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Logarithmic Functions
17. Begin by creating a table of values for f(x), then
build a table for f 1 ( x ) from that information.
Homework 5.1
1. f -1(7) = 4
3. f (4) = 6
5. f -1(4) = 5, since f (5) = 4
7.
x
2
4
6
( x)
6
5
4
8
10
9. g(2) = 6
11. g -1(2) = 1, since f(1) = 2
13.
6
18
54
162
2
3
4
5
486
25.
15.
x
4
( x)
6
10
16
22
28
5
4
3
2
34
0
1
2
3
3
6
12
24
48
x
3
6
12
24
48
g 1 ( x )
1
f ( x)
19. f(3) = 24
3
2
x
2
111
( x)
0
1
2
3
4
Homework 5.1
27.
35.
29.
37.
31.
39. a.
33.
f 1 ( p ) = 1.23 p + 56.62
b.
c.
112
Homework 5.1
43. a.
Linear Function
b.
Linear Function
c.
c.
d.
f (t ) = 0.78t 52.56
c.
f (t ) = 0.38t 20.13
Replace f (t ) with p :
Replace f (t ) with p :
p = 0.78t 52.56
p = 0.38t 20.13
Solve for t :
Solve for t :
p + 52.56 = 0.78t
p + 20.13 = 0.38t
p + 52.56
=t
0.78
p
52.56
t=
+
0.78 0.78
Replace t with f 1 ( p )
p + 20.13
=t
0.38
p
20.13
t=
+
0.38 0.38
Replace t with f 1 ( p )
f 1 ( p ) = 1.28 p + 67.38
f 1 ( p ) = 2.63 p + 52.97
d.
p = f (t ) = 0.78t 52.56
50 = 0.78t 52.56
e.
102.56 = 0.78t
45. f(x) = x 3
f.
131.49 t
e.
Replace f ( x) with y :
y = x3
Solve for x :
y+3 = x
Replace x with f 1 ( y ) :
f 1 ( y ) = y + 3
Write equation in terms of x :
f 1 ( x ) = x + 3
113
Homework 5.1
47. f(x) = x + 8
y 5
=x
4
y 5
x=
4 4
Replace x with f 1 ( y ) :
Replace f ( x) with y :
y = x+8
Solve for x :
y 8 = x
1
5
y
4
4
Write equation in terms of x :
f 1 ( y ) =
Replace x with f 1 ( y ) :
f 1 ( y ) = y 8
Write equation in terms of x :
f 1 ( x ) =
f ( x) = x 8
49. f(x) = 4x
Replace f ( x) with y :
Replace f ( x) with y :
y = 6 x 2
y = 4x
Solve for x :
Solve for x :
y + 2 = 6 x
y
=x
4
Replace x with f 1 ( y ) :
6 x = y + 2
y+2
6
1
2
x= y
6
6
Replace x with f 1 ( y ) :
1
1
f 1 ( y ) = y
6
3
Write equation in terms of x :
x=
y
4
Write equation in terms of x :
f 1 ( y ) =
f 1 ( x ) =
51.
f ( x) =
1
5
x
4
4
x
4
x
7
1
1
f 1 ( x ) = x
6
3
Replace f ( x) with y :
x
7
Solve for x :
y=
Replace f ( x) with y :
y = 0.4 x 7.9
7y = x
Solve for x :
Replace x with f 1 ( y ) :
y + 7.9 = 0.4 x
f 1 ( y ) = 7 y
y + 7.9 = 0.4 x
Replace f ( x) with y :
y + 7.9
=x
0.4
y 7.9
+
x=
0.4 0.4
Replace x with f 1 ( y ) :
y = 4x + 5
f 1 ( y ) = 2.5 y + 19.75
Solve for x :
y 5 = 4x
f 1 ( x ) = 2.5 x + 19.75
f 1 ( x ) = 7 x
53. f(x) = 4x + 5
114
Homework 5.1
6
( y + 3) = x
5
6 y 18
x=
5
Replace x with f 1 ( y ) :
Replace f ( x) with y :
y = -72.83 x + 99.23
Solve for x :
y 99.23 = 72.83 x
6
18
y
5
5
Write equation in terms of x :
f 1 ( y ) =
y 99.23 = 72.83 x
y 99.23
=x
72.83
y
99.23
+
x=
72.83 72.83
Replace x with f 1 ( y ) :
6
18
f 1 ( x ) = x
5
5
65.
f ( y ) = 0.014 y + 1.36
Write equation in terms of x :
f ( x) =
6x 2
5
Solve for x :
y=
7
x +1
3
5 y = 6x 2
5 y + 2 = 6x
Replace f ( x) with y :
5y + 2
=x
6
5y 2
+
x=
6 6
Replace x with f 1 ( y ) :
7
x +1
3
Solve for x :
y=
y 1 =
7
x
3
5
1
y+
6
3
Write equation in terms of x :
3
( y 1) = x
7
3y 3
x=
7
Replace x with f 1 ( y ) :
f 1 ( y ) =
f 1 ( x ) =
3
3
y
7
7
Write equation in terms of x :
f 1 ( y ) =
f 1 ( x ) =
63.
