- High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD) is circuit-switched wireless

data transmission for mobile users at data rates up to 38.4 Kbps, four times faster
than the standard data rates of the Global System for Mobile (GSM) communication
standard in 1999. HSCSD is comparable to the speed of many computer modems
that communicate with today's fixed telephone networks.

HSCSD is an evolutionary technology on the way to Universal Mobile Telecommunications

Service (UMTS).
High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) is a new high speed implementation of
GSM data techniques.
It will enable users to access the Internet and other datacom services via the GSM network
at considerably higher data rates than at present.
HSCSD allows wireless data to be transmitted at 38.4 kilobits per second or even faster
over GSM networks by allocating up to eight time slots to a single user.
This is comparable to the transmission rates of usual modems via fixed telephone networks
today.
Current datacom services over GSM generally allows transferring files or data and sending
faxes at 9.6 kbps.
With HSCSD the user will find wireless connection to the Internet much faster at 38.4 kbps,
which is up to four times faster than today's standard usage.
It also opens up possibilities for many new kinds of market driven wireless services.
HSCSD is especially well suited for time sensitive, real-time services. Examples could be
transferring of large files with specified Quality of Service or video surveillance.
Commercial HSCSD implementations are important steps towards 3rd generation wideband
wireless multimedia services. Third-generation wireless systems will handle services up to
384 kbps in wide area applications and up to 2 Mbps for indoor applications around year
2000.

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is the European
standard for 3G mobile communication systems which provide an enhanced range
of multimedia services. It has evolved from its basic format through developments
such as HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) and HSUPA (High Speed
Uplink Packet Access) to provide very high bandwidth capabilities to support the
next generation of telecommunication services.

UMTS supports up to 1920 kbit/s data transfer rates (and not 2 Mbit/s as frequently
seen), although at the moment users in the real networks can expect performance
up to 384 kbit/s - in Japan upgrades to 3 Mbit/s are in preparation. However, this is
still much greater than the 14.4 kbit/s of a single GSM error-corrected circuit
switched data channel or multiple 14.4 kbit/s channels in HSCSD , and - in
competition to other network technologies such as CDMA-2000, PHS or wLAN offers access to the World Wide Web and other data services on mobile devices.
UMTS combines the W-CDMA air interface, GSM 's Mobile Application Part (MAP)
core, and the GSM family of speech codecs.
Note that many wireless technologies use W-CDMA as their air interface, including
FOMA and J-Phone .
Like other real-world W-CDMA implementations, UMTS uses a pair of 5 MHz
channels, one in the 1900 MHz range for uplink and one in the 2100 MHz range for
downlink. In contrast, the competing CDMA2000 system uses one or more arbitrary
1.25 MHz channels for each direction of communication. UMTS and other W-CDMA
systems are widely criticized for their large spectrum usage, which has delayed
deployment in countries that have not allocated new frequencies specifically for
UMTS (such as the United States).
The specific frequency bands originally defined by the UMTS standard are 18852025 MHz for uplink and 2110-2200 MHz for downlink.
For existing GSM operators, it is a simple but costly migration path to UMTS: much
of the infrastructure is shared with GSM, but the cost of obtaining new spectrum
licenses and overlaying UMTS at existing towers can be prohibitively expensive.
A major difference of UMTS compared to GSM is the air interface forming Generic
Radio Access Network (GRAN). It can be connected to various backbone networks
like the Internet , ISDN , GSM or to a UMTS network. GRAN includes the three
lowest layers of OSI model . The network layer (OSI 3) protocols form the Radio
Resource Management protocol (RRM). They manage the bearer channels between
the mobile terminals and the fixed network including the handovers.

UMTS/WCDMA Logical, Transport and Physical Channels

WCDMA is the main air interface standard for the 3G UMTS mobile network. The mobile station
and base station communicate by means of several physical channels that are transmitted on a
given frequency assignment. The "Downlink" refers to a radio link for the transmission of signals
from the base station to a UE (mobile station) while the "Uplink" refers to a radio link for the
transmission of signals from a UE (mobile station) to the base station.

There are three types of channels in the WCDMA technologies: Physical Channel, Transport
Channel and Logical channel. The Transport Channels are interface between MAC and Layer 1,
while Logical Channels are interface between MAC and RLC. The logical and transport channels
define WHAT data are transported, while the physical channels define HOW and with what
physical characteristic the data are transport.
Transport channels can be further subdivided into Common Transport Channels; and dedicated
transport channels. Common transport channel types are:

Random Access Channel (RACH): A contention based uplink channel used for
transmission of relatively small amounts of data, e.g. for initial access or non-real-time dedicated
control or traffic data.

