MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

INTRAMUROS, MANILA

ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
FIELD MANUAL

FIELD WORK NO. 1

PACING ON LEVEL GROUND

COURSE AND SECTION: CE120-0F/A4

SUBMITTED BY:
NAME: CORDANO, HAZEL F.

STUDENT NO.: 2013108712

GROUP NO._3__
JASPER

CHIEF OF PARTY: ARARACAP,

DATE OF FIELD WORK: ___JULY 20, 2015__

DATE OF SUBMISSION: JULY 27, 2015__

SUBMITTED TO:
PROFESSOR: _ENGR. IRA BALMORIS__

GRADE
1

GRADE

Table of Contents

Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ p.3

Objectives and Instruments ------------------------------------------------------------ pp.46

Procedure and Computations ---------------------------------------------------------- p.6

Questions and Problems----------------------------------------------------------------pp.7-8

Final Data Sheet------------------------------------------------------------------------- pp.9-10

Research and Discussion---------------------------------------------------------------p.11

Conclusion--------------------------------------------------------------------------------p.12

GRADE

INTRODUCTION
This first fieldwork gives an idea to know the pace of individual where it can be easy
and quick on measuring a distance in the field. This method is simply used on
measuring the distance between two plots or points were it could cause of saving
time but not as accurate if you use a measuring tape. A pace is known for being a
one-step where approximation of these results are required. Through its main
objectives it focuses on individual pace factor and the unknown distance to view by
individual pacing. Knowing your own pace means it will help you to ensure the
accuracy and precision of pacing the distances.
Its purpose was to enhance the skills of every surveyor on the land that they are
measuring. The length of pace commonly varies from person to a person that is
multiplied by the number of paces on its total distance. A successful fundamental
based on the land from its design is a best way to practice the measurement of a
distance, angle, height, and position. The concepts of this method shows distances
that has been obtained by pacing were sufficiently to be accurate for field sketching
and also used in discovering blunders that can occur on the observations in making
the distance by more closed enough to the methods. An engineering student should
give an importance of knowing their own pace factor which is one of the constant
valuable object that can be learn in surveying. It has speculation on applying the
measurements its precision is nearly to 1/300.With a common practice in pacing on
an obstacle is encountered to an offset where it sometimes paced around the
obstacle but it is not always an option. Continuous practice can accomplish to have
a good pacing. This is a part to the course where it is a big help to determine ones
pace factor. Pace factor would be a great advantage on gaining a knowledge in
measuring without any tools or equipment. These pace factor also basic way in
doing a survey on the field and a quick overview on the measurement. You might
encounter some errors from this field make sure that pace factor could get
accurately if you come up with a good values on the data. Walk naturally to perform
the field in a pacing distance.
Pace can be measured from a heel to heel of from toe to toe where it some of the
errors that might cause of high percent through the fieldwork. It is good to practice
to fix his eyes on a distant things at the range behind the pole on the farther line of
being paced. It is understood that the mean of horizontal distance regardless of the
relative elevation of the two points in a rough distance. There are special techniques
and equipment may be needed to obtain an accurate determination of the distance.
The degree of precision required another factor which required to be required that
could be considered before the measurement of distance is being undertaken so
that the correct type of equipment and method of measurement may be done.
There were light deviation to the directions that could definitely affect to the
accuracy of pacing. And an attempt to make each step to be not determined will
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lead to inaccurate results. The length of the pace vary on the speed that was
accommodate by the person, the roughness of the ground, the weight of the
clothing and also from the footwear. The pace differ when going in a high level
ground and lower level that for lower will produce a lesser steps rather pacing the
same distance on a high level. So in general the length of the paces causes this
field to discover the means of developing math computations and measuring every
details that might be a shown all through out to this field work.

OBJECTIVES
The objective of this field work is:

To obtain each members of the group of their individual pace factor

To determine an unknown distance by individual pacing of each group

INSTRUMENTS
The instruments that has been used are:
2 Range pole

It is an equipment in surveying having a straight pole or also a

rod where usually painted of red and white alternate
Could be made to a metal, wooden, fiberglass poles were it is
usually 8ft in length.
These poles are used as temporarily makers to distinguish the
point of location where it is required to be seen on a long
distance.
Intended to give back sight or foresight if the 2 poles are in a
horizontal distance

Chalk (for pavements)

-soft, white, porous sedimentary carbonate rock, a form of limestone composed of
the mineral calcite

-used for marking

Marking pins (for soft ground)

Metal pin used in

urements on the
-used for many
construction site
positioning

surveying for marking taped meas

ground
different tasks around the
such as marking out areas and
objects

50 Meter Tape

Is a flexible ruler which measures up to 50 or 100

meters
known as a surveyors' tape measure, is the most
popular length of tape

PROCEDURES
A. Determination of Individual Pace Factor or (P.F.)
1. The students are obliged to measure and designate a 50m course on the
level ground. After that it is needed to remove the tape to prevent them from
using the tape as a basis for a straight course.
2. The ends of the assigned course are marked with their hubs or the marking
pins if needed or the chalk marks on the pavements. Write the designated
points as A and B.
3. Set or hold range poles behind points A and B or outside the course AB.
These poles will aid the students to travel in a straight path.
5

4. Each students with their designated group should take turn pacing the course
from A to B starting with heel or toe over A, keeping their eyes focus on the
range pole behind point B to keep themselves on a straight path. One has to
walk in their natural unaffected manner, and has to keep counting their
number of paces for the entire course being covered. A partial pace at the
end of the course should be figured out to the nearest one fourth of a pace.
Record this as the number of paces for trial No. 1.
5. For trial no.2, each student must walk from B to A in the same manner as in
the first trial
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for subsequent trials to comply with the number of
trials required by the professor
7. The data should be jot down in the preliminary data sheet.

