Cloud Computing Technology

A Technical Seminar Report

on

CLOUD COMPUTING
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

of

GAUTAM BUDDH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

LUCKNOW

SUBMITTED BY:
Kaustubh Pratihar [1209031068]
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING.
IEC COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
GREATER NOIDA

CERTIFICATE
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Cloud Computing Technology

This is to certify that the Seminar entitled Cloud Computing has been submitted by
Kaustubh Pratihar under my guidance in partial fulfilment of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering of IEC
college of Engg. & Tech,Greater Noida during the academic year
2014-2015(Semester-VI).
Date: 27/03/2015
Place: Greater Noida

Mr. Avinash Kr. Dubey

Seminar Guide

Prof.Dinesh Dayal
Head Of The Department
Department of EC

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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The seminar report on CLOUD COMPUTING is outcome of

guidance, moral support and devotion bestowed on me
throughout my work. For this I acknowledge and express my
profound sense of gratitude and thanks to everybody who
have been a source of inspiration during the seminar
preparation.
First and foremost I offer our sincere phrases of thanks with
innate humility to Mr. Avinash Kr. Dubey, lecturer of IEC
college of Engg. & Tech., Greater Noida and guide of my
seminar for providing help whenever needed.
If I can say in words I must at the outset tender our intimacy
for receipt of affectionate care to IEC College of Engg. &
Tech for providing such a stimulating atmosphere and
wonderful work environment.

Kaustubh
Pratihar

Cloud Computing Technology

Table Of Contents

1. Introduction. 6
2. Cloud computing The Concept 8
3. History... 12
4. Need For Cloud Computing.. 14
5. Key Characteristics... 16
6. Components.. 18
7. Architecture...... 21
8. Types 22
9. Roles. 23
10. Advantages... 24
11. Disadvantages... 27
12. Conclusion 29
13. Bibliography 30

Abstract
Computers have become an indispensable part of life. We need computers everywhere, be
it for work, research or in any such field. As the use of computers in our day-to-day life
increases, the computing resources that we need also go up. For companies like Google and
Microsoft, harnessing the resources as and when they need it is not a problem. But when it comes
to smaller enterprises, affordability becomes a huge factor. With the huge infrastructure come
problems like machines failure, hard drive crashes, software bugs, etc. This might be a big
headache for such a community. Cloud
Computing offers a solution to this situation.

Cloud Computing Technology

Cloud computing is a paradigm shift in which computing is moved away from personal
computers and even the individual enterprise application server to a cloud of computers. A
cloud is a virtualized server pool which can provide the different computing resources of their
clients. Users of this system need only be concerned with the computing service being asked for.
The underlying details of how it is achieved are hidden from the user. The data and the services
provided reside in massively scalable data centers and can be ubiquitously accessed from any
connected device all over the world.
Cloud computing is the style of computing where massively scaled IT related capabilities
are provided as a service across the internet to multiple external customers and are billed by
consumption. Many cloud computing providers have popped up and there is a considerable
growth in the usage of this service. Google, Microsoft, Yahoo, IBM and Amazon have started
providing cloud computing services. Amazon is the pioneer in this field. Smaller companies like
SmugMug, which is an online photo hosting site, has used cloud services for the storing all the
data and doing some of its services.
Cloud Computing is finding use in various areas like web hosting, parallel batch
processing, graphics rendering, financial modeling, web crawling, genomics analysis, etc.

