Multiaxial Fatigue

Contact Information
Multiaxial Fatigue
Darrell Socie
Mechanical Engineering
1206 West Green
Urbana, Illinois 61801
Introduction
Office: 3015 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory
Professor Darrell F. Socie

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
d-socie@uiuc.edu
Tel: 217 333 7630
Fax: 217 333 5634
2003 Darrell Socie, All Rights Reserved
Multiaxial Fatigue - Lecture 0
When is Multiaxial Fatigue Important ?
2003 Darrell Socie, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved
1 of 14
Uniaxial Stress
Complex state of stress

Complex out of phase loading
one principal stress

one direction
2 of 14
Proportional Biaxial
Z
Principal stresses may

vary nonproportionally
and/or change direction
1 = 2 = 3
3 of 14
Nonproportional Multiaxial
principal stresses vary
proportionally
but do not rotate
4 of 14
5 of 14
Crankshaft
Shear and Normal Strains

0
0.005
2500
90
0.005
Microstrain
45
90
0.0025
-0.0025
-0.0025
0.0025
-2500
Time
-0.005
-0.005
6 of 14
Shear and Normal Strains
7 of 14
3D stresses
Longitudinal Tensile Strain
45
0.005
135
-0.0025
0.0025 -0.0025
0.0025
-0.005
8 of 14
y
z
0.004
0.008
0.012
0.001
Thickness
50 mm
0.002
30 mm
0.003
15 mm
x
y
z
100
0.004
0.005
-0.005
Notch Stresses
Transverse Compression Strain
0.005
7 mm
9 of 14
Multiaxial Fatigue
State of Stress
0.01
-0.005
63.5
15
0.01
-0.003
70.6
14.1
30
0.01
-0.002
73.0
21.8
50
0.01
-0.001
75.1
29.3

10 of 14
Outline
State of Stress
Stress components
Common states of stress
Shear stresses
State of Stress
Stress-Strain Relationships
Fatigue Mechanisms
Multiaxial Testing
Stress Based Models
Strain Based Models
Fracture Mechanics Models
Nonproportional Loading
Stress Concentrations
12 of 14
Stress Components
Z
Stresses Acting on a Plane

Z
z
zy
zx
yx
x
xz
Six stresses and six strains

% of applied stress
2
1
90
80
-20
-10
10
20
3 - 2( X + Y + Z ) + (XY + YZXZ -2XY - 2YZ -2XZ )

- (XYZ + 2XYYZXZ - X2YZ - Y2ZX - Z2XY ) = 0
15 of 14
100
12
23
Stress and Strain Distributions
13
3
X
14 of 14
Principal Stresses
xy
Z
yz
xz
xy
13 of 14
16 of 14
Stresses are nearly the same over a 10 range of angles
17 of 14
Tension
Torsion
/2
x
1
2 = 3 = 1
18 of 14
xy
19 of 14
Shear Stresses
3
/2
1 = x
1 = 2
1 = 2
2
3 =
Maximum shear stress

13 =
20 of 14
Shear Stress Influence
3
oct
2
Octahedral shear stress

1
oct =
3
(13 )2 +(12 )2 +(2 3 )2

oct =
3
13 = 0.94 13
2 2
21 of 14
State of Stress Summary

Stresses acting on a plane
Principal stress
Maximum shear stress
Octahedral shear stress
1.8
1 3
Mises:
1 = xy
2 = y
Biaxial Tension
3
/2
2 = 3 = 0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
22 of 14
23 of 14
Outline
Multiaxial Fatigue
Stress Strain Relationships

State of Stress
Fatigue Mechanisms
Multiaxial Testing
Stress Based Models
Strain Based Models
Jenkin 1922
25 of 14
Elastic Stress Strain Relationships
About six months ago I wrote a paper, knowing that I

should be very busy in the autumn and made a model
to illustrate a point in it. But as I played with the model
to learn how to use it, it grew too strong for me and
took command and for the last six months I have been
its obedient slave --- for the model explained the whole
of my subject Fatigue.
x

