Power Systems

1
Inductance of 3 Lines with Equilateral Spacing

Assumptions:
1.
2.
Transmission Line (so no neutral wire)

Balanced 3 currents Ia + Ib + Ic = 0
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a = 2 X 10 [ Ia Ln 1/r + Ib Ln 1/D + Ic Ln 1/D ] (wbt/m)

-7
a = 2 X 10 [ Ia Ln 1/r + (Ib + Ic) Ln 1/D ] (wbt/m)
(Ib + Ic)= -Ia

D
-7
a = 2 X 10 [ Ia Ln 1/r - Ia Ln 1/D ]
La = a / Ia = 2 X 10
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
-7
Ln D/r
(wbt/m)
H/m
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Inductance of 3 Lines with Asymmetrical Spacing
When in position 1
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-7
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a1 = 2 X 10 [ Ia Ln 1/r + Ib Ln 1/D12 + Ic Ln 1/D13 ]
wbt/m
When in position 2
wbt/m
When in position 3
wbt/m
Each of the conductors occupies the position of the other two conductors for 1/3rd of the total
length of the conductors
Average value of flux linkage of Conductor a
a = (a1 + a2 + a3) / 3
Contd
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Inductance of 3 Lines with Asymmetrical Spacing .. contd

a
D 12
D 31
b
D 23
3 c
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a = (2 X 10 ) / 3 [ 3 Ia Ln (1/r) + Ib Ln (1/D12 D23 D31) + Ic Ln (1/D12 D23 D31) ] wbt/m

(Ib + Ic) = -Ia
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a = (2 X 10 ) / 3 [ 3 Ia Ln (1/r) - Ia Ln (1/D12 D23 D31) ]

-7
= (2 X 10 ) Ia Ln
La = 2 X 10
-7
= 2 X 10
-7
D12 D23 D31
Ln D12 D23 D31

Ln (
Deq) / r
/ r
wbt/m
/ r
H/m
where Deq =
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D12 D23 D31
Necessity of Transposition of Conductors

Even when the system is balanced, Ia+ Ib+ Ic = 0.
Mag Va = Vb = Vc & 120 Deg. apart
When the three conductors of the 3 line are asymmetrically spaced Flux linkages
and the inductances of different phases varies, which causes;
1. Unequal V drops in the three phases, even when Ia+ Ib+ Ic = 0

2. There is a transfer of power between the phases, represented by the imaginary
terms of the expression for inductance.
This shows that the magnetic field outside the three conductors is not zero
This will cause induced voltages in adjacent electric circuits, particularly
telephone lines, resulting in telephonic interference.
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Unsymmetrical Spaced
Unsymmetrically spaced throughout , but balanced
IR = IR 00, IY= IR -1200, IB = IR -2400
1
R
3 Concept
Ia when multiplied by k = 1 1200 rotates the
vector by 120
D12
D31
Y
IR = I 0 0
IB
2
Iy = I -1200 = k I
IR
IB = I -2400 = k I
IY
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3 B
D23
Unsymmetrical Spaced contd

1
R
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R = 2 X 10 [ IR Ln 1/r1 + IY Ln 1/D12 + IB Ln 1/D13 ]

-7
Y = 2 X 10 [ IY Ln 1/r2 + IB Ln 1/D23 + IR Ln 1/D21 ]
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B = 2 X 10 [ IB Ln 1/r3 + IR Ln 1/D31 + Iy Ln 1/D32 ]
r1 = r2 = r3
-7
R = 2 X 10 [ IR Ln 1/r1 +
Put k2 = - 0.5 j 3 / 2
k = - 0.5 + j 3 / 2
D12
D31
k2
IR Ln 1/D12 + k IR Ln 1/D13 ]
(Cos + j Sin ) form
Y
3 B
D23
-7
R = 2 X 10 IR [Ln 1/r1 - (1/2) Ln (1/D12) - (1/2) Ln (1/D13) + (j 3/ 2) [ - Ln (1/D12) + j Ln (1/D13)]
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3/ 2 Ln (D12/ D13)
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3/ 2 Ln (D23/ D21)
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3/ 2 Ln (D31/ D32)
= 2 X 10 IR [Ln (D12 D13 / r ) + (j

