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Transformers
At the end of this chapter you should be able to:
understand the principle of operation of a transformer
understand the term rating of a transformer
use V1 /V2 D N1 /N2 D I2 /I1 in calculations on transformers
construct a transformer no-load phasor diagram and calculate magnetising and core
loss components of the no-load current
state the e.m.f. equation for a transformer E D 4.44 f8m N and use it in calculations
construct a transformer on-load phasor diagram for an inductive circuit assuming
the volt drop in the windings is negligible
describe transformer construction
derive the equivalent resistance, reactance and impedance referred to the primary of
a transformer
understand voltage regulation
describe losses in transformers and calculate efciency
appreciate the concept of resistance matching and how it may be achieved
perform calculations using R1 D N1 /N2 2 RL
describe an auto transformer, its advantages/disadvantages and uses
describe an isolating transformer, stating uses
describe a three-phase transformer
describe current and voltage transformers
21.1 Introduction
A transformer is a device which uses the phenomenon of mutual induction (see Chapter 9) to
change the values of alternating voltages and currents. In fact, one of the main advantages of a.c.
transmission and distribution is the ease with which
an alternating voltage can be increased or decreased
by transformers.
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304
Figure 21.1
When the secondary is an open-circuit and an alternating voltage V1 is applied to the primary winding, a small current called the no-load current
I0 ows, which sets up a magnetic ux in the
core. This alternating ux links with both primary
and secondary coils and induces in them e.m.f.s of
E1 and E2 respectively by mutual induction.
The induced e.m.f. E in a coil of N turns is given
by E D Nd8/dt volts, where d8
dt is the rate
of change of ux. In an ideal transformer, the rate
of change of ux is the same for both primary
and secondary and thus E1 /N1 D E2 /N2 i.e. the
induced e.m.f. per turn is constant.
Assuming no losses, E1 D V1 and E2 D V2
Hence
V1
V2
V1
N1
D
or
D
N1
N2
V2
N2
1
V1
I2
D
V2
I1
Thus
V1
N1
I2
=
=
V2
N2
I1
2
3
2403000
D 1440 V or 1.44 kV
500
TLFeBOOK
TRANSFORMERS
V2 D
V1
V2
N1
V1
240
D 20
D
D
N2
V2
12
I2
, from which,
I1
V2
12
D 12.5
I1 D I2
V1
240
12.5
D 0.625 A
20
305
TLFeBOOK
306
cos 0 D
400
D 0.3333
24000.5
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TRANSFORMERS
307
Figure 21.2
cos 0 D
IC
0.3
D 0.375
D
I0
0.8
p
I20 I2C D 0.82 0.32 D 0.74 A
TLFeBOOK
308
V1
N1 D
V2
E1 = 4.44 f 8m N1 volts
4
4000
N2 D
200
8m D
E
4.44 fN2
200
(assuming E2 D V2
4.4450100
5
4000
(assuming E1 D V1
4.44502000
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TRANSFORMERS
250
Wb D 0.04505 Wb
4.445025
309
E1
E2
D
D 15
N1
N2
E1
4500
D
D 300
15
15
255
E2
D
D 15
15
15
E1
4500
D 0.0676 Wb
D
4.44fN1
4.4450300
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310
i.e.
from which,
Figure 21.4
100800
2000
D 40 A
I01 D
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TRANSFORMERS
311
Figure 21.5
and
I1 sin 1 D 0c C 0d
D I0 sin 0 C I01 sin 2
D 5 sin 78.5 C 40 sin 31.8
D 25.98 A
C
D
Hence the magnitude of I1 D
43.59 A and tan 1 D 25.98/35.0 from which,
f1 D tan1 25.98/35.0 D 36.59 Hence the
power factor of the primary D cos 1 D cos 36.59 D
0.80
35.02
25.982
Figure 21.6
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312
i.e.
Re = R1 + R2
V1
V2
2
6
i.e.
Xe = X1 + X2
V1
V2
2
7
Figure 21.7
Figure 21.8
TLFeBOOK
TRANSFORMERS
Re2 + Xe2
8
Re
Ze
9
N1
V1
D
N2
V2
313
0.41
D 75.96
1.69
Figure 21.9
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314
Regulation =
E2 V2
E2
i.e.
6 D 240 V2
100%
10
Exercise 119 Further problems on
regulation
Hence
2.5 D
240 V2
240
2.5240
D 240 V2
100
100%
TLFeBOOK
TRANSFORMERS
h=1
losses
input power
efciency D 1
11
315
D 1 0.01592
D 0.9841 or 98.41%
Problem 19. A 400 kVA transformer has
a primary winding resistance of 0.5 and
a secondary winding resistance of 0.001 .
The iron loss is 2.5 kW and the primary and
secondary voltages are 5 kV and 320 V respectively. If the power factor of the load is 0.85,
determine the efciency of the transformer
(a) on full load, and (b) on half load.
(a) Rating D 400 kVA D V1 I1 D V2 I2 . Hence
primary current,
I1 D
400 103
400 103
D 80 A
D
V1
5000
400 103
400 103
D
D 1250 A
V2
320
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316
Maximum efciency
It may be shown that the efciency of a transformer
is a maximum when the variable copper loss (i.e.
