BOOKLET BIOL 101, Q3

TEST AP101-3

Digestion, Nutrition & Metabolism

Questions:

185 Multiple-Choice Questions

Test Duration:

225 minutes

Reading Time:

20 minutes

INSTRUCTION:
Only Bilingual Dictionaries allowed, NO NOTES. This test consists of one part, 185 multiple choice questions
(numbers 1 to 185) to be answered on the computer answer sheet (185 marks). Write your name and student
number in the spaces provided on the computer answer sheet. Carefully fill in the shapes on the computermarked answer sheet under your name and ID number with a 2B pencil. You must only use a 2B pencil on the
computer answer sheet. Please read the instructions on the answer sheet carefully and follow them precisely.
Select the best answer to questions. If you are unsure of an answer, eliminate the alternatives that you know
to be incorrect and select answer from the remaining alternatives. To indicate your selection, use a 2B pencil
to blacken the corresponding oval on the computer answer sheet, AP101-1. No marks are deducted for wrong
answers. So students are advised to move on quickly without wasting too much time on one question. Advanced questions; require further reading or online research.

OPEN BLOOKLET ONLY WHEN TIMER IS READY

Digestion
1. In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach:
A. is the first site where chemical digestion of starch takes place
B. is the only place where fats are completely digested
C. is the first site where absorption takes place
D. initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins
2. The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called:
A. absorption
B. digestion
C. secretion
D. ingestion
3. Parietal cells of the stomach produce:
A. mucin
B. pepsinogen
C. hydrochloric acid
D. rennin
4. Which of the following is not true of oblique layer in the stomach ()?
A. allows pummel the food and hence physical breakdown of bolus
B. allows ram the food into the small intestine
C. is a layer of muscularis externa
D. folds into oblique folds called rugae which increases the surface area
5. The solutes contained in saliva include:
A. only proteases and amylase
B. mucin, lysozyme, electrolytes, salts, and minerals
C. only salts and minerals
D. electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA
6. The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to:
A. collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing
B. return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low
C. distribute hormones
D. carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary tract
7. When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic
reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called:
A. absorption
B. secretion
C. chemical digestion
D. mechanical digestion

8. Which of the following is not true of saliva?

A. moistens food and aids in compacting of the bolus
B. contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins
C. cleanses the mouth
D. dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted
9. There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs:
A. immediately after food enters the stomach, preparing the small intestine for the influx of a variety of
nutrients
B. before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought
C. when the meal is excessively high in acids and neutralization is required
D. at the end of a large meal, and the juices secreted are powerful and remain in the GI tract for a long
period of time
10. In addition to a protective effect of sodium bicarbonate in duodenum, it also:
A. neutralises gastric contents during vomiting, reducing damages to other organs
B. protects pancreas from self-digestion
C. provides the optimal environment for activity of intestinal and pancreatic enzymes
D. catalyses the chemical digestion of proteins at stomach-duodenum
11. Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach?
A. parietal cells
B. serous cells
C. chief cells
D. mucous neck cells
12. Why people experience retching before they vomit ()?
A. because the amount of irritants in the stomach has not reached the threshold
B. because esophageal distension by gastric contents induces peristalsis which forces contents back to
stomach
C. because pressure in esophagus is too high to induce vomiting
D. because stomach is not squeezed strong enough
13. Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme
in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?
A. lipase
B. pepsin
C. rennin
D. cholecystokinin
14. You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to
digest the meal?
A. trypsin
B. cholecystokinin
C. gastrin
D. amylase
3