B. Determination of unknown distance of the assigned course by pacing

1. The professor marks the ends of a level course to be paced by each

student.
2. Range Poles are to be set up outside the level course to straighten the path
of the student.
3. Each student paces the course with the minimum number of trials as
required, recording the number of paces for each trial.
4. The professor after all field notes shall have been submitted, assigns two
students to make an actual taping of the course to determine its actual taped
distance.

COMPUTATIONS
These sample field notes is done in accordance with the steps listed hereunder:
A. Computation of P.F.

1. Get the sum of the five trials and divide this sum by number of trials to get
the mean.
N = mean . number . of . paces =

. of . the .number . of . paces

number . of . trials

2. Divide the length of the course by the mean of number of paces to get the
individual Pace Factor P.F.
P.F. =

length . of .the . course

mean. number . of . paces

. m/pace

B. Computation of an unknown distance and percent error:

1. Get the sum of the number of paces in each trial and divide this sum by
the number of trials performed to get the mean.
N = mean . number . of . paces =

. of . the .number . of . paces

number . of . trials

2. Multiply the mean number of the unknown distance by the Pace Factor
(P.F.) to obtain the paced distance.
P.D. = (N) * (P.F.)
3. Divide the difference between the taped distance and the paced distance
by the taped distance and multiply the quotient by 100 to get the percent of
error.

Percentage . of . error =

Taped . DistancePaced . Distance

Taped . Distance

100%

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS:

1. Why is it important to know the individuals pace factor?
It is important to know the individuals pace factor because it is a very
useful thing in the field of civil engineering most especially who are in a
surveying job where they might left in the materials like meter tape and other
measuring device used to measure the length in a horizontal distance but
you can still to solve the distance with the used of your own pace factor
based on the formula. And also it is important to understand and develop the
skill of measuring a nearly accurate measurement without using the
measuring devices.

2. Name Three most important pointers that an individual must remember to

follow in order to make his/her approximation of the distance of an unknown
course to be as accurate as possible.

Always focus on what you are counting so that there are no excess or
deficiencies
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Pace accurately where it has shown on the manual

Try to maintain a straight walk as possible to lessen the percent error

3. A student tries to measure the perimeter of a small Park of his community by

pacing around the area for three consecutive times. The number of paces
was tallied at 535,543 and 539 respectively, for each trial. If the students
pace factor is 0.74m/pace, determine the actual perimeter of the land.

Mean=

535+543+539
3

539
Perimeter=(mean)(pace factor )

(539)(0.74)
Perimeter=398.86 m
4. Every morning, joy walks school from her boarding house and takes only a
single route. For five consecutive days, she tries to count the number of
paces she makes. Monday mornings number of paces made joy is listed as
345 pace. On Tuesday, 353 paces; Wednesday; 358 paces; Thursday, 348
paces, and lastly, on Friday 355 paces. That Friday afternoon, a surveyor from
city engineers office who is tasked to lay out a new drainage piping system,
measured the exact route she took and found out that the taped distance is
275 m. what is joys pace factor?

mean=

345+353+358+348+355
5

351.8
Pace factor =

Taped distance
mean

275
351.8
Pace factor =0.78 m/pace

5. The table shown below was taken from Jacks notes when he tried to
determine the perimeter of his newly acquired agricultural piece of land.
Knowing that his pace factor is 0.81, determine the perimeter of his lot.
Complete the table.
NO. OF
PACES

TRIAL

LINE

PACED
FACTOR

AB

125.25

101.45

BC

85

68.85

CD

79.5

64.4

DE

133

EF

185

149.85

FA

112

90.72

0.81

PACED
DISTANCE

107.73

P.D. = (N) * (P.F.)