y
z
E
=
xy ( 1 + )( 1 2 )
yz

xz
0
1
1

1
0
1 2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 2
2
0
0
0
1 2
x

y
z

xy
yz

xz
Fatigue in Metals, The Engineer, Dec. 8, 1922
26 of 14
Yield Surfaces
2
27 of 14
Equations
Tresca
3 xy
Tresca yield
surface
1
F1 = 1 3 ys = 0
F2 = 1 2 ys = 0
or
F3 = 2 3 ys = 0
von Mises
yield surface
Mises
F = x 2 + y 2 x y + 3 xy 2 ys 2 = 0
28 of 14
29 of 14
Mises Yield Surfaces
Isotropic Hardening
- plane
yield cylinder axis
Yield surface after loading
3
2
2 3 ys
1
1
30 of 14
Cyclic Loading
31 of 14
Kinematic Hardening
stabilized stress range
Strain Control
Initial yield surface
A= y
B 2y
Stress Control
32 of 14
Ratcheting
33 of 14
Cyclic Mean Stress Relaxation
Cyclic torsion with a mean tension stress
Cyclic strain with mean stress

34 of 14
35 of 14
Cyclic Creep
Plasticity Models
c
b
e
f
Cyclic stress with a mean stress

36 of 14
Why is modeling needed?
3 n
d ijp = d
dij
dij
F
ij
Hardening rule
ij
time
Flow rule
ij
37 of 14
Flow and Hardening Rules

B
F = f ( ij ) + g ( p ) = 0
38 of 14
Multiaxial Example
xy
0.003
-.006
250
x
-0.003
39 of 14
Multiaxial Example
xy
0.006
xy
500
250
x
-500
-500
-250
-0.003
500
40 of 14
0.003
xy
-0.006
0.006
-250
41 of 14
Summary
Multiaxial Fatigue
Isotropic Hardening
Kinematic Hardening
Cyclic creep or ratcheting
Mean stress relaxation
Nonproportional hardening
Fatigue Mechanisms
42 of 14
Outline
Size Scale for Studying Fatigue
State of Stress
Fatigue Mechanisms
Multiaxial Testing
Stress Based Models
Strain Based Models
Atoms
Dislocations
10-10
10-8
10-6
Crystals
10-4
Specimens
10-2
Structures
100
102
Understand the physics on this scale

Model the physics on this scale
Use the models on this scale
44 of 14
The Fatigue Process
45 of 14
1903 - Ewing and Humfrey
Crack nucleation
Small crack growth in an elastic-plastic
stress field
Macroscopic crack growth in a nominally
elastic stress field
Final fracture
Cyclic deformation leads

to the development of slip
bands and fatigue cracks
N = 1,000
N = 2,000
N = 10,000
N = 40,000
Nf = 170,000
Ewing, J.A. and Humfrey, J.C. The fracture of metals under repeated alterations of stress,
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Vol. A200, 1903, 241-250
46 of 14
47 of 14
Crack Nucleation
Slip Band in Copper
Polak, J. Cyclic Plasticity and Low Cycle Fatigue Life of Metals, Elsevier, 1991
48 of 14
Slip Band Formation
49 of 14
Slip Bands
Extrusion
Undeformed
material
Intrusion
Loading
Unloading
Ma, B-T and Laird C. Overview of fatigue behavior in copper sinle crystals II Population, size, distribution and growth
Kinetics of stage I cracks for tests at constant strain amplitude, Acta Metallurgica, Vol 37, 1989, 337-348
50 of 14
Crack Initiation at Inclusions
51 of 14
Subsurface Crack Initiation
Langford and Kusenberger, Initiation of Fatigue Cracks in 4340 Steel, Metallurgical Transactions, Vol 4, 1977, 553-559
Y. Murakami, Metal Fatigue: Effects of Small Defects and Nonmetallic Inclusions, 2002
52 of 14
53 of 14
Fatigue Limit and Strength Correlation
Crack Nucleation Summary

Highly localized plastic deformation
Surface phenomena
Stochastic process
54 of 14
Surface Damage
55 of 14
Stage I and Stage II

loading direction
surface
surface
bulk
10 m
free
surface
100 m
20-25 austenitic steel in symmetrical push-pull fatigue

(20C, p/2= 0.4%) : short cracks on the surface and in the bulk
Stage I
From Jacques Stolarz, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines

Presented at LCF 5 in Berlin, 2003
56 of 14
Stage I Crack Growth
Stage II
57 of 14
Small Cracks at Notches
notch plastic zone

notch stress field
Single primary slip system
D
S
individual grain
near - tip plastic zone
Stage I crack is strongly affected by slip

characteristics, microstructure
dimensions, stress level, extent of near
tip plasticity
58 of 14
crack tip plastic zone
Crack growth controlled by the notch plastic strains

59 of 14
10
Small Crack Growth
Crack Length Observations

2.5
Crack Length, mm
F-495
Inconel 718
= 0.02
Nf = 936
C-399
I-471
G-304
1.5
0.5
1.0 mm
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Cycles
N = 900
H-491
J-603
60 of 14
Crack - Microstructure Interactions
2
Strain Amplitude
10-6
E
D
10m
100 m
1mm
fracture
Crack size
0.1
0.01
10-3
10-4
10-5
100
10-7
A
61 of 14
Strain-Life Data
1
da/dN, mm/cycle
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
Reversals, 2Nf
B
Most of the life is spent in microcrack growth in the

plastic strain dominated region
0.03 0.025 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
Crack Length, mm
Akiniwa, Y., Tanaka, K., and Matsui, E.,Statistical Characteristics of Propagation of Small Fatigue Cracks in Smooth
Specimens of Aluminum Alloy 2024-T3, Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. A104, 1988, 105-115
62 of 14
Stage II Crack Growth
63 of 14
Long Crack Growth
Plastic zone size is much larger than the material

microstructure so that the microstructure does not
play such an important role.
Locally, the crack grows in shear

Macroscopically it grows in tension
64 of 14
65 of 14
11
Crack Growth Rates of Metals
Stresses Around a Crack

Maximum Load
Material strength does not play a major role in fatigue crack growth
monotonic plastic zone
66 of 14
Stresses Around a Crack (continued)

Minimum Load
67 of 14
Crack Closure
b
cyclic plastic zone
S = 175
S=0
68 of 14
Crack Opening Load
S = 250
69 of 14
Mode I, Mode II, and Mode III
Damaging portion of loading history
Mode I
opening
Mode II
in-plane shear
Mode III
out-of-plane shear
Opening load
Nondamaging portion of loading history
70 of 14
71 of 14
12
Mode I Growth
Mode II Growth
crack growth direction
shear stress
slip bands
5 m
10 m
crack growth direction
72 of 14
1045 Steel - Tension
Tension
0.4
Shear
0.2
Nucleation
100 m crack
0
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Tension
0.8
f
Damage Fraction N/Nf
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.2
Shear
Nucleation
10
10
Fatigue Life, 2Nf
74 of 14
304 Stainless Steel - Torsion
10
10
10
10
75 of 14
304 Stainless Steel - Tension

1.0
10
Fatigue Life, 2Nf
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
Tension
0.2
0
73 of 14
1045 Steel - Torsion

1.0
1.0
Shear
Nucleation
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Tension
0.8
0.6
Nucleation
0.4
0.2
0
Fatigue Life, 2Nf
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Fatigue Life, 2Nf
76 of 14
77 of 14
13
Inconel 718 - Torsion
Inconel 718 - Tension

1.0
Tension
1.0
0.8
0.6
Shear
0.4
0.2
10
10
10
10
10
0.6
0.4
Shear
0.2
Nucleation
Nucleation
Tension
0.8
10
10
10
10
Fatigue Life, 2Nf
78 of 14
10
10
10
79 of 14
Outline
Stress Based Models

State of Stress
Fatigue Mechanisms
Multiaxial Testing
Stress Based Models
Strain Based Models
Fatigue Mechanisms Summary
81 of 14
Stress Based Models
Fatigue cracks nucleate in shear

Fatigue cracks grow in either shear or tension
depending on material and state of stress
10
Fatigue Life, 2Nf
Multiaxial Fatigue
10
Sines
Findley
Dang Van
82 of 14
83 of 14
14
Bending Torsion Correlation

Shear stress in bending
Cyclic tension with static tension

Cyclic torsion with static torsion
Cyclic tension with static torsion
Cyclic torsion with static tension
Shear stress
Octahedral stress
Principal stress
1.0
1/2 Bending fatigue limit
Test Results
0.5
0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Shear stress in torsion
2.0
84 of 14
Cyclic Tension with Static Tension
85 of 14
Cyclic Torsion with Static Torsion

