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HANDBOOK
FOR
STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERS
No. 6
SP : 6(6) - 1972
HANDBOOK
FOR
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
6. APPLICATION OF PLASTIC THEORY IN
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
BUREAU
OF
INDIAN
STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
Price Rs. 275.00
October 1973
BUREAU
OF INDIAN
STANDARDS
Edition 1 - 1972
UDC 624.014.2
: 624.04
SP : 6(6)-1972
Copyrtght 1973
CONTENTS
PACE
FOREWORD
. ..
. ..
..
. ..
...
SYMBOLS
...
. ..
. ..
...
s..
II
...
...
15
SECTION
1. SCOPE
...
2. GENERAL
...
INTRODUCTION
...
...
...
. ..
. ..
. ..
15
...
...
...
...
16
4. MECHANICALPROPERTIESOF STEEL . . .
. ..
...
19
. ..
...
21
6. HISTORICALDEVELOPMENT
. ..
. ..
23
3. STRUCTURALSTRENGTH
SECTION
...
JUSTIFICATION
...
. ..
...
25
. ..
26
9. EXPERIMENTALVERIFICATION
...
...
...
32
...
...
...
33
SECTION
FLEXURE
OF BEAMS
...
...
...
35
...
. ..
..
35
...
. ..
. ..
40
. ..
...
. ..
43
...
...
. ..
45
...
PLASTIC ANALYSIS
16. FUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLES
...
...
...
49
...
...
. ..
53
. ..
...
...
56
...
...
. ..
66
19. FURTHERCONSIDERATIONS
5
...
APPLICATION
...
PRFUYINARYDESIGN
.. .
TO DESIGN
...
...
. ..
77
. ..
. ..
. ..
77
...
. ..
. ..
78
. ..
. ..
81
SECORDARY
DESIGNCONSIDERATIONS
SECTlON
24. INTRODUCTION
.. .
DESIGN
.. .
EXAMPLES
.. .
. ..
125
.. .
125
..
136
STRUCTURES
27. DESIGNEXAMPLEON MULTI-STOREY
. ..
178
SECTION
. ..
SIMPLIFIED
PROCEDURES
. ..
2%. INTRODUCTION
. ..
.. .
. ..
. ..
187
BEAMS
29. CONTINUOUS
.. .
. ..
. ..
...
187
30. SINGLE-SPAN
FRAMES(SINGLESTOREY)
. ..
...
188
31. MULTI-SPANFRAMES
. ..
...
. ..
191
APPENDIXA
SELIXTEDREFERENCES . . .
. ..
...
195
APPENDIXB
SPACINGOF LATERALBRACING
. ..
. ..
198
APPENDIXC
CHARTSAND FORMULAS
FOR SIMPLEBEAMS
. ..
203
APPENDIXD COMPOSITION
OF STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERINGSEG
...
. ..
TIONALCOMMITTEE,
SMBDC 7
. ..
216
...
FOREWORD
This Handbook,
which has been processed
by the Structural
Eng!neering
Sectional Committee,
SMBDC 7, the composition
of which
is g;ven in Appendix
D, had been approved
for publication
by the
Struttural
and Metals Division
Council
and the Civil Engin&ring
Division Council of ISI.
Steel, which is a very important
basic raw materials
for industrialization,
had been r&iving
attention
from the Planning
Commission even from the very early stages of the countrys First Five Year
Plan period.
The Planning
Commission
not only envisaged
an increase
in production
capacity in the country,
but also considered the question
of even greater
importance,
namely,
taking
of urgent measures
for
the conservation
of available
resources.
Its expert committees
came
to the conclusion
that a good proportion
of the steel consumed by the
structural
steel industry
in India could be saved if higher efficiency
procedures
were adopted
in the production
and use of steel.
The
Planning
Commission,
therefore,
recommended
to the Government
of
India that the Indian
Standards
Institution
should take up a Steel
Economy Project and prepare a series of Indian Standard
specifications
and codes of practice in the field of steel production
and utilization.