P.D1= (125.25) (0.81) = 101.45

P.D2= (85) (0.81) = 68.85
P.D3= (79.5) (0.81) = 64.4
P.D4= (133) (0.81) =107.73
P.D5= (185) (0.81) = 149.85
P.D6= (112) (0.81) =90.72
Perimeter

of all the pace distance

= 588m

FINAL DATA SHEET

FIELD WORK 1

PACING ON LEVEL GROUND

PERIMETER

97.17

DATE: JULY 20, 2015

TIME: 12:00-4:30 PM
WEATHER: SUNNY

GROUP NO.: 3
LOCATION: MAPUA CAMPUS
PROFESSOR: ENGR. IRA BALMORIS

A. PACE FACTOR (P.F.) DETERMINATION

TRIAL

LINE

TAPED
DISTANCE

NO. OF PACES

AB

50m

89

BA

50m

91

AB

50m

88

BA

50m

91

AB

50m

90

B. COMPUTATIONS:
Mean = Average number of paces

MEAN

PACE
FACTOR

89.8

0.557

Pace Factor=

Taped Distance
Mean
=

75+ 74+78+77+75
5

50

= 76

= 76
C. MEASURING DISTANCE BY PACING
TRIAL

LINE

NO. OF PACES

MEAN

1
2
3
4
5

CD
DC
CD
DC
CD

94
95
93
94
95

94.2

PACE
FACTOR
0.557

Pace Factor=0.6
PACED
DISTANCE
52.47

TAPED
DISTANCE
52.7

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT

D. COMPUTATIONS:
Mean =Average number of paces
=

94+95+ 93+94 +95

5

94.2
10

ERROR
0.004
%

P.D= (94.2) x (0.557) =52.47

E. SKETCH:
PHOTO 1:
In this picture we have to place the 2 range pole
at the starting point that we will measure up to
the last that will be at 50m. Make sure that the
two end point are parallel to each other so that
when you do the pacing there are no much error.

PHOTO 2:
In this picture from the starting point lay down
the 50 meter tape until to the last point. Mark
the starting point as A and the last point is B.

PHOTO 3:
In this picture when you had finish marking and
putting the two range, you may start walking to
know your individual pace factor and the person
that was walking should go in a straight line and
make sure you are looking to the range.

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RESEARCH
For further understanding the used of using individual pace factor is very important
where it implies the skills of approximating the distance of the field. In case of
emergency that the measuring equipment doesnt brought, pacing could be a good
method for it. The length of a pace varies to every individual persons. This can be
distinguish by walking along of known length on a level ground in an uniform gait,
and counting the number of paces that it takes to notice the strength on how long
it stretch. The last pace is estimated of its quarter pace.
This way is advisable to do this in least a number of five or more trials that in order
to determine the average number of paces. The pace factor is determined by
dividing the known distance by the average of its number of paces to be traverse.
Any unknown distance from a rough field approximately calculated that takes the
average by ones pace factor. It is very important to walk naturally so that the
values could get good result. In all the length of the pace decreases as any of these
factors increases, except the speed.
In a certain surveying only the rough approximation of distance necessary that
could be called as pacing. Some instances maybe sufficient locating topographic
features during preliminary reconnaissance of a building site or searching properties
of every corners. This is a skill of every surveyor should do.

DISCUSSION
Based on the results from the data that has been gathered the measurements of
the 5 trials must be nearer to each values. In using the pace it presents the easiest
way on measuring the distance covered between the two points. It consist of
properly counting the number of steps in the required distance to make sure that
the percent error is to be lesser to 3%. It could be measured by steps, when the
steps are counted the distance can be disputed if its length of every steps are
known. A stride is sometimes preferred by the surveyors were it might an equivalent
to a two pace or forming a double step. Many practical applications could be
valuable for the things learned in surveying. It is a fast equip of means of checking
the measurements that has been extract by other methods.
The pacing is fitted to be calculate in approximating the distance from some
situation that has low precision of the measurement where it is sufficient. Pacing
from the distances are enough on having accurate for locating details and smallscale maps. On the first part of the field work it is about to layout using the 50
meter tape as the procedure said so, it measured on a 50 meter distance for each
individual member along the 2 range pole. These contains in a 5 trials were
consequently got the first data needed to know the individuals pace factor. And the
second part were the determination of the unknown distance of the assigned course
also by the use of passing. Lastly when the data has been gathered so get the
mean, pace factor and the pace distance. Several errors gives us the idea if the
12

things that we have work are good enough for the values on the data and also it
could explain the differences between each values that connects for having the
pace factor.

CONCLUSION
All throughout the field that has made shows that pacing on level ground is a way of
distinguishing the approximate value for the distance that has been travelled by.
This method is concerned with the areas in the field where the results are obtained
by the number of paces by the average length of the pace. In this field there are
some possible errors and difficulties that every person might encounter by an
individual pace. This sort of the irregular elevation of the location that was
measured, and miscount of the footsteps could rather affect the pace factor, and
unstable path while walking through could affect the exact pacing of measurement.
I have learned that every one of us has its own pace factor which gives the values
that give the percent error for only about 3% and make sure that you follow its
procedure so the result might able to represent to every values that you have taken
through. This fieldwork that been through has been succeeded to show that each
pace accommodate to individuals pace. This stated performance is the source of
error that could be a problem by preventing it is simply concentrate with the field
work, having a backup in counting and recording the data and having guide to
prevent irregularities. So therefore, I conclude that this application let to know ones
pace factor of each individual and practice it could be a real way of doing in the field
work.
There are some applications which the estimation of the accuracy of the average
pace. The complexity of the terrain is larger and how will the impact stride. This
means that each one has its own practical measure of distance. Always remember
that this field let each students from surveying to nourish their skills on pacing a
distance. Having this could gain a great impact without using any equipment in
measuring a distance.

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