2.

0 CARBON COMPOUND

CARBON COMPOUNDS

Compounds that contain carbon element.

2. Inorganic compounds

1. Organic compounds
* Can be found in living organisms

* Can be found in natural sources

Activity 1
Instruction: Put a tick ( / ) in the appropriate column
1. Classify the substances into organic and inorganic compounds.
Substance
Sugar
Amino acids
Carbon dioxide gases
Copper(II) carbonate
Latex
Hydrogen cynide

Organic compound

Table 1

Inorganic compound

2.1 HYDROCARBON

HYDROCARBON

Simplest organic compound

Only formed by carbon and hydrogen elements

Saturated

Unsaturated

# Single covalent bond

# Two covalent bond (double bond)

2.2 ALKANES

Alkanes is a saturated hydrocarbons with single covalent bonds which consist

of carbon and hydrogen only.
General formula : CnH2n+2 where n = 1, 2, 3,4, .

Molecular formula
CH4

Number of carbon

Structural formula

Chemical name

Methane

Etane

Propane

Butane

C2H6
C3H8

C4H10

2.21 Properties of alkanes

A. Physical properties

Does not dissolve with water and does not conduct electricity
Molecular size increases when the number of carbon atom per molecule
increases
Low boiling and melting points due to weak Van der Waals force
Low density and increases gradually as the number of -CH 2- groups increases

B. Chemical Properties

Does not react with most chemicals at room temperature

Neutral in nature
Complete combustion while burnt in excessive oxygen to produce carbon
dioxide, water and energy
Example:
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)
3CO2(g) + 4H2O(liq)
The combustion produces more soot with the increase of percentage of
carbon in the alkanes
Subtitution reaction happens when alkanes and chlorine is exposed to sunlight
or ultraviolet rays
Activity 1.2

Physical Properties of alkanes

Instruction: Put a tick ( / ) in the appropriate column
Physical Properties
1. Physical properties of alkanes change gradually when
the number of carbon atoms
2. Melting point of alkanes decrease with the increasing
number of carbon atoms per molecule.
3. Alkanes compound dissolve in water
4. Alkanes conduct electricity
5. Density of alkanes increase with the increasing number
of carbon atoms per molecule.
6. Butane, C4H10 exist in gases state at room temperature

True

False

Activity 1.2
Physical Properties of alkanes
Instruction: Put a tick ( / ) in the appropriate column
Physical Properties
1. Physical properties of alkanes change gradually when
the number of carbon atoms
2. Melting point of alkanes decrease with the increasing
number of carbon atoms per molecule.
3. Alkanes compound dissolve in water
4. Alkanes conduct electricity
5. Density of alkanes increase with the increasing number
of carbon atoms per molecule.
6. Butane, C4H10 exist in gases state at room temperature

True

False

Activity 1.3
Chemical Properties of alkanes
Instruction: Write the molecule formula for the products of the reaction below.

combustion
+ excess O2

combustion

Ethane, C2H6
+ Cl2
(sunlight)

Subtitution
reaction

+ limited O2

2.3 ALKENES

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with two covalent bonds (doubled bond).

General formula : CnH2n where n = 2, 3, 4, 5 .
Molecular
formula
C2H4

Number of
carbon atoms

Structural formula

Chemical
name

Ethene

Propene

Butene

Pentene

C3H6

C4H8

C5H10

2.31 Properties of alkenes

A. Physical Properties

Almost similar to physical properties of alkanes

Does not dissolve with water and does not conduct electricity
Low boiling and melting points and increases gradually as the number of
CH2- groups increases
Low density and increases gradually as the number of carbon atom increases

B. Chemical Properties

Neutral in nature
Complete combustion in excessive oxygen
Example:
2C3H6(g) + 9O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(ce)
Combustion in air produces soot
Harder to get combusted when molecular size increases gradually

Reactivity increases due to its double bond

C=C
Alkenes
(unsaturated)

A-B

A
B
Reaction product
(saturated)

Chemicals

Example:
Reaction between alkenes and halogens

Summary the reaction of alkene (ethene), C 2H4

C2H6
+ H2

C2H5Br
+ HBr

CO2 and H2O

+ H2O
+ excess O2

C2H5OH

C2H4 + KMnO4/H+

+ insufficient O2
C, CO,
CO2 and H2O
Polymerization

C2H4(OH)2
+ Cl2
C2H4Cl2

Activity 1.4
Instruction: Match the description with the correct term.
Description
An unsaturated hydrocarbon
A group of organic compounds
related by their structure
Addition of a molecule to the
carbon, C atoms of a double bond

Match

Answer
Homologous series
Alkene
Addition reaction

2.4 ISOMERISM

Isomers are molecules having the same atoms with different arrangement or
molecules with same molecular formula but different structural formula.