Over fifteen. years of continuous
study in Tndia and abroad, and
the deliberations
at numerous
sittings of committees.
panels and study
groups resulted
in the formulation
of a number
of Indian
Standards
in the field of steel production,
design and use, a list of which is given
in Appendix E.
This Handbook
which relates to the application
of plastic theory
in design of steel structures
is intended
to present the important
principles and assumptions
involved
in the plastic method of structural
analysis, and to provide illustrative
examples for the guidance of the
designer in the analysis
of practical
design problems.
The subject
is introduced
by considering
the various
limits of
usefulness
of a steel structure,
the limits that are function
(in part)
of the mechanical
properties
of steel.
Knowledge
of these properties
is used in Section A to show how the maximum strength of some simple
The historical
development
of the
structures
may
be computed.
plastic theory of structures
is also dealt with in brief.
that
Section
stress
Appendix
A is given a list of selected references
information
on plastic theory of structures.
for further
reference
steel
IS:
IS:
for
structural
to the
following
(standard
quality)
safety
steel
in general
of buildings:
2062-1969
Specification
for structural
steel
(fusion
welding
quality)
(@St revision)
for assembly
of structural
joints
IS: 4000-1967 Code of practice
using high tensile friction grip fasteners
IS:
SP : 6(6) - 1972
SYMBOLS
Symbols used in this handbook shall have the meaning assigned
to them as indicated below:
A
E
Area of cross-section
AP
=
Arca of both flanges of WF shape
Area
of split-tee
A,; =
Aw
= Area of web between flanges
= Flange width
b
Distance from neutral axis to the extreme fibre
Depth of section
E
= Youngs modulus of elasticity
5
ii
Es, = Strain-hardening
E,
Eccentricity
Load factor of safety
Shape factor = M,
M = s
Gt
=
=
=
H
HB
I
I
I*
J
rt
= Tangent modulus
s
.;
modulus = 2
z
=
=
KL
L
L,
iu
=
=
=
=
M,
M,
Number
of plastic
hinges developed
in a structure
that is
redundant
at ultimate
load
= Moment at the haunch point
a useful maximum
moment;
hinge moment
= End moment;
Plastic
moment
=
= Plastic moment capacity of a beam section
= Plastic hinge moment modified to include the effect of axial
compression
Plastic
hinge moment modified to include effect of shear force
=
Maximum
moment of a simply-supported
beam
=
Moment
at
which
yield
point
is
reached
in flcxure
=
i&c
= Moment
M,
N
=
=
=
=
Mb
MO
Mp
Mp
Mpc
Mps
occurs
when
axial
load.
A load used as the maximum
column
load
= Euler buckling load
= Reduced modulus load
= Stabilizing load
= Tangent modulus load
= Theoretical ultimate load
= Working load
to yield stress level; P = Aa,
= Axial load corresponding
= Rotation capacity
= Radius of gyration
= Section modulus, I/C
= Section modulus of elastic part of cross-section
= Force
= Flange thickness
= Stiffner thickness
P,
R
;
s,
T
tf
ts
t.,
= Web t hickncss
Shear force
Shear
carrying capacity of a section
vc
=
_.
2c, v, w = Displacements
in x, y, and z directions
= Total distributed
Joad
W
12
Wd
WU
X
x
x
Y
Y
=
=
=
=
=
=
External
work due to virtual displacement
Internal
work due to virtual displacement
Distributed
load per unit of length
Thickness of the wet doublers
Total uniformity
distributed
load
Number of redundancies
Longitudinal
coordinate
Distance
to position
of plastic hinge undrr distributed
Transverse
coordinate
Distance
from neutral
axis to centroid
of half-area
Plastic
2,
WINT
modulus
load
= MtJ
CY
2,
2
AL
6
d
Gt
=
=
=
=
=
=
CY
=
=
=
=
p
d
QY
9
0,
a,rt
QWY
0,
fJY
=
=
=
=
=
I
=
=
Y
SECTION A
INTRODUCTION
1. SCOPE
1.1 It is the purpose of this handbook to present the fundamental
concepts involved in plastic design and to justify its application to
structural steel frames. The methods of plastic analysis will be described together with the design procedures that have so far been
developed. Secondary design considerations are also included.
