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Temperature Measurements
we
Informal Lab Report
Done by:
Group:
3D2
Date of Experiment:
3/9/2012
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1
OBJECTIVES
1. Calibration of different types of temperature sensors.
2. Measurement of temperature distribution along a rod
3. Measurement of surface temperature.
From Graph 2,
RTD, S = dv/dt
Gradient
= (79.57 0) / (79.6 0)
= 0.9996 mV/C
From Graph 3,
Thermistor, S = dv/dt
Gradient
From the sensitivity values obtained, we can see that thermistor has the highest sensitivity
among all 4 temperature sensors and thermocouple has the lowest sensitivity value. This
means that for thermistor sensor, there will be a bigger jump in voltage for every degree Celsius
increment. Having a larger sensitivity would enable one to detect small changes in temperature
more accurately.
For RTD,
= S / (i x Ro)
= (0.9996 x 10-3) / (2.1 x 10-3 x 100)
= 4.76 x 10-3 K-1
From the magnitude, we can see that the thermistor has a larger temperature coefficient of
resistance than RTD. This implies that the thermistor experiences a bigger change in resistance
per unit change in temperature compared to RTD. This reconfirms the previous conclusion that
thermistor is more sensitive than RTD.
b)
The temperature profile is expected to be linear along the axial direction of the rod. Since the
rod is insulated circumferentially, according to the heat diffusion equation we can assume that
the heat transfer is allowed only in the axial direction. Furthermore, there is no heat generation
within the rod, and the temperature is held constant with respect to time, hence we can expect a
linear temperature profile.
However the temperature profile of the Perspex rod recorded during the experiment, display a
non-linear relationship. This could be due to the material property of Perspex which does not
conduct heat as readily as other materials. It also shows the materials resistance to heat
conductivity thus resulting in the hyperbolic temperature profile graph obtained experimentally
across the length of the rod instead of an ideally linear relationship.
In a steady state situation, the temperature distribution tends towards linearity. This can be seen
from the 15 min graph, compared to the one at 0 min. However the time taken for this
experiment is still not long enough to achieve full steady state, where temperature across the
Perspex rod does not vary with time. In addition, there are also unaccounted heat losses due to
radiation, thus explaining the non-linear relationship.
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c)
Relative % error of temperature deviation between surface temperature measurement
At 0 minute,
Temperature of the surface of the exposed end (embedded thermocouple) = 24.5C
Surface Thermocouple wire
Surface RTD
Surface Thermistor
At 15 minute,
Temperature of the surface of the exposed end (embedded thermocouple) = 25.5C
Surface Thermocouple wire
Surface RTD
Surface Thermistor
From the relative % error, we can see that the surface thermistor has the least error, which supports our
conclusion that the higher the sensitivity the sensor has the more accuracy it has.
Possible sources of errors
Parallax errors are involved when reading off values from the liquid-in-bulb thermometer.
Improper insulation, which cause heat loss to the surrounding in all directions.
The readings were not recorded at the 0 min and 15 min instant, this lag may cause inaccuracy in
CONCLUSION
Sensor
Advantages
Thermocoupl
e
Resistance
Thermometer
(RTD)
Thermistor
Disadvantages
Less sensitive as the range of
measurement can be very wide.
For direct temperature indication,
one junction must be accurately
maintained at or compensated to a
known reference temperature.
Accuracy at extremely high and low
temperatures is usually limited.
Hard to calibrate
Measures only temperature
differences.
Expensive.
Has poor temperature response due
to large mass of sensors.
Expensive.
At high temperatures the accuracy
decreases.