Kinematics - Motion in One Dimension

30/12/2014
Motion in One Dimension

Ch 2
Motion
What is motion?
Motion:
Change of object position with time,
respect to a reference point
Trajectory:
Motion in a straight line
A path along which an object moves;

(Straight line or Curved)
Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat
Types of Motion
Motion Diagrams
Motion diagram gives information about
position as a function of time.
The objects positions in a motion diagram are
always shown at equal time interval
Translational Motion
Projectile Motion
Circular Motion
Rotational Motion
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Motion Diagram
Examples of motion diagrams
The Particle Model

What is particle model?
Treat a moving object as a particle
Why do we need it?
Makes much simpler motion diagram
Motion 1D
For now, consider motion in one dimension
Along a straight line
Position
Object Location
Where is it?
Use the particle model

A particle is a point-like object, has mass but
infinitesimal size
Notice: Discussing motion while ignoring the

agents that caused the motion
Represent an objects location with respect to a

chosen reference point
Consider the reference point to be the origin of a
coordinate system
Only interested in the cars translational motion, so

model it as a particle
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Position Time Graph

The position-time graph shows the motion of
the particle (car) at different time
Motion of Car
Pictorial representation
Graphical representation
The smooth curve is a guess as to what happened

between the data points
Motion of Car
Tabular representation
Note the relationship between the position of the

car and the points on the graph
Motion in One Dimension
Question:
The graph below shows the motion of a car along a
straight road. Describe the motion of the car:
The table gives the actual data collected during the

motion of the object (car).
Positive is defined as being to the right
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Position Vs. Time Graph

Work at home:
Draw Position versus time graph for the following
three cases. Find average velocity between t = 1 s
and t = 4.5 s for all three cases. Find instantaneous
velocity at t = 3.5 s.
Displacement (1D Motion)

Change in position during some time interval
X (m)
Represented as x
xf
x xf - xi
xi
0
ti
tf
T (s)
x can be positive or negative

Depends only on the beginning and ending positions
Distance:
the length of a path followed by a particle
Displacement vs Distance
Assume a player moves from
one end of the court to the
other and back
Distance is twice the length of the court

Distance is always positive
Displacement is zero
x = xf xi = 0 since
x f = xi
Displacement (1D motion)
Question:
If the motion is in one dimension, why position vs.
time graph is a curve and not a straight line?
t(s)
2
4
6
8
10
12
x (m)
-2
10
24
29
27
19
x (m)
20
10
t (s)
2
2s
0
4s
10
10 12
6s
20
8s
30
x(m)
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Speed
Velocity
What is speed?
What is velocity?
Speed:
How fast an object moves?
Magnitude (Scalar), positive number, no direction
Average speed: (distance / time)
Average speed vavg
d
t
Velocity:
How fast an object moves and in what direction?
Magnitude and direction (vector)
Average velocity: (displacement / time)
Average velocity v x , avg

Average Velocity
Average velocity
x x 2 x 1
Displacement :
Xf
x
x2
x x f xi
t f ti
t
position x as a function of time t

x
x1
t1
t2
x = xf xi
vavg = x/t
A
Xi
t
ti
tf
The slope of straight line AB x/t

Average velocity : vavg x / t
(slope of the secant line)
vavg = x/t Slope of the straight line connection

Average velocity is the slope of the line in the
position-time graph.
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Instantaneous velocity
Neither average velocity nor average speed

gives details about the trip described.
The limit of the average velocity as the time
interval becomes infinitesimally short, or as
the time interval approaches zero.
x
d x Instantaneous velocity
v x lim
x 0 t
dt
The instantaneous velocity indicates what is
happening at every point of time
The slope of red line

gives average velocity
between A and B.
B
B
The instantaneous velocity is the slope of the

line tangent to the x vs. t curve.
The red lines show that as t gets smaller, they
approach the green line.
The Instantaneous velocity at time t is the

slope of the line that is tangent to the positionversus-time graph at time t.
Average velocity becomes a better and better

approximation to the instantaneous velocity
as the time interval over which the average is
taken gets smaller and smaller.
vinst lim
t 0
x d x
dt
t
The instantaneous velocity, vinst, at time t is the

average velocity during a time interval t
centered on t, as t approaches zero.
30/12/2014
The Instantaneous velocity at time t is the
slope of the line that is tangent to the positionversus-time graph at time t.
v ins lim
t 0
vx
Finding velocity from position graphically