Common Packet Channel (CPCH): A contention based channel used for transmission of
bursty data traffic. This channel only exists in FDD mode and only in the uplink direction. The
common packet channel is shared by the UEs in a cell and therefore, it is a common resource. The
CPCH is fast power controlled.

Forward Access Channel (FACH): Common downlink channel without closed-loop power
control used for transmission of relatively small amount of data.

Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH): A downlink channel shared by several UEs carrying
dedicated control or traffic data.

Uplink Shared Channel (USCH): An uplink channel shared by several UEs carrying
dedicated control or traffic data, used in TDD mode only.

Broadcast Channel (BCH): A downlink channel used for broadcast of system information
into an entire cell.

Paging Channel (PCH): A downlink channel used for broadcast of control information into
an entire cell allowing efficient UE sleep mode procedures. Currently identified information types are
paging and notification. Another use could be UTRAN notification of change of BCCH information.

High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH): A downlink channel shared between
UEs by allocation of individual codes, from a common pool of codes assigned for the channel.
Dedicated transport channel types are:

Dedicated Channel (DCH): A channel dedicated to one UE used in uplink or downlink.

A general classification of logical channels is into two groups; Control Channels (for the
transfer of control plane information) and Traffic Channels (for the transfer of user plane
information).
Control Channels:

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH): A downlink channel for broadcasting system control
information.

Paging Control Channel (PCCH): A downlink channel that transfers paging information.
This channel is used when the network does not know the location cell of the UE, or, the UE is in the
cell connected state (utilising UE sleep mode procedures).

Common Control Channel (CCCH): Bi-directional channel for transmitting control

information between network and UEs. This channel is commonly used by the UEs having no RRC
connection with the network and by the UEs using common transport channels when accessing a
new cell after cell reselection.

Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH): A point-to-point bi-directional channel that transmits

dedicated control information between a UE and the network. This channel is established through
RRC connection setup procedure.

Shared Channel Control Channel (SHCCH): Bi-directional channel that transmits control
information for uplink and downlink shared channels between network and UEs. This channel is for
TDD only.
Traffic Channels:

Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH): A Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) is a point-to-point

channel, dedicated to one UE, for the transfer of user information. A DTCH can exist in both uplink
and downlink.

Common Traffic Channel (CTCH): A point-to-multipoint unidirectional channel for transfer

of dedicated user information for all or a group of specified UEs.

UMTS / WCDMA Logical, Transport and Physical Channel Mapping

UMTS/WCDMA Logical, Transport and Physical Channels

WCDMA is the main air interface standard for the 3G UMTS mobile network. The mobile station
and base station communicate by means of several physical channels that are transmitted on a
given frequency assignment. The "Downlink" refers to a radio link for the transmission of signals
from the base station to a UE (mobile station) while the "Uplink" refers to a radio link for the
transmission of signals from a UE (mobile station) to the base station.
There are three types of channels in the WCDMA technologies: Physical Channel, Transport
Channel and Logical channel. The Transport Channels are interface between MAC and Layer 1,
while Logical Channels are interface between MAC and RLC. The logical and transport channels
define WHAT data are transported, while the physical channels define HOW and with what
physical characteristic the data are transport.
Transport channels can be further subdivided into Common Transport Channels; and dedicated
transport channels. Common transport channel types are:

Random Access Channel (RACH): A contention based uplink channel used for
transmission of relatively small amounts of data, e.g. for initial access or non-real-time dedicated
control or traffic data.

Common Packet Channel (CPCH): A contention based channel used for transmission of
bursty data traffic. This channel only exists in FDD mode and only in the uplink direction. The
common packet channel is shared by the UEs in a cell and therefore, it is a common resource. The
CPCH is fast power controlled.

Forward Access Channel (FACH): Common downlink channel without closed-loop power
control used for transmission of relatively small amount of data.

Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH): A downlink channel shared by several UEs carrying
dedicated control or traffic data.

Uplink Shared Channel (USCH): An uplink channel shared by several UEs carrying
dedicated control or traffic data, used in TDD mode only.

Broadcast Channel (BCH): A downlink channel used for broadcast of system information
into an entire cell.

Paging Channel (PCH): A downlink channel used for broadcast of control information into
an entire cell allowing efficient UE sleep mode procedures. Currently identified information types are
paging and notification. Another use could be UTRAN notification of change of BCCH information.