Example:

H H

H CH3 H

HCCCCH

HCCCH

H H H H
Butane, C4H10

H H H
metilpropana, C4H10

Number of isomer increases when the number of carbon atom per molecule
increases which are represented by different molecular formulae.

Naming isomers:
-

IUPAC nomenclature is used to name isomers.

The names are made up of three parts as shown below.
Prefix
Tells the sidechains

Stem
Tells the number
of carbon, C
atoms in the
longest chain

Suffix
Tells the
homologous
series

Example :

2,2-dimethylpropane
Prefix
2,2- dimethyl
- shows two
methyl group
bonded to second
carbon, C atom

Stem
prop
- Shows three
carbon, C atoms
in the longest
chain.

Suffix
ane
-The homologous
series is alkane

Activity 1.5
Instruction: Drawing isomers for carbon compound
Butane, C4H10
2 isomers

Molecular formula
Butene, C4H8
3 isomers

S
T
R
U
C
T
U
R
A
L

F
O
R
M
U
L
A
E

Pentene, C5H12
5 isomers

ASSESSMENT
A. Objective questions:
1.

A hydrocarbon is a chemical compound consisting of

A. carbon and oxygen only
B. carbon and hydrogen only
C. carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only
D. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen only

2.

Which of the following are isomers of butane?

I

II

III

IV

A.
B.
C.
D.
3.

I and III only

II and IV only
I, II and III only
I, II, III and IV

Which of the following substances can be used to differentiate ethane from

ethane?
A. Lime water
B. Bromine water
C. Dilute sulphuric acid
D. Sodium hydroxide solution

4.

What are the products formed when propene burns completely in excess air?
A. Water and carbon dioxide gas
B. Water, carbon and carbon dioxide
C. Water, carbon monoxide gas and carbon dioxide gas
D. Water, carbon, carbon monoxide gas and carbon dioxide gas

5.

Which of the following pairs of compound are in the same homologous series?
A. C5H10, C6H14
B. C5H12, C7H16
C. C3H6, C5H12
D. C4H8, C6H14

6.

What is the name of compound above?

A. 2-ethylpent-4-ena
B. 3-ethylbut-1-ena
C. 3-methylbut-1-ena
D. 2-methylbut-4-ena

B. Structured question:
A hydrocarbon K contains 82.76% mass of carbon. In nature, hydrocarbon K is
mixed with other hydrocarbons.
(a) Name two important sources of hydrocarbon.
(b) Based on the information above, determine the empirical formula for K.
(Relative atomic mass: H,1 ; C, 12)
(c) If 5.8 g of K contains 6.02 x 1022 molecules, determine the
(i)
Relative molecular mass for K
(ii)
Molecular formula for K
(Avogadro number: 6.02 x 1023 mole-1)
(d) Write the general formula for K and state its homologous series.
(e) Draw a structural formula for the isomers of K and name them.
(f) In an experiment 40 cm3 K gas and 360 cm3 oxygen gas are mixed
together.
(i)
Write the equation for the reaction between hydrocarbon K and
oxygen gas.
(ii)
What is the gas volume after cooling the products at room
temperature

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(iii)

What is the volume of gas that is left if the mixture of gases in f (ii)
going through saturated potassium hydroxide solution.
( 1 mole gas = 24 dm3 at room condition)

C. Essay question:

Propane

+ H2

Alkene Y

Heat
(a) The information below is regarding alkene Y:

Carbon 85.7 %
Hydrogen 14.3%
Relative molecular mass = 42
Jisim atomic mass of H = 1 and C =12

Based on the information of the alkene Y:

(i)
Determine the molecular formula
(ii)
Draw the structural formula
(iii)
Name the alkene
(iii)
Write the general formula for its homologous series
(b) Table below shows the results of atest to differentiate between
alkene Y and propane
Procedure
Bromine water is added to
alkene Y
Bromine water is added to
propane

Observation
Brown colour is decolourized
Brown colour remains

Explain why there is difference in these observations.