STRENGTH
number
A.
refers
16
of the
selected
references
given in
OESIBNBASIS
CONVENTIONAL
FIG. 1
DESIGN
PLASTIC
DESIGN
I_
.:
17
,\y
.L
SP: 6(6)-
1072
3.10 Terminology
- Plastic design naturally involves the use of some
new terms. Actually these are few in number, but for convenience are
listed below :
Limit Design-
usefulness.
Plastijicath
section.
18
Plastic l
odzclus (Z)- Combined static moments about the neutral
axis of the cross-sectional areas above and below the neutral axis.
Plastic Hiqe e A yielded section of a beam which acts as if it
were hinged, except with a constant restraining moment.
Shape Factor (fl- The ratio of the maximum
of a cross-section (M,) to the yield moment
Mechanism - A hinge system , a system
move without an increase in load.
resisting
(M,).
of members
moment
that
can
Redistributiorc of Moment 4 A process which results in the successive formation of plastic hinges until the ultimate load is
reached. By it, the less-highly stressed portions of a structure
also may reach the (M&-value.
Load Factor (F)- A safety factor. The term is selected to emphasize the dependence upon load-carrying
capacity.
It is the
number by which *the working load is multiplied to obtain P,.
4. MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
OF STEEL
4.1 An outstanding
STRAIN
STRESS-STRAIN
CURVE OF S~-42STEEL IDEALIZED
19
LASTIC
0
RANGE --W&RAIN
HARDENINO
If0
$0
3dx10-2
STR4IN
FIG. 3 STRESS-STRAIN
CURVEOF ST&~ AND ST-%
STRUCTURAL
STEELS
IMALIZED
.Od!
o-11 lb50
CURVE
25
15
PERCENTAGE
ELONGATION
____c
FIG. 4 COMPLETE
STRESS-STRAIN
CURVEOF STRUCTURAL
STEEL
-.__*Structural steel (standard quality) (fourth rcuision).
20
5. MAXIMUM
STRENGTH
OF SOME ELEMENTS
STRESS:
Ti
i
I
I
6 =- p
A
DEFLECTION:
UNRESTRICTED
PLASTIC
FLOW
$1
: 7:
6,.EL
PUL
AE
P,,
$A
SP:
6(6)
- 1972
Since the stress distribution is uniform across the section, unrestricted plastic flow will set in when the load reached the value given by
P,=
ayA
This is, therefore, the ultimate load. It is the maximum load the
structure will carry without the onset of unrestricted plastic flow.
As a second example consider the three-bar structure shown in
Fig. 6. It is not possible to consider the state of stress by statics alone
and thus it is indeterminate. Consider the elastic state. From the
equilibrium condition there is obtained:
. ..
.. .
.. .
. ..(l)
where T1 is the force in bars 1 and 3 and T, the force in the bar 2.
2Tl+TI=P
PARTIALLV
EWL~IUY:
PLASTIC
21, + 12-P
VLLO
FIG.6
Pl.ASTlt
pr 212 *
LIMIT:
2byh
OEFLECTION
T&a
AE - AE
T,= 2
(as L,=
.**
2L.J
.*
***
. ..
...
. . . (2)
. ..(3)
T&.
.. .
. ..
. ..
. ..
. ..(4)
22
2T,=
displacement
8=
Y
2a,A
at the
q2&
or;
...
yield
load
would
be determined
. . .
2E
...
. ..(5)
from:
. ..(6)
. . .
P, = 3ayA
...
. ..(7)
...