15. Peristaltic waves are:

A. waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
B. pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract
C. churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract
D. segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract
16. Chyme is created in the:
A. mouth
B. esophagus
C. stomach
D. small intestine
17. Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the:
A. parietal cells of the duodenum
B. Brunner's glands
C. goblet cells of the small intestine
D. chief cells of the stomach
18. The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form
the:
A. pancreatic acini
B. hepatopancreatic ampulla
C. bile canaliculus
D. portal vein
19. The function of the goblet cells is to:
A. provide protection against invading bacteria and other disease-causing organisms that enter the
digestive tract in food
B. absorb nutrients from digested food and store them for future use
C. secrete buffers in order to keep the pH of the digestive tract close to neutral
D. produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes
needed for food digestion
20. The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the:
A. ileum
B. duodenum
C. pyloric sphincter
D. jejunum
21. Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins?
A. trypsin
B. lipase
C. dextrinase
D. amylase

22. Absorption is one of digestive processes. Venous blood containing absorbed nutrients enters:
A. Peyers patches
B. pancreas
C. liver
D. gallbladder
23. The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur?
A. severe indigestion would occur, caused by the lack of sufficient digestive enzymes
B. bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum
C. the acid secretions from the stomach would be sufficient to digest this food
D. this type of food would cause secretion of gastrin to cease, causing digestive upset
24. Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?
A. C
B. K
C. B12
D. A
25. The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called:
A. digestion
B. absorption
C. secretion
D. ingestion
26. Chief cells of the stomach ():
A. produce mucin
B. produce pepsinogen
C. produce amylase
D. produce HCl
27. The pancreas:
A. secretes pancreatic juice through a duct into the stomach
B. secretes lipase, nuclease, and amylase
C. is an immune organ that humans can easily live without
D. secretes bile
28. A person who lacks the hormone ghrelin would be expected to:
A. regulate the digestion of lipids
B. feel less or less frequently hungry, and may lose weight
C. have a lack the production of insulin
D. not feel full after a meal
29. The liver:
A. sends blood into the hepatic portal vein
B. produces amylase and regulates metabolism of sugars and fats
C. produces bile and regulates metabolism of sugars and fats
D. is retroperitoneal
5

30. Digestion in the oral cavity:

A. is mechanical
B. is mechanical and chemical
C. involves pancreatic amylase
D. does not occur
31. Which of the following incorrectly matches a digestive system cell with its correct characteristic?
A. chief, produces an inactive enzyme
B. parietal, makes intrinsic factor
C. Kupffer, phagocytic
D. islet, produces lysozyme
32. Which of the following correctly matches digestive process with the correct description?
A. ingestion; chewing, mixing, churning, and segmentation of food
B. absorption; taking food into the digestive system
C. chemical digestion; enzymatic degradation of foodstuffs into simpler molecules
D. defecation; passage of digested materials from the lumen of the GI tract into the blood or lymph
33. There are two different types of cells (either exocrine or endocrine) in the pancreas. Which of the
following cells or glands is responsible for secreting pancreatic juice that is important in chemical
digestion?
A. pancreatic islets of Langerhans
B. acinar glands
C. adrenal glands
D. cardiac glands
34. Which of the following is true ()?
A. rugae are located at the inferior end of the stomach which control stomach emptying
B. pyloric sphincter lies at superior end and regulates movement of food from the esophagus
C. gastroesophogeal folds are folds of mucosal layer
D. none of the above
35. Oesophagus pierces the diaphragm at the
A. gastroesophageal sphincter
B. upper esophageal sphincter
C. oesophageal hiatus
D. pyloric region

to enter the abdomen.

36. Which of the following is true of phases of regulation of gastric secretions ()?
A. cephalic phase is stimulated by the sight or smell of food
B. intestinal phase is stimulated by partially digested proteins and fats
C. gastric phase is stimulated by distension of the stomach and low acidity
D. A, B and C are correct

