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Jordan McCluskey
HISTORY 489
Supervisor: Pauline Keating
Honours Coordinators: Cyble Locke and Adrian Muckle
October 10, 2014
Contents
Introduction...............................................................................................................1
Rural Education.4
Rural Health.12
Disaster Prevention and Relief.18
Views of Communism in The Chinese Recorder.23
Conclusion....31
Notes on Authors..36
Bibliography.38
List of Abbreviations
ABCFM
CCC
CCP
CIFRC
CR
KMT/GMD
MEM
N.C.C
SFPE
Y.M.C.A
Y.W.C.A
A note on spellings.
There are two main kinds of Romanisation of the Chinese language into English. The older
Wade-Giles system, and the current Pinyin system. The Pinyin system is now the official
Romanisation system of the Peoples Republic of China, and the United Nations. However
during the time period studied for this dissertation, Wade Giles was the Romanisation system
in place, and was used for names, places and spellings throughout The Chinese Recorder. For
this reason, Wade Giles Romanisation is used throughout this dissertation.
Dedication
This dissertation is dedicated to the loving memory of my grandmother who passed away
during the first week of honours. Jean Price 1924-2014.
Introduction
This dissertation examines The Chinese Recorder, an English
language Christian newspaper in China during 1929 to 1937, for
evidence of the social gospel. Mostly Protestants wrote for the
newspaper, however Christians of all denominations were also
involved in its writing. Authors were both foreign and Chinese. They
wrote on a wide range of issues from spiritual issues, like theological
arguments, to more worldly issues like natural disasters and political
troubles. The Chinese Recorder was published from 1867 to 1941,
and monthly in Shanghai in the time period assessed.1 This
dissertation tries to find evidence of the social gospel within the
pages of The Chinese Recorder. The purpose of this study is to assess
the ways Christian missionaries viewed and assessed the social
gospel efforts.
In 1927 the Northern Expedition, led by the General Chiang
Kai-Shek, sought to reunify China under one central political
authority, the Kuomintang (The Chinese Nationalist Party). What
followed from 1927 was an attempt to reform rural China by both
Christian missionaries and the Kuomintang government. Christian
missionaries during the 1920s and 1930s debated whether the best
way to solve Chinas problems was through the social gospel
helping with material problems in order to save Chinese souls. This
study begins in 1929, after the United States stock market crash
caused the worldwide Great Depression, and ends in 1937, with the
beginning of the Sino-Japanese war.
Before the time period this study examines, the previous
consensus between conservative and progressive Christian
denominations, in what Daniel Bays calls the Sino-Foreign Protestant
Establishment (SFPE), fell apart. The Modernists had been
advocates for the social gospel since the beginning of the twentieth
century. Differences in the theological basis of missions, whereby
1
Daniel H. Bays, A New History of Christianity in China (West Sussex, Wiley-Blackwell, 2012), p.70.
Johnathan Spence, The Search for Modern China (New York, W. W. Norton and Company, 1990) pp.429-430.
Bays, p.100.
8
Lian Xi, The Conversion of Missionaries: Liberalism in American Protestant Missions in China, 1907-1932
(Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997). Pp.59-61.
9
Xi, pp.68-71.
10
Xi, pp.73-74.
7
11
Frank Diktter, The Age Of Openess, China Before Mao (Berkley and Los Angeles, University of California
Press, 2008) p.5.
12
Diktter, The Age Of Openess, p.67.
13
Dikotter, The Age Of Openess, p.68.
14
Lawrence D.Kessler, The Jiangyin Mission Station: An American Missionary Community In China, 1895-1952,
(North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press, North Carolina, 1996) p.82.
15
Kessler, The Jiangyin Mission Station, p.90.
16
Lloyd Eastman Nationalist China during the Nanking Decade In Fairbank, John K. and Feuerwerker, Albert
(eds.) The Cambridge History of China Volume 13: Republican China 19121949, Part 2 (Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press, 1986), p.130.
17
Eastman, Nationalist China during the Nanking Decade pp.133-134.
18
Jay Taylor,The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-Shek and The Struggle For Modern China (Cambridge,
Massachussets and London, England, The Belknap Press Of Harvard University Press, 2009) pp.91-92.