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ANSWERS FOR ACTIVITY

Activity 1
Substance
Sugar
Amino acids
Carbon dioxide gases
Copper(II) carbonate
Latex
Hydrogen cynide

Organic compound
/
/

Inorganic compound
/
/

/
/
TABLE 1

Activity 1.2
Physical Properties
1. Physical properties of alkanes change gradually when
the number of carbon atoms
2. Melting point of alkanes decrease with the increasing
number of carbon atoms per molecule.
3. Alkanes compound dissolve in water
4. Alkanes conduct electricity
5. Density of alkanes increase with the increasing number
of carbon atoms per molecule.
6. Butane, C4H10 exist in gases state at room temperature

True
/

False
/
/
/

/
/

Activity 1.3
CO2 + H2O

combustion

+ excess O2

combustion

Ethane, C2H6
+ Cl2

CO + H2O

+ limited O2

Subtitution
reaction

C2H5Cl
Activity 1.4
Description
An unsaturated hydrocarbon
A group of organic compounds
related by their structure
Addition of a molecule to the
carbon, C atoms of a double bond

Match

Answer
Homologous series
Alkene
Addition reaction

Activity 1.5

12

Butane, C4H10
2 isomers

Molecular formula
Butene, C4H8
3 isomers

S
T
R
U
C
T
U
R
A
L

F
O
R
M
U
L
A
E

ANSWERS FOR ASSESSMENT

A. Objective Question
1.
2.
3.

B
C
B

13

Pentene, C5H12
5 isomers

4.
5.
6.

A
B
C

B. Structured Question
(a)

Petroleum and natural gas

(b)
Element
Mass
No. of mole
Ratio of mole
Simplest ratio

Carbon
82.76
82.76 = 6.9
12
6.9 = 1
6.9
1x2=2

Hydrogen
17.24
17.24 = 17.24
1
17.24 = 2.5
6.9
2.5 x 2 = 5

Empirical formula for K is C2H5

Mole = 6.02 x 10 22 = 0. 1
6.02 x 10 23
0.1 mole 5.8 g
1 mole 1 x 5.8
0.1
= 58g

(c)

Relative molecular mass for K = 58

[ C2H5]n = 58
[ (12 x 2) + (5 x 1)]n = 58
[24 + 5]n = 58
29n = 58
n = 2
Molecular formula for K = [C2H5]2 = C4H10
(d)

Homologous series = alkanes

(e)

n-butane

2-metilpropane
(f)
(i)

2C4H10 + 13O2

8CO2

14

10H2O

(ii)

Mole K = 40 . = 1.67 x 10-3

24000
Mole O2 = 360 . = 0.015
24000
From the equation;
2 mole C4H10 react with 13 mole O2
1.67 x 10-3 mole C4H10 1.67 x 10-3 x 13
2
= 0.011 mole O2
Mole O2 excess = 0.015 - 0.011 = 0.004 mole
From the equation;
2 mole C4H10 produce 8 mole CO2
1.67 x 10-3 mole C4H10 1.67 x 10-3 x 8
2
= 6.68 x 10-3 mole CO2
Gas volume = (mole O2 excess + mole CO2 produce) x 24 dm3
= (0.004 + 6.68 x 10-3) x 24 dm3
= 0.256 dm3
= 256 cm3

(iii)

Potassium hydroxide solution dissolve CO 2

Volume of gas = 0.004 x 24 dm3
= 0.096 dm3
= 96 cm3

C. Essay:
(a)

(i)
Element
Mass
No. of mole
Ratio of mole
Simplest ratio

Carbon
85.7
85.7 = 7.14
12
7.14 = 1
7.14
1

Empirical formula = CH2

[ CH2]n = 42
[ 12 + 2(1) ]n = 42
[ 24 ]n = 24
n=2
Molecular formula = [ CH2 ]2 = C2H4
(ii)

15

Hydrogen
14.3
14.3 = 14.3
1
14.3 = 2
7.14
2

(iii) Ethene
(iv) CnH2n
(b)

Alkanes not react with halogens, Br2 because alkanes are saturated
compound (single bond).
Alkenes react with halogens, Br2. This reaction is addition reaction.
In an addition reaction, a molecule is added to the two carbon, C atoms
of a double bond.
One of the bonds that is part of the double bond between the carbon, C is
broken.
The pair of electrons that forms this bond is then shared with the molecule
that is added. The product is a saturated compound.

16