37. Which of the following incorrectly matches a structure of the small intestines with its description?
A. ileum contains the valve that connects to the liver
B. microvilli are also known as the brush border
C. villi are fingerlike projections of the mucosa
D. duodenum contains openings for the bile and pancreatic ducts
38. The hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed from the union of the:
A. cystic duct and interlobular duct
B. greater duodenal papilla and the lesser duodenal papilla
C. pancreatic duct with the lacteals
D. bile duct and main pancreatic duct
39. In order to prevent self-digestion of the pancreas, activation of pancreatic proteases occurs in the:
A. duodenum
B. pancreas
C. stomach
D. liver
40. During deglutition (swallowing), the bolus passes into the stomach from the oesophagus through the:
A. urethral sphincter
B. oesophageal sphincter
C. gastroesophageal sphincter
D. pyloric sphincter
41. During the intestinal phase of gastric regulation ():
A. secretin causes more HCl release
B. the stomach is initially stimulated and later inhibited
C. the gastroenteric reflex reduces stomach activity
D. hormones reduce chief cell activity
42. What is the main organic molecule digested in the stomach?
A. proteins
B. nucleic acids
C. carbohydrates
D. lipids
43. The propulsive function that occurs in the oesophagus is called:
A. swallowing
B. defecation
C. peristalsis
D. segmentation
44. Which of the following is a characteristic of the large intestine?
A. it is the site for acid neutralization
B. it contains a large number of bacteria
C. is longer than the small intestine
D. it provides no absorptive function
7

45. From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the
same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen ().
A. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa
B. serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis
C. muscularis, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa
D. submucosa, serosa, muscularis, and mucosa
46. Which regulatory chemical stimulates gastric gland activity and motility?
A. vasoactive peptide
B. secretin
C. gastrin
D. CCK
47. Which sequence below represents the correct layering of the wall of the GI tract, starting from the layer
next to the lumen ()?
A. muscularis externa, serosa, submucosa, mucosa
B. mucosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, serosa
C. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
D. serosa, mucosa, muscularis externa, submucosa
48. Which of the following incorrectly matches a substance involved in organic molecule digestion with its
description ()?
A. sucrase, lactase, and maltase; pancreatic enzymes that act on disaccharides
B. bile; emulsifies fats for digestion
C. trypsin; digests proteins in the small intestines
D. none of the above (all correct)
49. What would be the effect of stripping the small intestines of their villi?
A. greater absorption of nutrients would occur
B. decreased surface area for absorption, which in turn would cause malnutrition & weight loss to occur
C. the large intestine would take over as the primary absorptive site
D. a duodenal ulcer
50. Which of the following products does the stomach produce?
A. pepsinogen and secretin
B. bile and trypsin
C. HCl and intrinsic factor
D. mucous and amylase
51. Which of the following is not a function of liver?
A. excretes bilirubin
B. activation of vitamin D
C. has a role in deoxification
D. stores water-soluble vitamins and minerals

52. The final product of carbohydrate digestion is:

A. monosaccharides
B. disaccharides
C. glycogen
D. polysaccharides
53. Which of the following cells produce HCl?
A. parietal cells
B. chief cells
C. G cells
D. enteroendocrine cells
54. Bile salts in bile are important in lipid digestion because it break fat droplets apart. This process of
breakdown is called:
A. lipolysis
B. hydrolysis
C. emulsification
D. oxidation
55. Which of the following cells of the stomach produce pepsinogen?
A. G cells
B. chief cells
C. enteroendocrine cells
D. parietal cells
56. Which of the following is not one of structure of small intestine that maximise the potential of
absorption?
A. circular folds
B. microvilli
C. villi
D. rugae
57. The digestive system in a cadaver is longer than in a living person because, in a cadaver, there is no:
A. muscle tone
B. digestion taking place
C. food in the tube
D. nervous system influence
58. Pancreatic islets of Langerhans are
and a hyperglycaemic hormone called
A. exocrine, insulin, glycogen
B. endocrine, insulin, glucagon
C. exocrine, glucagon, insulin
D. endocrine, glucagon, insulin

cells that produce and secrete a hypoglycaemic hormone called

.

59. ________________ is the major means of propulsion in the digestive system.