1. Introduction
The Greek myths tell of creatures plucked from the surface of the Earth and
enshrined as constellations in the night sky. Something similar is happening today in the world of
computing. Data and programs are being swept up from desktop PCs and corporate server rooms
and installed in the compute cloud. In general, there is a shift in the geography of computation.
What is cloud computing exactly? As a beginning here is a definition
An emerging computer paradigm where data and services
reside in massively scalable data centers in the cloud and
can be accessed from any connected devices over the
internet

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Like other definitions of topics like these, an understanding of the term cloud
computing requires an understanding of various other terms which are closely related to this.
While there is a lack of precise scientific definitions for many of these terms, general definitions
can be given.
Cloud computing is an emerging paradigm in the computer industry where the
computing is moved to a cloud of computers. It has become one of the buzz words of the
industry. The core concept of cloud computing is, quite simply, that the vast computing resources
that we need will reside somewhere out there in the cloud of computers and well connect to
them and use them as and when needed.
Computing can be described as any activity of using and/or developing
computer hardware and software. It includes everything that sits in the bottom layer, i.e.
everything from raw compute power to storage capabilities. Cloud computing ties together all
these entities and delivers them as a single integrated entity under its own sophisticated
management.
Cloud is a term used as a metaphor for the wide area networks (like internet)
or any such large networked environment. It came partly from the cloud-like symbol used to
represent the complexities of the networks in the schematic diagrams. It represents all the
complexities of the network which may include everything from cables, routers, servers, data
centers and all such other devices.
Computing started off with the mainframe era. There were big mainframes and
everyone connected to them via dumb terminals. This old model of business
computing was frustrating for the people sitting at the dumb terminals because they could do
only what they were authorized to do. They were dependent on the computer administrators to
give them permission or to fix their problems. They had no way of staying up to the latest
innovations.
The personal computer was a rebellion against the tyranny of centralized
computing operations. There was a kind of freedom in the use of personal computers. But this
was later replaced by server architectures with enterprise servers and others showing up in the
industry. This made sure that the computing was done and it did not eat up any of the resources
that one had with him. All the computing was performed at servers. Internet grew in the lap of
these servers. With cloud computing we have come a full circle. We come back to the centralized

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computing infrastructure. But this time it is something which can easily be accessed via the
internet and something over which we have all the control.

2. Cloud computing- The Concept

Cloud computing is Internet ("cloud") based development and use of computer
technology ("computing"). It is a style of computing in which dynamically scalable and often
virtualized resources are provided as a service over the Internet. Users need not have knowledge
of, expertise in, or control over the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them.
The concept incorporates infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS) and
software as a service (SaaS) as well as Web 2.0 and other recent technology trends which have
the common theme of reliance on the Internet for satisfying the computing needs of the users.
Examples of SaaS vendors include Salesforce.com and Google Apps which provide common
business applications online that are accessed from a web browser, while the software and data
are stored on the servers.
The term cloud is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on how the Internet is depicted in
computer network diagrams, and is an abstraction for the complex infrastructure it conceals.

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Fig- Cloud computing overview

2.1 Comparison:
Cloud computing is often confused with grid computing ("a form of distributed computing
whereby a 'super and virtual computer' is composed of a cluster of networked, loosely-coupled
computers, acting in concert to perform very large tasks"), utility computing (the "packaging of
computing resources, such as computation and storage, as a metered service similar to a
traditional public utility such as electricity") and autonomic computing ("computer systems
capable of self-management").
Indeed many cloud computing deployments as of 2009 depend on grids, have autonomic
characteristics and bill like utilities but cloud computing can be seen as a natural next step
from the grid-utility model. Some successful cloud architectures have little or no centralized
infrastructure or billing systems whatsoever, including peer-to-peer networks like Bit Torrent and
Skype and volunteer computing like

2.2 Implementation:

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The majority of cloud computing infrastructure as of 2009 consists of reliable services delivered
through data centers and built on servers with different levels of virtualization technologies. The
services are accessible anywhere that has access to networking infrastructure. The Cloud appears
as a single point of access for all the computing needs of consumers. Commercial offerings need
to meet the quality of service requirements of customers and typically offer service level
agreements. Open standards are critical to the growth of cloud computing and open source
software has provided the foundation for many cloud computing implementations.