Y = 2 X 10 IR [Ln (D23 D21 / r ) + (j
B = 2 X 10 IR [Ln (D31 D32 / r ) + (j
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Unsymmetrical Spaced contd
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[ Ln (D12 D13 / r ) + (j 3 / 2 Ln (D12/ D13) ]
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[ Ln (D21 D23 / r ) + (j 3 / 2 Ln (D23/ D21) ]
LR = 2 X 10
LY = 2 X 10
-7
LB = 2 X 10 [ Ln (D31 D32 / r ) + (j 3 / 2 Ln (D31/ D32) ]
3 Inductances are different

Although the voltages and current are balanced at one (sending) end, the
voltages at the receiving end will be unbalanced due to unequal voltage
drops in the 3 phases.
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Geometric Mean Distance (GMD)

Is the mean of the distance from one point (P) to a group of other points,
If the points 1, 2, 3 and 4 be situated on a circle and P be a point from which the distance is considered,
4
the Geometric Distance is D =
D1 D2 D3 D4
If the number of points is increased, then the geometric mean distance is equal to the distance of the point P
from the centre of the circle.
Deductions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
GMD from any point on a circle to all other points on the circle is equal to the radius of the circle.
GMD between two circular areas is equal to the distance between their centres (circular area may be
of different sizes)
Self GMD of a circular area is equal to the radius line e(-1/4).
If a circular area of radius r has equally spaced points around its periphery, the GMD among them is
r(n-1)
The self GMD of a rectangular area where sides are a & b is approximately equal to
0.2235 (a+b) for all ratios of a/b.
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Bundled Conductors Multiple Conductors
Consists of two or more individual conductors separated by spaces and supported by

the same insulator. Each bundle conductor forms one equivalent phase conductor.
Due to the cost involved, it is used in EHV ( > 230 kV) lines only. It increases the
capacity.
The spacing shall be such as to prevent excessive swinging.
Advantages:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Reduced Reluctance
Reduced Voltage Gradient
Reduced Corona loss
Reduced wireless interference
Reduced surge impedance
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10
Advantages
Reduced Reactance
Since the self GMD of the conductor is increased the reactance is reduced.
-7
L = 2 X 10 Ln (GMD/GMR)
Theoretically there should be an optimum sub conductor spacing. Usually it is not greater
than 5 to 6 times the diameter of the conductor.
Voltage Gradient
Since the voltage gradient is reduced, it produces reduced radio interference and lesser
corona loss.
Surge Impedance
Reduces as self GMD or GMR is increased. So L is reduced and C is increased. So
the maximum power that can be transmitted (steady state stability limit) is increased.
Bundled conductors are separated from each other by spacers at a distance of at least
30 cms. or more, whereas composite conductors almost touch each other.
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11
To find GMR of a bundled conductor
The GMR of bundled conductors can be found in the

same manner as that of stranded conductors.
For a two conductor duplex arrangement
DSb =4 (r l. d.)2
d
9
3 conductor bundle DSb = (r . d. d)
( r. d. d. 2 d )
4
= (r . d. d)
16
4 conductor bundle DSb=
= rd
= 1.09 r d
d
d
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12
Inductance of double circuit 3 line

Double conductor 3 line has two parallel conductor per phase.
Greater Stability
Higher Transmission Capability
Double-circuit towers are taller than single-circuit towers because the phases are arranged
vertically and the lowest phase must maintain a minimum ground clearance, while the phases are
arranged horizontally on single-circuit.
If two circuits are widely separated mutual inductance between circuits can be neglected . So net
inductance is half the inductance of each circuit
Leq = Leach. ckt.