The three
essential
a) Each portion
condition,
features
of this simple
of the structure
plastic
. ..(8)
...
analysis
are as follows:
a plastic
yield
b) The equilibrium
condition
was satisfied at ultimate
load, and
c) There was unrestricted
plastic flow at the ultimate
load.
These same features are all that are required to complete the plastie
analysis of an indeterminate
beam or frame, and in fact, this simple
example illustrates
all of the essential features of a plastic analysis.
6. HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
suggested
designs of
*Code of practice
-
steel in general
building
construction
(rcuised).
24
>T.$
SECTION
JUSTIFICATION
7.3 Actually the idea of design on the basis of ultimate load rather than
allowable stress is a return to the realistic point of view that had to be
adopted by our forefathers in a very crude way because they did not
possess knowledge of mathematics and statics that would allow them
to compute stresses.
7.4 The introduction of welding, of
to studies of the ultimate strength
to achieve complete continuity at
it economically.
The full strength
mitted to another.
7.5 It has often been demonstrated that elastic stress analysis cannot
predict the real stress-distribution
in a building frame with anything
like the degree of accuracy that is assumed in the design. The work
done in England by Prof. Baker and his associates as a forerunner to
their ultimate strength studies clearly indicated this.
in
7.6 Examples of imperfections that cause severe irregularity
measured stresses are: differences in beam-column connection fit-up and
flexibility, spreading of supports, sinking of supports, residual stresses,
25
there is rigidity
(and
Such factors, however,
strength.
vice-versa),
usually do
8. INA.DEQUACY
OF
STRESS
AS THE
DESIGN
CRITERION
extent
always
strength of
When the
26
1) Residual
stresses
2)
stresses
rolling) ;
Residual
(in the
case of flexure
resulting
stresses;
3) Erection
settlements;
4) Foundation
at points
5) Over-stress
of
from
the
due to cooling
cambering
stress-concentration
of
(holes,
after
beams;
etc) ;
SP:6(6)- 1972
in working
strength:
RESIDUAL
(b)
(a)
FIG. 7
STRESS
APPLIED
STRESS
(cl
FINAL
STRESS
(d)
(0)
28
p-0
P=Py
(21
P=P
FIG. 8 DEMONSTRATION
THAT ERECTIONSTRESSESDO NOT INFLUENCE
ULTIMATE LOAD
29
FIG. 9
REDISTRIBUTION
OF SHEAR
IN
THE FASTENERS
OF A LAP JOINT
30
lo
A*Y
For a simplv-supported beam the stresses, moments, and load all bear
a linear relationship to one another in the elastic range and thus:
P
p,=
M
6 = My
M
?_!%
Range:F=p~=M*=
0.61 M,
Pin :
~&_2!%=
0.91 My
= 1.87
1.87
The exact agreement between the true fktors of safety with respect to
ultimate load in the two cases, while somewhat of a coincidence, is indicative of the influence of long years of experience on the part of engineers
31
VERIFICATION
9.1 In the previous clauses some of the important concepts of the plastic
theory are described. How well does structural behaviour bear out the
theory ? Do structures reaily contain the ductility assumed ? If we
test a full size structure with rolled members will it actually carry the
load predicted by plastic analysis 1
9.2 The important assumptions made with regard to the plastic behaviour of structures
are recapitulated
in Fig. 11). In Lecture 4 of
Ref 12 (see Appendix A), the experimental confirmation of these assumptions is given, demonstrating the ductility of steel, the development of
plastic hinges in beams and %oiinections, and redistribution of moment.
In the last analysis, the most important verification of plastic theory is
that given by the results of full-scale tests and some of these will now
be presented.
9.3 Typical structures were tested both in USA and other countries.
The structure carried the predicted ultimate load, the load-deflection
curve being shown in Fig. 12.
9.4 Further tests conducted on frames fabricated from rolled sections
have shown that the actual strength of even the weakest structure was
within 5 percent of its predicted ultimate load an agreement much better
than obtained at the so-called elastic limit ~J6*20*a0@*u. In tests on
beams with three supports, applying the vertical load, the central support
was raised until the yield point was: first reached, with the result that
application of the first increment of external load caused the structure
to yield. In spite of this, the computed ultimate load was attained.