19
Ting Shu-Ching, Needs that Western Christians Can Help Meet The Chinese Recorder,June 1929, p.379.
Y.Y Tsu, Needs that Western Christians Can Help Meet, The Chinese Recorder, June 1929, p.384.
No Author, Work and Workers: Y.W.C.A in rural The Chinese Recorder, July 1929, p.469.
22
No Author, Work and Workers: Life of Women in South China The Chinese Recorder, July 1929, pp.470-471.
23
Fu Liang Chang, Religious Education and the Rural Church The Chinese Recorder, January 1930, pp.18-22.
24
William A. Brown, The Protestant Rural Movement In China (1927-1937) in Liu Kwang-Ching (ed.) American
Missionaries in China, Papers from Harvard Seminars (Cambridge, Massachusetts, East Asian Research Centre
Harvard University, Harvard University Press, 1966) p.222.
21
25
Brown, p.223.
Hugh Hubbard, The Literacy Movement Gathers Momentum The Chinese Recorder, January 1931, pp.37-40.
27
Kenyon Butterfield, The Christian Church in Rural China The Chinese Recorder, June 1931, p.342.
26
28
B.M Flory, New Foundations of Chinese Church The Chinese Recorder February 1932, p.85.
O.J Goulter, The Crucial Problem of Rural Missions The Chinese Recorder, June 1933, p.367
30
J.S Kunkle, Religion in Rural Community The Chinese Recorder, July 1933 p.426.
31
No Author, Work and Workers: Preparing Students For Village Leadership The Chinese Recorder,
September 1933,p.616
32
No Author. The Present Situation: Kuliang Religious Education Conference, October 1933, p.685.
29
33
James A. Hunter, The Church As Rural Rebuilder, The Chinese Recorder, May 1933, p.288.
Fu Liang Chang, What Must Christian Leaders Know? The Chinese Recorder, September 1934, pp.558-560.
35
No Author The Present Situation: A Ruralised Bible Training School The Chinese Recorder, May 1935,
pp.315-316.
34
10
individual and social life towards the Christian ideal, and was a form
of the social gospel in action.36
A part of the November 1935 editorial opens with the forceful
line the mind of China is set on liquidating the illiteracy. It credits
James Yens MEM with leading the drive to reduce illiteracy, in
which there had been long Christian engagement. Mass education had
begun to receive strong government support; forty eight percent of the
1935 government education budget was to go into free popular
education like the MEM program. Education programs are mentioned
as opening up in Szechwan, Shanghai and Hunan. As important as the
MEM was, the plan of the government was to provide free education
for school age children, and the beginnings of a state education
system was planned. By attempting to make more children literate
with free schooling, and more adults literate with free popular
education, illiteracy could be eliminated.37
In another editorial article on illiteracy, it clarifies that the
forty eight percent of the education budget is to go into free education
for school age children. The schemes now included free schools
opening in Shantung and Kwangtung. It again reiterates the
governments goals of creating a free State school system, and trying
to get to grips with the problems of illiteracy.38 Frank Wilson Price, a
Presbyterian Church of the United States Missionary, wrote in the
recorder on the connections between evangelism, education and rural
reconstruction. Price emphasises service in the community as the
beginnings of evangelism, but is worried that if some Christians
provided help to people without explaining that it is their Christian
faith that inspired them to help others, the efforts are pointless. Only a
better evangelism, Price argues, of providing social assistance and
being open about the Christian faith, was the kind acceptable to him.
36
No Author The Present Situation: Putting Religion Into Life, The Chinese Recorder, June 1935,p.376-377
The Editor Editorial The Chinese Recorder, November 1935, pp.645-646.
38
The Editor, Editorial: Chinas Drive Against Illiteracy, The Chinese Recorder, January 1936, p.3.
37
11
39
F.W Price, Evangelism and Religious Education The Chinese Recorder, April 1936, pp.232-233.
The Editor Editorial: Meeting the New Challenge in China The Chinese Recorder, December 1936, p.736.
41
F.E Baguley A Newcomer Views Christian Education The Chinese Recorder, February 1937, p.79-81.
40
12
No Author (Translated) Chinese Christian Women Rebuilder The Chinese Recorder June 1937, pp.366-369.
