FABRIC

Definition
Fabric is any piece of cloth.
Fabric Construction
Fabrics can be made by using a number of techniques as given below:i) Weaving
ii) Knitting
iii) Non-woven
iv) Braided
v) Nets
vi) Laces
Weaving In weaving two sets of yarns are interlaced at right angles to one
another in an established sequence.
Weaving is done by two types of looms
i) Shuttle looms
ii) Shuttleless looms
Shuttle looms
The major components of the loom are the warp beam, heddles, harnesses,
shuttle, reed and take up roll etc. The basic mechanisms in any type of loom
can be classified as follows:

a) Primary motions
b) Secondary motions
d) Auxiliary motions
Primary Motions
Shedding.
Shedding is the raising of the warp yarns to form a shed through which the
filling yarn, carried by the shuttle, can be inserted. The shed is the vertical
space between the raised and unraised warp yarns.
Picking.
As the harnesses raise the heddles, which raise the warp yarns, the shed is
created. The filling yarn in inserted through the shed by a small carrier
device called a shuttle. The shuttle is normally pointed at each end to allow
passage through the shed. In a traditional shuttle loom, the filling yarn is
wound onto a quill, which in turn is mounted in the shuttle.
Beating
As the shuttle moves across the loom laying down the weft yarn, it also
passes through openings in another frame called a reed (which resembles a
comb). With each picking operation, the reed presses or beats each weft yarn
against the portion of the fabric that has already been formed.
Secondary motions
Let off motion
The let off motion helps to let the warp from weavers beam at a uniform
rate thus maintaining the warp tension constant throughout the weaving
process.
Take up motion

The take up motion helps to wind the cloth on to the cloth roller and also
influences the pick density of the cloth.
Shuttle less Looms
Shuttleless looms use different techniques to transport weft yarn across the
shed, as opposed to the continuous yarn used in shuttle looms.
Some of the common shuttleless looms include water-jet looms, air-jet
looms, rapier looms, and projectile looms.
a) Water-jet looms
It transports the pick yarn in a high-speed jet of water.
b) Air-jet looms
Yarn is drawn from the yarn package by a measuring wheel and drive roller
arrangement. Between the yarn package and the measuring wheel is a tube
through which an air current flows in opposite direction to the yarn.
c) Rapier looms
In a double rapier loom, two rods move from each side and meet in the
middle. The fill yarn is carried from the rod on the fill side and handed off to
the rod on the finish side of the loom.
d) Projectile looms
It uses a projectile to carry the pick yarn across the weave. Shuttleless looms
have been replacing the traditional fly-shuttle loom in recent years.