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Construction

and Building

MATERIALS

Construction and Building Materials 18 (2004) 669673

www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Mechanical properties of high-strength steel ber-reinforced concrete


P.S. Song

a,*

, S. Hwang

Department of Civil Engineering, Dahan Institute of Technology, Sincheng, Hualien 971, Taiwan, ROC
Department of System Engineering, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Dashi, Taoyuan 335, Taiwan, ROC
Received 7 August 2002; received in revised form 13 April 2004; accepted 14 April 2004
Available online 17 June 2004

Abstract
The marked brittleness with low tensile strength and strain capacities of high-strength concrete (HSC) can be overcome by the
addition of steel bers. This paper investigated the mechanical properties of high-strength steel ber-reinforced concrete. The
properties included compressive and splitting tensile strengths, modulus of rupture, and toughness index. The steel bers were added
at the volume fractions of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%. The compressive strength of the ber-reinforced concrete reached a maximum at 1.5% volume fraction, being a 15.3% improvement over the HSC. The splitting tensile strength and modulus of rupture of
the ber-reinforced concrete improved with increasing the volume fraction, achieving 98.3% and 126.6% improvements, respectively,
at 2.0% volume fraction. The toughness index of the ber-reinforced concrete improved with increasing the fraction. The indexes I5 ,
I10 , and I30 registered values of 6.5, 11.8, and 20.6, respectively, at 2.0% fraction. Strength models were established to predict the
compressive and splitting tensile strengths and modulus of rupture of the ber-reinforced concrete. The models give predictions
matching the measurements.
2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Steel bers; High-strength concrete; High-strength steel ber-reinforced concrete

1. Introduction
The engineering characteristics and economic advantages of high-strength concrete (HSC) are distinct
from conventional concrete, thereby popularizing the
HSC concrete in a large variety of applications in the
construction industry. Used for high-rise buildings,
HSC avoids the unacceptable oversized columns on the
lower oors, allowing large column spacing and usable
oor space, or increasing the number of possible stories
without detracting from lower oors [1]. Used for longspan bridges, HSC reduces the dead load of bridge
girders for fewer and lighter bridge piers and thus enables greater underpass clearance widths. HSC inspires
substantial savings in expenditure on bridge maintenance, while prolonging the serviceable life of the
bridges [2]. Further, HSC possesses uniform high density and very low impermeability, endowing itself with
*

Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +886-3-8263936.


E-mail address: pssong@ms01.dahan.edu.tw (P.S. Song).

0950-0618/$ - see front matter 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2004.04.027

excellent resistance to aggressive environments and disintegrating agencies, and beneting the durability of
concrete buildings and structures [3,4].
The comparatively higher compressive strength of
HSC is an attractive prot; whereas, the strength behaves against the ductility of the concrete by welcoming
brittleness pronouncedly [5]. The HSC always possesses
a steeper descending stressstrain curve in compression
than does the normal strength concrete. The rapid decrease in compressive strength in the post-peak load
region brings about a pronouncedly brittle mode of
failure [6]. To foster the compressive strength without
sacricing the ductility, a strategy is to add discrete steel
bers as reinforcement in HSC [7]. As the high-strength
steel ber-reinforced concrete (HSFRC) hardens,
shrinks, or bears service loads to develop cracks and to
propagate them, the bers evenly distributed throughout
the composite intersect, block, and even arrest the
propagating cracks. This way, the addition of bers
contributes strength to the concrete [8]. First, Khaloo
and Kim [9] investigated the strength improvement to