13
Charles Hayford, To The People: James Yen and Village China (New York, Columbia University Press, 1990)
p.132-133.
44
James C. Thomson Jr, While China Faced West: American Reformers in Nationalist China, 1928-1937
(Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press,1969) p.106
45
No Author The Present Situation: China Medical Association Conference The Chinese Recorder, March
1929, pp.195-196.
46
Emma Horning, Hygenie and Evangelism The Chinese Recorder, January 1930, pp.39-40.
14
47
Ibid.
Emma Horning. Research Spirit in Christian Work The Chinese Recorder, March 1930, p.170.
49
No Author, The Present Situation The Chinese Recorder, May 1932, p.322.
50
Fu Liang Chang, Christian Leaven, The Chinese Recorder, May 1933, p.279-281.
51
F.H Crumpacker, Urgent Needs In Rural Improvement The Chinese Recorder, May 1933, p.289.
52
No Author, The Present Situation The Chinese Recorder, May 1933, p.324.
48
15
53
Dorothy M.Doidge, Use of Western Christian Money, The Chinese Recorder, July 1933, p.442.
No Author, The Present Situation: News From West China The Chinese Recorder, September 1933, pp.610611.
55
Josephine Brown, Needs of Rural Women, The Chinese Recorder, February 1934, p.95.
54
16
Edward H. Hume, Christian Medicine In The New Day in China June 1935, pp.346-350
No Author, The Present Situation, The Chinese Recorder, April 1936, p.251.
58
Ralph A. Felton, Whats Right With the Chinese Rural Church, The Chinese Recorder, December 1936, pp.737739.
59
Margaret Shih, Church and Rural Health The Chinese Recorder, June 1937, p.359.
57
17
60
Shih, Church and Rural Health The Chinese Recorder, June 1937, p.359.
Shih, Church and Rural Health The Chinese Recorder, June 1937 p.360.
62
Shih, Church and Rural Health The Chinese Recorder, June 1937 p.361.
63
Shih, Church and Rural Health The Chinese Recorder, June 1937pp.361-362.
61
18
64
Andrew Nathan,A History of The China International Famine Relief Commission (Cambridge,
Massachusetts, East Asian Research Centre Harvard University, Harvard University Press, 1965) p.11.
65
Nathan, A History of the China International Famine Relief Commission, pp.14-16.
66
The Editor Editorial: Famine Prevention, The Chinese Recorder, February 1930, pp.70-72.
19
seeds and crops that could resist drought and import them into China.
In an experiment where 100 farms in Shansi used the seed, the crop
yield doubled or even quadrupled.The editorial commented that here
is something that means permanent prevention of famine! It took time
and grit to discover it. The church had become involved in famine
prevention to save lives.67
The second part of the February 1930 editorial on famine
prevention encouraged Christian co-operation to prevent future
famines. Agricultural conditions needed to be studied in depth. Seeds
that could potentially saves the lives of many people were a better
investment of funds into schemes that improved the lives of the
average farmer only marginally. The editorial believes that the money
given directly to farmers is usually wasted and the various agencies
set up to administer famine help were inefficient and did not cooperate effectively. It was hoped that famine prevention agencies
would begin to co-operate to concentrate their experience and fund,
and that the newly set up North China Agricultural Institute would
hopefully serve the purpose.68 In an article in August 1930, Robert F.
Fitch, Emeritus President of Hangchow College (and acting editor of
the CR while Frank Rawlinson was on leave) wrote about the need to
move from famine relief to famine prevention. Fitch believed that
education in forestry, soil and crops could greatly improve rural life.69
An editorial in March 1931 notes the generosity of American
donors for relieving the 1920-1921 famine had exceeded the
donations that were received for the (then) current 1931 China
Floods. Although donations were not as forthcoming as in the past,
the CIFRC noted that eight percent of donations had been received
from American sources.70 Reflecting on the floods and what had
caused them in November 1932, George G. Stroebe, a hydraulic
67
Ibid.
Ibid.
69
Robert F.Fitch, The Slaughter Of The Innocents The Chinese Recorder, August 1930,p.498.
70
The Editor, Editorial The Chinese Recorder, March 1931, pp.139-141.
