Topic

Page No.

(I)

Acknowledgeme
nt

(II)

Certificate

II

(III)

Index

1.EMI : Brief Note

2.Faradays
Experiment

3.Lenz Law

4.Mutual Induction

5.Self Induction

6.Eddy Currents

7.Investigatory
Experiment

10

8.Bibliography

12

Electromagnetic Induction

Physics Project Report

on
Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) : In 1831 Michael Faraday
discovered the effect called Electromagnetic Induction just
converse to the magnetic effect of electric current.
When a coil made of copper wire is placed inside a magnetic
field, magnetic flux is linked with the coil. Faraday found that
when the magnetic flux linked with the coil is changed, an
electric current starts flowing in the coil, provided the coil is
closed one. The current and e.m.f. so produced are called
induced current and induced e.m.f. The induced current and the
e.m.f. in the coil last only so long as the magnetic flux linked
with the coil keeps on changing.
Thus electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon of
production of electric current (or e.m.f.) in a coil when the
magnetic flux linked with the coil is changed.

Electromagnetic Induction

History
Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently
by Michael Faraday in 1831 and Joseph Henry in 1832. Also,
Faraday was the first to publish the results of his
experiments. In Faraday's first experimental demonstration
(August 29, 1831), he wrapped two wires around opposite
sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an arrangement similar to a
modern toroidal transformer). Based on his assessment of
recently discovered properties of electromagnets, he expected
that when current started to flow in one wire, a sort of wave
would travel through the ring and cause some electrical effect
on the opposite side. He plugged one wire into a galvanometer,
and watched it as he connected the other wire to a battery.
Indeed, he saw a transient current (which he called a "wave of
electricity") when he connected the wire to the battery, and
another when he disconnected it. This induction was due to the
change in magnetic flux that occurred when the battery was
connected and disconnected. Within two months, Faraday
found several other manifestations of electromagnetic
induction. For example, he saw transient currents when he
quickly slid a bar magnet in and out of a coil of wires, and he
generated a steady (DC) current by rotating a copper disk near
the bar magnet with a sliding electrical lead ("Faraday's disk").
Faraday explained electromagnetic induction using a concept
he called lines of force. However, scientists at the time widely
rejected his theoretical ideas, mainly because they were not
formulated mathematically.]An exception was Maxwell, who
used Faraday's ideas as the basis of his quantitative
electromagnetic theory. In Maxwell's model, the time varying
aspect of electromagnetic induction is expressed as a
differential equation which Heaviside referred to as Faraday's
law even though it is slightly different from Faraday's original
formulation and does not describe motional. Heaviside's
Electromagnetic Induction

version is the form recognized today in the group of equations

known as Maxwell's equations.

1. Faradays Experiment
The following experiment performed by Faraday led to the
discovery of the electromagnetic induction.
When the strength of magnetic field is varied :
Consider two coil P and S wound on an iron rod. Iron rod is
connected with galvanometer, battery and tapping key. When
tapping key is pressed and when it is released galvanometer
shows deflection showing the presence of induced current.
Explanation : When the tapping key is pressed then magnetic
flux linked with the coil S changed because of increase in
magnetic field of coil P and induced current is produced and
when it is released magnetic flux is again changed and induced
current is produced. But when the tapping key is kept pressed
then the magnetic flux linked with coil do not changed and
induced current do not produce so galvanometer shows no
deflection.

Faradays
Induction :

Laws

of

Electromagnetic

The results of Faradays experiment on electromagnetic

induction are known as Faradays Law of Electromagnetic
Induction. These are stated as below :

Electromagnetic Induction

1. Whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit (a loop of wire

or a coil or an electric circuit in general) changes, induced
e.m.f. is produced.
2. The induced e.m.f. lasts as long as the change in magnetic
flux continuous.
3. The magnitude of induced e.m.f. is directly proportional to
the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.

Electromagnetic Induction

2. Lenzs Rule
Lenzs rule is a convenient method to determine the direction of
induced current produced in the circuit.
Lenzs law states that the induced current produced in a
circuit always flows in such a direction that it opposes the
change or cause that produce it.
Let us now apply Lenzs law to find the direction of flow of
induced current in the circuit.
On pressing the key the current in the coil P flows in clockwise
direction and magnetic lines of force are directed from left to
right. Then magnetic flux linked with the coil S changed. The
direction of induced current should be such that it should
oppose the direction of flow of magnetic field lines. So induced
current in the coil S is in the direction opposite to the magnetic
field in P. Hence, direction of induced current in coil S is from
right to left. So induced current in coil S should flow in
anticlockwise direction.

Expression for Motional e.m.f. :

Consider that a uniform magnetic field B confined to the region
PQRS and a coil ABCD is placed inside the magnetic field. The
Electromagnetic Induction

direction of magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the

coil and in inward direction.
Consider that at any time t, the part BA = CD = x(say) of the
coil inside the magnetic field. If l is the length of the arm BC of
the coil, then area of coil inside the magnetic field at any time t.
A = BCX CD = lx
Therefore magnetic flux linked with the coil at any time t.

= BA = Blx
Suppose that the coil is pulled out of the magnetic field with
velocity . As the coil is pulled out magnetic flux linked with the
coil changes. The time rate of change of magnetic flux linked
with the coil is given by
If is induced e.m.f. produced, then

= -Bl
The negative sign shows that induced e.m.f. opposes to the coil
being pulled out of magnetic field.