A. ingestion
B. mechanical digestion
C. defecation
D. peristalsis
60. The movement of large intestine begins when food residues:
A. enter the cecum
B. pass ileocaecal sphincter
C. cause distension in ascending colon
D. pass transverse colon
61. Pancreatic secretions contain water, salt,
, and
controlled by
hormones.
A. HCl, glycaemic hormone; gastric
B. secretin, CCK; duodenal
C. sodium bicarbonate, digestive enzymes; duodenal
D. bile, pancreatic enzymes; gastric

. The secretory process in pancreas is

62. The ___________ phase of gastric secretion is considered a conditioned reflex.

A. esophageal
B. intestinal
C. gastric
D. cephalic
63. Which of the following inhibits salivation?
A. excessive water intake
B. dehydration
C. extreme activation of parasympathetic division
D. anuria
64. Bilirubin is the chief bile pigment in bile and it is:
A. a waste product of heme of haemoglobin formed during breakdown of worn-out erythrocytes
B. metabolism of nucleic acids
C. B-oxidation of lipid metabolism in the liver
D. gluconeogenesis
65. Secretin & CCK are released in intestinal phase of regulation of gastric activity. These secretions
of chyme from stomach and thereby
the rate of bolus entering into small intestine, and
rate of bolus passing through small intestine. Consequently, this allows the maximal

the
.
A. slow, slow, slow, absorption of nutrients, small intestine
B. speed up, speed up, speed up, digestion of nutrients, small intestine
C. slow, slow, slow, digestion of indigestible food, large intestine
D. speed up, speed up, speed up, absorption of water, large intestine

exit
the
in

10

66. Which of the following is a false statement?

A. in addition to gastrin, the stomach produces serotonin and histamine to regulate smooth muscle
contraction and parietal cells' release of HCl, respectively
B. protein digestion begins in the oral cavity under the action of salivary peptidase
C. the pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ
D. the pyloric sphincter regulates passage of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum
67. Involuntary swallowing is controlled by swallowing center in
. Motor outputs are transmitted via
cranial nerves, mostly by
nerves to muscles of pharynx and oropharynx.
A. brain stem, vagus
B. midbrain, accessory
C. brain stem, vagus
D. midbrain, vagus
68. Mass movement:
A. powerful segmental waves in large intestine faster than in small intestine
B. occurs before food enters stomach
C. powerful peristaltic waves in large intestine slower than in small intestine
D. begins in descending colon which drives compacted food residues into rectum
69. Which of the following is true?
A. the (vermiform) appendix essentially has no known purpose
B. the hepatopancreatic ampulla is composed of the pancreatic duct and the lesser hepatic duct
C. the submucosa is in direct contact with food
D. digested fats are absorbed into lymphatic lacteals
70. Which of the following is not an accessory organ of the digestive system?
A. liver
B. salivary glands
C. pancreas
D. intestines
71. In anal canal, there are two sphincters involving defecation reflex.
reflex causes colon and rectum to
contract and
anal sphincter to relax. Whereas
anal sphincter is under voluntary control ().
A. sympathetic, internal, external
B. parasympathetic, external, internal
C. sympathetic, external, internal
D. parasympathetic, internal, external
72. The major site for nutrient absorption is the:
A. mouth
B. small intestine
C. stomach
D. large intestine

11

73. Which of the following is not true of bile?

A. it is a yellow-green, alkaline solution
B. contains only bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and electrolytes
C. only its bile salts and phospholipids aid the digestive process
D. many substances in bile are excreted in urine
74. Which of the following is not one of functions of gallbladder?
A. stores bile
B. concentrates bile
C. releases bile into duodenum
D. produces bile
75. _______ circulation collects nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract and delivers it to the liver.
A. hepatic portal
B. peritoneal
C. subclavian
D. cardiac
76. Which of the following is not true of the layer of alimentary canal and its function?
A. serosa; protective outermost layer of the alimentary canal
B. mucosa; main site of nutrient absorption
C. submucosa; moderately dense connective tissue that has a rich supply of blood, lymphatic vessels,
and nerve fibers
D. muscularis externa; responsible for only peristalsis
77. Which of the following is not a function of the stomach?
A. the stomach mechanically digests food
B. the stomach produces intrinsic factor
C. the stomach serves as a temporary holding area for ingested food
D. the stomach absorbs complex carbohydrates
78. The phases of gastric secretion from first to last are:
A. intestinal phase, gastric phase, cephalic phase
B. cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase
C. gastric phase, cephalic phase, intestinal phase
D. cephalic phase, intestinal phase, gastric phase
79. The _________ is the first segment of the small intestine.
A. duodenum
B. jejunum
C. colon
D. ileum