68
20
engineer, stated that heavy rainfall in June, July and August of 1931
when the Yangtze and Hwai rivers were already high had caused the
flood, which covered an area the size of England.71 When it came to
drought it was also reported that in the search for the potential loan to
fund famine relief, American interest was commercial, not
humanitarian. The drought resistant seeds in Shansi previously
mentioned were again written about. The famine prevention project
had ended in mixed results when farmers, distrustful of the seeds had
planted them with millet, or not planted them in the right soil. The
seeds had not germinated due to poor communication, not due to poor
seeds. A positive had been that new varieties of drought resistant
Kaoliang had proven to be a success in the dry Northwest.72
The government was believed to be supportive of famine
relief and prevention. Irrigation schemes were planned for north of
the Wei river. The Satachu Canal was built by the CIFRC with the
help of uniformed soldiers. The provincial governments of Chekiang
and Kiangsu had agreed to work on plant breeding work another
form of famine prevention to be patterned after that of Nanking
University and have secured Dr H. H Love of the Department of Plant
Breeding, Cornell University, to assist them for three years.73 The
Editor of the CR made it known in the November 1932 editorial that
famine relief was a special focus for the issue. Many of the authors
who had written for the Chinese Recorder in the past had long
experience in helping with famine relief. It then moved on to the say
that the best thing the CIFRC had done has was to be devoting its
main efforts toward famine prevention rather than almsgiving, and its
greatest work by far had been along the lines of constructive service.
Christians did need to respond to suffering of course, like they had to
foot binding and opium addiction, but prevention was need to prevent
71
George G. Stroebe, The Great Central China Flood of 1931 The Chinese Recorder, November 1932, pp.667668.
72
The Editor, Editorial The Chinese Recorder, March 1931, pp.139-141.
73
The Editor, Editorial The Chinese Recorder, November 1931, p.676.
21
74
22
78
J.E Baker, Growth of Famine Relief and Prevention, The Chinese Recorder, September 1936, pp.562-563.
Baker, Growth of Famine Relief and Prevention, The Chinese Recorder, September 1936, p.563.
80
Baker, Growth of Famine Relief and Prevention, The Chinese Recorder, September 1936, p.564.
81
Baker, Growth of Famine Relief and Prevention, The Chinese Recorder, September 1936, p.567.
79
23
rural credit/aid had helped lift rural areas up. The policies of CIFRC
had been adopted by the government and Baker argued A National
Famine Relief Bureau and National Relief Reserve witness that the
government accepts, within broad limits, responsibility for preserving
lives of the people when threatened by natural disasters.82 What
Baker calls for is a national organisation along the lines of the
American Red Cross to co-ordinate in every area volunteer groups of
citizens who would prepare for, and immediately get to work in, the
event of an emergency. During the time that there is no emergency,
these volunteers would focus on rural improvement, in other words
famine prevention.83 Disaster relief had come full circle in China,
from passive relief in the face of famine, to actively working to
prevent it with famine prevention measures.
Efforts in disaster relief and prevention do show evidence of
the social gospel in action. The CIFRC was formed in the early 1920s
with the explicit aim of preventing further natural disasters through
preventative action. During the 1928-1930 North China Famine, and
the 1931 Yangtze and Hwai river floods, these efforts were at the
forefront of famine relief. Preventative action was then carried out to
try and lift the economic livelihood of the peasantry. Eventually,
famine and disaster prevention efforts became part of larger rural
reconstruction efforts and became subsumed into government
bureaucracy. The way Missionaries writing in the CR viewed disaster
relief and prevention changed as time went on, from passive relief, to
aggressive preventative action.
Views of Communism in The Chinese Recorder
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was one of the largest threats to
Christian missionaries from 1929 to 1937. However views of the CCP
were not the same among all missionaries, and those views sometimes
changed. In 1927 the CCP left the United Front they had formed with
82
83
J.E Baker, New Areas of Relief, The Chinese Recorder, July 1937, p.417.
Baker, New Areas of Relief, The Chinese Recorder, July 1937, p.420.
24
Jean Chesneaux, Francoise Le Barbier, Marie-Claire Bergere, China from The 1911 Revolution to Liberation
trans. Paul Auster, Lydia Davis, and Anne Destenay (New York, Pantheon Books, 1977) p.212
85
Jack Gray, Rebellions and Revolutions: China from 1800s to 2000 (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002)
pp.261,266-267.