In actual practice the separation is not wide and the mutual inductance is not negligible.
The method of GMD can be used to find the inductance per phase.
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13
Inductance of double circuit 3 line .. Contd

Method:
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Take the conductors of one phase to be the strands of

one composite conductor.
c/
b/
a/
It is desirable to have minimum inductance for maximum

transmission capability. This is possible if GMD is
small and GMR is large.
b/
a/
c/
Hence the individual conductors of a phase should be

widely separated (for high GMR) and the distance
between phases should be low or less.
a/
c/
b/
Type 1. Figure shows the three section of a double

circuit 3 line with vertical spacing over a
transposition cycle. The conductor a
same phase.
a are for the
Since the conductors are not symmetrically placed, the

conductors should be transposed.
The three positions are as shown.
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14

In each case the conductors of 2 phases are placed diagonally opposite to each other and those of
the 3rd phase is placed diametrically opposite to each other. This configuration gives high value for
GMR. To calculate the inductance it is necessary to find the Deq or GMD and Ds or GMR for each
phase.
Deq =
Dab . Dbc . Dca
Dab = Mutual GMD between phase a and phase b.

=
Dab Dab Dab Dab
= ( d. g. d. g) = (d. g.)
ab. ab .ab . ab
Dbc = ( d. g. g. d) = (d. g.) bc. bc .bc . bc

Dca = ( 2d. h. h. 2d)
ca. ca .ca . ca
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15

3
Deq =
Dab . Dbc . Dca
(d g) (d g) (2 d h)
= 2
1/
1/
1/
1/
g3 h 6
1/
)4
1/
)4
Dsa = ( r f . f r
Dsc
=(r
f . fr
Dsb
= (r f)
=(r h . hr
Ds =
= r
1/
(r f)
1/
I 2
1/
= ( r h )2
Dsa . Dsb . Dsc
4
)
1/
= (r f)
1/
1/
1/
2.
1/
1/
(r f) .(r h)
1/
h6
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16

What will be the equivalent radius of a bundled conductor having its part conductors of
radius r on the periphery of a circle of diameter d if the number of conductors is 2,3,4
and 6?
1/
a) r = (r d ) /2 =
b) ( r
1/
= r
c) r
1/
d )
2/
d) r I = r
= r
(3 / 4)
5/
1/
1/
1/
d
3
[(
3/2) d
1/
2) . (d /
(d/2)
1/
[ r . (d /
1/
1/
2) . d )]
1/
[ 6 r (d/2) ]
1/
3/
1/
r d (1/2)
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17

Determine the inductance /km of a transposed double circuit 3 phase line shown in the
figure. Each circuit of the line remains on its own side. The dia of the conductors is 2.532
cm?
Self GMD of each conductor = 0.7788 X (2.532 / 2) = 0.00986 m
2
bc = ab =
4 + (0.75)
2
4 + 8.25 = 9.1685 m
aa I =
8 + 7.5
Dab =
Dac =
Dm =
7.5m
abI =
c/
= 4.067 m
= 10.965 m
4.0697 X 9.168 X 9.168 X 4.0697= 6.108 ; Dab = Dbc
b/
b
9.0 m
8 X 7.5 X 7.5 X 8 = 7.746

Dab . Dbc . Dca = 6.61 m
a/
7.5m
Self GMD of phase a Dsa =

DSb =
0.00986 X 10.965 = 0.3288 = Dsc
0.00986 X 9 = 0.2989
DS = DSa X DSb X DSc = 0.318 m

Inductance = 2 X 10
-4
Ln ( 6.61 / 0.318) = 0.606 mH / kM / Phase

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18

Determine the inductance of a double circuit line shown in figure. The self GMD of the
conductor is 0.0069 m.
ab = bc =
I
ab =
I
= 3.04 m ; ac = 6.0 m
+ 6 = 6.708 m
aa =
3 +5
c/
6 + 5.5 = 8.14 m
5.5m
Dab = 4 3.04 X 6.708 X 6.708 X 3.04

Dac =
Dm =
= 4.515 = Dbc
b/
b
6.5 m
6 X 5.5 X 5.5 X 6 = 5.745

3
Dab Dbc Dac
4.515 X 4.515 X 5.745 = 10.821
c
5.5m
Dsa = 0.0069 X 814 = 0.2370 = DSc

DSb = 0.0069 X 6.50 = 0.2117
DS = 3 DS1 DS2 DS3 = 0.228
Inductance L = 2 X 10
-7
a/
Ln (10.821 / 0.228) = 0.772 mH/kM