2.3 Characteristics:
As customers generally do not own the infrastructure, they merely access or rent, they can avoid
capital expenditure and consume resources as a service, paying instead for what they use. Many
cloud-computing offerings have adopted the utility computing model, which is analogous to how
traditional utilities like electricity are consumed, while others are billed on a subscription basis.
Sharing "perishable and intangible" computing power among multiple tenants can improve
utilization rates, as servers are not left idle, which can reduce costs significantly while increasing
the speed of application development. A side effect of this approach is that "computer capacity
rises dramatically" as customers do not have to engineer for peak loads. Adoption has been
enabled by "increased high-speed bandwidth" which makes it possible to receive the same
response times from centralized infrastructure at other sites.

2.4 Economics:
Cloud computing users can avoid capital expenditure (CapEx) on hardware, software and
services, rather paying a provider only for what they use. Consumption is billed on a utility (e.g.
resources consumed, like electricity) or subscription (e.g. time based, like a newspaper) basis
with little or no upfront cost. Other benefits of this time sharing style approach are low barriers to
entry, shared infrastructure and costs, low management overhead and immediate access to a
broad range of applications. Users can generally terminate the contract at any time (thereby
avoiding return on investment risk and uncertainty) and the services are often covered by service
level agreements with financial penalties.

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According to Nicholas Carr the strategic importance of information technology is diminishing as
it becomes standardized and cheaper. He argues that the cloud computing paradigm shift is
similar to the displacement of electricity generators by electricity grids early in the 20th century.

Fig-Cloud computing economics

2.5 Companies:
Providers including Amazon, Microsoft, Google, Sun and Yahoo exemplify the use of cloud
computing. It is being adopted by individual users through large enterprises including General
Electric, L'Oral, and Procter & Gamble.

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3. History
The Cloud is a term with a long history in telephony, which has in the past decade, been adopted
as a metaphor for internet based services, with a common depiction in network diagrams as a
cloud outline.
The underlying concept dates back to 1960 when John McCarthy opined that "computation may
someday be organized as a public utility"; indeed it shares characteristics with service bureaus
which date back to the 1960s. The term cloud had already come into commercial use in the early
1990s to refer to large ATM networks. By the turn of the 21st century, the term "cloud
computing" had started to appear, although most of the focus at this time was on Software as a
service (SaaS).
In 1999, Salesforce.com was established by Marc Benioff, Parker Harris, and his fellows. They
applied many technologies of consumer web sites like Google and Yahoo! to business
applications. They also provided the concept of "On demand" and "SaaS" with their real business
and successful customers. The key for SaaS is being customizable by customer alone or with a
small amount of help. Flexibility and speed for application development have been drastically
welcomed and accepted by business users.
IBM extended these concepts in 2001, as detailed in the Autonomic Computing Manifesto -which described advanced automation techniques such as self-monitoring, self-healing, selfconfiguring, and self-optimizing in the management of complex IT systems with heterogeneous
storage, servers, applications, networks, security mechanisms, and other system elements that can
be virtualized across an enterprise.
Amazon.com played a key role in the development of cloud computing by modernizing their data
centers after the dot-com bubble and, having found that the new cloud architecture resulted in
significant internal efficiency improvements, providing access to their systems by way of
Amazon Web Services in 2005 on a utility computing basis.
2007 saw increased activity, with Google, IBM, and a number of universities embarking on a
large scale cloud computing research project, around the time the term started gaining popularity

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in the mainstream press. It was a hot topic by mid-2008 and numerous cloud computing events
had been scheduled.
In August 2008, Gartner Research observed that "organizations are switching from companyowned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models" and that the "projected
shift to cloud computing will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and in
significant reductions in other areas."