In the tests conducted on pinned and fixed basis and with flat, saw
tooth ant1 gabled roofs, the ultimate load computed by the plastic
theory was reached and in numerous cases it exceededa14s*44.
32
-G
MOMENT CAtXtTY=
FlASTC MOMENT
-9
PlASTC
HINGE
UTIMATEWAD HING&--i&ANISM
FIG. 11 ASSUMPTIONS
MADE IN REGARD TO PLASTIC
BEHAVIOUROF STRUCTURES
10. THE
CASE
FOR PLASTIC
DESIGN
k..
016
0
25
50
75
100
125
DEFLECTION IN cm
150
175
200
225
b) Use
d
4
It is important
upon the maximum
to details.
These
earlier and treated
34
SECTION
FLEXURE
11. ASSUMPTIONS
OF BEAMS
AND CONDITIONS
(O<e<eJ
Normal force:
Moment :
. ..(9)
**-. ..
(ey<c<co) >
The complete stress-strain
diagram is shown in Ffg. 4 and
is shown in an idealized form in Fig. 2. The properties in
compression are assumed to be the same as those in tension.
Also, the behaviour of fibres in bending is the same as in tension.
The equilibrium conditions are as given by Eq (10):
P =
M=
I AlCiZ
I Af&Z
adA
. ..(lO)
tsdA.y
12. BENDING
OF RECTANGULAR
BEAM
STRESS
vs
STRAIN
t
6
STRAINS
STRESSES
OISTRBUTIONS
pattern
which
This is the
According to
.(11)
where P - radius of curvature
and l, the strain at a distance y from the,
J us t as it is basic to the fundamentals
of elastic analysis,
neutral axis.
of bending
moment
to this curvature,
4, is a basic
the relationship
concept in plastic analysis.
The expressions for curvature
and moment (and, thus, the resulting
M-4
curve) follow directly from Fig. 13. Curvature
at a given stage
is obtained- from a particular
stress-distribution*.
The corresponding
moment-value
is obtained
by integration
of stress-areas.
The derivation
of expressions
for curvature
and moment now follow.
Eq
..
=$-
. ..
From
. ..(12)
where y,, is the ordinate to the neutral axis to the farthest still elastic
fibre.
To compute the bending moment for this same Stage 2, the stress
distribution
of Fig. 14 is divided into parts in Fig. 15. The moment of
(jq_~
$+
YIELD ZONE
FIG. 14
MOMENT
STRAIN
$iG$
'QY
STRESS
SP: 6(6)
- 1972
t
$
4=
SY
FIG. 15
6Y
6Yh
6YG
STRESSELEMENTSOF A PARTIALLYPLASTICDESIGN
resistance
may thus
and a plastic part
be considered
(u&),
or:
as being
made up of an elastic
...
M = crJ,+c&, = a,S,+uJ--a&e
Equation
14:
M=
YO
0
2
13 may also
be derived
directly
and plastic
from Eq $0.
. ..(13)
portions
Referring
to
crdA.y
(u$,)
uy
42
=2
u.bdy.y+2 u,.bdy.y
YO
Yy?bay
o-
Yo
+=,2 j:r
y.bay
YO
5
0
d/2
c$ibdy.y+2 u,.bdy.y
0
I YO
...
...
. ..(13a)
uys,
+uyz,
=
The quantity
Z is a property
of a cross-section
that corresponds
in
importance
to the section modulus, S. It is called the plastic modulus,
and (for symmetric
sections)
represents
twice the statical
moment
(taken about the neutral axis) of the plastic section area above or below
that axis.
General methods for computing
2 will be discussed later.
For the rectangular
section, necessary
values for section modulus,
S, and plastic modulus,
Z for use in Eq 13 are:
Z; =
2by,$ = by:
S = b(2YJ2
2
22
=jby;=3
6
z* = z-z,
z=4
bd2
...