I21 R1 C I22 R2 ) is equal to the constant iron losses.
Problem 20. A 500 kVA transformer has a
full load copper loss of 4 kW and an iron
loss of 2.5 kW. Determine (a) the output kVA
at which the efciency of the transformer is a
maximum, and (b) the maximum efciency,
assuming the power factor of the load is 0.75
(a) Let x be the fraction of full load kVA at which
the efciency is a maximum. The corresponding total copper loss D 4 kWx 2 . At maximum efciency, copper loss D iron loss. Hence
2
4x 2 D
p 2.5 from which x D 2.5/4 and
x D 2.5/4 D 0.791.
Hence the output kVA at maximum
efciency D 0.791 500 D 395.5 kVA.
TLFeBOOK
TRANSFORMERS
6 A 300 kVA transformer has a primary winding resistance of 0.4 and a secondary
winding resistance of 0.0015 . The iron
loss is 2 kW and the primary and secondary
voltages are 4 kV and 200 V respectively. If
the power factor of the load is 0.78, determine
the efciency of the transformer (a) on full
load, and (b) on half load.
[(a) 96.84% (b) 97.17%]
7 A 250 kVA transformer has a full load copper
loss of 3 kW and an iron loss of 2 kW. Calculate (a) the output kVA at which the efciency
of the transformer is a maximum, and (b) the
maximum efciency, assuming the power factor of the load is 0.80
[(a) 204.1 kVA (b) 97.61%]
V2
V1
and R1 D
I2
I1
317
Figure 21.10
R1 =
i.e.
N1
N2
2
RL
N1 2
RL
N2
2
4
D
100 D 1600 Z
1
R1 D
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318
Figure 21.12
Figure 21.11
R1 D
Hence
i.e.
N1
N2
2
N1
N2
2
RL
R1
112
D 16
D
D
RL
7
p
N1
D 16 D 4
N2
V1
220
D 10 A
D
RIN
22
TLFeBOOK
TRANSFORMERS
319
RL D R1
N2
N1
2
D 15 000
1
25
2
D 24 Z
Primary current,
24
V
D
D 0.8 mA
30000
30000
N1 /N2 D I2 /I1 from which, I2 D I1 N1 /N2 D
0.8 103 25/1 D 20 103 A.
I1 D
Figure 21.14
Figure 21.15
TLFeBOOK
320
2N1 I1
2N2 I1
2N1 I1
2N1 I1
N2
D1
N1
D
20 103
20 103
D 62.5 A
D
V1
320
20 103
20 103
D
D 80 A
V2
250
1
5
Figure 21.16
(since N2 I2 D N1 I1
(volume of copper in
double-wound transformer)
(volume of copper in
double-wound transformer)
(of copper in a
double-wound transformer)
Hence the saving is 75%
D 25%
TLFeBOOK
TRANSFORMERS
321
(volume of copper in
double-wound transformer)
D 80% of copper in a double-wound transformer Transformers not only enable current or voltage
to be transformed to some different magnitude
Hence the saving is 20%.
but provide a means of isolating electrically one
part of a circuit from another when there is
no electrical connection between primary and
Now try the following exercise
secondary windings. An isolating transformer is
a 1:1 ratio transformer with several important
applications, including bathroom shaver-sockets,
Exercise 122 Further problems on the
portable electric tools, model railways, and so on.
auto-transformer
1 A single-phase auto transformer has a voltage ratio of 480 V:300 V and supplies a load
of 30 kVA at 300 V. Assuming an ideal transformer, calculate the current in each section of
the winding.
[I1 D 62.5 A, I2 D 100 A, (I2 I1 D 37.5 A]
2 Calculate the saving in the volume of
copper used in an auto transformer compared
with a double-wound transformer for (a)
a 300 V:240 V transformer, and (b) a
400 V:100 V transformer [(a) 80% (b) 25%]
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322
Figure 21.17
Figure 21.18
TLFeBOOK
TRANSFORMERS
323
I1
N2
D
I2
N1
Figure 21.20
from which,
secondary current I2 = I1
N2
N1
Figure 21.19
TLFeBOOK
324
4 State the relationship between turns and voltage ratios for a transformer
Figure 21.21
Since
V1
N1
D
V2
N2
the secondary voltage,
V2 D
V1 N2
V1
15 State the expressions for equivalent resistance and reactance of a transformer, referred
to the primary
16 Dene regulation of a transformer
17 Name two sources of loss in a transformer
18 What is hysteresis loss? How is it minimised
in a transformer?
19 What are eddy currents? How may they be
reduced in transformers?
20 How is efciency of a transformer calculated?
21 What is the condition for maximum efciency of a transformer?
22 What does resistance matching mean?
TLFeBOOK
TRANSFORMERS
325
1.7A
V1
3.3A
V2
Figure 21.22
A 100 kVA, 250 V/10 kV, single-phase transformer has a full-load copper loss of 800 W
and an iron loss of 500 W. The primary winding contains 120 turns. For the statements in
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