6x 2
5
Replace f ( x) with y :
f 1 ( x ) = 0.014 x + 1.36
61.
f ( x) =
5
1
x+
6
3
3
3
x
7
7
y = 3(2 x 5)
Solve for x :
1
y = 2x 5
3
1
y + 5 = 2x
3
1 1
y + 5 = x
2 3
1
5
x= y+
6
2
Replace x with f 1 ( y ) :
5
f ( x) = x 3
6
Replace f ( x) with y :
5
y = x3
6
Solve for x :
5
y+3 = x
6
115
Homework 5.2
1
5
y+
6
2
Write equation in terms of x :
f 1 ( y ) =
f(x) = mx + b
Replace f ( x) with y :
y = mx + b
1
5
f 1 ( x ) = x +
6
2
Solve for x :
y b = mx
y b
=x
m
1y b
x=
m
1
b
x= y
m
m
Replace x with f 1 ( y ) :
Replace f ( x) with y :
y = 7 8( x + 1)
Solve for x :
y = 7 8x 8
y = 8 x 1
y + 1 = 8 x
1
b
y
m
m
Write equation in terms of x :
f 1 ( y ) =
y +1
=x
8
1
1
x= y
8
8
Replace x with f 1 ( y ) :
f 1 ( x ) =
b.
1
1
f 1 ( y ) = y
8
8
Write equation in terms of x :
1
1
f 1 ( x ) = x
8
8
71. f(x) = x
1
b
x
m
m
Homework 5.2
Replace f ( x) with y :
y=x
Solve for x :
x=y
Replace x with f 1 ( y ) :
f 1 ( y ) = y
1
1
17. log 4 = 1 since 4-1 =
4
4
Homework 5.2
1
1
19. log 2 = 3 since 2-3 =
8
8
h 1 ( x ) = 10 x
1
1
21. log10 = 1 since 10-1 =
10
10
53.
f (2) = 22 = 4
55.
29. log 7
31. log 5
33.
35.
1
1
since 9 2 = 3
2
59. g 1 (3) = 33 = 27
1
3
1
since 8 = 2
3
1
1
7 = since 7 2 = 7
2
( )
( 5 ) = 14 since 5
4
1
4
61.
f (1) = 3
63.
65.
=45
68.
( b ) = 12 since b
1
2
= b
69.
f 1 ( x ) = log 3 ( x )
47. h( x) = 10 x
h 1 ( x ) = log( x)
49.
f ( x) = log 5 ( x)
f 1 ( x) = 5 x
117
Homework 5.3
71.
f 1 ( x ) = log 5 ( x)
c.
f ( x)
1
1
2
3
4
5
25
125
625
so
x
1
5
25
125
625
8.6
= 1.19
7.2
The ratio of the Richter numbers is 1.2.
d.
(x)
0
1
4.0 108
= 25
1.6 107
The ratio of the Gansu earthquakes amplitude
to the Naples earthquakes amplitude is 25.
2
3
4
e.
77.
(w/m )
10 12
Whisper
Inside a running
car
10 10
20
10 8
40
Conversation
10 6
60
80
100
120
Faintest sound
heard by humans
73. a.
x = 2, since 52 = 25
b.
c.
75. a.
4.0 108 A0
R = log
A0
Intesity of Sound
Decibel Reading
(L)
Sound
10
10
1
= 8.6
The Richter number for the Gansu earthquake
was 8.6.
Homework 5.3
b.
1. log 3 (243) = 5
1.6 107 A0
R = log
A0
35 = 243
3. log(100) = 2
= 7.2
10 2 = 100
5. log b (a ) = c
bc = a
118
Homework 5.3
7. log(m) = n
10 n = m
62 = x3
9. 53 = 125
x 3 = 36
1
x = 36 3
log 5 (125) = 3
x 3.3019
log(1000) = 3
23 = log 3 ( x)
13. y w = x
log y ( x) = w
x = 6561
15. 10 p = q
31. log b ( 49 ) = 2
log(q ) = p
b 2 = 49
b = 49 2
42 = x
b=7
x = 16
33. log b (8 ) = 3
b3 = 8
1
2 4 = x
1
x=
16
b = 83
b=2
35. log b (16 ) = 4
b 4 = 16
=x
1
x=
= 0.01
100
10
b = 16 4
b=2
37. log b (3.6 ) = 6
b 6 = 3.6
40 = x
x =1
b = 3.6 6
b 1.2380
Homework 5.3
39.
45.
8 + 5 ( 2 x ) = 79
4x = 9
log ( 4 x ) = log (9 )
5 ( 2 x ) = 71
x log ( 4 ) = log (9 )
x=
2x =
log (9 )
log ( 4 )
71
log ( 2 x ) = log
5
71
x log ( 2 ) = log
5
x 1.5850
41.
71
log
5
x=
log ( 2 )
5 ( 4 x ) = 80
4 x = 16
x 3.8278
71
5
47.
log (16 )
3.83(2.18 x ) = 170.91
log ( 4 )
170.91
3.83
170.91
log ( 2.18x ) = log
3.83
x=2
2.18 x =
43.