. ..
. ..(14)
38
the bending
moment
in terms
of Z is given
by;
...
The maximum
zero or:
moment
is obtained
M,,=a,Z
when
...
moment
. ..
the elastic
...
part
. ..(15)
is reduced
...
to
. ..(16)
In terms
of c$, using
Eq
wY=2-
1
c
. ..(17)
. ..
..
12:
M=o,(Z-&)
M
...
($y<$<co)
relationship
1
3
is obtained
MY)
by dividing
. ..
($4 I
both
. ..(19)
***
The resulting
non-dimensional
M-4 curve for a rectangle is shown in
Fig. 16. The numbers
in circles in Fig. 16 correspond
to stages of
5
*@Y
FIG.
16
10
39
pt-,
ii
w.
beam
OF WIDE
being considered, .f = y
FLANGE
+ -F = 1.50
as
BEAM
13.1 The action of a wide flange beam under bending moment is diagrammatically shown in Fig. 17. If it is assumed that all of the material
in a wide flange shape is concentrated in the flanges then (when the
elastic limit is reached) the compression flange shortens at constant load
and the tension flange lengthens at constant load. The resulting
moment is, therefore, constant; the member acts just like a hinge except
that deformation occurs under constant moment (the plastic-hinge
moment).
13.2 A more realistic picture of the moment-curvature relationship of
a wide flange shape is shown in Fig. 18. point 1 is the elastic limit; at
point 2 the..member is partially plastic and at point 3 the cross-section
approaches a condition of full plastic yield.
FIG.
17
PLASTIC
up=
WY 03s
FIG. 19
e,i.*
3
7.2
= uyz
Z-g_
$,F
,f
,\
I
. c <.f
ELASTICAND PLASTICLIMITMOMENTS
41
_:
CF,,; jj = ay.4g
The quantity
Ajj is called
therefore, as before,
the plastic
...
modulus
...
and
...
M* = a,Z
. ..(21)
is denoted
...
by 2;
. ..(16)
moments
since the
The moment-curvature
relationship
may be developed
for wide
flange sh&pes by the same procedure as outlined for a rectangular
crossDue to variation
of width of section with depth,
separate
section.
when yielding is limited to the flanges and
expressions
arc necessary
when yielding
has pcnctratcd
to the web.
the
~y=:(1_~~)+~[1__3(~.)al
.. .
. ..(22)
(b
l<&<($$
>
For Case 2, in which yielc!ing has penetrated
through the flanges and into
the web (Fig. 21), the non-dlmensioual
M-4 curve becomes:
,..(23)
FIG. 20
PLASTICSTRESSDISTRIBUTION
IN WIDE FLANGEBEAM CASE 1: PARTIAL YIELDING
42
LU
FIG. 21
HINGE
to the idealization
of Fig. 17, plastic
hinges form at
Actually the hinge extends over that part
of zero length.
43
i*,*......
.__., _*+...._.
.
SP:6(6)- 1972
of the beam whose bending moment is greater than M
is dependent
on the loading and geometry.
It is justifie 8'to
distribution
, however, and the length of hinge is assumed
Closely related to the plastic hinge is the plastic modulus,
already been defined for the symmetrical
sections as twice
moment
about the neutral
axis, of the half sectional
area.
earlier, 2 = Ay.
For wide flange beam shapes, the quantity
determined
directly
from the properties
of split tees and
. ..
where y1 is the distance
That length
neglect this
to be zero.
2. It has
the statical
As noted
y may be
thus:
...
to the centre
of gravity.
The shape factors, already defined as f = Z/S, varies for wide flange
shapes from 1.09 to 1.22. The mode is 1.12 and the average is 1.14 for
I shapes.
Examples of the ratio of Z/S = f for symmetrical
shapes other
than the wide flange are shown in Fig. 22 and 23.