86
Jerome Chen, The Communist movement 1927-1937 Decade In Fairbank, John K. and Feuerwerker, Albert
(eds.) The Cambridge History of China Volume 13: Republican China 19121949, Part 2 (Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press, 1986) pp.221, 226-229.
87
Thomson, While China Faced West, p40.
88
Archie T.L Tsen, Chinese Mission in Shensi The Chinese Recorder, January 1929, pp.45-46.
25
89
26
92
Rowland M.Cross, The Present Situation: Communism Vs Christianity, The Chinese Recorder, December
1930, p.796-797.
93
The Editor Editorial, The Chinese Recorder, January 1932, p.4.
94
Ibid.
95
Nettie Mabelle Singer, The Gospel of Abundant Life, The Chinese Recorder, June 1932, p.363.
96
Ibid.
27
28
The Editor Editorial: Beyond Communism, The Chinese Recorder, June 1934, pp.343-348.
Lewis S.C Smythe, Communism Challenges Christianity!, The Chinese Recorder, June 1934, pp.354-359.
29
105
T.L Lin Communists in Fukien, The Chinese Recorder, May 1935, p.272-273..
Lewis S.C Smythe, Communism Challenges Christianity!, The Chinese Recorder, June 1934, pp.354-359.
107
Spence, The Search for Modern China, p.410.
108
Spence, The Search for Modern China, p.414
109
Eastman, Nationalist China during the Nanking Decade, 1927-1932, p.160.
106
30
110
31
hostile from 1929 to 1934, and then less so from 1935 to 1937,
though there were exceptions in both time periods.
Conclusion
This dissertation has argued that there was evidence of the social
gospel, the act of evangelism through good social works, within the
pages of The Chinese Recorder. How Christian missionaries viewed
social gospel efforts and their effectiveness was also assessed. I
would argue that through the pages of the Chinese Recorder, a
cautious and wary optimism toward social gospel measures can be
seen. After the reassertion of the beginnings of a central political
authority after the Kuomintang following the Northern Expedition in
1927-1928, missionaries debated amongst themselves the best way to
solve Chinas problems. The SFPE was divided. The modernists
favoured the social gospel, the fundamentalists favoured traditional
theology and preaching. It was throughout the time period studied,
1929 to 1937, that the social gospel may have been most needed. The
Chinese peasantry suffered from peasant immiseration, with
different explanations as to why it occurred. The Chinese Recorder
was the paper of record for the SFPE. It recorded the debates about
the social gospel. It showed the social gospel in action. This
dissertation examined four subjects. The first was that of rural
education, where the social gospel could easily be viewed in action.
The next was that of rural health, also an area where the social gospel
could be viewed clearly in action. The final area of social gospel
activism was that of disaster relief and prevention. Lastly, I looked at
the way missionaries viewed the Chinese Communists, and whether
that view changed over time.
Modern education and schooling appeared in the early
twentieth century in China, funded by both government and nongovernment sources, including the Christian churches. The 1920s
were a period of comparative religious freedom. It helped that Chiang
Kai-Shek eventually converted to Christianity, though there was an
32
33
34
sympathised with them solely for that reason. They also admired the
Communists patriotism in opposing Japan. The Communists were
not always viewed as enemies, but as competitors for the hearts,
minds and souls of young Chinese. Some even compared the early
Communism of Jesus and his apostles to Communist efforts in China.
Nevertheless, the majority view in most articles in the Chinese
Recorder was a negative one. Most missionaries could simply not
forgive the Communists for their violence and atheism, even if they
shared similar goals for a more equal society.
There was evidence of the social gospel in The Chinese
Recorder. The social gospel, the idea that to apply Christian ethics to
the social problems which caused so much suffering in China, was
clearly present in the time period discussed. Applying the social
gospel was both humanitarian and strategic. Evangelical Christians
wished to alleviate suffering, they also wanted to make converts. In
education in rural China, they taught literacy and opened schools. In
health in rural China, they led public health campaigns. The social
gospel was applied on a large scale through disaster relief and
prevention. In the form of the Chinese Communists the evangelical
Christian found both a foe, and someone they could admire for having
a similar goal of greater social equality. All four of these subjects, and
how the related to the social gospel could be found within the pages
of The Chinese Recorder between 1929 and 1937.