11(7 x ) = 5400
170.91
x log ( 2.18 ) = log
3.83
170.91
log
3.83
x=
log ( 2.18 )
5400
7 =
11
5400
log (7 x ) = log
11
x
5400
x log (7 ) = log
11
71
log
5
x=
log ( 7 )
x 4.8738
49.
2 4 x + 5 = 17
x 3.1842
log ( 2 )
x=
0.2281
x
120
Homework 5.3
65.
43 x 42 x 1 = 100
4
3 x + 2 x 1
= 100
5 x 1
= 100
log 27 ( x 1) =
1
27 3 = x 1
x 1 = 3
x=4
(5 x 1) log ( 4 ) = 2
5x 1 =
5x =
1
3
2
log ( 4 )
69.
x
log 2 = 1
2
x
2 1 =
2
x 1
=
2 2
x =1
2
+1
log ( 4 )
+ 1
log
4
( )
x=
5
x 0.8644
53. 3x = 8
69.
log b ( 2 ) = 5
b5 = 2
b = 25
b 1.1487
b 4 = 81
1
b = 814
b=3
57. log 3 ( x) = 4
34 = x
x = 81
3(8 x ) = 7
59. log 4 ( x) = 3
8x =
43 = x
7
3
x = 64
61. log 7 ( x) = 1
71 = x
x=7
63. 7 x = 0
Empty set solution. 7 raised to any power will
always be positive, never zero.
121
Homework 5.4
73.
25 = a
a = 32
ab x = c
ab x = c
bx =
c
a
c
log (b x ) = log
a
c
x log (b ) = log
a
c
log
a
x=
log (b )
75.
Homework 5.4
ab kx + d = c
1. a.
cd
log
a
kx =
log (b )
b.
c.
2000(1.05)t = 3000
cd
log
a
x=
k log (b )
77.
V = f (t )
ab kx = c d
cd
b kx =
a
cd
log (b kx ) = log
a
cd
kx log (b ) = log
1.05t = 1.5
log(1.05t ) = log(1.5)
t log(1.05) = log(1.5)
log(1.5)
log(1.05)
t 8.3104
t=
79.
4x = 3
log ( 4
) = log (3)
x log ( 4 ) = log (3 )
x=
log (3)
log ( 4 )
x 0.7925
81. g (8) = log 2 (8) = 3
83. log 2 (a ) = 5
122
Homework 5.4
3. a
f (t ) = 1.197(1.0163)t
10 = 1.197(1.0163)t
10
1.0163 =
1.197
10
log(1.0163t ) = log
1.197
c.
d.
1.46
10
t log(1.0163) = log
1.197
10
log
1.197
t=
log(1.0163)
t 131.2896
50, 000
t log(1.48) = log
1.46
50, 000
log
1.46
t=
log(1.48)
t 26.63
b.
B illio n s o f P eo p le
f ( t)
30.37
e.
1.46
1.197
1.48t =
200 t
Yea rs
1.46
1.46
t=
log(1.48)
t 46.1456
B illio n s o f P eo p le
f ( t)
30.37
10
1.197
200 t
Yea rs
7. a.
Homework 5.4
b.
f (t ) = 1.60(1.018)t
c.
E ( s ) = 50
0.36(1.0036) s = 50
50
0.36
50
log (1.0036 s ) = log
0.36
50
s log (1.0036 ) = log
0.36
1.0036 s =
f 1 (100)
100 = 1.60(1.018)t
1.018t = 62.5
50
log
0.36
s=
log (1.0036 )
log(1.018t ) = log(62.5)
t log(1.018) = log(62.5)
log(62.5)
log(1.018)
t 231.79
t=
s 1373
Regular decision applicants:
9. a.
R( s) = 50
0.037(1.0049) s = 50
50
0.037
50
log (1.0049 s ) = log
0.037
1.0049 s =
50
s log (1.0049 ) = log
0.037
50
log
0.037
s=
log (1.0049 )
E ( s ) = 0.36(1.0036) s
R( s) = 0.037(1.0049) s
b.
Half = 50%
s 1475
e.
Homework 5.4
c.
1 5
3 = 8
2
p = f (t ) , the total number of people. The pintercept is (0, 30), and the base is 2.
1 5 3
=
8
2
f (t ) = 30(2)t
b.
1 d5
3
log = log
2
8
d
1
3
log = log
5
2
8
287, 000,000
30
287, 000,000
log ( 2t ) = log
30
(2)
3
log
8
1
log
2
3
5log
8
t=
1
log
2
t 7.08
d
=
5
287, 000,000
t log ( 2 ) = log
30
287,
000,000
log
30
t=
log ( 2 )
t 23.19
t
1 t
1 5730
1 5730
= 100
= 100(0.999879)t
f (t ) = 100
2
2
90% of the carbon-14 remains, so P = 90 = f(t)
1 5
f (d ) = 8
2
b.
1
f (24) = 8
2
f 1 (3)
90 = 100(0.999879)t
24
5
0.999879t = 0.9
log(0.999879)t = log (0.9 )
= 0.2872
t=
log ( 0.9 )
log(0.999879)
t 870.70
The age of the wood is approximately 871 years.