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4. Need for Cloud Computing

What could we do with 1000 times more data and CPU power? One simple
question. Thats all it took the interviewers to bewilder the confident job applicants at Google.
This is a question of relevance because the amount of data that an application handles is
increasing day by day and so is the CPU power that one can harness.
There are many answers to this question. With this much CPU power, we
could scale our businesses to 1000 times more users. Right now we are gathering statistics about
every user using an application. With such CPU power at hand, we could monitor every single
user click and every user interaction such that we can gather all the statistics about the user. We
could improve the recommendation systems of users. We could model better price plan choices.
With this CPU power we could simulate the case where we have say 1,00,000 users in the system
without any glitches.
There are lots of other things we could do with so much CPU power and data
capabilities. But what is keeping us back. One of the reasons is the large scale
architecture which comes with these are difficult to manage. There may be many different
problems with the architecture we have to support. The machines may start failing, the hard
drives may crash, the network may go down and many other such hardware problems. The
hardware has to be designed such that the architecture is reliable and scalable. This large scale
architecture has a very expensive upfront and has high maintenance costs. It requires different
resources like machines, power, cooling, etc. The system also cannot scale as and when needed
and so is not easily reconfigurable.
The resources are also constrained by the resources. As the applications
become large, they become I/O bound. The hard drive access speed becomes a
limiting factor. Though the raw CPU power available may not be a factor, the amount of RAM
available clearly becomes a factor. This is also limited in this context. If at all the hardware
problems are managed very well, there arises the software problems. There may be bugs in the
software using this much of data. The workload also demands two important tasks for two
completely different people. The software has to be such that it is bug free and has good data
processing algorithms to manage all the data.
The cloud computing works on the cloud - so there are large groups of often
low-cost servers with specialized connections to spread the data-processing chores among them.
Since there are a lot of low-cost servers connected together, there are large pools of resources

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available. So these offer almost unlimited computing resources. This makes the availability of
resources a lesser issue.
The data of the application can also be stored in the cloud. Storage of data in
the cloud has many distinct advantages over other storages. One thing is that data is spread
evenly through the cloud in such a way that there are multiple copies of the data and there are
ways by which failure can be detected and the data can be rebalanced on the fly. The I/O
operations become simpler in the cloud such that browsing and searching for something in 25GB
or more of data becomes simpler in the cloud, which is nearly impossible to do on a desktop.
The cloud computing applications also provide automatic reconfiguration of the resources
based on the service level agreements. When we are using applications out of the cloud, to scale
the application with respect to the load is a mundane task because the resources have to be
gathered and then provided to the users. If the load on the application is such that it is present
only for a small amount of time as compared to the time its working out of the load, but occurs
frequently, then scaling of the resources becomes tedious. But when the application is in the
cloud, the load can be managed by spreading it to other available nodes by making a copy of the
application on to them. This can be reverted once the load goes down. It can be done as and when
needed. All these are done automatically such that the resources maintain and manage
themselves.

5. Key Characteristics
Cost is greatly reduced and capital expenditure is converted to operational expenditure.
This lowers barriers to entry, as infrastructure is typically provided by a third-party and
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does not need to be purchased for one-time or infrequent intensive computing tasks.
Pricing on a utility computing basis is fine-grained with usage-based options and minimal
or no IT skills are required for implementation.

Device and location independence enable users to access systems using a web
browser regardless of their location or what device they are using, e.g., PC, mobile. As
infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet
the users can connect from anywhere.

Multi-tenancy enables sharing of resources and costs among a large pool of users,
allowing for:
o Centralization of infrastructure in areas with lower costs (such as real estate,
electricity, etc.)
o Peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer for highest possible loadlevels)
o Utilization and efficiency improvements for systems that are often only 10-20%
utilized.
Reliability improves through the use of multiple redundant sites, which makes it suitable
for business continuity and disaster recovery. Nonetheless, most major cloud computing
services have suffered outages and IT and business managers are able to do little when
they are affected.

Scalability via dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources on a fine-grained, selfservice basis near real-time, without users having to engineer for peak loads. Performance
is monitored and consistent and loosely-coupled architectures are constructed using web
services as the system interface.

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Security typically improves due to centralization of data, increased security-focused

resources, etc., but raises concerns about loss of control over certain sensitive data.
Security is often as good as or better than traditional systems, in part because providers are
able to devote resources to solving security issues that many customers cannot afford.
Providers typically log accesses, but accessing the audit logs themselves can be difficult or
impossible.

Sustainability comes about through improved resource utilization, more efficient

systems, and carbon neutrality. Nonetheless, computers and associated infrastructure are
major consumers of energy.