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19

Determine the inductance per phase per kilometer of a single circuit 460 kV line using two bundle
conductors per phase as shown in the figure. The diameter of each conductor is 5 c.m.?
Assuming the effect of transposition as too small
DS =
DM =
0.7788 X 0.025 X 0.4 = 0.08825

3
6.5 X 13.0 X 6.5 = 8.19 m

-4
Inductance /phase/km = 2 X 10 Ln (8.19 / 0.08825) = - 0.906 mH/ph/km
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20

A 400 kV 3 phase bundled conductor line with 2 sub-conductors has a horizontal configuration
as in figure. The radius of each conductor is 1.6 cm.
a) Find the inductance/phase/km of the line. b) Compare the inductance of the line having the
same cross section area of the conductor of each phase.
r I = 0.7788 X 1.6 = 1.246 cm

GMR =
rI d . r I . d
1.246 X 45 = 7.49 cm
Dab = Dbc =
Dca =
Deq =
12m (12 + 0.45) X 12 X (12.0 - 0.45) = 11.996 m
24 (24 + 0.45) X 24 X (24.0 - 0.45) = 23.998 m

11.996 X 23.998 X 11.996 =
15.115 m
Inductance = 0.4605 Log (Deq / Ds) = 0.4605 Log (15.115 / 7.49) = 1.06 mH/phase/km
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21

Taking the centre to centre distance as Dab Dbc Dca .
Deq = 3 12 x 12 x 24 = 15.119
Conductor having same cross section area.
2
r2 = (2 X r1 ) /
2 r1 =
2 X 1.6 = 2.2624 cm
r2 = 0.7788 X 2.2624 = 1.765 cm

Deq = 15.119
L = 2 X 10
-7
Ln (15.119 X 100) / (1.762) = 1.351 mH/km
This the inductance of the bundled conductor line is less than that of the line
with single conductor/per phase.
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22

A bundled conductor line has 4 conductors per bundle. The 4 sub-co0nductors are placed at the
corners of a sqaure of sides 25 cm. The radius of each sub-conductor is 1.573 cm. Find the GMR
of the configuration.
DS for each sub-conductor = 0.7788 X 1.573 = 1.225 cm

DSb =
16
(1.225 x 25 x 25 2 )
= 12.826 cm
A 3 phase transmission line has a horizontal configuration of 6m between adjacent conductors

and 12 m between outer conductors. The radius of each conductor is 1.81 cm. Find the
inductance per phase per km of the line.
r I = 0.7788 X 1.81 = 1.4096

Deq =
L
6 X 6 X 12
= 2 x 10
-7
= 7.5595 M
Ln (Deq / r ) = 2 X 10
-7
= 1.2569 mH/phase/km
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-2
Ln (7.5595/1.4096 X 10 )
23
Capacitance of Transmission Lines

Since conductors are maintained at different potentials, there will be electric charges
over them.
Consider one straight, bound, infinitely long conductor

- having instantaneous charge of q coulomb/m length.
- There will be no charge or electric field inside the conductor
(unlike electromagnetically set up flux lines)
- i.e. all of the charge will be uniformly distributed over the outside surface.
Effect: This will give rise to a field outside the core as if the charge were concentrated on
the surface of the conductor.
Proximity effect neglected----Since the spacing between conductors is large compared to

the conductor radius.
Equi-potential surfaces will be concentric with the conductor.
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24
contd
Let the Electric flux lines emanating from 1m length of the conductor q coulombs.
Electric flux density D is constant along any equipotenial surface having radius x metre.
DX =
coulomb/sq.m ( Area A = 2 x 1 )
2x 1
Electric field intensity = Ex = (Dx / ) = (q / 2 x. ) V/m
9
Where = 0 r = (1 / 36 x 10 ) r
9
0 = (1 / 4 x 9x10 ) r = 8.854 x 10
Ex =
1m.
2x
F/m
10
(1.8 x 10 ) . q V/m
x r
2 4 x 9 x 10
= (1.8 x 1010) q
-12
V/m
Electric field intensity E at any point is equal to negative of the potential gradient at that point.
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25
contd
r
X
Dx
Ex
= - (dV/dX)
So potential at any point R above X.