125
Homework 5.5
1 1600
10 = 100
2
t
1 1600
= 0.1
2
= 0.28(0.7071)t
1600
1
log
= log(0.1)
2
t
1
log = 1
1600
2
1
t
=
1600
1
log
2
1600
t=
1
log
2
t 5315.08
t
Find f 1 (0.08)
0.08 = 0.28(0.7071)t
0.08
0.28
0.08
log(0.7071)t = log
0.28
0.08
t log(0.7071) = log
0.28
0.7071t =
0.08
log
0.28
t=
log(0.7071)
t 3.6146
2.
3.
4.
t
1600
1. log b (2 x) + log b ( x)
= log b [2 x( x)]
= log b (2 x 2 )
126
Homework 5.5
10 x
= log b
2
= log b (5 x)
5. 3log b ( x) + log b (3 x )
= log b ( x3 ) + log b (3 x )
= log b [ x3 (3 x)]
= log b (3x 4 )
7. 4 log b (2 x) + 7 log b ( x)
= log b (2 x) + log b ( x )
4
4 x 2 = 62
= log b [(2 x) 4 ( x 7 )]
= log b (16 x11 )
x2 =
9. log b (8 x) 4 log b (2 x)
x = 92
x=3
1
= log b 3
2x
x = (43 ) 3
x=4
= log b ( x3 ) + log b ( x 2 )3
= log b [( x3 )( x 2 )3 ]
log 7 ( x 2 )3 + log 7 ( x3 ) = 3
= log b ( x x )
3
36
4
log 7 [( x 2 )3 ( x 3 )] = 3
= log b ( x )
9
log 7 ( x 9 ) = 3
x 9 = 73
1
x = (73 ) 9
1
x = 73
x 1.9129
127
Homework 5.5
log 9 (2 x 5 ) 4 + log 9 ( x 4 ) 2 = 2
log[(5 x)3 (2 x) 4 ] = 3
log 9 [(2 x 5 ) 4 ( x 4 )2 ] = 2
log[(125 x 3 )(16 x 4 )] = 3
log 9 [(16 x 20 )( x8 )] = 2
log(2000 x 7 ) = 3
2000 x = 10
7
x7 =
log 9 (16 x 28 ) = 2
3
16 x 28 = 92
1000
2000
x 28 =
1 7
x=
2
x 0.9057
81 28
x=
16
x 1.0596
log 4 (2 x 2 )5 log 4 (2 x3 )2 = 3
(2 x )
log 4
3 2
(2 x )
2 5
= log 9 (2 x 5 ) 4 + log 9 ( x 4 ) 2
=3
= log 9 [(2 x 5 ) 4 ( x 4 )2 ]
= log 9 [(16 x 20 )( x8 )]
32 x
log 4
=3
6
4x
log 4 [8 x 4 ] = 3
10
= log 9 (16 x 28 )
33. log 3 (7 ) =
8x = 4
4
x4 =
81
16
64
8
log(7)
1.7712
log(3)
log(1000)
3.8553
log(6)
log(41.2)
2.3104
log(5)
x = (8 ) 4
x 1.6818
25. log 2 ( x 4 ) + log 2 ( x3 )
1
log
1
70 2.0431
39. log 8 =
log(8)
70
= log 2 [( x 4 )( x 3 )]
= log 2 ( x 7 )
27. log 2 ( x 4 ) + log 2 ( x3 ) = 4
41.
log 2 ( x )
log 7 ( x)
log 2 (7)
43.
log b (r )
log s (r )
log b ( s )
log 2 [( x 4 )( x 3 )] = 4
log 2 ( x 7 ) = 4
x7 = 24
1
x = (24 ) 7
x 1.4860
128
Homework 5.6
1
x
57. log b = log b ( x)
y
y
log(13)
log(5)
1.5937
=
49.
1
1
f = log 5
2
2
1
log
2
=
log(5)
0.4307
log (17 )
x
log b = log b ( x) log b ( y )
y
log(12)
1.1402
59. a.
log 2 ( x 3 ) + log 2 ( x 5 )
= log 2 [( x3 )( x5 )]
log (37 )
= log 2 ( x8 )
log(12)
1.4531
b.
55. log b (b 2 ) = 2
log 2 ( x 3 ) + log 2 ( x 5 ) = 7
log 2 [( x 3 )( x 5 )] = 7
log 2 ( x8 ) = 7
b6
log b 4 = log b (b 2 ) = 2
b
x 8 = 27
1
x = ( 27 )8
log b (b 6 ) = 6
x 1.8340
b6
log b (b 6 ) log b (b 4 ) = log b 4
b
= log b (b 2 )
c.
d.
=2
log b (b 6 ) 6
= = 1.5
log b (b 4 ) 4
b6
The expressions log b (b 2 ) , log b 4
b
6
4
log b (b ) log b (b ) are all equal.