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6. Components
Cloud computing Components
Applications

Facebook Google Apps SalesForce Microsoft Online

Client

Browser(Chrome) Firefox Cloud Mobile (Android iPhone) Netbook (EeePC MSI

Wind) Nettop (CherryPal Zonbu)

Infrastructure

BitTorrent EC2 GoGrid Sun Grid 3tera

Platforms

App Engine Azure Mosso SalesForce

Services

Alexa FPS MTurk SQS

Storage

S3 SimpleDB SQL Services

Standards

Ajax Atom HTML 5 REST

Fig- Cloud computing components

6.1 Application

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A cloud application leverages the Cloud in software architecture, often eliminating the need to
install and run the application on the customer's own computer, thus alleviating the burden of
software maintenance, ongoing operation, and support. For example:
Peer-to-peer / volunteer computing (Bittorrent, BOINC Projects, Skype)
Web application (Facebook)
Software as a service (Google Apps, SAP and Salesforce)

Software plus services (Microsoft Online Services)

6.2 Client

A cloud client consists of computer hardware and/or computer software which relies on cloud
computing for application delivery, or which is specifically designed for delivery of cloud
services and which, in either case, is essentially useless without it. For example:
Mobile (Android, iPhone, Windows Mobile)
Thin client (CherryPal, Zonbu, gOS-based systems)

Thick client / Web browser (Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox)

6.3 Infrastructure

Cloud infrastructure, such as Infrastructure as a service, is the delivery of computer

infrastructure, typically a platform virtualization environment, as a service. For example:
Full virtualization (GoGrid, Skytap)
Management (RightScale)
Compute (Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud)
Platform (Force.com)
6.4 Platform

A cloud platform, such as Platform as a service, the delivery of a computing platform, and/or
solution stack as a service, facilitates deployment of applications without the cost and complexity
of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers. For example:
Web application frameworks

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o Python Django (Google App Engine)
o Ruby on Rails (Heroku)
o .NET (Azure Services Platform)
Web hosting (Mosso)

Proprietary (Force.com)

6.5 Service

A cloud service includes "products, services and solutions that are delivered and consumed in
real-time over the Internet". For example, Web Services ("software system[s] designed to support
interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network") which may be accessed by other
cloud computing components, software, e.g., Software plus service, or end users directly.
Specific examples include:
Identity (OAuth, OpenID)
Integration (Amazon Simple Queue Service)
Payments (Amazon Flexible Payments Service, Google Checkout, PayPal)
Mapping (Google Maps, Yahoo! Maps)
Search (Alexa, Google Custom Search, Yahoo! BOSS)

Others (Amazon Mechanical Turk)

6.6 Storage

Cloud storage involves the delivery of data storage as a service, including database-like services,
often billed on a utility computing basis, e.g., per gigabyte per month. For example:
Database (Amazon SimpleDB, Google App Engine's BigTable datastore)
Network attached storage (MobileMe iDisk, Nirvanix CloudNAS)
Synchronization (Live Mesh Live Desktop component, MobileMe push functions)

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Web service (Amazon Simple Storage Service, Nirvanix SDN)

7. Architecture
Cloud architecture, the systems architecture of the software systems involved in the delivery of
cloud computing, comprises hardware and software designed by a cloud architect who typically
works for a cloud integrator. It typically involves multiple cloud components communicating
with each other over application programming interfaces, usually web services.
This closely resembles the UNIX philosophy of having multiple programs doing one thing well
and working together over universal interfaces. Complexity is controlled and the resulting
systems are more manageable than their monolithic counterparts.
Cloud architecture extends to the client, where web browsers and/or software applications
access cloud applications.
Cloud storage architecture is loosely coupled, where metadata operations are centralized
enabling the data nodes to scale into the hundreds, each independently delivering data to
applications or user.

