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7, JULY 2009
1903
AbstractThere have been a set of conversion matrices proposed recently by Wang and Ouyang to simplify the inverse fast
Fourier transform (IFFT) computation involved in the selected
mapping (SLM) scheme for reduction of the peak-to-average
power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. As compared to the conventional SLM
scheme, the modified approach achieves close PAPR reduction
with much lower complexity but degraded bit error rate (BER)
performance. In this paper, we propose a new set of conversion
matrices for the SLM scheme such that the complexity can be
reduced without sacrificing the BER performance. It is shown
that the improved SLM method has better BER performance and
lower complexity than the previous work by Wang and Ouyang,
at the cost of a slight PAPR reduction loss.
Index Termsinverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), peak-to-average
power ratio (PAPR) reduction, selected mapping (SLM).
I. I NTRODUCTION
HE orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
technique is attractive for high-speed data transmission
because it has high spectral efficiency and is robust against
multipath fading [1]. OFDM has been adopted in many wireless and wired applications, such as digital audio broadcasting
(DAB) [2], digital video broadcasting (DVB) [3], wireless
local area networks [4], and digital subscriber lines (DSL) [5].
One main drawback of OFDM systems is the high peak-toaverage power ratio (PAPR) at the transmitters output, where
a high-PAPR OFDM signal may cause poor power efficiency,
in-band distortion, and undesired spectral spreading when it
passes through a nonlinear power amplifier [1], [6].
Many methods have been developed to resolve the high
PAPR problem of OFDM systems, including amplitude clipping [7], coding [8], companding transforms [9]-[11], selected
mapping (SLM) [12]-[14], and partial transmit sequences
(PTS) [15], [16]. Each of these schemes has its own distinct
features and advantages. In the following, we restrict our
attention to SLM for PAPR reduction. In the SLM scheme,
the original data sequence is multiplied by a set of predetermined phase rotation vectors and then passed through
a bank of inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) blocks to
c 2009 IEEE
0090-6778/09$25.00
N 1
1
Xk ej2kf t , 0tT
N
k=0
(1)
1904
max |x(t)|2
0tT
E[|x(t)|2 ]
(2)
WANG and KU: NOVEL CONVERSION MATRICES FOR SIMPLIFYING THE IFFT COMPUTATION OF AN SLM-BASED PAPR REDUCTION SCHEME . . .
TABLE I
P ROPOSED 11 T YPES OF ri AND THE C ORRESPONDING ti FOR LN = 16
r1 =[1 j 1 j 1 j 1 j]T
r2 =[1 1 -j j 1 1 -j j]T
t2 = [1 0 0 0 1+j 0 0 0 -j 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]T
r3 =[1 -1 j j 1 -1 j
r4 =[1 -j j 1 1 -j j 1]T
r5 =[1 -j -j -1 1 -j -j -1]T
r6 =[1 j 1 -j 1 j 1 -j]T
t6 =[1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0]T
r7 =[1 1 1 -1 1 1 1
10
-1]T
t7 =[1 0 0 0 j 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 -j 0 0 0]T
r8 =[1 j -j -j -1 j j -j]T
t8 =[0 0 1 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0]T
r9 =[1 1 j -1 -1 1 -j -1]T
t9 =[0 0 0 0 j 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 -j 0 1 0]T
10
BER
j]T
10
10
1905
10
SNR (dB)
10
15
20
CCDF(PAPR )=Pr(PAPR>PAPR )
Fig. 2.
Comparison of BER performance between MSLM-1 with the
proposed CMs and MSLM-1 with the CMs in [14] for AWGN channels.
1
10
M=12
M=4
10
Original
MSLM1 with CMs in [14] (M= 4)
MSLM1 with CMs in [14] (M=12)
MSLM1 with proposed CMs (M= 4)
MSLM1 with proposed CMs (M=12)
10
6
PAPR (dB)
10
t0
t1
t = . = Qr
..
tN 1
r0 + r1 + . . . + rN 1
(N 1)
r0 + r1 WN1 + . . . + rN 1 WN
1
..
N
.
(N 1)
r0 + r1 WN
(N 1)(N 1)
+ . . . + rN 1 WN
(A.1)
where N and P are both powers of two with P
N and WN ej2/N . Denoting row n of Q by qTn =
n(N 1)
]/N , we have tn = qTn r,
[1, WNn , WN2n , . . . , WN
where n = 0, 1, 2, ..., N 1. It is easy to check that qTn
has a least period Pn = N/gcd(n, N ) with 1 Pn N ,
where gcd(n, N ) is the greatest common divisor of n and N
n(Pn 1)
and the least-periods sequence {1, WNn , ..., WN
}
T
repeats N/Pn times in qn . Note that the second-half sequence
of a least-period is just the negative of its first-halfs, except
1906
P/21
N 1
(2m+1)N k/P
[
(rk rk+P/2 )WN
]
P N
k=0
P/21
1 1 k
mk
[ WP (rk rk+P/2 )]WP/2
,
P/2
2
k=0
0mP/2 1.
(A.2)
P/21
1
2(2m+1)N k/P
(rk + rk+P/2 )WN
P
k=0
P/21
1
k
mk
WP/2
(rk + rk+P/2 )WP/4
P
k=0
P/41
1
k
WP/2
[rk + rk+P/2
P
R EFERENCES
k=0
mk
(rk+P/4 + rk+3P/4 )]WP/4
, 0mP/4 1. (A.3)
P/21
1
4mN k/P
(rk + rk+P/2 )WN
P
k=0
P/21
1
mk
(rk + rk+P/2 )WP/4
P
k=0
P/41
1
mk
[rk + rk+P/2 + (rk+P/4 + rk+3P/4 )]WP/4
,
P
k=0
0mP/4 1
n(k+P/2)
(A.4)
n(k+P/4)
where WN
= WNnk = WN
. Note that
both (A.3) and (A.4) are P/4-point IFFTs. In the following,
we will check the values of (A.2), (A.3), and (A.4) based on
two exclusive cases.
Case I: rk = rk+P/2 for some k {1, 2, ..., P/4 1, P/4 +
1, ..., P/2 1}.
First, we consider the subcase where r0 = rP/2 , rP/4 =
r3P/4 , and rk = rk+P/2 for only one k {1, 2, ..., P/4
1, P/4+1, ..., P/21}. In this subcase, (A.2) is corresponding
to the P/2-point IFFT of an impulse signal 0.5WPk (rk
rk+P/2 )[n k], and the resulting samples tm,P/2 = (rk
mk
/P for 0 m P/2 1 have the same
rk+P/2 )WPk WP/2
magnitude but different phases. If P is greater than 8 (i.e.,
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WANG and KU: NOVEL CONVERSION MATRICES FOR SIMPLIFYING THE IFFT COMPUTATION OF AN SLM-BASED PAPR REDUCTION SCHEME . . .
1907