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Dynamics, and
Launching
Ken Chen
COSMOS 2013
C3 Engineering Mechanics
Why Rockets?
Imagine a world where you didnt have these:
Cell phones
Television
Internet
GPS Navigation
Parts of a Rocket
http://exploration.grc.nasa.gov/education/rocket/Images/rockpart
if
Forces on a Rocket
On Center of Gravity
(CG)
Weight
Thrust (mostly)
On Center of Pressure
(CP) (Aerodynamic)
Lift
Drag
http://exploration.grc.nasa.gov/education/rocket/rktaero.ht
l
Thrust
Thrust-Newtons third law
Rocket pushes on propellant, propellant pushes back
on rocket
Thrust equation:
F
thrust
m ve ( pe p0 ) Ae
Correction term ( p p ) A
e
0
e
Pressure difference
Drag
Frictional drag
Caused by friction of fluid against the surface
of the body
1 2
Pressure/Form drag
D v AC D
2
Different shapes and sizes
Vortices in the wake of the body
Wave drag
Common at transonic and supersonic speeds
Can reach up to 4x subsonic drag
Control
CP below CG
stable equilibrium
Gimbaled Thrust
Nozzle can be
shifted/rotated;
changes direction
of thrust
Vernier Rocket
Small additional
rocket engines
http://exploration.grc.nasa.gov/education/rocket/rktcontrl.html
Tsiolkovskys Contributions
Rocket equation
Still remains the basis of all rocket dynamics
today
Anthropocosmism
Humans will dominate space
Derivation:
Conservation of momentum
dp
F
0
dt
dp p(t dt ) p (t )
m
v
p(t ) m v
(v dv) ve
dm
m dm
dp (m dm) (v dv) dm (v dv ve ) mv
dp mv mv vdm vdm dmdv dmdv mdv ve dm
dp mdv ve dm 0
dp mdv ve dm 0
v dv
Flip sign
dp mdv ve dm 0
v
dv e dm
m
1
dv
dm
e
v0
m0 m
v f v0 ve (ln(m f ) ln(m0 ))
vf
mf
m0
v ve ln
m
f
Ideal Rocket
Equation
Constant Mass
Fnet m a
Variable Mass
Fnet
d (mv)
dv
dm
m v
dt
dt
dt
F
I sp
m g
Can also be used to determine thrust
Launching
Potentially dangerous
Astronauts bear about 3 gs of acceleration
Requires a high amount of precision
Sound energy can cause damage
Liftoff process
Entire process controlled by computers
Increase in air pressure overstressing
Need enough thrust
ANTIMATTER Propulsion
Involves the annihilation of
matter
Efficiency is incomparable
interstellar missions
http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/antimatter-1.jpg
o
Pions p p n n n
Decay into muons and neutrinos
Eventually all annihilate or decay into massless particles,
photons, and neutrinos
Facts
Exhaust velocity ~0.95 c
Storage and production of antiprotons
1 ng/year
Comparison
Apollo 11 took 4 days to reach the moon
In 4 days, a pion antimatter rocket can travel from Earth to
Sun 350 times
References
"Basic Rocket Motion." Guided Tours. Ed. Tom Benson. NASA, n.d. Web. 29
July 2013.
Braeunig, Robert A. "Basics of Space Flight: Rocket Propulsion." Rocket
and Space Technology. N.p., 2012. Web. 29 July 2013.
Brewster, Isaac. "The Physics Behind The Rocket." The Physics of Rockets.
University of Alaska Fairbanks, 31 Oct. 2000. Web. 29 July 2013.
Dunbar, Brian. "Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky." NASA. NASA, 20 Sept. 2010.
Web. 01 Aug. 2013.
Dunbar, Brian. "Societal Impact of the Space Age." NASA. NASA, 07 Nov.
2005. Web. 29 July 2013.
Dunbar, Brian. "What Is a Rocket?" NASA. NASA, 12 July 2011. Web. 29
July 2013.
Garner, Rob. "Robert H. Goddard." NASA. NASA, 28 July 2013. Web. 01
Aug. 2013.
Hafez, Mohamed M. "COSMOS Engineering Mechanics." COSMOS 2013.
Davis, California. July 2013. Lecture.
References (cont.)