12

80. Digestion of carbohydrates and proteins by brush border enzymes occurs within the ________ of the
small intestine.
A. rugae
B. microvilli
C. villi
D. goblet cells
81. Bile is stored and concentrated in the:
A. liver
B. pancreas
C. gallbladder
D. stomach
82. Emesis is a process which involves contraction of ():
A. diaphragm
B. esophageal hiatus
C. both diaphragm and abdominal muscles
D. all of the above
83. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the liver?
A. has a role in detoxifying the blood
B. highly regenerative
C. stores glucose in form of glycogen
D. none of the above
84. _______ is not found in pancreatic secretions.
A. chymotrypsinogen
B. bicarbonate
C. cholecystokinin (CCK)
D. procarboxypeptidase
85. Most water is absorbed in the:
A. liver
B. stomach
C. large intestine
D. small intestine
86. Gastric juice is:
A. pancreatic secretions
B. stomach secretions
C. hepatic secretions
D. all of the above

13

87. Biliary calculi are solidified cholesterol and bile salts which causes vague discomfort, jaundice, and pain in
the upper abdomen. This is formed at:
A. gallbladder
B. liver
C. pancreas
D. duodenum
88. Bacterial flora in the large intestine do not produce:
A. B vitamins
B. vitamin K
C. carbon dioxide
D. intrinsic factor
89. Which of the following incorrectly matches a nutrient and its monomer?
A. nucleic acids; DNA and RNA
B. lipids; fatty acids and monoglycerides
C. proteins; amino acids
D. carbohydrates; monosaccharides
90. Pepsin enzymatically digests:
A. carbohydrate
B. nucleic acids
C. protein
D. fat
91. In buccal cavity, there are partial degradation or chemical breakdown of:
A. carbohydrate
B. lipid
C. protein
D. both A and B
92. Which of the following increases intensity of segmentation?
A. sympathetic division of ANS
B. somatic nervous system
C. parasympathetic division of ANS
D. cooperative behaviours of both sympathetic and parasympathetic division of ANS
93. Which of the following is not a true statement?
A. the primary goal of digestive tract regulatory mechanisms is to optimize nutrient breakdown and
absorption
B. a weak gastroesophageal sphincter can result in heartburn
C. most digestion occurs in the small intestine
D. constipation results when food passes too quickly through the small intestine

14

94. A person who does not consume

A. protein
B. fat
C. carbohydrate
D. calcium
95. The normal range of pH in the stomach is
of
.
A. 10.5~12.5, acidity, bicarbonate
B. 3.5~5.5, alkalinity, HCl
C. 8.5~10.5, alkalinity, bicarbonate
D. 1.5~3.5, acidity, HCl

would not effectively absorb vitamin D from diet.

and this

is due to the presence

96. Which of the following tunics of digestive tract secretes fluid that lubricates the mobile digestive organs?
A. serosa
B. muscularis externa
C. submucosa
D. mucosa
97. Which of the following does not occur during vomiting?
A. profuse salivation
B. sweating
C. a decrease in heart rate
D. nausea
98. Which of the following is/are extrinsic autonomic nerves involved in regulating digestive processes?
A. sympathetic and parasympathetic
B. parasympathetic only
C. sympathetic only
D. enteric nervous plexus
99. When mucosa of alimentary canal is penetrated, there is a relatively high risk of microbial infections
because all surfaces of GITs are exposed to the external environment. In oral cavity, which of the
following is produced in response to a tissue (mucosa) injury?
A. IgA
B. lymphocytes
C. defensins
D. saliva
100.
A.
B.
C.
D.

