Proceedings of the 2nd Makassar International Conference on Civil Engineering

(MICCE 2015) Makassar, Indonesia, August 1112, 2015

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF ENGINEERED CEMENTITIOUS

COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATION
Authors:
A. Tambusay, P. Suprobo, Faimun, A. A. Amiruddin

Civil Engineering Department

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning

SEPULUH NOPEMBER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Surabaya

OUTLINES
Introduction
Research Objective
Materials
Experimental Procedures
Results and Discussion
Conclusion

INTRODUCTION
Concrete with high compressive strength have been commonly used for potential civil
engineering application.
Considering the brittleness of concrete, the development of high performance fiberreinforced cementitious composites (HPFRCC) with high tensile ductility was carried out.
Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) is a new type of HPFRCC with moderate
volume fraction of fibers up to 2%.
ECC addresses high tensile ductility with strain hardening behavior, thus the ultimate
strain of more than 2% through multiple micro-cracking can be achieved.
ECC is also made using micromechanical concept, thus tight crack widths occurs in ECC
less than 80 m.
ECC has high fracture toughness and isotropic properties.
ECC material can be used on structural member to prevent bond-splitting failure.
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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

Investigating the behavior of ECC under direct

tensile tests by using local materials
Compressive strength of ECC material were presented in this
paper in order to validate the proposed mixture proportion for
concrete grade M45.
Polyvinyl alcohol fibers (PVA) of 2% were employed in this study
as the reinforcing material for cementitious composites.
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MATERIALS
Standard Mixture Design
for ECC Material

Cement, Fly Ash, Silica Sand, Water, Chemical

Admixture (HRWR), Randomly PVA Fibers

Non-Standard Mixture
Design for ECC Material

Cement, Fly Ash, Lumajang Sand, Water,

Chemical Admixture (HRWR), Randomly PVA Fibers

Detail of Materials:
Cement
: Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Type I
Fly Ash
: Fly Ash Class F with Lime Content 15.24%
HRWR
: Concrete Additive from SIKA
PVA Fibers
: Produced by Nycon Corporation
Sands
: Average and Maximum Grain Size of 100 m and 200 m, respectively

Table 1 Mechanical and geometrical properties of PVA fiber

Diameter

Length

Youngs
modulus

Tensile
strength

Specific
gravity

38 micron

8.0 mm

40 GPa

1600 MPa

1.30

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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
Mixture Proportion
Two appropriate cement based ECC mix proportion:
1. ECC-S
: ECC matrices employing Silica Sand
2. ECC-L
: ECC matrices employing Lumajang Sand
Table 2 Standard of mixture proportion for ECC
FA/C
W/CMa
S/C
Cement (C), kg/m3
Fly Ash (FA), kg/m3
Sand (S), kg/m3
Water (W), kg/m3
Fiber (PVA), kg/m3
HRWR, kg/m3

ECC (M45)
1.2
0.26
0.8
570
684
455
331
26
4.9

CM: Cementitious Materials (cement + fly ash)

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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
Casting, Curing, and Testing of Specimens
Casting
Compressive Test : 50 100-mm cylinder
Direct Tensile Test : cross section dog-bone 25 25-mm
Curing
After 24 hours of casting, all the specimens were demoulded and moisture
cured in plastic bag with a controlled temperature of 25 C
Testing of Specimens
The specimens were tested in uniaxial tension using MTS machine with 5 kN
capacity under displacement control at a rate of 0.01 mm/s.

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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

Cross section dog-bone

25 x 25-mm

Fig. 5 Setup of uniaxial tensile test

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Density and Compressive Strength
Table 3 Density and compressive strength of each mix

Day

28

Mix ID

Density
(kg/m3)

Compressive
Strength
(MPa)

ECC-S

2062.65

34.09

ECC-L

2088.11

34.77

ECC-S

2088.11

48.70

ECC-L

2139.04

49.67

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Uniaxial Tensile Performance
5.0

5.0
4.0

Stress (MPa)

Stress (MPa)

4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

2.0
1.0

Day 7
Day 28

0.0

3.0

Day 7
Day 28

0.0

4.0

0.0

0.5

Strain (%)

Fig. 6 Tensile behavior of ECC-S

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Strain (%)

Fig. 7 Tensile behavior of ECC-L

Table 4 Tensile properties of ECC (M45) at different ages

Specimen Type
ECC-S after 7 days moist curing
ECC-S after 28 days moist curing
ECC-L after 7 days moist curing
ECC-L after 28 days moist curing

Tensile Strain (%)

3.56
3.44
3.34
3.31

Tensile Strength (MPa)

3.71
5.11
3.35
4.67

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Typical Cracks of ECC Dog-Bone
5.0

Stress (MPa)

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

ECC-S
Failure Mode

Initial Multiple Micro-Cracking

0.0
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

ECC-L
3.5

4.0

Strain (%)

Fig. 8 The comparison of direct tensile performance between ECC-S and ECC-L

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CONCLUSION
Based on the experimental results reported in this paper, the following conclusion are drawn:
1. The compression strength at 28-day of ECC-S and ECC-L meet the standard of
strength of mixture proportion for ECC (M45).

compression

2. The density for an ECC is slightly lower than conventional concrete due to the lack of coarse
aggregate
3. The tensile strength capacity of both ECC-S and ECC-L can achieve 10% of its compressive
strength.
4. The tensile strain of ECC-S and ECC-L exhibits the strain hardening behavior up to 3.56%
where it remains acceptable for an ECC. Thus, it is acceptable to be used in the structural
application.
5. The multiple micro-cracking occurs on the ECC dog-bone specimens under direct tensile test.
6. From the compression test and direct tensile test, it can be confirmed that ECC-S has lower
compressive strength than ECC-L. However, in term of direct tensile performance, ECC-S has
higher tension strength than ECC-L.

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Proceedings of the 2nd Makassar International Conference on Civil Engineering

(MICCE 2015) Makassar, Indonesia, August 1112, 2015

THANK YOU
Have a Nice Day and Enjoy Makassar

Civil Engineering Department

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning

SEPULUH NOPEMBER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Surabaya