VRX
= VR - VX =
DR
Ex dx =
DR
Dx
= 1.8 x 10
10
1.8 x 10
10
[q / x] dx
Dx
Dx
q [ Ln x ] r
= 1.8
10
x 10 . q. Ln [Dx/r]
Sandhya S.
Ex
26
Capacitance of 2 infinitely long parallel straight round conductors

(Single Phase line)
Let the conductors be of radii ra and rb respectively.
D-- spacing between conductors & surface charges of +qa and +qb coulomb/m
Since dielectric medium is an isotropic medium , the principle of superposition
theorem can be applied to find the potential difference between them.
Vab due to qa = [qa / (2 )] . Ln (D/ra) Volts
Vab due to qb = [qb /(2 )] . Ln (rb/D) Volts
Vab Total = (1/2) [ qa Ln (D/ra) + qb Ln (rb/D)
= (1/2) [ qa Ln (D/ra) - qa Ln (rb/D) ]
= (qa/2) [ Ln (D/ra) + Ln (D/rb) ]
2
= (qa/2) . Ln (D / ra rb)
= (qa/) . Ln (D / ra rb)
Sandhya S.
ra
qa
rb
D
qb
27
Capacitance of 2 infinitely long parallel straight round conductors

(Single Phase line
qa
qa
Cab = Q/V =
Ln D
Ln D/r
=
10
Ln D
0 = ( 1/ 36 X 10 )
1
- ve
b
C
1/Ceq = 1/C + 1/C = 2/C

Ceq = C/2 ; C is Cn = 2 Cab
F/m
C1 + C2 + C3
Cn = 2 Cab
36 Ln D/r
As capacitance to neutral is twice line to line capacitance
Cn = Can = Cbn = 2 Cab
Cn = 2 / Ln (D/r) = 0.555 / Ln (D/r) F/km
+ve
F / km
36 Ln D/r
-9
F/m
ra rb
r = 1 for air
If ra = rb = r
Cab = ( 0 r) =
ra rb
Where = 0
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28
Capacitance of a 3 Phase line with equilateral spacing

Assumptions: 1. There is no other charged surface
in the vicinity. So qa + qb +qc = 0 . Neglect effect of
earth
2. Since the distance between the conductors are
large compared to the radii, the charges are
uniformly distributed over the surface.
Vge drop between any two conductors
Vab = 1
qa Ln (D/r) + qb Ln (r/D) + qc Ln (D/D)
2
Vac = 1
qa Ln (D/r) + qb Ln (D/D) + qc Ln (r/D)
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29
Capacitance of a 3 Phase line with equilateral spacing

Adding Vab and Vac and substituting qb + qc = -qa
1
Vab and Vac =
2 qa Ln (D/r) - qa Ln (r/D)
2
=
2 qa Ln (D/r) + qa Ln (D/r)
2
=
3 qa Ln (D/r) = 3 Van
2
Van =
qa
Ln (D/r)
2 0 r
Cn =
qa
Vanr
2
Ln (D/r)
F/m
F /km
18 Ln (D/r)
Sandhya S.
Vac + Vab = 3 Van
30
Unsymmetrical Spacing But Transposed

1
a
For a untransposed line, the capacitance

from each phase to neutral are unequal.
Transposition results in the same
average capacitance to neutral to various
phases over the entire length of the line.
To determine the capacitance it is
sufficient to find the capacitance of
the transposed line as the average
value of one phase of the same line
correctly transposed.
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3
c
2
b
31
Potential Difference Between Two Conductors of A Group of

Charged Conductors
If m number of conductors are arranged so that they are parallel to
each other, the Voltage between any two of them can be found as
V12 = [q / 2 ] X Ln (D2/D1) repeatedly
b
Db
c
i.e. Due to the charge on each of the

conductors on the 2 conductor positions
D ac
Dc
Dbm
ab
c
m
are considered.
m
Assumptions:
1. Distance between the conductors is large compared to their radii

2. Earth is far away to have negligible effect
3. There is no other charge in the vicinity
Sandhya S.
Contd
32
Potential Difference Between Two Conductors of A Group of