670

P.S. Song, S. Hwang / Construction and Building Materials 18 (2004) 669673

HSC containing 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% volume fractions


of steel bers, declaring that compressive and splitting
tensile strengths improved to 1.0% fraction, whereas the
modulus of rupture did up to 1.5%. Eren and C
elik [10]
studied the strength-producing eect of steel bers and
silica fume in HSC, indicating that the ber volume and
ber aspect ratio governed the compressive strength of
the concrete. Chunxiang and Patnaikuni [8] indicated
that the compressive strength of HSFRC increased with
maturity, which increased 24% in the aged 76 day
HSFRC. According to Marar et al. [11], at each ber
aspect ratio, the compressive strength of HSFRC improved with the increase in ber volume. And as far as
Daniel and Loukili [12] declared, the compressive
strength of HSFRC held 15% advantage over its HSC
partner. The foregoing discussions indicate the steel ber additions primarily exerting the pick-up eect on the
compressive strength. However, the additions play also
devotedly in developing splitting tensile and exural
strengths.
This paper further investigated the strength improving potentials of HSFRC containing 0.5%, 1.0%,
1.5%, and 2.0% volume of hooked-end steel bers in
comparison with the plain high-strength counterpart,
and established models predicting the behavior of
HSFRC under compression, splitting tension, and
exure.

2. Experimental program
2.1. Materials
Type I cement, river sand with a neness modulus of
3.1, and crushed basalt of 19 mm maximum size were
used. Silica fume used was a commercially available
byproduct of the production of silicon metal and ferrosilicon alloys, which improved concrete properties in
fresh and hardened states. To improve the workability
of concrete, a high-range water-reducing admixture
(superplasticizer) was employed during mixing operations. The cement, silica fume, water, superplasticizer,
river sand and crushed basalt of 430, 43, 133, 9, 739 and
1052 kg/m3 were used to make the HSC. The slump of
the concrete was 60 mm. The hooked-end steel bers
were made of mild carbon steel. The bers have an average length of 35 mm, nominal diameter of 0.55 mm,
and the aspect ratio of 64. These bers are available in
bundles of about 30 bers, which were brillated with
water-soluble glue to ensure immediate dispersion in
concrete during mixing.
2.2. Preparation of samples
In the production of concrete, the constituent materials were initially mixed without bers. The bers were

then added in small amounts to avoid ber balling and


to produce the concrete with uniform material consistency and good workability. For concrete mixes with a
2.0% volume of bers, extra time was required for
mixing. The freshly mix steel ber-reinforced concrete
was placed in two equal layers into a cylinder mold to
cast a standard 150  300 mm cylindrical concrete
specimen for a compressive strength test and a splitting
tensile test, and into a 150  150  530 mm beam mold
for a exure strength test. Each layer was consolidated
using a vibrating table. At the end of 24 h after consolidating, the specimen was removed from the mold
and cured in water at 73  3 F for 28 days. And then a
strength test was performed.
2.3. Test methods
The compressive strength test, performed on 15 of
the standard test cylinders, followed ASTM C39 test
for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. The cylinders were loaded, in a testing machine
under load control, at the rate of 0.3 MPa/s until
failure.
The splitting tensile test, run on 15 of the test cylinders, was in accordance with the ASTM C496 test for
splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens, although ACI committee 544.2R hardly recommends the use of the test on ber-reinforced concrete.
The running arose because the ratio of ber length to
cylinder diameter took a low value of 0.23 in the work
and because some investigators have shown that the
ASTM C496 test is applicable to ber-reinforced concrete specimen [9,13]. In the test, load applications
were continuous and shockless, at a constant rate
of 900 kPa/min splitting tensile stress until specimen
failure.
The exural strength (modulus of rupture, MOR)
test, conducted using 15 test beams under third-point
loading, followed the ASTM C1018 test for exural
toughness and rst-crack strength of ber-reinforced
concrete. The mid-span deection was the average of the
ones detected by the transducers through contact with
brackets attached to the beam specimen. The testing
machine ran to increase the deection at a constant rate;
the loaddeection relation recorded using an X Y
plotter.

3. Results and discussion


Table 1 presents the strength test results on HSFRC
and HSC. Each strength test result was the average for
15 test specimens. The compressive strength, splitting
tensile strength, and modulus of rupture of HSFRC
improved to dierent extents in response to the ber
volume fractions.