Fig-Cloud computing architecture

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8. Types
8.1 Public cloud

Public cloud or external cloud describes cloud computing in the traditional mainstream sense,
whereby resources are dynamically provisioned on a fine-grained, self-service basis over the
Internet, via web applications/web services, from an off-site third-party provider who shares
resources and bills on a fine-grained utility computing basis.
8.2 Private cloud

Private cloud and internal cloud are neologisms that some vendors have recently used to
describe offerings that emulate cloud computing on private networks. These products claim to
"deliver some benefits of cloud computing without the pitfalls", capitalizing on data security,
corporate governance, and reliability concerns.
While an analyst predicted in 2008 that private cloud networks would be the future of corporate
IT, there is some uncertainty whether they are a reality even within the same firm. Analysts also
claim that within five years a "huge percentage" of small and medium enterprises will get most of
their computing resources from external cloud computing providers as they "will not have
economies of scale to make it worth staying in the IT business" or be able to afford private
clouds.
The term has also been used in the logical rather than physical sense, for example in reference to
platform as service offerings, though such offerings including Microsoft's Azure Services
Platform are not available for on-premises deployment.
8.3 Hybrid cloud

A hybrid cloud environment consisting of multiple internal and/or external providers "will be
typical for most enterprises".

9. Roles
9.1 Provider
A cloud computing provider or cloud computing service provider owns and operates live cloud
computing systems to deliver service to third parties. The barrier to entry is also significantly
higher with capital expenditure required and billing and management creates some overhead.
Nonetheless, significant operational efficiency and agility advantages can be realized, even by

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small organizations, and server consolidation and virtualization rollouts are already well
underway. Amazon.com was the first such provider, modernizing its data centers which, like
most computer networks, were using as little as 10% of its capacity at any one time just to leave
room for occasional spikes. This allowed small, fast-moving groups to add new features faster
and easier, and they went on to open it up to outsiders as Amazon Web Services in 2002 on a
utility computing basis.

9.2 User
A user is a consumer of cloud computing. The privacy of users in cloud computing has become of
increasing concern. The rights of users are also an issue, which is being addressed via a
community effort to create a bill of rights.

9.3 Vendor
A vendor sells products and services that facilitate the delivery, adoption and use of cloud
computing. For example:
Computer hardware (Dell, HP, IBM, Sun Microsystems)
o Storage (Sun Microsystems, EMC, IBM)
o Infrastructure (Cisco Systems)
Computer software (3tera, Hadoop, IBM, RightScale)
o Operating systems (Solaris, AIX, Linux including Red Hat)
o

Platform virtualization (Citrix, Microsoft, VMware, Sun xVM, IBM)

10. Advantages
Lower computer costs:
You do not need a high-powered and high-priced computer to run cloud computing's
web-based applications.
Since applications run in the cloud, not on the desktop PC, your desktop PC does
not need the processing power or hard disk space demanded by traditional desktop
software.

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When you are using web-based applications, your PC can be less expensive, with a
smaller hard disk, less memory, more efficient processor...
In fact, your PC in this scenario does not even need a CD or DVD drive, as no
software programs have to be loaded and no document files need to be saved.

Improved performance:
With few large programs hogging your computer's memory, you will see better
performance from your PC.
Computers in a cloud computing system boot and run faster because they have
fewer programs and processes loaded into memory.

Reduced software costs:

Instead of purchasing expensive software applications, you can get most of what
you need for free-ish!
most cloud computing applications today, such as the Google Docs suite.
better than paying for similar commercial software
which alone may be justification for switching to cloud applications.

Instant software updates:

Another advantage to cloud computing is that you are no longer faced with choosing
between obsolete software and high upgrade costs.
When the application is web-based, updates happen automatically
available the next time you log into the cloud.
When you access a web-based application, you get the latest version
without needing to pay for or download an upgrade.

Improved document format compatibility:

You do not have to worry about the documents you create on your machine being
compatible with other users' applications or OSes
There are potentially no format incompatibilities when everyone is sharing
documents and applications in the cloud.

Unlimited storage capacity:

Cloud computing offers virtually limitless storage.