Charged Conductors - contd.
By assumption 3, the sum of the charges on all conductors is equal to zero.
If the spacing between the conductors is large, compared to the radii, the
charge distribution over the surface of the conductors will be uniform.
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33
Effect of Earth on the Capacitance of Transmission Line

Presence of earth alters the electric field of the line and hence the
capacitance of the line is affected.
Assuming earth to be a perfect conductor, the ground surface is an infinite

horizontal plane, abundant in both +ve and ve charges. So the electric field is
affected by the presence of this surface.
GND surface acts as an equi-potential surface

the lines of charges or electric flux line will enter this surface at right angles
A potential difference exists between the charged conductor and the earth.
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34
Effect of Earth on the Capacitance of Transmission Line Contd
If another conductor of equal size with equal and opposite charge is

assumed to be present below the GND surface at a distance equal to the
height of the conductor above GND surface, the flux distribution will be as
in the figure.
The flux lines intersect the GND
surface at right angles.
GND surface can now be removed
by replacing the GND with the
presence of an image conductor
(fictitious conductor) which has a
charge equal and opposite to that
of the conductor.
This arrangement can be extended
to any number of conductors.
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35
Capacitance of a single conductor line
From fundamentals of capacitance

C = 0
= 0
Ln (D/r)
F/m
Ln (2h/r)
Capacitance w.r.t GND

= 2 0
F/m
Ln (2h/r)
Sandhya S.
Capacitance of a Single Phase Line (Considering the Influence of Earth)

C12
= 1
q1 Ln D12 + q2 Ln D22 + q3 Ln H32 + q4 Ln H42
D11
D21
H31
H41
q1 = q3 = +q ; q2 = q4 = -q
C12
= 1
q1 Ln D12 - q2 Ln r
2
C12
= 1
= 1
D21
q Ln D12
H32
q Ln D12
H31
C12 = q/V =
H31
- q Ln r
H31
H32
+ q Ln H32 - q Ln H42
D21 H41
H41
H42
Ln D12
r
H42
H32
H31
H41
H42
Sandhya S.
H41
36
37

contd..
If H32 and H41 approach unity gives capacitance without presence of GND.
H31
H42
H32 = 2H = H41;
Cn = 2C12
Sandhya S.
H31 = D + 4H ;
D12 = D
38

contd..
Consider the case of a 2 conductor line with the following data.
H32 = H14 = 20m; D12 = D34 = 3 m; r = 5.25mm
2
H42 = H31 = 20 + 3 = 20.2 m
The capacitance increased only by 7% on account of the presence of

GND. Hence, here the effect of GND is negligible.
Sandhya S.
Effect of Earth on the Capacitance of a 3 Phase Transmission Line

Assuming transposition
RY
average
qR
Ln (D12 D23 D31)

r3
Ln
H62 H53 H41

H61 H52 H43
+ qB
Sandhya S.
+ qY
39
40

H42 = H53, H63=H41, H51=H62
VRY
Assuming balanced
system as before
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41
Inferences:
Equation shows that the cap/phase is increased on account of the
presence of GND.
If the line is High above GND the diagonal distances will be nearly equal
to the vertical distances.
H52 = H51, H53=H52, H41=H43 so that the 2nd term of the denominator
vanishes
Sandhya S.
42
Capacitance of Bundled Conductor Lines

Bundled conductor lines with two sub conductor per phase
The two sub-conductors of each phase are parallel

The charge in each bundle is considered to be equally divided between
two sub-conductors of the bundle. Since (D12 >> d) the distance D12 can
be used in place of (D12-d) and (D12+d)
Sandhya S.
43
Capacitance of Bundled Conductor Lines
This equation is similar to the equation for inductance. SO assuming transposition

and proceeding in the same way before,
is the Dsb for 2 conductor bundle, except

that the outside conductor radius has
replaced effectie radius r. For 3 conductor
and 4 conductor bundle the same method
can be used.
Sandhya S.
44
Double Circuit Three Phase Lines

Throughout the analysis a similarity can be observed between expressions for
inductance L and Capacitance C.
So the capacitance of transposed double circuit line can also be
found by modified GMD method.
Double Circuit Three Phase Lines with Equilateral