P.S. Song, S. Hwang / Construction and Building Materials 18 (2004) 669673

671

Table 1
Strength test results and strength-eectiveness on HSFRC and HSC
Fiber volume
fraction (%)

Compressive strength

Splitting tensile strength

Modulus of rupture

Measured
(MPa)

Strengtheectivenessa (%)

Measured
(MPa)

Strengtheectivenessa (%)

Measured
(MPa)

Strengtheectivenessa (%)

0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0

85
91
95
98
96

5.8
6.9
8.7
10.8
11.5

19.0
50.0
86.2
98.3

6.4
8.2
10.1
12.3
14.5

7.1
11.8
15.3
12.9

Strength-effectiveness HSFRC

strengthHSC strength
HSC strength

28.1
57.8
92.2
126.6

 100%.

3.1. Compressive strength


The compressive strength development of HSFRC
versus HSC appears Fig. 1, declaring that the compressive strength fc0 of HSC was 85 MPa and of HSFRC
provided an improvement at each volume fraction. The
improvement, as the strength-eectiveness in Table 1,
was 7.1% at 0.5% fraction, 11.8% at 1.0% fraction,
15.3% at 1.5% fraction, and reduced to 12.9% at 2.0%
fraction, being a reduction small compared to the
maximum improvement at 1.5% fraction. The com-

pressive strength improvement of HSFRC ranged from


7.1% to 15.3% at the volume fractions of 0.5% to 2.0%,
comparable to the improvements of 4.310.4% for normal-strength concrete at the same fractions [14].
Following from the compressive strength test results,
the compressive strength fcf0 of HSFRC was predicted
using the compressive strength fc0 of HSC and the ber
volume fraction Vf , and was expressed as
fcf0 MPa fc0 AVf BVf2 :

Substituting fc0 85 MPa in Eq. (1) and applying the


regression analysis gave
fcf0 MPa 85 15:12Vf  4:71Vf2 :

Compressive strength (MPa)

100

The compressive strength predictions using Eq. (2)


agreed favorably with the test results, as in Table 2. The
prediction errors run below 1.02%.

95

3.2. Splitting tensile strength

90

85

80

Measurements
Predictions f'cf = 85 + 15.12Vf - 4.71Vf2

75
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Fiber volume fraction Vf (%)


Fig. 1. Eect of ber volume on compressive strength.

The development of splitting tensile strength of


HSFRC at various volume fractions is shown in Fig. 2;
compared to HSC, the strength of HSFRC improved
with increasing the volume fraction. From the strengtheectiveness in Table 1, the improvement started from
19% at 0.5% fraction and expanded to 98.3% at 2.0%
fraction.
The splitting tensile strength ftf of HSFRC
p was predicted by using the compressive strength fc0 of HSC
and the volume fraction Vf , and was given as follows:

Table 2
Comparison of predicted and measured values for compressive and splitting tensile strengths and modulus of rupture
Fiber volume
fraction (%)

Compressive strength
Predicted
(MPa)

Measured
(MPa)

Prediction
errora (%)

Predicted
(MPa)

Measured
(MPa)

Prediction
Error (%)

Predicted
(MPa)

Measured
(MPa)

Prediction
error (%)

0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0

85
91
95
97
96

85
91
95
98
96

0
0
0
)1.02
0

5.8
7.3
8.8
10.3
11.7

5.8
6.9
8.7
10.8
11.5

0
5.80
1.15
)4.63
1.74

6.4
8.2
10.2
12.3
14.5

6.4
8.2
10.1
12.3
14.5

0
0
0.99
0
0

valuemeasured
Prediction error predictedmeasured
value

Splitting tensile strength

value

 100%.