, 2, and
Homework 5.6
1. ln(7) 1.9459
3. ln(54.8) 4.0037
129
Homework 5.6
5. ln(0.8) 0.2231
27. 5ln(3x ) = 5
ln(3 x) = 1
1
7. ln 0.6931
2
3 x = e1
e
3
x 0.9061
x=
9. ln(e 4 ) = 4
11. ln(e) = ln(e1 ) = 1
29. 4e3 x 1 = 68
1
13. ln = ln(e 1 ) = 1
e
15.
e3 x 1 = 17
3 x 1 = ln(17)
1
1
ln(e6 ) = (6) = 3
2
2
3 x = ln(17) + 1
ln(17) + 1
3
x 1.2777
x=
17. ln( x) = 2
x = e2
31. 4 x = 90
19. e x = 20
ln(4 x ) = ln(90)
x ln(4) = ln(90)
ln(20) = x
x 2.9957
ln(90)
ln(4)
x 3.2459
x=
21. ln( x + 5) = 3
x + 5 = e3
x = e 5
3
ln(3.1x ) = ln(49.8)
x ln(3.1) = ln(49.8)
x 15.0855
23. e 2 x = 71
ln(49.8)
ln(3.1)
x 3.4541
x=
ln(71) = 2 x
ln(71)
=x
2
x 2.1313
35. 3(6 x ) 1 = 97
3(6 x ) = 98
25. 7e x = 44
98
3
98
ln(6 x ) = ln
3
98
x ln(6) = ln
3
6x =
44
ex =
7
44
x = ln
7
x 1.8383
98
ln
3
x=
ln(6)
x 1.9458
130
Homework 5.6
ln(4 x5 ) ln( x 2 ) 2 = 5
= ln(12 x 2 )
ln(4 x5 ) ln( x 4 ) = 5
4 x5
ln 4 = 5
x
ln(4 x ) = 5
4 x = e5
e5
4
x 37.1033
x=
ln( x 4 )5 + ln(4 x3 ) 2 = 8
= ln[(9 x8 )(8 x 3 )]
ln( x 20 ) + ln(16 x 6 ) = 8
= ln(72 x11 )
ln[( x 20 )(16 x 6 )] = 8
ln(16 x 26 ) = 8
16 x 26 = e8
= ln(3 x ) ln(3 x )
3 3
2 2
x 26 =
= ln(3 x ) ln(3 x )
3
33 x9
= ln 2 4
3 x
= ln(3 x5 )
e8
16
1
e8 26
x=
16
x 1.2227
= ln[3(2 x + 1)]
x8
= ln 3
x
= ln(6 x + 3)
= ln ( x5 )
ln(3 x ) = 4
2
x8
ln 3
x
3x 2 = e4
x2 =
e
3
=4
ln ( x5 ) = 4
1
2
x5 = e4
e4
x=
3
x 4.2661
x = ( e 4 )5
x 2.2255
57. ln(e) = 1 because e1 = e
131
Homework 5.6
60. aebx = c
ebx =
b.
c
a
137
e0.06t =
c
bx = ln
a
c
ln
a
x=
b
110
0.06t ln(e) = ln
137
110
0.06t = ln
137
110
ln
137
t=
0.06
t 3.6583
3
= ln( x ) = 3ln( x)
ln( x 7 )
= ln x 4 ( x 7 )
ln( x 4 )
c.
ln( x3 ) = 3ln( x)
ln(3 x) = ln(3 x )
3ln( x) , ln( x 7 ) ln( x 4 ) , and ln( x3 ) are all the
equal.
63. a.
= 70 + 137
= 207
65. a.
b.
132
2. g ( x) =
Replace g ( x) with y :
4x 7
8
Solve for x :
4x 7 = 8 y
y=
4x = 8 y + 7
= 20
8y + 7
4
Replace x with g 1 ( y ) :
x=
7
4
Write in terms of x :
g 1 ( y ) = 2 y +
g 1 ( x) = 2 x +
7
4
3. h( x) = 3 x
4x 7
8
h 1 ( x ) = log 3 ( x)
f ( x) = 3x
4.
Replace f ( x) with y :
y = 3x
f ( x) = log 4 ( x)
f ( x) = 4 x
Solve for x :
1
y
3
Replace x with f 1 ( y ) :
5. g ( x) = 10 x
x=
g 1 ( x) = log( x)
1
y
3
Write in terms of x :
f 1 ( y ) =
6. h( x) = log( x)
h 1 ( x ) = 10 x
1
f 1 ( x) = x
3
133
7.
f (0) = 1
8.
f (2) = 4
9.
f 1 (0) = 4
10.
f 1 (2) = 1
11.
12.
28. 6(2) x = 30
2x = 5
log(2 x ) = log(5)
x log(2) = log(5)
log(5)
log(2)
x 2.3219
x=
1
1
15. log 3 = 2, since 32 =
9
9
29. log 3 ( x) = 4
x = 34
1
16. ln 3 = ln(e 3 ) = 3
e
17. log 6
18. log 4
( )
6 =
x = 81
30. 4e x = 75
1
1
, since 6 2 = 6
2
( 4 ) = 13 , since 4
3
1
3
75
4
75
ln(e x ) = ln
4
75
x = ln
4
x 2.9312
ex =
=34
log(7)
1.7712
log(3)
36. 5(4)3 x 7 = 40
43 x 7 = 8
4.3(9.8) x = 11.5
11.5
9.8 x =
4.3
11.5
log(9.8 x ) = log
4.3
11.5
x log(9.8) = log
4.3
log(43 x 7 ) = log(8)
(3 x 7) log(4) = log(8)
log(8)
log(4)
log(8)
+7
3x =
log(4)
log(8)
+7
log(4)
x=
3
x 2.8333
3x 7 =
11.5
log
4.3
x=
log(9.8)
x 2.8333
32. log b (83) = 6
37. e3 x 8 = 12
3 x 8 = ln(12)
b 6 = 83
3 x = ln(12) + 8
b = 83 6
ln(12) + 8
3
x 3.4950
x=
b 2.0886
33. 3ln( x) + 7 = 1
3ln( x) = 6
ln( x) = 2
b5 = 32
x = e2
b = 32 5
b=2
39. 5log 6 (2 x ) 3log 6 (4 x ) = 2
ln(2.4 x ) = ln(63.5)
x ln(2.4) = ln(63.5)
ln(63.5)
x=
ln(2.4)
x 4.7415
(2 x)5
log 6
3
(4 x)
=2
32 x5
=2
log 6
3
64 x
x2
log 6
2
2
x
= 62
2
x 2 = 72
x = 53.17
x 164.3368
=2
x = 72 2
x 8.4853
135
40. ln(3 x + 1) = 2
44.
3x + 1 = e2
56 x
= 48
54 x
3x = e2 1
52 x = 48
e2 1
3
x 2.1297
log(52 x ) = log(48)
x=
2 x log(5) = log(48)
log(48)
log(5)
log(48)
x=
2 log(5)
x 1.2027
2x =
25 x = 3
6
x6 =
243
25
= log b (6 x 2 ) log b (2 x)
6 x2
= log b
2x
= log b (3 x )
243 6
x=
25
x 1.4609
4 x8
ln 7 = 5
2x
ln(2 x ) = 5
2 x = e5
e5
x=
2
x 74.2066
= ln(4 x 3 )3 + ln(2 x 5 )3
= ln(64 x 9 ) + ln(8 x15 )
log 2 ( x) = 2 2
log 2 ( x) = 4
x=2
= log b (3 x 2 ) 4 log b (9 x5 ) 2
x = 16
(3 x 2 )4
= log b
5 2
(9 x )
81x8
= log b
10
81x
1
= log b 2
x
136
53. a.
n = f (t ) be the number of leaves. The nintercept is (0, 30), so a = 30. The number of
leaves doubles every week so the base, b =
2. f (t ) = 30(2)t .
= ln(2 x 7 ) ln(2 x 3 )4
= ln(2 x 7 ) ln(16 x12 )
50.
2 x7
= ln
12
16 x
1
= ln 5
8x
b.
log b ( w)
= log y ( w)
log b ( y)
c.
5000
30
500
log(2t ) = log
3
500
t log(2) = log
3
2t =
log b (b 5 ) 5
=
log b (b 2 ) 2
log b (b3 ) = 3
500
log
3
t=
log(2)
t 7.38
log b (b5 ) = 5
3
= log b (b ) = 3
b.
f 1 (5000)
5000 = 30(2)t
52. a.
b5
log b 2
b
54. a.
c.
1.05t = 2
b.
log(1.05 ) = log(2)
f (t ) = 0.083(2.65)t
t log(1.05) = log(2)
log(2)
log(1.05)
t 14.2067
c.
t=
Chapter 5 Test
f 1 (139)
139 = 9.33(1.31)n
139
9.33
139
log(1.31n ) = log
9.33
1.31n =
f 1 (1000)
1000 = 0.083(2.65)t
1000
0.083
1000
t
log(2.65 ) = log
0.083
2.65t =
139
n log(1.31) = log
9.33
139
log
9.33
n=
log(1.31)
n 10.00
1000
t log(2.65) = log
0.083
1000
log
0.083
t=
log(2.65)
t 9.65
Chapter 5 Test
1. g ( x) = 2 x 9
Replace g ( x) with y :
y = 2x 9
Solve for x :
2x = y + 9
c.
d.
y+9
2
Replace x with g 1 ( y ) :
x=
1
9
y+
2
2
Write in terms of x :
g 1 ( y ) =
g 1 ( x) =
2. h( x) = 4 x
138
1
9
x+
2
2
Chapter 5 Test
3.
h 1 ( x ) = log 4 ( x)
f ( x) = log 5 ( x)
b 4 = 50
1
b = (50 )4
f 1 ( x) = 5 x
b 2.6591
4.
16. 6(2) x 9 = 23
6(2) x = 32
2x =
32
6
32
log(2 x ) = log
6
32
x log(2) = log
6
5. log 2 (16) = 4, since 2 4 = 16
32
log
6
x=
log(2)
x 2.4150
1
1
6. log 4 = 3, since 4 3 =
64
64
7. log 7 (10) =
log(10)
1.1833
log(7)
log 3 (2 x 2 ) = 5
2 x 2 = 35
243
x2 =
2
243 2
x=
2
x 11.0227
18. 2e3 x 1 = 54
1
1
12. log b ( b ) = , since b 2 = b
2
1
13. ln 2
e
e3 x 1 = 27
ln(e3 x 1 ) = ln(27)
2
= 2, since e = 2
e
(3 x 1) ln e = ln(27)
3 x 1 = ln(27)
3 x = ln(27) + 1
ln(27) + 1
3
x 1.4319
x=
139
Chapter 5 Test
25. a.