Spacing
The conductors will come arranged at the vertices of a regular hexagon.
Sandhya S.
45
Double Circuit Three Phase Lines with Equilateral Spacing

a
Example: A 3 Phase double circuit line has

the conductors at the vertices of a regular
hexagon as shown in figure.
a. Find the formula for calculating the
capacitance per phase per km in terms of
the side D and conductor radius r.
b. If D= 3.5m and r=1.09cm find the
capacitance/phase/km and
capacitance/conductor/km
c. If the line voltage is 132kV and the line
length is 100 km, find the charging current
and charging megavolt amperes.
Sandhya S.
Conductor
radius r
46

a
Deq = Dab Dbc Dca
Dab = GMD between phase a and b

Dab =
=
ab ab ab ab
Conductor
radius r
= 31/4 D
D 3D 3D D
Dbc = Dab
Dca
3 D D D 3 D = 31/4 D
Deq = [ 3
1/4
Dsa =
D.3
r . 2D
1/4
D .3
1/4
D]
1/3
=3
same for all
Sandhya S.
c
1/4
47

2
Ln
3 D
2r
Cap/Cond/km = Cn / 2 = 0.00985 F/Cond/km

IC = w Cn Vn = 2 x 50 x 0.0197 x 10
-6
x 132 x 10
= 0.472 A/km
Charging current for 100 km line = 0.472 X 100 = 47.2 A

3
Charging Mega Volt-ampere = 3 x 132 x 10 x 47.2 = 10.79 MVA

10
Sandhya S.
48
Double Circuit Three Phase Lines with Vertical Spacing

For vertical spacing
Dsa =
r.f.f.r =
Dsb =
r.h.h.r =
Dsc =
r.f.f.r =
r.f
r.h
r.f
=r
Mutual Dab =
Dbc =
Dca =
d.g.g.d =
d.g.g.d =
1/2
1/3
d.g
d.g
2d . h . h . 2d =
d.h
=2
1/6
Sandhya S.
1/6
1/2
1/3
1/6
49
Find the capacitance per phase per km for the double circuit 3 phase line of
conductor configuration shown
c/
a
2
DSC for phase a = (0.9 x 10 x 8.485)

2
DSC for phase b = (0.9 x 10 x 7.0)
1/2
1/2
DSC for phase c = (0.9 x 10 x 8.485)
6m
= 0.2763 m
b/
b
7m
= 0.251 m
1/2
= 0.2763 m
a/
6m
DSCeq = (0.2763 x 0.251 x 0.2763)
1/3
= 0.2676 m
2
2 1/2
Dab = ( 3 x 0.5 )
2
2 1/2
Dab = ( 3 x 6.5 )
2 1/2
aa = (6 + 6 )
= 3.041
= 8.985
cc = aa = 8.485
= 7.159
Sandhya S.
50
Contd.
Dab =
3.041 x 7.159 = 4.666 m
c/
a
6m
Dbc =
3.041 x 7.159 = 4.666 m
b/
b
7m
Dca =
6.0 x 6.0
= 6.0 m
c
a/
6m
Deq =
Dab Dbc Dca
(4.666) x 6
Sandhya S.
= 5.074 m
51
COMPOSITE CONDUCTOR LINES

Flux linkage of one sub conductor in a group of conductors
Composite conductor line: is a conductor with n sub conductors( strands)
arranged electrically parallel to each other and carrying currents I1,I2,In such that
I1+I2+..+In=0
Flux linkage of one conductor= Flux linkage due to current flowing in same
conductor +due to current flowing in neighboring conductors
Let
r1,r2,r3rn radii of conductors
D1p.D2pDnp distances from a
remote point P
Dijdistances between conductors
themselves
Dij=Dji
Distances between conductors are
large compared to their radii
Sandhya S.
52
The current in each conductor sets up its own flux.