In which of the following chemical digestion does not involve brush border enzymes?
protein digestion
lipid digestion
carbohydrate digestion
none of the above

101. The thick stratified squamous epithelium of the oral cavity provides protection against abrasion. This
epithelisum is:
15

A.
B.
C.
D.
102.
A.
B.
C.
D.

keratinised
melanised
composed of a large number of mast cells
covered with a sticky layer of defensin
Which of the following is responsible for saliva secretion?
parotid gland
sublingual gland
submandibular gland
all of the above

103. Throughout the digestive tract, food can be compacted and partially digested. Which of the following
correctly matches name of food mass along a digestive passage and a location of its formation (start from
food)?
A. chyme (esophagus), bolus (stomach), faeces (large intestine)
B. bolus (mouth), chyme (esophagus), faeces (small intestine)
C. chyme (esophagus), bolus (small intestine), faeces (rectum)
D. bolus (mouth), chyme (stomach), faeces (large intestine)
104.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Which of the following incorrectly matches a term and its description?

micturition; chewing
deglutition; swallowing
emesis; vomiting
defecation; eliminating faeces

105.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Although stomach is corrosively acidic, it is not normally damaged by its acidity because it produces:
pepsinogen
intrinsic factor
mucosal barrier
serotonin

106.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Excessive emesis can have negative effects on health. Which of the following is not one of them?
damaged mucosa of buccal cavity
dehydration
metabolic acidosis
disturbances in electrolyte balances

107.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Which of the following is not present in saliva?

water
IgE
salivary amylase
lysozyme

16

108.
A.
B.
C.
D.

A process called salivation is primarily controlled by:

parasympathetic division of ANS
somatic nervous system
higher brain centers (e.g. cerebral cortex)
midbrain

109. Although we can swallow voluntarily, it is impossible to consciously control swallowing when bolus
has reached:
A. gastroesophageal sphincter
B. nasopharynx
C. oropharynx
D. oral orifice
110. A soft, retroperitoneal gland which produces a variety enzymes that break down all categories of
foodstuffs, is
and it delivers enzymes to
for chemical digestion.
A. liver, hepatopancreatic ampulla
B. pancreas, duodenum
C. liver, jejunum
D. pancreas, pancreatic duct

Metabolism and Nutrition

111.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of:

insulin
glycogen
cortisol
glucagon

112.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Essential nutrients refer to nutrients that are:

synthesized every day in the body
essential for the human body to function
stored in the body for times of starvation
obtained from an outside source because the body cannot make them

113.
A.
B.
C.
D.

When blood glucose levels fall

insulin is released
protein synthesis decreases
glucagon is released
peripheral cells take up less glucose

114.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of:
fermentation
anabolism
mastication
catabolism
17

115.
A.
B.
C.
D.

The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as:
gluconeogenesis
lypogenesis
lipolysis
fat utilization

116.
A.
B.
C.
D.

The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available body fuel is:
glucose
fat
acetyl CoA
cellulose

117.
A.
B.
C.
D.

It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because:

all vitamins are water-soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization
most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients
very few foods contain vitamins
all of the above

118.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Anabolism includes reactions in which:

structural proteins are used as a potential energy source
ketone bodies are formed
larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones
carbohydrate utilization increases

119.
A.
B.
C.
D.

When blood glucose levels fall

protein synthesis decreases
insulin is released
glucagon is released
peripheral cells release their glucose into bloodstream

120.
A.
B.
C.
D.

In the postabsorptive state:

insulin serves as the regulatory hormone
anabolism exceeds catabolism
protein is the main energy source
glycogen is broken down to release glucose

121.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Which of the following incorrectly matches an events of metabolism with the process occurring.
gluconeogenesis; production of glucose from a noncarbohydrate source
lipogenesis; triglyceride synthesis
glycogenesis; polymerization of glucose
transamination; NH3 synthesis

122.
A.
B.
C.
D.

The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as:
lipolysis
fat utilization
gluconeogenesis
lypogenesis
18

123.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Gluconeogenesis is the process in which:

glycogen is formed
glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors
glycogen is broken down to release glucose
glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water

124.
A.
B.
C.
D.

The most abundant dietary lipids are:

cholesterol
phospholipids
fatty acids
neutral fats

125.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Which of the following is the amount of energy the body needs to maintain life?
BMI
MR
TMR
BMR

126.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Which of the following fat-soluble vitamins is not synthesised in the body?