35
36
37
38
Bibliography
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from 1886. Accessed through the China: Trade, Politics and Culture, 17931980 database.
Baguley, F.E, A Newcomer Views Christian Education The Chinese Recorder, February
1937, p.79-81.
Baker, J.E Growth of Famine Relief and Prevention, The Chinese Recorder, September
1936, pp.562-564.
Brown, Josephine, Needs of Rural Women, The Chinese Recorder, February 1934, p.95.
Butterfield, Kenyon The Christian Church in Rural China The Chinese Recorder, June
1931, p.342.
Chang, Fu Liang Religious Education and the Rural Church The Chinese Recorder, January
1930, pp.18-22.
Chang, Fu Liang Christian Leaven, The Chinese Recorder, May 1933, p.279-281.
Chang, Fu Liang Uplift Chinas Dwarfed Giant, The Chinese Recorder, January 1934, p.13.
Chang, Fu Liang, What Must Christian Leaders Know? The Chinese Recorder, September
1934, pp.558-560.
Chao, T.C., Christianity and National Crisis, The Chinese Recorder, January 1937, p.10.
Cross, Rowland M. The Present Situation: Communism Vs Christianity, The Chinese
Recorder, December 1930, p.796-797.
Crumpacker,F.H Urgent Needs In Rural Improvement The Chinese Recorder, May 1933,
p.289.
Doidge, Dorothy M., Use of Western Christian Money, The Chinese Recorder, July 1933,
p.442.
Felton, Ralph A., Whats Right With the Chinese Rural Church, The Chinese Recorder,
December 1936, pp.737-739.
Fitch, Robert F., The Slaughter Of The Innocents The Chinese Recorder, August
1930,p.498.
Flory, B.M, New Foundations of Chinese Church The Chinese Recorder February 1932,
p.85.
Goulter, O.J The Crucial Problem of Rural Missions The Chinese Recorder, June 1933,
p.367
Horning, Emma, Hygenie and Evangelism The Chinese Recorder, January 1930, pp.39-40.
39
Horning, Emma, Research Spirit in Christian Work The Chinese Recorder, March 1930,
p.170.
Hubbard, Hugh, The Literacy Movement Gathers Momentum The Chinese Recorder,
January 1931, pp.37-40.
Hume, Edward H.,Christian Medicine In The New Day in China, June 1935, pp.346-350.
Hunter, James A. The Church As Rural Rebuilder, The Chinese Recorder, May 1933,
p.288.
Kunkle, J.S Religion in Rural Community The Chinese Recorder, July 1933 p.426.
Lamson, H.D Social Problems and The Christian Movement, The Chinese Recorder, May
1933, p.299.
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Recorder, August 1930, p.485.
Lin, T.L, Communists in Fukien, The Chinese Recorder, May 1935, p.272-273..
No Author The Present Situation: China Medical Association Conference The Chinese
Recorder, March 1929, pp.195-196.
No Author, Work and Workers: Y.W.C.A in rural The Chinese Recorder, July 1929, p.469.
No Author, Work and Workers: Life of Women in South China The Chinese Recorder, July
1929, pp.470-471.
No Author, The Present Situation The Chinese Recorder, May 1932, p.322.
No Author, The Present Situation The Chinese Recorder, May 1933, p.324.
No Author, The Present Situation: News From West China The Chinese Recorder,
September 1933, pp.610-611.
No Author, Work and Workers: Preparing Students For Village Leadership The Chinese
Recorder, September 1933,p.616
No Author. The Present Situation: Kuliang Religious Education Conference, October 1933,
p.685.
No Author The Present Situation: A Ruralised Bible Training School The Chinese
Recorder, May 1935, pp.315-316.
No Author The Present Situation: Putting Religion Into Life, The Chinese Recorder, June
1935,p.376-377
No Author, The Present Situation, The Chinese Recorder, April 1936, p.251.
No Author (Translated) Chinese Christian Women Rebuilder The Chinese Recorder June
1937, pp.366-369.
Price, F.W Evangelism and Religious Education The Chinese Recorder, April 1936,
pp.232-233.