Total flux of the system is sum of all flux lines
produced by each conductor.
Total flux linkage of any one conductor is its
flux linkage with the individual fluxes of all
conductors.
Flux due to one conductor extends from the centre
of conductor right upto infinity.But we assume that
the flux linkage extends up to remote pointP
Flux linkage of ith conductor per unit length due to current I1 in conductor 1 up
to point P is
Flux due to conductor current I1 that lies

between conductor1 and I will not link with ith
conductor
Sandhya S.
53

Similarly flux linkage of ith conductor due to currents I3,I4,..Ii,In upto point P
are
Where Dij is centre to centre

distance between conductors.
Dii=ri/=0.7788ri
Sandhya S.
54

Total flux linkage per unit length of ith conductor =i ; sum of all n flux linkages.
Since point P is at infinity 1p
D2p ..Dnp = D
Wb-T/m
Sandhya S.

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1

Inductance of 3 Lines with Equilateral Spacing

Transmission Line (so no neutral wire)

a = 2 X 10 [ Ia Ln 1/r + Ib Ln 1/D + Ic Ln 1/D ] (wbt/m)

a = 2 X 10 [ Ia Ln 1/r + (Ib + Ic) Ln 1/D ] (wbt/m)

(Ib + Ic)= -Ia

Dept. of Electrical Engineering

Inductance of 3 Lines with Asymmetrical Spacing

a1 = 2 X 10 [ Ia Ln 1/r + Ib Ln 1/D12 + Ic Ln 1/D13 ]

a2 = 2 X 10 [ Ia Ln 1/r + Ib Ln 1/D23 + Ic Ln 1/D21 ]

a3 = 2 X 10 [ Ia Ln 1/r + Ib Ln 1/D31 + Ic Ln 1/D32 ]

Inductance of 3 Lines with Asymmetrical Spacing .. contd

a = (2 X 10 ) / 3 [ 3 Ia Ln (1/r) + Ib Ln (1/D12 D23 D31) + Ic Ln (1/D12 D23 D31) ] wbt/m

a = (2 X 10 ) / 3 [ 3 Ia Ln (1/r) - Ia Ln (1/D12 D23 D31) ]

D12 D23 D31

Ln D12 D23 D31

Dept. of Electrical Engineering

D12 D23 D31

Necessity of Transposition of Conductors

1. Unequal V drops in the three phases, even when Ia+ Ib+ Ic = 0

Dept. of Electrical Engineering

Dept. of Electrical Engineering

Unsymmetrical Spaced contd

R = 2 X 10 [ IR Ln 1/r1 + IY Ln 1/D12 + IB Ln 1/D13 ]

= 2 X 10 IR [Ln (D12 D13 / r ) + (j

Unsymmetrical Spaced contd

[ Ln (D12 D13 / r ) + (j 3 / 2 Ln (D12/ D13) ]

[ Ln (D21 D23 / r ) + (j 3 / 2 Ln (D23/ D21) ]

LB = 2 X 10 [ Ln (D31 D32 / r ) + (j 3 / 2 Ln (D31/ D32) ]

3 Inductances are different

Dept. of Electrical Engineering

Geometric Mean Distance (GMD)

Dept. of Electrical Engineering

Bundled Conductors Multiple Conductors

Consists of two or more individual conductors separated by spaces and supported by

Dept. of Electrical Engineering

To find GMR of a bundled conductor

The GMR of bundled conductors can be found in the

3 conductor bundle DSb = (r . d. d)

4 conductor bundle DSb=

Dept. of Electrical Engineering

Inductance of double circuit 3 line

Leq = Leach. ckt.

Dept. of Electrical Engineering

Inductance of double circuit 3 line .. Contd

Take the conductors of one phase to be the strands of

It is desirable to have minimum inductance for maximum

Hence the individual conductors of a phase should be

Type 1. Figure shows the three section of a double

a are for the

Since the conductors are not symmetrically placed, the

Dept. of Electrical Engineering

Inductance of double circuit 3 line .. Contd

Dab . Dbc . Dca

Dab = Mutual GMD between phase a and phase b.

Dab Dab Dab Dab

Dbc = ( d. g. g. d) = (d. g.) bc. bc .bc . bc

Dept. of Electrical Engineering

Inductance of double circuit 3 line .. Contd

Dab . Dbc . Dca

Dsa . Dsb . Dsc

Dept. of Electrical Engineering

Inductance of double circuit 3 line .. Contd