High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH): A downlink channel shared between
UEs by allocation of individual codes, from a common pool of codes assigned for the channel.
Dedicated transport channel types are:

Dedicated Channel (DCH): A channel dedicated to one UE used in uplink or downlink.

A general classification of logical channels is into two groups; Control Channels (for the
transfer of control plane information) and Traffic Channels (for the transfer of user plane
information).
Control Channels:

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH): A downlink channel for broadcasting system control
information.

Paging Control Channel (PCCH): A downlink channel that transfers paging information.
This channel is used when the network does not know the location cell of the UE, or, the UE is in the
cell connected state (utilising UE sleep mode procedures).

Common Control Channel (CCCH): Bi-directional channel for transmitting control

information between network and UEs. This channel is commonly used by the UEs having no RRC
connection with the network and by the UEs using common transport channels when accessing a
new cell after cell reselection.

Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH): A point-to-point bi-directional channel that transmits

dedicated control information between a UE and the network. This channel is established through
RRC connection setup procedure.

Shared Channel Control Channel (SHCCH): Bi-directional channel that transmits control
information for uplink and downlink shared channels between network and UEs. This channel is for
TDD only.
Traffic Channels:

Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH): A Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) is a point-to-point

channel, dedicated to one UE, for the transfer of user information. A DTCH can exist in both uplink
and downlink.

Common Traffic Channel (CTCH): A point-to-multipoint unidirectional channel for transfer

of dedicated user information for all or a group of specified UEs.

UMTS / WCDMA Logical, Transport and Physical Channel Mapping

3G is a short term for third-generation wireless, and refers to near-future

developments in personal and business wireless technology, especially mobile
communications. This phase is expected to reach maturity between the years 2003
and
2005.
The third generation, as its name suggests, follows the first generation (1G) and
second generation (2G) in wireless communications. The 1G period began in the
late 1970s and lasted through the 1980s. These systems featured the first true
mobile phone systems, known at first as "cellular mobile radio telephone." These
networks used analogue voice signalling, and were little more sophisticated than
repeater networks used by amateur radio operators. The 2G phase began in the
1990s, and much of this technology is still in use. The 2G cell phone features digital
voice encoding. Examples include CDMA, TDMA, and GSM. Since its inception, 2G
technology has steadily improved, with increased bandwidth, packet routing, and
the introduction of multimedia. The present state of mobile wireless
communications
is
often
called
2.5G.
Ultimately, 3G is expected to include capabilities and features such as:

Enhanced multimedia (voice, data, video, and remote control)

Usability on all popular modes (cellular telephone, e-mail, paging, fax,

videoconferencing,
and
Web
browsing)

Broad bandwidth and high speed (upwards of 2 Mbps)

Routing
flexibility
(repeater,
satellite,
LAN)

Operation at approximately 2 GHz transmit and receive frequencies

Roaming capability throughout Europe, Japan, and North America

While 3G is generally considered applicable mainly to mobile wireless, it is also
relevant to fixed wireless and portable wireless. The ultimate 3G system might be
operational from any location on, or over, the earth's surface, including use in or
by:

Homes
Businesses
offices
establishments

Government
Medical

The
military

Personal
and
commercial
land
vehicles
Private
and
commercial
watercraft
and
marine
craft
Private and commercial aircraft (except where passenger use restrictions

apply)

Portable
(pedestrians,
Space
stations

hikers,
and

cyclists,
campers)
spacecraft

Proponents of 3G technology promise that it will "keep people connected at all

times and in all places." Researchers, engineers, and marketeers are faced with the
challenge of accurately predicting how much technology consumers will actually be
willing to pay for. (Recent trends suggest that people sometimes prefer to be
disconnected, especially when on vacation.) Another concern involves privacy and
security issues. As technology becomes more sophisticated and bandwidth
increases, systems become increasingly vulnerable to attack by malicious hackers
(known as crackers) unless countermeasures are implemented to protect against
such activity.
Cdma2000 and UMTS were developed separately and are 2 separate ITU approved
3G standards. Cdma2000 1xRTT, cdma2000 1xEV-DO (EVolution, Data Only) and
future cdma2000 3x were developed to be backward compatible with cdmaOne.
Both 1x types have the same bandwidth, chip rate and it can be used in any
existing cdmaOne frequency band and network. Backward compatibility was a
requirement for successful deployment for USA market. It is easy to implement
because operators do not need new frequencies. UMTS was developed mainly for
countries with GSM networks, because these countries have agreed to free new
frequency ranges for UMTS networks. Because it is a new technology and in a new
frequency band, whole new radio access network has to be build. The advantage is
that new frequency range gives plenty of new capacity for operators.