Vitamin E
Vitamin A
Vitamin K
Vitamin D

127. ______ is considered "good" cholesterol; high blood levels of this cholesterol are thought to be
beneficial. For example, it prevents atherosclerosis and reduces the risk of heart attack.
A. HDLs (high density lipoproteins)
B. LDLs (low density lipoproteins)
C. chylomicrons
D. VLDLs (very low density lipoproteins)
128. Cholesterol, while it is not an energy molecule, has importance in the body because:
A. it helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs
B. it is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid
hormones
C. it helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation
D. it enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered
129.
A.
B.
C.
D.

The term metabolism is best defined as:

measure of carbohydrate utilization
the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats
the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day
the sum of energy produced by all the chemical reactions and mechanical work of the body

19

130.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Catabolism involves processes that:

cause a decline in circulating ketone bodies
elevate glucagon levels
break down complex structures to simpler ones
mobilize fat during the postabsorptive state

131.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Which of the following is a physiological response to hypothermia?

covering up with a blanket
shivering
increasing physical activity
drinking warm fluids

132.
A.
B.
C.
D.

The primary function of cellular respiration is to:

provide the body with adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals
determine the amount of heat needed by the human body
generate ATP, which traps some of the chemical energy of food molecules in its high-energy bonds
efficiently monitor the energy needs of the body

133. Which of the following is not true of a characteristic of a nutrient?

A. carbohydrate is comprised of simple sugars; used as the major fuel source for cellular respiration
B. protein is comprised of amino acids; used to build structural components of cells as well as functional
components (enzymes)
C. minerals are comprised of electrolytes; important as cofactors
D. vitamins are small inorganic molecules; important as coenzymes; fat-soluble forms are B and C
134. When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it indicates increased
metabolism of:
A. fatty acids
B. lactic acid
C. amino acids
D. glycogen
135.
A.
B.
C.
D.

In carbohydrate metabolism, the carbohydrates:

that are highly refined offer many valuable nutrients in addition to calories
such as the monomer galactose are normally used to make ATP
are converted into fat if present in excess
are converted into fructose by the liver before they enter into general circulation

136.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Among the conditions required for measuring the basal metabolic rate is:
being in an absorptive state
keeping the room temperature between 20 and 25 degrees C
remaining in an upright position
sleeping

20

137.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Vitamins are organic compounds. They:

are also called provitamins if used in catalytic reactions
are classified as water-soluble or protein-soluble classes
may serve as building blocks
often function as coenzymes to assist in catalysis

138.
A.
B.
C.
D.

The hormone responsible for setting the basal metabolic rate is:
insulin
thyroxine
melatonin
glucagon

139.
A.
B.
C.
D.

The thermoregulatory centre is located in the ():

hypothalamus
mitochondrion
thymus gland
liver

140.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Heat-loss mechanisms do not include:

vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
cool air circulating around the body
the evaporation of water
direct loss by touching a cooler object

141.
A.
B.
C.
D.

The amount of ________ produced is probably the most important factor in determining BMR.
prolactin
thyroxine
norepinephrine
ADH

142.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Which of the following is not true of uses of a nutrient?

lipids act as short-term fuel; component of membranes
vitamins; most function as coenzymes; not used as structural components
proteins are important structural material (keratin, collagen, etc.) and functional material
minerals; incorporation into some body structures; used in conjunction with enzymes

143.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Which of the following is not used for energy production?

triglyceride
cholesterol
protein
glycerol

144.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Which of the following is considered a long-term regulator of food intake?

cholecystokinin (CCK) levels
leptin levels
blood concentrations of amino acids and fatty acids
stimulation of stretch receptors
21