Electromagnetic Induction

3. Mutual Induction
Consider two coil P and S are placed very close to each other.
Coil P consists of battery and tapping key and coil S consists of
galvanometer G. When the key of coil P is pressed then
magnetic flux is building and induced e.m.f. produced in it
opposes the flow of magnetic flux. Because coil P and coil S
are very close to each other. So magnetic flux also changed in
coil S and induced current is produced which opposes the
direction of flow of magnetic lines of force in coil P.
The phenomenon according to which an opposing e.m.f. is
produced in a coil as a result of change in current or
magnetic flux linked with a neighboring coil is called
mutual induction.

Coefficient of Mutual Induction

Suppose that current I is flowing through coil P and be the
magnetic flux linked with coil S

I or = MI

{M = Coefficient of mutual induction}

Let be the induced e.m.f. in coil S.

Or

Electromagnetic Induction

M = /

The mutual inductance of two coils is said to be one Henry, if a

rate of change of current of 1 ampere per second in one coil
induces an e.m.f. of 1 volt in neighbouring coil.

4. Self Induction
Consider a coil connected to a battery and a tapping key. When
key K is pressed magnetic lines of forces starts growing
through it and induced e.m.f. is produced. Direction of induced
e.m.f. is opposite to that of growth of current. On the other hand
when key is released the current in the coil decreases and
e.m.f. is produced in opposite direction. Thus during both
growth and decay of current an opposite induced e.m.f. is
produced. This e.m.f. is called back e.m.f.
The phenomenon according to which an opposing induced
e.m.f. is produced in the coil as a result of change in current or
magnetic flux linked with the coil is called self induction.

Coefficient of Self Induction

Suppose when key is pressed, current I flows through the coil
and magnetic flux linked with the coil.

I = LI L is called coefficient of self induction.

Let be the induced e.m.f. then

Electromagnetic Induction

M = /

Self inductance of a coil is said to be one Henry if a rate of

change of current of 1 ampere per second induces an e.m.f. of
one volt.

5. Eddy Currents
Eddy currents are the currents induced in a conductor, when
placed in a changing magnetic field. They are also known as
Foucaults Currents.
Following experiment explain the origin of eddy currents.
Introduce a soft iron core inside a solenoid and connect it to the
source of alternating current. Place a metallic disk over soft iron
core.
Explanation : When the circuit is switched on the current starts
growing and hence magnetic flux linked with disk also
increases. Thus disk is converted to small magnet. If soft irons
upper face acquires north polarity. Then metallic disks lower
surface acquires north polarity and due to repulsive force
metallic disk placed over soft iron core is thrown up into the air.

Application of Eddy Currents :

1. Dead Beat Galvanometers :
The oscillation of a moving coil galvanometer generally take a
long time to die out. But by winding its coil on a metallic frame
made of copper or aluminium the galvanometer can be made
dead beat. It is because, due to production of eddy currents in
Electromagnetic Induction

10

a metallic frame. The coil of galvanometer comes to rest very

soon.
2. Speedometer :
In speedometer, a small magnet is geared to the main shaft of
the vehicle. The magnet is mounted in an aluminium cylinder
with the help of hair springs. Due to rotation of magnet eddy
currents are produced which led the drum to oppose the motion
of relating magnet drum experience torque and gets deflected
at certain angle.
3. Electric Brakes :
A metallic drum is coupled to the wheels of train ; so that when
train rotates drum also rotates. In order to stop the train
magnetic field is applied to rotating drum. The eddy currents
produced oppose the motion of drum. Since drum is connected
to wheels of train, it comes to halt.

Electromagnetic Induction

11

6. Investigatory Experiment
Aim: To verify that magnetic field produced due to a current
carrying wire is directly proportional to the current flowing
through the wire .
Apparatus :
Connecting wires, Magnetometer (e.g. Present in Smart Phones),
Voltmeter, Ammeter, Insulated Copper Coil, Battery Eliminator
Theory :
The magnetic field (B) due to a current carrying circular coil (loop) at
equatorial position is given by:
B=NI A

Where

, B , I have their regular meanings. N is the no. of turns of

2
coil , and A is area of the coil which is given as A= r

Procedure :
1. Take a long insulated copper wire of at least 2m
length and wind it around Cylindrical frame .
2. Measure the diameter of the Cylindrical frame using a
scale.
3. This will be the rough diameter of the copper coil.

Electromagnetic Induction

12

4. Scratch one end of the copper coil so as to remove

the plastic coating and reveal the metal surface .
5. Connect one end to -ve terminal and other to -ve
terminal of the rheostat .
6. To other terminal of the rheostat connect an ammeter
such that the other terminal of the ammeter is
connected

to

the

+ve

terminal

of

the

battery

eliminator.
7. Connect the Voltmeter in || el to the rheostat .
8. Verify that the apparatus set is in accordance with
that on left side of page.
9. Switch on the source and note the reading of V and A
by allowing minimum potential drop through Rheostat
.
10.

Place the Magnetometer near the coil and note

down the reading on V an A.

11.

Now slightly increase resistance of Rheostat and

again

note

down

the

reading

of

and

Magnetometer .
12.

Repeat step 11 and tabulate .

Observations :
Range - Ammeter

L.C.- Ammeter

Voltmeter

Voltmeter
-

Electromagnetic Induction

13

Magnetometer
Magnetometer-

SNo

Voltage (V) (V)

Current (I)( A)

Mag.Field(B)(

T)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Bibliography
The following websites were consulted during project
preparation :
1. www.scribd.com
2. www.google.com
3. www.wikipedia.com

Electromagnetic Induction

14

The following books were consulted during project

preparation :
1. Pradeep New course Physics Class XII
2. Comprehensive Practical for Class XII
3. Physics NCERT Part I Class XII

Electromagnetic Induction

15