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Your computer's current 1 Tbyte hard drive is small compared to the hundreds of
Pbytes available in the cloud.

Increased data reliability:

Unlike desktop computing, in which if a hard disk crashes and destroy all your
valuable data, a computer crashing in the cloud should not affect the storage of your
data.
if your personal computer crashes, all your data is still out there in the cloud,
still accessible
In a world where few individual desktop PC users back up their data on a regular
basis, cloud computing is a data-safe computing platform!

Universal document access:

That is not a problem with cloud computing, because you do not take your
documents with you.
Instead, they stay in the cloud, and you can access them whenever you have a
computer and an Internet connection
Documents are instantly available from wherever you are

Latest version availability:

When you edit a document at home, that edited version is what you see when you
access the document at work.
The cloud always hosts the latest version of your documents

Easier group collaboration:

Sharing documents leads directly to better collaboration.
Many users do this as it is an important advantages of cloud computing
multiple users can collaborate easily on documents and projects

Device independence:
You are no longer tethered to a single computer or network.
Changes to computers, applications and documents follow you through the cloud.
Move to a portable device, and your applications and documents are still available.

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11. Disadvantages

Requires a constant Internet connection:

Cloud computing is impossible if you cannot connect to the Internet.
Since you use the Internet to connect to both your applications and documents, if
you do not have an Internet connection you cannot access anything, even your own
documents.
A dead Internet connection means no work and in areas where Internet connections
are few or inherently unreliable, this could be a deal-breaker.

Does not work well with low-speed connections:

Similarly, a low-speed Internet connection, such as that found with dial-up services,
makes cloud computing painful at best and often impossible.
Web-based applications require a lot of bandwidth to download, as do large
documents.

Features might be limited:

This situation is bound to change, but today many web-based applications simply
are not as full-featured as their desktop-based applications.

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Can be slow:
Even with a fast connection, web-based applications can sometimes be slower than
accessing a similar software program on your desktop PC.
Everything about the program, from the interface to the current document, has to be
sent back and forth from your computer to the computers in the cloud.
If the cloud servers happen to be backed up at that moment, or if the Internet is
having a slow day, you would not get the instantaneous access you might expect
from desktop applications.

Stored data might not be secure:

With cloud computing, all your data is stored on the cloud.
The questions is How secure is the cloud?
Can unauthorised users gain access to your confidential data?

Stored data can be lost:

Theoretically, data stored in the cloud is safe, replicated across multiple machines.
But on the off chance that your data goes missing, you have no physical or local
backup.

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12. Conclusion
Cloud Computing is a vast topic and the above report does not give a high level introduction to it.
It is certainly not possible in the limited space of a report to do justice to these technologies.
What is in store for this technology in the near future? Well, Cloud Computing is leading the
industrys endeavor to bank on this revolutionary technology.
Cloud Computing Brings Possibilities..
Increases business responsiveness
Accelerates creation of new services via rapid prototyping capabilities
Reduces acquisition complexity via service oriented approach
Uses IT resources efficiently via sharing and higher system utilization
Reduces energy consumption
Handles new and emerging workloads
Scales to extreme workloads quickly and easily
Simplifies IT management
Platform for collaboration and innovation
Cultivates skills for next generation workforce
Today, with such cloud-based interconnection seldom in evidence, cloud computing might be
more accurately described as "sky computing," with many isolated clouds of services which IT
customers must plug into individually. On the other hand, as virtualization and SOA permeate the
enterprise, the idea of loosely coupled services running on an agile, scalable infrastructure should
eventually make every enterprise a node in the cloud. It's a long-running trend with a far-out

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horizon. But among big metatrends, cloud computing is the hardest one to argue with in the long
term.
Cloud Computing is a technology which took the software and business world by storm. The
much deserved hype over it will continue for years to come.

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13.Bibliography
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing
http://www.slideshare.net/swtprashu/report-on-cloud-computing-by-prashant-gupta
https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/jj554305.aspx
http://www.macc.ma/cloudtech15/

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