Example: The position-time graph of an elevator is
shown.
x
dx
t
dt
dx
dt
x (t )
t2
t1
a. At which point does the elevator have the least or

the most speed?
b. Show its velocity vs. time graph
v (t ) dt
Finding velocity from position graphically

Example:
Uniform Motion
Constant velocity
a)
b)
A particle with a constant velocity:
vy
Position-time graph is a line with a

constant slope.
v x ) avg x t Slope of the line v x ) ins
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Uniform Motion (1 D)
Uniform Motion
Constant velocity
vx = vx)avg = x / t
vx ) avg vx )ins
vx = (xf xi ) / (tf ti)

vx )ins
dx
dt
x t vx dt vx t dt
xf = xi + vx (tf ti)
t2
x vx (t2 t1 )
if: ti = 0
xf = xi + vx t
t2
or
x = x0 + vx t
Non-Uniform Motion (1 D)
Example:
Position vs. time
A particles position is given by the function x = -t4+4t.

What are the particles position and velocity at
t = 3 s?
velocity vs. time
x (t ) t 4 4t
dx
dt
0
v
t
0
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Reading Position-Time Graphs
Kinematics Q1
A train car moves along a long straight track. The
graph shows the position as a function of time for
this train. What does the graph shows about the
motion of train?
t (s)
4
2
Reading Position-Time Graphs

Over the entire trajectory shown, which of the graphs A-F:
1.Have a zero displacement?
2.Have a net positive displacement?
3.Have a net negative displacement?
During the trajectories shown, which of the graphs A-F:
4.Show a constant velocity?
5.Show an increase in velocity?
6.Show a decrease in velocity?
7.Show a negative velocity?
t (s)
t (s)
t (s)
t (s)
4
2
t (s)
5
Time
4
2
Position
Bruno Tomberli
Acceleration
What is acceleration?
We are dealing with changing in velocity.
Speeding or slowing
Acceleration is the rate of change of the

velocity
a x , avg
v x vx f vx i
t
t f ti
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Acceleration
Average Acceleration:
Possible ways of changing velocity
Non-uniform Motion:
Changing magnitude of
velocity (increasing)
changing magnitude of
velocity (decreasing)
changing direction of
velocity (constant
magnitude)
v
v2
velocity v as a function of time t
v1
t
t1
t2
Average acceleration : aavg
aavg a
v
(slope of the secant line)
t
v v f vi
t f ti
t
Instantaneous Acceleration:
Is the average over an infinitesimal time interval
Instantaneous Acceleration
The Instantaneous acceleration at time t is the
slope of the line that is tangent to the velocityversus-time graph at time t.
a ins lim
t 0
t
a is the slope of the tangent to the v vs. t graph.
Physically, a is the rate of change of v, hence dv/dt.

d vx
vx
t
dt
d vx
dt
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Instantaneous Acceleration
The slope of the
velocity-time graph is
the acceleration
The green line
represents the
instantaneous
acceleration
The blue line is the
average acceleration
Kinematics Q1
An object moves along the positive x-axis. Its
acceleration as a function of time is shown below.
Draw its speed as a function of time.
Graphical Relationship between x, vx, ax

Given the
displacement-time
graph (a)
The velocity-time
graph is found by
measuring the slope of
the position-time graph
at every instant.
The acceleration-time
graph is found by
measuring the slope of
the velocity-time graph
at every instant.
Acceleration and Velocity

When an objects velocity and acceleration
are in the same direction, the object is
speeding up
When an objects velocity and acceleration
are in the opposite direction, the object is
slowing down
acceleration
Negative acceleration does not necessarily

mean the object is slowing down.
Time
If the acceleration and velocity are both negative,

the object is speeding up.
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Acceleration and Velocity
Constant acceleration Motion (1 D)

Motion diagram graph for a constant acceleration
motion:
Acceleration graph for the above motion:
In the last two cases, the acceleration is constant

Shown by the violet arrows all maintaining the same
length
Constant acceleration (non-uniform) motion (1D)