1.5
-1.5
1.0
1.0
0.5
-1.0
Shear Stress Amplitude

Shear Fatigue Strength
Axial stress
Fatigue strength
1.5
-0.5
0
Mean stress
Yield strength
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
0
1.0
0.5
Maximum Shear Stress
Shear Yield Strength
86 of 14
Cyclic Tension with Static Torsion
1.5
87 of 14
Cyclic Torsion with Static Tension
Torsion shear stress
1.5
1.0
0.5
Shear fatigue strength
Bending Stress
Bending Fatigue Strength
1.5
-1.5
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
0.5
-1.0
-0.5
0
0.5
Axial mean stress
1.0
1.5
Yield strength
Static Torsion Stress

Torsion Yield Strength
1.0
88 of 14
89 of 14
15
Conclusions
Sines
oct
+ (3h ) =
2
Tension mean stress affects both tension

and torsion
Torsion mean stress does not affect tension
or torsion
90 of 14
Findley
91 of 14
Bending Torsion Correlation

Shear stress in bending
+ k n
= f
2
max
Shear stress
Octahedral stress
Principal stress
1.0
1
( x y )2 + ( x z )2 + ( y z )2 +6( 2xy + 2xz + 2yz ) +
6
(mean
+ mean
+ mean
)=
x
y
z
0.5
0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Shear stress in torsion
2.0
tension
torsion
92 of 14
Dang Van
( t ) + a h ( t ) = b
ij(M,t) Eij(M,t)
ij(m,t)
ij(m,t)
m
V(M)
93 of 14
Isotropic Hardening
94 of 14
stabilized stress range
Failure occurs when

the stress range is
not elastic
95 of 14
16
Multiaxial Kinematic and Isotropic

a)
b)
Dang Van ( continued )
Yield domain
expands and
translates
(t) + ah(t) = b
Co
Oo
Ro
1
c)
d)
Loading
path
Oo
Failure
predicted
CL
Loading path
RL
OL
Oo
Oo
* stabilized residual stress

96 of 14
Stress Based Models Summary

Sines:
Findley:
Dang Van:
97 of 14
Multiaxial Fatigue
oct
+ (3h ) =
2
Strain Based Models
+ k n
= f
max
2
( t ) + a h ( t ) = b

98 of 14
Outline
Strain Based Models
State of Stress
Fatigue Mechanisms
Multiaxial Testing
Stress Based Models
Strain Based Models
Plastic Work
Brown and Miller
Fatemi and Socie
Smith Watson and Topper
Liu
100 of 14
101 of 14
17
Plastic Work
Plastic octahedral
shear strain range
0.1
Torsion
0.01
Tension
0.001
10 2
10
10 3
10 4
10 5
Plastic Work per Cycle, MJ/m3
Octahedral Shear Strain
102 of 14
Brown and Miller
Fatigue Life, Cycles
2 x103
T
A
T
A
10
Torsion
Axial
0o
90o
180o
135o
45 o
T
T
A
A
30 o
T
T
T
A
102
103
Fatigue Life, Nf
Cycles to failure
100
104
103 of 14
Case A and B
= 0.03
103
5 x102
2 x102
102
Growth along the surface
0.0
0.005
Growth into the surface
0.01
Normal Strain Amplitude, n

104 of 14
Brown and Miller ( continued )
105 of 14
Brown and Miller ( continued )
x ial
Unia
Equ
ibia
x
$ = ( max + S n )
'f 2 n ,mean
max
+ S n = A
( 2 N f ) b + B 'f ( 2 N f ) c
2
E
ial
106 of 14
107 of 14
18
Fatemi and Socie
Loading Histories
/ 3
108 of 14
Crack Length Observations
109 of 14
Fatemi and Socie
2.5
Crack Length, mm
F-495
H-491
J-603
I-471
'

1+ k n,max = f ( 2Nf )bo + 'f (2Nf )co
y G
2
C-399
G-304
1.5
0.5
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Cycles
110 of 14
Smith Watson Topper
111 of 14
SWT
2
112 of 14
1 'f
=
(2Nf )2b + 'f 'f (2Nf )b+c
2
E
113 of 14
19
Liu
Cyclic Torsion
Virtual strain energy for both mode I and mode II cracking

