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Authors Note:
The lecture slides provided here are taken from the course
Geotechnical Engineering Practice, which is part of the 4th year
Geological Engineering program at the University of British Columbia
(V
(Vancouver,
Canada).
C
d ) The
Th course covers rock
k engineering
i
i and
d
geotechnical design methodologies, building on those already taken
by the students covering Introductory Rock Mechanics and Advanced
Rock Mechanics.
Mechanics
Although the slides have been modified in part to add context, they
of course are missing the detailed narrative that accompanies any
l
lecture.
It is also
l recognized
d that
h these
h
lectures
l
summarize,
reproduce and build on the work of others for which gratitude is
extended. Where possible, efforts have been made to acknowledge
th vvarious
the
ri us ssources,
urc s with
ith a list of
f references
r f r nc s being
b in provided
pr vid d att the
th
end of each lecture.
Errors, omissions, comments, etc., can be forwarded to the
author at: erik@eos.ubc.ca
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StressStress
-Controlled Instability Mechanisms
Structurally-controlled
ll
ll d instabilities
i
bili i are generally
ll driven
d i
by
b a
unidirectional body force, i.e. gravity. Stress-controlled
instabilities, however, are not activated by a single force, but by
a tensor with six independent components.
components Hence,
Hence the
manifestations of stress-controlled instability are more variable
and complex than those of structurally-controlled failures.
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StressStress
-Controlled Instability Mechanisms
Kaiser et al.
al (2000)
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StressStress
-Controlled Instability Mechanisms
Although
Al
h
h the
h fundamental
f d
l complexity
l i of
f the
h nature of
f stress has
h to be
b
fully considered in the design of an underground excavation, the problem
can be initially simplified through the assumptions of continuous,
homogeneous, isotropic, linear elastic behaviour (CHILE).
ISRM Edition
StressStress
-Controlled Instability Mechanisms
There exists several close form solutions for the induced stresses
around circular and elliptical openings (and complex variable
techniques extend these to many smooth, symmetrical geometries),
and with numerical analysis techniques the values of the induced
stresses can be determined accurately for any three-dimensional
excavation geometry.
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k P
kP
Stress ratio:
k = h/v
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Note that
h the
h radial
d l stresses are zero
because there is no internal pressure,
and the shear stresses must be zero at
a traction-free
t
ti n f
b
boundary.
und
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Harrison & H
Hudson (2000)
The extreme values of induced stress occur at positions aligned with the
principal in situ stresses, and so in order to compute the stress induced
n the crown
wn and
n invert
n
((i.e.
. . roof
f and
n f
floor)) w
we u
use = 9
90,, and
n f
for
in
the sidewalls we use = 0.
For k=0.3: Crown/invert ( = 90): = -1.95 MPa (i.e. tensile)
Sidewalls ( = 0
0):
):
= 52.7
52 7 MPa
For k=2.0: Crown/invert ( = 90): = 97.5 MPa
Sidewalls ( = 0
0):
):
= 19.5
19 5 MPa
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compressive
strength is
exceeded
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Orientation of
d t
destressing
i
stress
concentration
t ti
stress
t
concentration
destressing
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Zone of Influence
The concept of influence is important in excavation design, since
the presence of a neighbouring opening may provide a significant
disturbance to the near-field stresses to the point of causing
f l
failure.
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Brad
dy & Brown ((2006)
Zone of Influence
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A
A.
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Harrison & H
Hudson (2000)
or
The maximum stress that can be sustained by the crown and the
sidewall are 218 and 5 MPa, respectively. Note that the sidewall
stress is negative because this represents the tensile strength.
strength
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The maximal height of a stope such that the tensile strength of the
rock in the sidewall is not exceeded is given by:
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Zone of Influence
elliptical approximation
to the zone of influence
around an elliptical
excavation.
ti
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Numerical Modelling
Numerical methods of stress and deformation analysis fall into two
categories:
incl. boundary-element method
Integral
Methods
Differential
D
fferent al
Methods
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BoundaryBoundary
-Element & Stress Analyses
The
h Boundary
B
d
Element
El
Method
h d
(BEM) is generally favoured for
stress analyses involving
multiple excavations with
complex 3-D geometries (e.g.
those frequently encountered in
underground mine design). The
i
irregular
l shape
h
of
f the
th
orebodies and staged nature of
mining, makes the ease of
mesh g
generation and
computational efficiency
afforded by the BEM highly
advantageous.
Commercial Software:
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BoundaryBoundary
-Element & Stress Analyses
In performing
I
f
i an analysis,
l i the
h boundary
b
d
of
f the
h
excavation is divided into elements and the
interior of the rock mass is represented
mathematically as an infinite continuum. The
solution works to find a set of approximate
stresses which satisfy prescribed boundary
conditions, and then uses these to calculate the
stresses
t
and
d displacements
di l
t iin th
the rock
k mass.
What to Know:
Computational method of solving linear partial differential equations which have
been formulated as integral equations (i.e. in boundary integral form).
Key advantage is the reduction of the model dimension by one, providing simpler
mesh generation & input data preparation, and greater computational efficiency.
Key disadvantage is the required assumption of homogeneous linear elastic material
behaviour; plasticity and heterogeneity negate the methods intrinsic simplicity.
Common applications include stress analysis of underground excavations, soilstructure interactions
interactions, brittle fracturing processes
processes, dynamic problems
problems,
groundwater flow and coupled H-M & T-H-M problems.
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(Roc
cscience E
Examine2D)
BoundaryBoundary
-Element & Stress Analysis
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Projected life
of mine.
In a historic mining centre like Flin Flon, the life of the town is
dependent on the ability to mine new and deeper reserves to feed the
mill and keep the smelter running.
running
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Ground control,
control dilution and drift stability
problems encountered at 400m depth.
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pillar
Eb h d et al.
Eberhardt
l (1997)
(199 )
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Lecture References
Brady, BHG & Brown, ET (2006). Rock Mechanics for Underground Mining (3rd Edition). Chapman &
Hall: London.
Eberhardt, E, Stead, D, Reeves, MJ & Connors, C (1997). Design of tabular excavations in
foliated rock: An integrated numerical modelling approach. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 15
(1): 47-85.
Harrison, JP & Hudson, JA (2000). Engineering Rock Mechanics Part 2: Illustrative Worked
Examples. Elsevier Science: Oxford.
Hudson, JA & Harrison,
Hudson
Harrison JP (1997).
(1997) Engineering Rock Mechanics An Introduction to the Principles .
Elsevier Science: Oxford.
Kaiser, PK, Diederichs, MS, Martin, D, Sharpe, J & Steiner, W (2000). Underground works in
hard rock tunnelling and mining. In GeoEng2000, Melbourne. Technomic Publishing Company:
Lancaster pp.
Lancaster,
pp 841-926.
841 926
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