Velocity-time graph and acceleration-time graph
Kinematic Equations
The kinematic equations can be used with
any particle under uniform acceleration.
The kinematic equations may be used to
solve any problem involving one-dimensional
motion with a constant acceleration.
You may need to use two of the equations to
solve one problem.
Many times there is more than one way to

solve a problem.
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Motion (1D)
Motion (1D)
The kinematic Equations for constant Acceleration:
v v0 a t
v f vi a t
x f xi v i t
1
2
a t2
v v 2 a ( x f xi )
2
f
2
i
x x0 v 0t 12 a t 2
v v 2 a ( x x0 )
2
2
0
For constant Acceleration:
v x , avg
v xi v xf
Motion with constant acceleration
vx0 vx
2
x x0 v x, avg t
x f xi v x , avg t
x f xi
v x , avg
1
(v xi v xf ) t
2
x x0
1
(v x 0 v x )
2
Motion Graphs
Draw velocity and acceleration from position-time graph:
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30/12/2014
Motion Graphs
Draw velocity and acceleration from position-time graph:
Example
Given a position vs. time graph for two ships below:
Describe the motion
of each ship
When does one pass
the other?
When are their
velocity the same?
Which is moving
faster at t=25 min?
Which is a head at
t=25 min?
x (km)
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
Clicker Quiz
The graph below shows position vs. time for two trains
running on parallel tracks. Compare their velocities
and accelerations.
position
A
B
tB
10
15
20
time
25
t (min)
Handling Kinematic Questions

Often deal with multiple types of motion in problems:
sometimes the motion of an object changes (e.g. a car travels at
constant velocity for 10 s, then hits brakes)
Sometimes more than one object moves (e.g. two cyclists in a
race)
KEY HINTS:
list all known and unknown of the problem

break the problem up into different parts
treat each type of motion as a separate part of the
problem (even if it is the same object, such as with
the car, above)
For each part, list the following quantities, and
include numbers if you have them:
x
vi
vf
a
t
100
14
30/12/2014
Which
direction am I
running?
Example
100 m
Harry Potter is standing in front of that big castle thing in the

movie, when he sees a curly-haired girl running towards him
(with constant velocity 5.0 m/s). When they are 100 m apart,
Potter starts running to meet her. He runs with a constant
acceleration, and by the time they meet, Potter is running at
6.0 m/s.
How long, from the time Potter begins moving, does it take
for them to meet?
102
Free fall
Any objects moving freely under the influence
of gravity alone, regardless of its initial
motion, is called free fall.
xC
xP
There is
only one
direction
Harry
x = ?
vi = 0 m/s
vf = 6 m/s
a=?
t = ?
Martian
x = ?
vi = 5 m/s
vf = 5 m/s
a=0
t = ?
PHYSICS:
xP + xC = 100
tP = tC
Free fall
An object in free fall experiences an
acceleration directed downward, regardless
of its initial motion.
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30/12/2014
Free fall
Free Fall - Examples
Falling rock:
A vertical cannonball:
In free fall acceleration is always directed downward.
a
v v0 at
Kinematics Q1
If you drop an object in the absence of air

resistance, it accelerates downward at 9.8 m/s2.
If, instead, you throw it downward, what is its
downward acceleration after release?
g 9.8 m s 2
v v0 gt
x x0 v0 t 12 a t 2
y y0 v0 t 12 g t 2
v 2 v02 2 a ( x x0 )
v 2 v02 2 g ( x x0 )
Kinematics Q1
You are throwing a ball straight up in the air. What
are balls velocity and acceleration at the highest
point?
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30/12/2014
Kinematics Q1
A person standing at the edge of a cliff throws one
ball straight up and another ball straight down at
the same initial speed. Neglecting air resistance,
which ball hits the ground with a greater speed?
Example
Ball bearing are made by letting spherical drops of
molten metal fall inside a tower and solidify as they fall.
a. If a bearing needs 4.0 s to solidify enough for
impact, how high must the tower be?
b. What is the bearing impact velocity?
a g 9 .8 m / s 2
y
0
T=0, v0=0
4.0 s
Example
Example
A student standing on the ground throws a ball straight

up. The ball leaves the students hand with a speed of
15 m/s when the hand is 2.0 m above the ground. How
long is the ball in the air before it hits the ground? (The
student moves her hand out of the way.)
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30/12/2014
Motion on an inclined plane
Motion on an inclined plane
Acceleration on an inclined plane:
Acceleration on an inclined plane:
a||
afree fall
Example
A skier is gliding along at 3.0 m/s on horizontal,
frictionless snow. He suddenly starts a 10o incline. His
speed at the bottom is 15 m/s.
What is the length of the inclined.