P = f (t ) be percentage of carbon-14
remaining in the wood. The P-intercept is (0,
100). The base is and the exponent is
log 4 (3 x5 ) 2 log 4 ( x 2 )3 = 3
log 4 (9 x10 ) log 4 ( x6 ) = 3
9 x10
log 4 6
x
=3
t
1 5730
. f (t ) = 100
.
5730
2
log 4 (9 x 4 ) = 3
9x = 4
4
x4 =
b.
Find f 1 (40)
t
64
9
1 5730
40 = 100
2
64 4
x=
9
x 1.6330
1 5730
= 0.4
2
t
1 5730
= log(0.4)
log
2
t
1
log = log(0.4)
5730
2
5730 log(0.4)
t=
1
log
2
t 7574.65
20. 7 ln( x 2) 1 = 4
7 ln( x 2) = 5
ln( x 2) =
5
7
5
x 2 = e7
5
x = e7 + 2
x 4.0427
21. log s ( w) = t
26. a.
22. e p = k
23. log b ( x 3 ) + log b (5 x)
= log b [ x 3 (5 x )]
= log b (5 x 4 )
24. 4 ln( x3 ) 5ln(2 x 2 )
= ln( x ) ln(2 x )
3 4
2 5
f (t ) = 0.37(1.77)t
= ln( x ) ln(32 x )
12
10
x12
= ln
10
32 x
x2
= ln
32
140
b.
c.
d.
Find f 1 (1000)
3. 3b 7 18 = 7
3b 7 = 25
25
b7 =
3
1000 = 0.37(1.77)t
1000
0.37
1000
log(1.77t ) = log
0.37
1.77t =
25 7
b=
3
b 1.3538
1000
t log(1.77) = log
0.37
1000
log
0.37
t=
log(1.77)
t 13.84
4.
7
2 5
x = x
12
3 4
7
2 7
5
7
x x = x x
12
3 12
4
12
2 8
= x
3 12
3 2 2 3
= x
2 3 3 2
x = 1
5. 8 + 2e x = 15
(4)5 x 1 =
17
2
2e x = 7
ex =
17
log(4 ) = log
2
17
(5 x 1) log(4) = log
2
5 x 1
7
2
7
ln(e x ) = ln
2
7
x = ln
2
x 1.2528
17
log
2
5x 1 =
log(4)
6. log b (93) = 4
17
log
2 +1
5x =
log(4)
b 4 = 93
1
17
log
2 +1
log(4)
x=
5
x 0.5087
b = (93) 4
b 3.1054
2. log 3 ( x 5) = 4
x 5 = 34
x = 81 + 5
x = 86
141
7. 4 log 5 (3 x 2 ) + 3log 5 (6 x 4 ) = 3
6 4 x = 10 2 y
log 5 (3 x 2 ) 4 + log 5 (6 x 4 )3 = 3
log 5 (81x ) + log 5 (216 x ) = 3
4 x + 2 y = 16
12
log 5 (17496 x ) = 3
20
17496 x 20 = 53
x 20 =
4 x + 2 y = 16
125
17496
4 x 6 y = 16
1
125 20
x =
17496
x 0.7811
4 x 6(8) = 32
4 x 48 = 32
8. 7 3(4 x 2) = 5 x + 1
4 x = 16
x=4
7 12 x + 6 = 5 x + 1
13 12 x = 5 x + 1
1
3
x y = 12
2
4
5
5
5
60
by
. This gives
. Add the
x+ y =
3
6
4
3
equations:
12 x = 5 x 12
17 x = 12
12
17
x 0.7059
x=
5
5
60
x+ y =
6
4
3
5
1
x + y = 1
6
3
9. 2 ln(12 x ) ln(3 x ) = 5
9
ln(12 x 9 ) 2 ln(3 x 3 ) = 5
ln(144 x18 ) ln(3 x 3 ) = 5
5
1
60
y+ y =
1 . The common
4
3
3
denominator is 12, so the equation changes to
15
4
240 12
19
. So,
y+ y =
y = 19 and y = 12.
12
12
12 12
12
Solve for x when y = 12.
This yields
144 x18
ln
=5
3
3x
ln(48 x15 ) = 5
48 x15 = e5
x15 =
e5
48
1
3
x (12) = 12
2
4
1
x 9 = 12
2
1
x = 3
2
x = 6
1
15
e5
x=
48
x 1.0782
2b 5 c8
16. 2 7
3b c
8 x 3 12 x + 15
20 x 18
2b 5 ( 2) c8 7
=
18
x
20
9
x
10
2b 3 c1
=
3
2c1
= 3
3b
8c 3
=
27b9
x
0
9
10
9
10 , )
16 x 28
= log b
4
49 x
16 x 24
= log b
49
1600c 4
b 23
1
2
3
= ln(4 x 6 )3 + ln(3x 2 ) 4
6b 2 c 4
4b
= ln(5184 x 26 )
3
2 3
+
4b 6 c
=
3
=
1 1
1 3
3 2
2 4
4b 6 6 c
=
3
4b
3c
1600b 23 c 4
15.
