Bacteria ( /bktri/; singular: bacterium) constitute a

large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a fewmicrometres in length, bacteria

have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the
first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil,
water, acidic hot springs,radioactive waste,[4] and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria
also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. They are also known
to have flourished in manned spacecraft.[5]
There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a
millilitre of fresh water. There are approximately 51030 bacteria on Earth,[6] forming
a biomass which exceeds that of all plants and animals.[7] Bacteria are vital in recycling
nutrients, with many of the stages in nutrient cycles dependent on these organisms, such as
the fixation of nitrogenfrom the atmosphere and putrefaction. In the biological communities
surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, bacteria provide the nutrients needed to
sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to
energy. On 17 March 2013, researchers reported data that suggested bacterial life forms thrive
in the Mariana Trench, which with a depth of up to 11 kilometres is the deepest part of the
Earth's oceans.[8][9] Other researchers reported related studies that microbes thrive inside rocks
up to 580 metres below the sea floor under 2.6 kilometres of ocean off the coast of the
northwestern United States.[8][10] According to one of the researchers, "You can find microbes
everywhere they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are." [8]