For sections ~with symmetry
only about an axis in the plane of
bending, the neutral axis at the plastic moment condition follows directly
from Eq 10. The general definition
for Z is The cbmbined
statical
moments of the cross-sectional
areas above and below the neutral axis .
Since P = 0, and B = I+, for equilibrium
the area above the neutral
axis should equal that below.
Thus, for a triangular-section
in Fig. 22
the elastic neutral axis is at a distance of 2/3d from the toe, while the
plastic neutral axis is at a distance of dl/Z.
FIG. 22
SECTION
FIG. 23
,I
__
_.
_.
,..,^_._.,_.
__I....
f = Z/S=
AY
-.- is one source of reserve strength
I/c >
to analysis is illustrated
OF MOMENT
45
involved. When the force in Bar 2 reached the yield condition it remained constant there while the forcescontinued to increase in Bars 1
and 3. The ultimate load was reached when all critical bars became
plastic.
15.3 The phenomenon of redistribution of moment will now be illustrated
with the case shown in Fig. 24, a fixed ended beam with a concentrated
load off-centre.
As the load P is increased the beam reaches its elastic
limit at the left end (Stage 1). The moments at sections B and C are
less than the maximum moment. Note that in this example WCwill consider the idealized M-4
relationship as shown in the lower left-hand
portion.
(The dotted curve shows the more precise behaviour).
STAGE 2.
STAGE 1
STAGE 3
t
M
DEFLECTION
FIG. 24
RE-DISTRIBUTIONOF MOMENTS
46
..z:
,i
; :
9.
L_
SP : 6(6) - 1972
that Mp is reached
mechamsm is formed.
WL
In this way a
-!L=2M*
8
How does this compare with the load at first yield ? At the elastic
limit (see dotted moment-diagram in Fig. 25) we know from a consideration of continuity that the centre moment is one-half the end moment.
Thus:
lvyL =Mv$T=TMY
8
3MY
12M
WY5TY
Therefoie,
48
SECTION
PLASTIC ANALYSIS
16. FUNDAMENTAL
PRINCIPLES
._
,__*_. .
..-.
.,
_,
._e-...
x_ ,._,. .__*-.
. .._
-
.^
.-
I. . _
Method
Mechanical
condition
Equilibrium
condition
satisfies
(Equilibrium)Method-satisfies
Plastic moment
condition
FIG. 26
ELASTIC
ANALYSIS
PLASTIC
ANALYSIS
PLASTIC
ANALYSIS
50
of
of
the
the
Theorems
It is not generally possible to solve all three of the necessary oonditions (mechanism, equilibrium and plastic moment) in one operation.
Although the Equilibrium condition will always be satisfied, a solution
arrived at on the basis of an assumed mechanism will give a load-carrying
capacity that is either correct or too high. On the other hand, one that
is arrived at by drawing a statical moment diagram that does not violate
the plastic moment condition will either be correct or too low. Thus,
depending on how the problem is solved, we will obtain an upper limit
or bound below which the correct answer should certainly lie, or we
will determine a lower limit or bound which is certainly less than
the true load capacity.
placements,
51
27A
FIG. 27
UPPER AND
278
1.
j
L.,.
of our current
the
design
asumptions
(equilibrium)
method of analysis
The mechanism
method, on the
to the true ultimate
load.
of 11
METHOD
it is now
OF ANALYSIS
above,
is based on the
and then several
Method -By
the following
diagram in which M6 Mp such
Select redundant(s),
Draw moment diagram for determinate
structure,
Draw moment
diagram
for structure
loaded by redundant(s),
Sketch composite moment diagram in such a way that a mechanism is formed (sketch mechanism),
53
Fixed-ended,
uniformly
25
W,L
.
ln half,
then no mechanism would have been formed. The correct mechanism is sketched in the lower portion and M = Mp at the locations
of maximum moment.
The equilibrium
W,L
8
Example
= M,+M,
equation,
. ..(27)
. ..
2:
The
resultant
to j;rst degree)
The
are shown in
54