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C.V.Krishnamurthy
Electromagnetic Spectrum
10/16/2009
Statics:
Dynamics:
Quasistatics:
Frequency, f
Light
Overview
Electric fields
Capacitive
Conductive
Magnetic fields
MFL
Barkhausen Noise
Electromagnetic fields
Eddy current (low frequencies)
Radiative (high frequencies)
10/16/2009
Faradays Law
S
C
d
C E dl dt S B dS
Voltage around C, also
known as electromotive
force (emf) around C
(but not really a force),
dS
Wb m m , or Wb.
2
J, D
C H dl S J dS dt S D dS
A m m, or A.
HJ
A m m , or A.
2
D
t
C m m , or C.
B
t
S
C
dS
Displacement flux, or
electric flux, crossing S,
Fqv B
Amperes Law
Magnetomotive force
(only by analogy with
electromotive force),
C s, or A.
S2
C
I(t)
S1 J dS = I but S2 J dS = 0
S1 D dS = 0 but S2 D dS
S1
d
D dS must be I
dt S2
so that C H dl is unique.
10/16/2009
S D dS V dv
B0
Solenoidal property of
magnetic field lines.
S J dS + dt V dv 0
Current due to flow of charges emanating from a closed
surface S = Time rate of decrease of charge enclosed by S.
t 0
Continuity
Equation
Maxwells Equations
B
t
D
HJ
t
D
E
Faradays Law
Amperes Circuital Law
Gauss Law for the
Electric Field
B 0
Continuity Equation
C E dl = dt S B dS
t 0
C H dl = S J dS + dt S D dS
10/16/2009
Transmitter
Non-radiative case:
Electric field lines are perpendicular to
the Electrodes. Electric and Magnetic
fields are independent
Receiver
Radiative case:
Electric and Magnetic fields are inter-dependent and
mutually perpendicular to the propagation direction
Direction of
propagation
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EM Wave in a
Conductor
Maxwells Equations
B
H
E
t
t
E
H J
E
t
t
Use
E ( E ) 2 E
i
i
E
E
t
2
E
2E
2
E
2
t
t
~
~
~
2 E k 2 E 0; E () [ E(t )]
2
Propagation constant
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Induction Effects
Inductive Reactance
The reduction of current flow in a circuit
due to induction is called inductive
reactance.
The direction of the magnetic field can be
determined by taking your right hand and
pointing your thumb in the direction of the
current. Your fingers will then point in the
direction of the magnetic field.
It can be seen that the magnetic field from
one loop of the wire will cut across the
other loops in the coil and this will induce
current flow (shown in green) in the
circuit.
The induced current working against the
primary current results in a reduction of
current flow in the circuit.
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Skin Depth
mm
Hz H/mm
% IACS
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Reactance
Reactance
Resistance
Response at 50 kHz
Resistance
Response at 300 kHz
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A
J E
iA
t
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Recent developments
Meandering Winding
Magnetometer (MWM)
is a novel eddy current
sensor that can measure
absolute magnetic and
conducting properties of
ferrous and nonferrous
alloys on flat and curved
surfaces
Typical MWM sensor and MWM-Arrays: (a) MWM sensor, (b) scanning fiveelement MWM-Array, (c) eight-element MWM-Array for detection on fatigue
initiation, (d) four-element MWM-Rosette for detection and monitoring of fatigue
cracks at fasteners (note that (c) and (d) are examples of MWM-Arrays designed
for permanent mounting).
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Pulsed ECT
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