WI = (n n)max + ( )
2
WI = 4'f 'f (2Nf )b +c +
Cyclic Shear Strain
4'f
( 2Nf )2b
E
Cyclic Tensile Strain
WII = (n n ) + ( )max
2
WII = 4'f 'f (2Nf )bo +co +
4'f
(2Nf )2bo
G
Cyclic Torsion
Shear Damage
114 of 14
Cyclic Torsion with Static Tension
Cyclic Torsion
Static Tension
Cyclic Shear Strain
Shear Damage
Tensile Damage
Cyclic Torsion
Static Compression
Hoop Tension
Shear Damage
Tensile Damage
115 of 14
Cyclic Torsion with Compression
Cyclic Shear Strain
Cyclic Torsion
Static Compression
116 of 14
Cyclic Torsion with Tension

and Compression
Cyclic Shear Strain
Tensile Damage
Shear Damage
Tensile Damage
117 of 14
Test Results
Load Case
Torsion
with tension
with compression
with tension and
compression
118 of 14
/2
0.0054
0.0054
0.0054
0.0054
hoop MPa
0
0
0
450
axial MPa
0
450
-500
-500
Nf
45,200
10,300
50,000
11,200
119 of 14
20
Conclusions
Loading History
All critical plane models correctly predict

these results
Hydrostatic stress models can not predict
these results
Shear strain
0.003
Axial strain
0.006
-0.003
120 of 14
Model Comparison
Equation
6.5
6.7
6.17
6.22
6.24
6.41
6.42
6.37
6.23
6.39
122 of 14
Separate Tensile and Shear Models
2
1 = xy
stainless steel
124 of 14
123 of 14
p
p
p
p
1045 steel
Cyclic Plasticity
Inconel
121 of 14
Two separate models are needed, one for

tensile growth and one for shear growth
Cyclic plasticity governs stress and strain
ranges
Mean stress effects are a result of crack
closure on the critical plane
Life
14,060
5,210
4,450
3,980
9,930
4,280
5,420
3,040
26,775
10,350
33,220
Strain Based Models Summary
Summary of calculated fatigue lives

Model
Epsilon
Garud
Ellyin
Brown-Miller
SWT
Liu I
Liu II
Chu
Gamma
Fatemi-Socie
Glinka
125 of 14
21
Mean Stresses
Multiaxial Fatigue
'f
mean
( 2 N f ) b + 'f ( 2 N f ) c
E
'f 2n
max
+ Sn = (1.3 + 0.7S)
(2Nf )b + (1.5 + 0.5S) 'f (2Nf )c
2
E
'

1+ k n,max = f ( 2Nf )bo + 'f (2Nf )co
2
y G
eq =

'2
f
1
=
(2Nf )2b + 'f 'f (2Nf )b+c
2
E
2
WI =[(n n )max + ()]
1R
126 of 14
Outline
State of Stress
Fatigue Mechanisms
Multiaxial Testing
Stress Based Models
Strain Based Models
Mode I growth
Torsion
Mode II growth
Mode III growth
128 of 14
Mode I, Mode II, and Mode III

Mode I
opening
Mode II
in-plane shear
129 of 14
Mode I and Mode II Surface Cracks
Mode III
out-of-plane shear
Mode II
Mode I
130 of 14
131 of 14
22
Biaxial Mode I Growth

= 193 MPa
= -1
=0
=1
10-4
10-5
10-6
10
20
Mode II
10-4
Mode III
10-5
10-6
50 100 200
K, MPa m
Surface Cracks in Torsion
= 386 MPa
= -1
=0
=1
10-3
da/dN mm/cycle
da/dN mm/cycle
10-3
10
20
50 100 200
K, MPa m
132 of 14
Failure Modes in Torsion
133 of 14
Fracture Mechanism Map

60
Transverse
Longitudinal
Spiral
134 of 14
Mode I and Mode III Growth
Transverse
Cracks
1000
300
400
Shear Stress Amplitude, MPa
500
135 of 14
Mode I and Mode II Growth
10-3
7075 T6 Aluminum
Mode I R = 0
Mode II R = -1
10-3
10-4
da/dN, mm/cycle
da/dN, mm/cycle
30
10-2
KI
10-5
KIII
10-6
10-4
10-5
10-6
SNCM Steel
Mode I R = -1
Mode II R = -1
10-7
5
40
Longitudinal
200
50
Spiral
Cracks
Hardness Rc
Yield Strength, MPa
No Cracks
1500
10 20
50 100
KI , KIII MPa m
1
136 of 14
10
KI , KII MPa m
100
137 of 14
23
da
m
=C(K eq )
dN
K eq = K I4 +8K II4 + 8K III4 (1 )
0.25
[
]
=[K +K K + K ]
K eq = K I2 +K II2 +(1+)K III2

K eq
Fracture Surfaces
2
I
II
0. 5
2 0 .5
II
E
K eq ()=(FII
)2 +(FIE)2
2(1 + )
0 .5
K eq ( )=FG1+ k n,max a
ys
Bending
138 of 14
Mode III Growth

Crack growth rate, mm/cycle
10-5
139 of 14
Multiaxial loading has little effect in Mode I

Crack closure makes Mode II and Mode III
calculations difficult
10-6
10-7
10-8
10-9
Torsion
Fracture Mechanics Models Summary

K = 14.9
K = 12.0
K = 11.0
K = 10.0
K = 8.2
10-4
0.2
0.4 0.6 0.8

Crack length, mm
1.0
Multiaxial Fatigue
140 of 14
141 of 14
Outline
State of Stress
Fatigue Mechanisms
Multiaxial Testing
Stress Based Models
Strain Based Models
143 of 14
24
In and Out-of-Phase Loading
In and Out-of-phase loading

Nonproportional cyclic hardening
Variable amplitude
1+
x = osin(t)
xy
xy
xy = (1+)osin(t)
In-phase
x = ocos(t)
xy
1+
xy = (1+)osin(t)
Out-of-phase
144 of 14
In-Phase and Out-of-Phase

xy
2
145 of 14
Loading Histories
2 xy
xy/2
out-of-phase
xy/2
diamond
x
xy
x
2
2 xy
xy/2
square
xy/2
cross
x
x
146 of 14
Loading Histories
147 of 14
Findley Model Results

/2 MPa
in-phase
out-of-phase
MPa
n,max
/2 + 0.3
n,max
N/Nip
in-phase
353
250
428
1.0
90 out-of-phase
250
500
400
2.0
diamond
250
500
400
2.0
square
353
603
534
0.11
cross - tension cycle
250
250
325
16
cross - torsion cycle
250
250
216
diamond
out-of-phase
xy/2
square
cross
diamond
xy/2
square
x
xy/2
cross
x
xy/2
x
in-phase
148 of 14
149 of 14
25
Nonproportional Hardening
x
In-Phase
x = osin(t)
600
300
Axial
xy
Shear
xy = (1+)osin(t)
In-phase
x
x = ocos(t)
xy
-0.003
0.003
0.006
-0.006
xy = (1+)osin(t)
Out-of-phase
-600
150 of 14
90 Out-of-Phase
Proportional
300
0.003-0.006
-600
600
Out-of-phase
Nf = 3,500
Nf = 40,000
Nf = 38,500
Nf = 310,000
Shear
-0.003
0.006
-0.004
600
0.004-0.004
0.004
-300
-600
152 of 14
Loading Histories
-600
300
Case 1
10
11
12
Shear Stress ( MPa )
Case 3
150
150
-150
-150
-150
-300
-600
-300
300
300
-300
600 -600
-300
300
300
Case 4
-300
600
-600
-300
300
600
300
600
300
Case 5
Case 6
150
150
-150
-150
-150
150
13
-300
-600
300
Case 2
150
153 of 14
Stress-Strain Response
300
151 of 14
Critical Plane
600
Axial
-300
154 of 14
-300
300
-300
600 -600
-300
300
-300
600
-600
-300
155 of 14
26
Stress-Strain Response (continued)
Shear Stress ( MPa )
All tests have the same strain ranges
300
Case 9
150
-150
-150
-150
-300
600 -600
-300
600
-600
-300
-600
-300
300
300
-300
300
300
Case 11
150
-150
-150
-150
-300
600 -600
-300
-600
600
300
300
600
Case 13
-300
-300
300
Case 12
150
-300
-600
2000
Case 10
150
150
-300
300
200 2
10
-300
300
Nonproportional hardening results in lower fatigue lives
156 of 14
Nonproportional Example
Case A
Case B
Case D
Case A
Case B
xy
158 of 14
Case D
xy
159 of 14
Stress-Strain on 0 Plane
150
300
150
0.003 -300
-0.006
Case C
xy
xy
xy
Simple Variable Amplitude History
-0.003
xy
0.006
157 of 14
Shear Stresses
Case C
104
103
Fatigue Life, Nf
600
Axial Stress ( MPa )

1000
xy
300
Case 7
150
Equivalent Stress, MPa
300
Maximum Stress
300
x 0.003
-0.003
-0.005
xy
0.005
-150
-300
160 of 14
-150
161 of 14
27
-0.003
30
-300
300
0.003 -0.003
120 plane
60
0.003
-0.003
300
150 plane
120
-300
162 of 14
300
0.003 -0.003
0.003
150
-300
Shear Strain History on Critical Plane
-300
163 of 14
Fatigue Calculations
Load or strain history
0.005
Shear strain,
Cyclic plasticity model

time
Stress and strain tensor
Search for critical plane
-0.005
150
60 plane
Stress-Strain on 120 and 150 Planes

120
300
60
30 plane
30
Stress-Strain on 30 and 60 Planes
164 of 14
An Example
165 of 14
Biaxial and Uniaxial Solution

10-2
Analysis model
Damage
Single event
16 input channels
2240 elements
10-3
Uniaxial solution
Signed principal stress
10-4
Critical plane solution
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
10
100
1000
10000
Element rank based on critical plane damage

From Khosrovaneh, Pattu and Schnaidt Discussion of Fatigue Analysis Techniques for Automotive Applications
Presented at SAE 2004.
166 of 14
167 of 14
28
Nonproportional Loading Summary
Multiaxial Fatigue
Nonproportional cyclic hardening increases

stress levels
Critical plane models are used to assess
fatigue damage
168 of 14
Outline
Notches
State of Stress
Fatigue Mechanisms
Multiaxial Testing
Stress Based Models
Strain Based Models
Stress and strain concentrations

Nonproportional loading and stressing
Fatigue notch factors
Cracks at notches
170 of 14
Notched Shaft Loading
171 of 14
Stress Concentration Factors
P
MY
5
4
3
2
172 of 14
D/d
2.20
1.20
1.04
1
0
Bending
MX
Torsion
Stress Concentration Factor
6
MT
0.025
0.050
0.075
0.100
Notch Root Radius, /d
0.125
173 of 14
29
Hole in a Plate
Stresses at the Hole

4
=0
r
r
=1
30
-1
90
120
150
180
Angle
-2
= -1
-3
60
-4
Stress concentration factor depends on type of loading

174 of 14
Shear Stresses during Torsion
175 of 14
Torsion Experiments
1.5
1.0
0.5
r
a
176 of 14
Multiaxial Loading
Longitudinal Tensile Strain
Transverse Compression Strain
178 of 14
0.004
0.008
0.012
0.001
Thickness
50 mm
0.002
30 mm
0.003
15 mm
x
y
z
100
0.004
0.005
177 of 14
Thickness Effects
Uniaxial loading that produces multiaxial

stresses at notches
Multiaxial loading that produces uniaxial
stresses at notches
Multiaxial loading that produces multiaxial
stresses at notches
7 mm
179 of 14
30
Applied Bending Moments
Bending Moments on the Shaft

A
MY
MX
MX
MX
MY
MY
4
C
B
C
A
A
D
B
C
Location
180 of 14
Bending Moments
M
2.82
2.00
1.41
1.00
0.71
B
1
Torsion Loading
C
D
1
MX
t1
2
2
M
MT
C
2.31
t4
1 = T
z
t1
D
2.84
1 = z
t2
M = 5 M 5
t3
MX
B
2.85
MT
A
2.49
181 of 14
t2
t3
t4
Out-of-phase shear loading is needed to produce

nonproportional stressing
182 of 14
Plate and Shell Structures
183 of 14
Fatigue Notch Factors
Stress concentration factor
6
5
4
184 of 14
Kf Bending
Kt Bending
Kt Torsion
2
1
Kt = 4
Kt = 3
D
d = 2.2
Kf Torsion
0.025
0.050
0.075
Notch root radius,
0.100
0.125
185 of 14
31
Fatigue Notch Factors ( continued )

bending
torsion
2.5
Petersons Equation
Kf = 1 +
conservative
Calculated Kf
Fracture Surfaces in Torsion
2.0
KT 1
a
1+
r
Circumferencial Notch
1.5
non-conservative
1.0
1.0
1.5
2.0
Experimental Kf
Shoulder Fillet
2.5
186 of 14
Stress Intensity Factors
= -1 = 0
100
= 1
= 1
1.25
F 0.75
Crack Length, mm
=0
1.00
=1
0.50
0.25
1.00
1.50
da
m
= C (K eq )
dN
187 of 14
Crack Growth From a Hole
1.50
0.00
2.00
a
R
2.50
80
60
40
20
3.00
0
0
K I = F a
2 x 10 6
4 x 10 6
6 x 10 6
8 x 10 6
Cycles
188 of 14
189 of 14
Notches Summary
Uniaxial loading can produce multiaxial
stresses at notches
Multiaxial loading can produce uniaxial
stresses at notches
Multiaxial stresses are not very important in
thin plate and shell structures
Multiaxial stresses are not very important in
crack growth
Multiaxial Fatigue
190 of 14
32

Multiaxial Fatigue

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Multiaxial Fatigue

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Contact Information

Office: 3015 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory

Professor Darrell F. Socie

2003 Darrell Socie, All Rights Reserved

Multiaxial Fatigue - Lecture 0

When is Multiaxial Fatigue Important ?

2003 Darrell Socie, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved

Complex state of stress

one principal stress

Multiaxial Fatigue - Lecture 0

2003 Darrell Socie, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved

Multiaxial Fatigue - Lecture 0

Principal stresses may

Multiaxial Fatigue - Lecture 0

2003 Darrell Socie, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved

2003 Darrell Socie, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved

Multiaxial Fatigue - Lecture 0

2003 Darrell Socie, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved

Shear and Normal Strains

Multiaxial Fatigue - Lecture 0

2003 Darrell Socie, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved

Multiaxial Fatigue - Lecture 0

Shear and Normal Strains

2003 Darrell Socie, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved

Multiaxial Fatigue - Lecture 0

2003 Darrell Socie, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved

Multiaxial Fatigue - Lecture 0

Transverse Compression Strain

Multiaxial Fatigue - Lecture 0

2003 Darrell Socie, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved

2003 Darrell Socie, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved

Professor Darrell F. Socie

Multiaxial Fatigue - Lecture 0

2003 Darrell Socie, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved

Multiaxial Fatigue - Lecture 0

2003 Darrell Socie, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved

Stresses Acting on a Plane

Six stresses and six strains

Multiaxial Fatigue - Lecture 0

3 - 2( X + Y + Z ) + (XY + YZXZ -2XY - 2YZ -2XZ )

2003 Darrell Socie, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved

Stress and Strain Distributions

Multiaxial Fatigue - Lecture 0

Multiaxial Fatigue - Lecture 0

Stresses are nearly the same over a 10 range of angles

Multiaxial Fatigue - Lecture 0

2003 Darrell Socie, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved

2003 Darrell Socie, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved

2003 Darrell Socie, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved

Maximum shear stress

2003 Darrell Socie, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved

Shear Stress Influence

Octahedral shear stress

(13 )2 +(12 )2 +(2 3 )2

2003 Darrell Socie, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved

State of Stress Summary

Multiaxial Fatigue - Lecture 0

Multiaxial Fatigue - Lecture 0

Multiaxial Fatigue - Lecture 0

Multiaxial Fatigue - Lecture 0

2003 Darrell Socie, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved

Multiaxial Fatigue - Lecture 0

2003 Darrell Socie, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved

Stress Strain Relationships