= log b ( 2 x 7 ) log b (7 x 2 )
(64b 9 c 6 )(25b 14 c 2 )
8b 3 c
2 3
4 4
19.
5
4
f ( x) = 5(3) x
20. g ( x) = 3 x + 25
21. 7
5
6
22. 40
5
4
23. 8
24.
143
30.
m=
3 7
10
=
5+ 4
9
10
x + b . Substitute a point, say (-4. 7) to
9
solve for b.
So y =
10
(4) + b
9
40
+b
7=
9
40
=b
7
9
63 40
=b
9
9
23
b=
9
7=
28.
So the equation is y =
144
10
23
x+
.
9
9
20
719.3
8
1
719.3 20
b=
8
b 1.25
So the equation is y = 8.1(1.25) x
33. Both points satisfy the equation y = ab x so we
have the system:
38.
13 = ab 7
85 = ab3
Combining the equations yields:
13 ab 7
=
85 ab3
13
= b4
85
39.
13 4
b=
85
b 0.6254
2(3) x = 35
3x =
35
2
35
log(3x ) = log
2
35
x log(3) = log
2
85 = a (0.6254)3
85
(0.6254)3
a 347.49
So the equation is y = 347.49(0.63) x
a=
34.
f 1 (35)
35
log
2
x=
log(3)
x 2.6053
f (4) = 2(3)4
1
1
1
40. log 3 = 4, since 34 = 4 =
81
3
81
35. 2(3) x = 16
3x = 8
log(3 ) = log(8)
x
since 23 = 8 and 31 = 3
x log(3) = log(8)
log(8)
log(3)
x 1.8928
x=
42. log b
145
( b ) = 17 , since b
7
1
7
=7b
log(73)
2.0633
log(8)
Replace f ( x) with y :
f ( 1) = 1
y = 4x 6
Solve for x :
y + 6 = 4x
y+6
=x
4
y 6
x= +
4 4
Replace x with f 1 ( y ) :
1 = 2b 1
b 1 =
1
2
1
b=
2
b=2
f ( x) = 4 x 6
1
3
y+
4
2
Replace y with x :
f 1 ( y ) =
f 1 ( x) =
1
3
x+
4
2
49. g 1 ( x) = log 8 ( x )
50. Answers may vary. Example:
47.
f 1 (2)
2 = 2(2) x
2x = 1
0 2
x log(2) = 0
2 4
0
log(2)
x=0
x=
2 5
2 6
3 7
The relation is not a function because the input x =
2 has three different outputs y = 4, 5, and 6.
146
8 = ab 7
3 = ab 4
Combining the equations yields:
8 ab 7
=
3 ab 4
8
= b3
3
8 3
b=
3
b 1.3867
d.
83 5
=
74 3
So y =
c.
5
x + b . Substitute (4. 3) to solve for b.
3
5
3 = (4) + b
3
20
+b
3=
3
20
=b
3
3
9 20
=b
3 3
11
b=
3
So the equation is y =
b.
5
11
x
3
3
147
f (2) = 3(2) = 6
g (2) = 32 = 9
b.
Finding f
55. a.
f ( x) = 3 x
Replace f ( x) with y :
y = 3x
Solve for x :
1
y
3
Replace x with f 1 ( y ) :
x=
1
y
3
Replace y with x :
f 1 ( y ) =
1
f 1 ( x) = x
3
b.
c.
g ( x) = log 3 ( x)
c.
54. a.
d.
1
f (81) = (81) = 27
3
20.38(0.79)t = 1
0.79t =
U ( x) = 0.69 x + 19.95
1
log(0.79t ) = log
20.38
1
t log(0.79) = log
20.38
1
log
20.38
t=
log(0.79)
t 12.8
0.24 x = 10
x=
d.
1
20.38
B( x) = 0.45 x + 29.95
b.
f (t ) = 1
10
41.67 miles
0.24
U ( x) < B ( x )
0.69 x + 19.95 < 0.45 x + 29.95
0.24 x < 10
x < 41.67
148
e.
d.
f 1 (0.1)
0.25t 1.67 = 0
20.38(0.79)t = 0.1
0.1
0.79t =
20.38
0.1
log(0.79t ) = log
20.38
0.25t = 1.67
1.67
0.25
t 6.68
t=
0.1
t log(0.79) = log
20.38
0.1
log
20.38
t=
log(0.79)
t 22.56
f (t ) = 0
f.
2004 is t = 14
g.
0.75
n
=
100, 000 289, 000, 000
100, 000n = 216750000
f (t ) = 0.25t 1.67
Replace f (t ) with n :
n = 0.25t 1.67
Solve for x :
n = 2167.5
n + 1.67 = 0.25t
n + 1.67
=t
0.25
n
1.67
+
t=
0.25 0.25
Replace t with f 1 ( n) :
f 1 (n) = 4n + 6.68
h.
c.