How long does it take him to reach the bottom?
Example
Known:
t0 0
x0 0 v0 3.0 m / s
a g sin10
v1 15 m / s
Find: x1 and t1
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Kinematic Equation from Calculus
Finding position from velocity:

Approximating a velocity-time graph with a
series of constant velocity steps:
Velocity-time graph
Constant velocity steps
Displacement equals
the area under the
velocity-time curve
tk Area under the velocity curve between ti and t f .
x f xi Area under the velocity curve between ti and t f .
Area under the velocity curve between ti and t f .
The limit of the sum is a definite integral

x x x
t k
k 1
i 1
i 1
Finding position from velocity:

x
x x x vi t i
n
k 1
So:
v t
x x f xi v1 t1 v2 t 2 vn t n

Finding position from velocity: Constant velocity steps
lim v
t n 0 i 1
t i t v x dt
i
tf
i
If we know the initial position, xi, and the

instantaneous velocity, vx, as a function of
time, t, then the final position is given by
N
x f xi lim (v x ) k t xi t v x dt
t 0
k 1
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30/12/2014
Example:
Figure blew shows the velocity-time graph of a

drag racer. How far does the racer moves during
the first 3.0 s?
Example:
vx (m/s)
16
12
8
4
0
t (s)
0

General Form:
ax
d vx
dt

a const.
ax
v xf v xi 0 a x dt
tf
vx
vx f
vx i
d vx
dt
d vx a x d t
d v x t ax dt
vx vx t ax dt
tf
tf
vx vx ax t dt ax (t f ti )
tf
dx
dt
vx vx ax 0 dt axt
t
x f xi 0 v x dt
tf
x f xi 0 vx dt 0 (vx axt ) d t
t
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30/12/2014
Problem
Problems: Figure shows the velocity graph of a
train that starts from the origin at t = 0.
Draw position and acceleration graphs for the train.
Find the acceleration of the train at t = 3.0 s.
Problem
(a)
(b)
Problem
Problem
A rock is tossed straight up with a speed of

20 m/s. When it returns, it falls into a hole 10
m deep.
What is the rocks velocity as it hits the
bottom of the hole?
How long is the rock in the air, from the
instant it is released until it hits the bottom of
the hole?
21

Kinematics - Motion in One Dimension

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30/12/2014

Motion in One Dimension

Motion in a straight line

A path along which an object moves;

The Particle Model

Why do we need it?

Makes much simpler motion diagram

Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat

Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat

Use the particle model

Notice: Discussing motion while ignoring the

Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat

Represent an objects location with respect to a

Only interested in the cars translational motion, so

Position Time Graph

The smooth curve is a guess as to what happened

Note the relationship between the position of the

Motion in One Dimension

The table gives the actual data collected during the

Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat

Position Vs. Time Graph

Displacement (1D Motion)

x can be positive or negative

Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat

Distance is twice the length of the court

Displacement (1D motion)

Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat

Average speed: (distance / time)

Average speed vavg

Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat

Average velocity: (displacement / time)

Average velocity v x , avg

position x as a function of time t

The slope of straight line AB x/t

(slope of the secant line)

vavg = x/t Slope of the straight line connection

Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat

Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat

Neither average velocity nor average speed

The slope of red line

The instantaneous velocity is the slope of the

The Instantaneous velocity at time t is the

Average velocity becomes a better and better

Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat

The instantaneous velocity, vinst, at time t is the

Finding velocity from position graphically

a. At which point does the elevator have the least or

Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat

Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat

Finding velocity from position graphically

A particle with a constant velocity:

Position-time graph is a line with a

Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat

Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat

vx = (xf xi ) / (tf ti)

Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat

A particles position is given by the function x = -t4+4t.

velocity vs. time

Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat

Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat

Reading Position-Time Graphs

Reading Position-Time Graphs

Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat

Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat