Chilly at Work?

A Decades-Old Formula
May Be to Blame
By PAM BELLUCK
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/04/science/chilly-at-work-a-decades-old-formula-may-be-toblame.html?smid=tw-share
AUG. 3, 2015
Photo

Molly Mahannah wears a sweatshirt and blanket at work in Omaha, wrapping herself up "like a burrito.
Credit Chris Machian for The New York Times

Summers are hot in Omaha, where heat indexes can top 100 degrees. But Molly Mahannah is prepared.
At the office, she bundles up in cardigans or an oversized sweatshirt from her file drawer. Then, she says,
I have a huge blanket at my desk that Ive got myself wrapped in like a burrito. Recently, I was so cold,
I was like Im just going to sit in my car in like 100-degree heat for like five minutes, and bake.
Ms. Mahannah, 24, who wrote on Twitter that at work she felt like an icy White Walker from Game of
Thrones, said a female co-worker at her digital marketing agency cloaked herself in sweaters, too. But the
men? Theyre in, like, shorts.
Right. It happens every summer: Offices turn on the air-conditioning, and women freeze into Popsicles.
Finally, scientists (two men, for the record) are urging an end to the Great Arctic Office Conspiracy. Their
study, published Monday in the journal Nature Climate Change, says that most office buildings set
temperatures based on a decades-old formula that uses the metabolic rates of men. The study concludes that
buildings should reduce gender-discriminating bias in thermal comfort because setting temperatures at
slightly warmer levels can help combat global warming.
Photo

Phoebe McPherson, left, at work in Reston, Va. A Snuggie, worn backwards, is one of the many tools she
deploys to stay warm at the office in the summer. Credit Drew Angerer for The New York Times
In a lot of buildings, you see energy consumption is a lot higher because the standard is calibrated for
mens body heat production, said Boris Kingma, a co-author of the study and a biophysicist at Maastricht
University Medical Center in the Netherlands. If you have a more accurate view of the thermal demand of
the people inside, then you can design the building so that you are wasting a lot less energy, and that means
the carbon dioxide emission is less.
The study says most building thermostats follow a thermal comfort model that was developed in the
1960s, which considers factors like air temperature, air speed, vapor pressure and clothing insulation,
using a version of Fangers thermal comfort equation.
PMV = [0.303e-0.036M + 0.028]{(M W) 3.96E-8cl[(tcl + 273)4 (tr + 273)4] clhc(tcl ta) 3.05[5.73
0.007(M W) pa] 0.42[(M W) 58.15] 0.0173M(5.87 pa) 0.0014M(34 ta)}
It is converted to a seven-point scale and compared against the Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied, a gauge
of how many people are likely to feel uncomfortably cool or warm.
Seems simple enough.
But Dr. Kingma and his colleague, Wouter van Marken Lichtenbelt, write that one variable in the formula,
resting metabolic rate (how fast we generate heat), is based on a 40-year-old man weighing about 154
pounds.
Maybe that man once represented most people in offices. But women now constitute half of the work force
and usually have slower metabolic rates than men, mostly because they are smaller and have more body fat,
which has lower metabolic rates than muscle. Indeed, the study says, the current model may overestimate
resting heat production of women by up to 35 percent.
If women have lower need for cooling it actually means you can save energy, because right now were
just cooling for this male population, said Joost van Hoof, a building physicist at Fontys University of
Applied Sciences in the Netherlands, who was not involved in the study.
Many men think that women are just nagging, he said. But its because of their physiology.
Physiology and clothing. The authors also note that the model is not always calibrated accurately for
women wearing skirts or sandals.
Many men, they wear suits and ties, and women tend to dress sometimes with cleavage, said Dr. van
Hoof, who wrote a commentary about the study. The cleavage is closer to the core of the body, so the
temperature difference between the air temperature and the body temperature there is higher when its cold.
I wouldnt overestimate the effect of cleavage, but its there.
So for the planets sake, men should stop complaining, Dr. Kingma said. If it is too warm, the behavior
thing you can do is take off a piece of clothing, but you can only do that so much. You could also say lets
keep it a very cold building and women should just wear more clothes.
But his study offers another solution: Change the formula.
The researchers tested 16 women, students in their 20s, doing seated work wearing light clothes in rooms
called respiration chambers, which track oxygen inhaled and carbon dioxide exhaled. Skin temperature was

measured on hands, the abdomen and elsewhere. A thermometer pill the women swallowed reported
internal body temperature.
Researchers found the womens average metabolic rate was 20 to 32 percent lower than rates in the
standard chart used to set building temperature. So they propose adjusting the model to include actual
metabolic rates of women and men, plus factors like body tissue insulation, not just clothing. For example,
people who weigh more get warmer faster, and older people have slower metabolic rates, the study
reported.
How much warmer an office would become would vary, of course, but the study cites research finding as
much as a five-degree difference in women and mens preferences. Dr. Kingma said a woman might prefer
a 75-degree room, while a man might prefer about 70 degrees, which Dr. Kingma said is a common current
office temperature.
Some experts doubt the proposed formula would be easily adopted.
Khee Poh Lam, an architecture professor at Carnegie Mellon, said even if the industry accepted a change to
the longstanding model, buildings often house different businesses or squeeze more people in than they
were designed for and partition offices so thermostats and vents are in different rooms. Given these
improvisations, he added, whether this actually affects energy, I think thats a big leap.
Still, he said, we need to keep pushing for improvements because the phenomenon of women getting
cold is very, very obvious, and cold or hot employees are less productive.
Individualized temperature controls are the eventual answer, said Dr. Lam, who helped design a personal
environmental module in the 1990s that was deemed too expensive for commercial development. Now
others are developing systems to let workers make their cubicles warmer or cooler.
Kimberly Mark, 31, would appreciate that. This summer, at a software company in Natick, Mass., she and
female colleagues are using space heaters. The thermostat is in the office of the guy next to me, she said,
and Im the only woman in the offices that he controls.
Phoebe McPherson, 21, said she sometimes wears thick leggings, a long-sleeve shirt, a sweatshirt and
motorcycle boots to work at a health technology startup in Reston, Va. She often adds a tartan blanket,
wraps a blanket around my legs, and despite the glaring fashion faux pas, wears a Snuggie backward to
seal off any openings.
I wore a dress once and had to go change, said Ms. McPherson, who attended college in New Hampshire.
While male colleagues wear T-shirts, Im bringing all my New Hampshire clothes to work. And when
that and hot coffee fail, she nuzzles against a white fake-fur wall in the office, just to feel my skin
warming up against the fur.