Modulus of rupture

672

P.S. Song, S. Hwang / Construction and Building Materials 18 (2004) 669673

Table 1 indicates that the MOR values were higher by


28.1%, 57.8%, 92.2%, and 126.6% at the fractions of
0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%, respectively, compared to
the HSC.
The MOR value frfpof HSFRC was related to the
compressive strength
fc0 of HSC and the volume
fraction Vf and was given as
p
5
frf MPa A fc0 BVf CVf2 :

Splitting tensile strength (MPa)

12
11
10
9
8
7

Again, substituting fc0 85 MPa in Eq. (5) and applying


the regression analysis gave

Measurements

Predictions ftf = 5.8 + 3.01Vf - 0.02Vf 2

frf MPa 6:4 3:43Vf 0:32Vf2 :

5
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Fiber volume fraction Vf (%)


Fig. 2. Eect of ber volume on splitting tensile strength.

ftf MPa A

p
fc0 BVf CVf2 :

Substituting fc0 85 MPa in Eq. (3) and applying the


regression analysis gave
ftf MPa 5:8 3:01Vf  0:02Vf2 :

At Vf 0%, Eq. (4) gives the HSC


a value of
ftf 5:8
p
p
MPa, equal to that given by 0:63 fc0 0:63 85. The
coecient of 0.63 runs near 0.54 derived by ACI 363
[15], 0.58 by Wafa and Ashour [16], 0.67 by Khaloo and
Kim [9], and 0.68 by Nilson [17]. Eq. (4) shows a satisfactory t to the splitting tensile test results at various
ber fractions, as Table 2 shows.
3.3. Modulus of rupture
The MOR for HSFRC at various volume fractions
appears in Fig. 3. And the strength-eectiveness in

16

Modulus of rupture (MPa)

2.0

14

To the HSC, p
Eq.
MOR value of 6.4 MPa
(6) givepan
equal to 0:69 fc0 0:69 85. p
The
coecient of 0.69
lies slightly above that of 0:63 fc0 obtained by ACI
p
318 for p
normal
and HSCs and below those of 0:9 fc0

and 1:0 fc0 obtained by Nilson [17] and Wafa and


Ashour [16], respectively, and come close to 0.68 by
Khaloo and Kim [9] for HSC. The MOR values of
HSFRC, predicted using Eq. (6), are presented in Table
2. These MOR values predicted approach the measured
ones.
3.4. Flexural toughness
Flexural toughness is the energy absorbed in deecting a beam a specied amount, being the area under
a loaddeection (P d) curve for the 150  150  530
mm steel brous beam tested in third-point bending.
Index toughness I for steel ber-reinforced concrete
reects the improvement in exural toughness over the
nonber-reinforced concrete, being the exural toughness at a specied deection divided by that at the rstcrack deection d of nonber-reinforced concrete. The
widely estimated indexes are I5 at 3d, I10 at 5:5d, and, I30
at 15:5d [18]. All the three indexes reached unity,
assuming that the nonber-reinforced matrix is elasticbrittle. These indexes increased their values with increasing volume fraction. The I5 , I10 and I30 values were
6.5, 11.8, and 20.6, respectively, at the fraction of 2.0%
(see Table 3).

12

10

Table 3
Toughness index at various ber volume fractions
Fiber volume fraction (%)

Measurements
Predictions frf = 6.4 + 3.43Vf + 0.32Vf2

6
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Fiber volume fraction Vf (%)


Fig. 3. Eect of ber volume on modulus of rupture.

2.0

0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0

Toughness index
I5

I10

I30

1.0
3.0
3.3
4.2
6.5

1.0
4.8
6.2
8.3
11.8

1.0
8.2
12.4
17.8
20.6

P.S. Song, S. Hwang / Construction and Building Materials 18 (2004) 669673

4. Conclusions
1. The compressive strength of HSC improved with additions of steel bers at various volume fractions. The
strength showed a maximum at 1.5% fraction but a
slight decrease at 2% fraction compared to 1.5%,
still remaining 12.9% higher than before the ber
addition.
2. The splitting tensile strength and modulus of rupture
of HSFRC both improved with increasing ber volume fraction. The splitting tensile strength ranged
from 19.0% to 98.3% higher for the fractions from
0.5% to 2.0%. And the modulus of rupture ranged
from 28.1% to 126.6% higher for the fraction from
0.5% to 2.0%.
3. The strength-eectiveness showed at each volume
fraction a maximum for modulus of rupture, followed by splitting tensile strength, and compressive
strength.
4. The strength models developed for HSFRC predicts
the compressive and splitting tensile strengths and
modulus of rupture accurately.

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