40
Shu-Ching, Ting, Needs that Western Christians Can Help Meet The Chinese
Recorder,June 1929, p.379.
Shih, Margaret, Church and Rural Health The Chinese Recorder, June 1937, pp.359-362.
Singer, Nettie Mabelle, The Gospel of Abundant Life, The Chinese Recorder, June 1932,
p.363.
Smythe, Lewis S.C Communism Challenges Christianity!, The Chinese Recorder, June
1934, pp.354-359.
Stroebe, George G., The Great Central China Flood of 1931 The Chinese Recorder,
November 1932, pp.667-668.
Tsu, Y.Y Needs that Western Christians Can Help Meet, The Chinese Recorder, June 1929,
p.384.
The Editor Editorial The Chinese Recorder, January 1930, p.5.
The Editor Editorial: Famine Prevention, The Chinese Recorder, February 1930, pp.70-72.
The Editor, Editorial The Chinese Recorder, March 1931, pp.139-141.
The Editor, Editorial The Chinese Recorder, March 1931, pp.139-141.
The Editor, Editorial The Chinese Recorder, November 1931, p.676.
The Editor Editorial, The Chinese Recorder, January 1932, p.4.
The Editor, Editorial The Chinese Recorder, September 1932, p.536.
The Editor, Editorial The Chinese Recorder, November 1932, pp.661-662.
The Editor, Editorial The Chinese Recorder, April 1934, p.215.
The Editor Editorial: Beyond Communism, The Chinese Recorder, June 1934, pp.343-348.
The Editor Editorial The Chinese Recorder, November 1935, pp.645-646.
The Editor, Editorial: Chinas Drive Against Illiteracy, The Chinese Recorder, January
1936, p.3.
The Editor Editorial, The Chinese Recorder, December 1936, p.734.
The Editor Editorial: Meeting the New Challenge in China The Chinese Recorder,
December 1936, p.736.
Todd, O.J., Some Altruistic Aspects of Famine Prevention Work, The Chinese Recorder,
November 1932, pp.680-684.
Tsen, Archie T.L Chinese Mission in Shensi The Chinese Recorder, January 1929, pp.4546.
Wilkinson, W.E Christian Students The Chinese Recorder, August 1930, pp.490-493.
Wu, Y.T Make Christianity Socially Dynamic The Chinese Recorder January 1934, p.10.
41
Secondary Sources
Books
Bays, Daniel H., A New History of Christianity in China (West Sussex, Wiley-Blackwell,
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Pantheon Books, 1977).
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University of California Press, 2008).
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University Press, 2002).
Hayford, Charles W. To The People: James Yen and Village China (New York, Columbia
University Press, 1990).
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China, 1895-1952, (North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press, North Carolina,
1996).
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Company, 1990).
Taylor, Jay, The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-Shek and The Struggle For Modern China
(Cambridge, Massachussets and London, England, The Belknap Press Of Harvard University
Press, 2009).
Thomson Jr, James C., While China Faced West: American Reformers in Nationalist China,
1928-1937 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press,1969).
Xi, Lian, The Conversion of Missionaries: Liberalism in American Protestant Missions in
China, 1907-1932 (Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997).
Xing, Jun, Baptized in the Fire of Revolution: The American Social Gospel and the YMCA in
China 1919-1937 (London, Associated University Press, 1996).
Chapters in edited collections
Chen Jerome, The Communist movement 1927-1937 Decade In Fairbank, John K. and
Feuerwerker, Albert (eds.) The Cambridge History of China Volume 13: Republican China
19121949, Part 2 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986), pp.168-229.
Eastman, Lloyd. Nationalist China during the Nanking Decade In Fairbank, John K. and
Feuerwerker, Albert (eds.) The Cambridge History of China Volume 13: Republican China
19121949, Part 2 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986), pp. 11667.
Papers
42
Brown, William A. The Protestant Rural Movement In China (1927-1937) in Liu KwangChing (ed.) American Missionaries in China, Papers from Harvard Seminars (Cambridge,
Massachusetts, East Asian Research Centre Harvard University, Harvard University Press,
1966) pp.217-247.
Nathan, Andrew A History of The China International Famine Relief Commission
(Cambridge, Massachusetts, East Asian Research Centre Harvard University, Harvard
University Press, 1965).