carlos was kind enough
to drive me home.
home
Reflexive pronouns
p
Use reflexive pronouns:
when the object of a sentence is the same as
the subject
Example: My mom cut herself with a knife.
after a preposition
preposition, when the subject and the
object are the same
E
Example:
l Ib
bought
ht a gift
ift ffor myself.
lf
to mean alone or without any help: by +
reflexive
fl i pronoun
Example: I did all the cleaning by myself. (alone)
to emphasize
p
the subject
j
Example: I made this cake myself.
7
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middletnlaw.com
incarceration,
a fine paid to the government,
th death
the
d th penalty
lt (but
(b t only
l in
i exceptional
ti
l
cases)
cases).
10
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Criminal
defendants
Criminal
d f d t
defendants
11
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mtheleft.word
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A civil defendant is
certainly never
incarcerated.
Basically, a losing
defendant in civil
litigation has to
reimburse the
plaintiff for the loss
caused by the
defendants behavior.
12
13
Tort
ot
The law of obligations (in civil law systems)
i ttraditionally
is
diti
ll di
divided
id d iinto:
t
contractual obligations
tort obligations
g
Torts include all negligence cases as well
as intentional
i t ti
l wrongs which
hi h result
lt iin a
harm for which the law p
provides a
remedy.
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uides.com
General concepts
Tort
beyond a reasonable doubt
clear and convincing evidence
ligation
prima facie
pro
b
bono
16
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austatttorneyy.com
17
Practice 1 Identifying
y gp
pronouns
The sentences below are from the text
Civil Law versus Criminal Law (US). What
do the underlined pronouns refer to?
Identifyy and write the noun (s)
( ) that the
underlined pronouns refer to.
E
Example:
l
A tort plaintiff generally has to establish
three elements in his action:
plaintiff
hi = plaintiff
his
l i tiff
18
Practice 2 Discussion
After reading the texts above concerning
Ci il and
Civil
dC
Criminal
i i lL
Law answer th
the
questions below.
q
Who is the criminal law plaintiff?
19
Practice 3 Definitions
Complete the definitions
definitions, use words from
the box below.
trespass
tort
damages
defamation
Claimant/plaintiff
damage
tort
a)
a)_______________________
a breach of duty towards
other people
20
Practice 4 - Vocabulary
y
noun
slander
defamation
libel
liabilityy
injury
adjective
dj ti
slanderous
22
23
Homicide, murder
Homicide
murder, and manslaughter all
describe killings.
Homicide
H i id iis the
h umbrella
b ll term that
h
y sort of killing
g of human
includes any
beings.
Murder is the crime of intentionally
killing.
Manslaughter is the crime of killing
committed by a person who did not
intend to kill, or cannot be held
responsible for his or her actions
h
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V
Vocabulary
b l
check
h k
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anet.com
Review y
your lesson and do the
exercises