145.
A.
B.
C.
D.

For a healthy normal individuals, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following except:
formation of functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes
production of enzymes, clotting factors, and antibodies
production of energy
production of some hormones

146.
A.
B.
C.
D.

The primary function of carbohydrates is to:

maintain a large storehouse of glycogen
contribute to cell structure
form functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes
maintain energy production within the cells

147.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Lipogenesis occurs when:

there is a shortage of fatty acids
glucose levels drop slightly
excess proteins are transported through the cell membrane
cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

148. Which of the following incorrectly match a vitamin with its function?
A. Vitamin A; required for synthesis of photoreceptor pigments in vision; integrity of skin, mucosae, and
normal bone; and tooth development
B. Vitamin K; enhances absorption of calcium; works in conjunction with hormones regulating calcium
blood levels
C. Vitamin D; essential for formation of clotting proteins; intermediate in electron transport; participates
in oxidative phosphorylation
D. both B and C
149. In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for
all of the following except:
A. production of energy
B. production of some hormones
C. production of enzymes, clotting factors, and antibodies
D. formation of functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes
150.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Which of the following is not true?

calcium is a mineral
the major function of HDL is to transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver
gluconeogenesis occurs during cell respiration in the mitochondria
before lipids can be metabolized, the fatty acids must undergo beta oxidation to be converted into
two-carbon acetic acid fragments

151.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Which of the following is not true of cholesterol?

85% of blood cholesterol is manufactured in the liver regardless dietary intake
used in building cell membranes
used in synthesis of bile salts
used to synthesise steroid hormones only in adrenal cortex
22

152.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Which of the following would raise body temperature?

evaporation
sweating
eating a large meal
dilation of cutaneous blood vessels

153.
A.
B.
C.
D.

During fasts lasting several weeks, blood glucose is maintained by:

glycogenolysis
lipolysis
glycolysis
gluconeogenesis

154.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Insulin production is ___________ when the blood _______ levels spike.

lowest, glucose
greatest, glucose
greatest, glucagon
lowest, cholesterol

155. Small intestine receives substances from liver and pancreas for chemical digestion. Which of the
following is not one of these?
A. Vitamin B12
B. bile
C. digestive enzymes except brush border enzymes
D. bicarbonate ions
156. Amino acid rich sources such as ______ are important as they are a primary source of ______, which
is required for_______.
A. meat, glucose, fat production
B. fish, protein, enzyme production
C. pasta, glucose, ATP production
D. cheese, fat, ATP production
157. Which of the following is a micronutrient (that is, a nutrient required in minute amounts), not a major
nutrient?
A. water
B. lipids
C. minerals
D. proteins
158.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Insulin:
is abundant in the blood in the starved state
stimulates glycolysis in liver and muscle
stimulates glycogenesis in liver and muscle tissues
is used to produce ATP in cells

23

159.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Which of the following is true of cholesterol?

can function as coenzymes
used to build enzymes
exclusive energy source for neurons
serves as a precursor to hormones and maintains the fluidity of the plasma membrane

160.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Which of the choices below is not a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body?
ATP production
lipogenesis
conversion to a nucleic acid
glycogenesis

161.
A.
B.
C.
D.

The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available body fuel in the fed state is:
fat
acetyl CoA
glucose
cellulose

162.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Minerals are substances that:

include carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen
are the major electrolytes in the blood
help maintain body heat balance
help to form enzyme structures

163.
A.
B.
C.
D.

A major means for conserving heat is:

increased convective loss
vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels
vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels
increased metabolic rate

164.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Which of the following is not a use of fat deposits in adipose tissue?

used in ATP production
help absorb fat-soluble vitamins
insulation
cushions around organs

165.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Which of the following incorrectly matches a term and its description?

ketonanemia; ketones in blood
ketonuria; ketones appear in urine, common symptom in diabetes
ketoacidosis; metabolic acidosis by decreased ketone levels in blood
ketosis; resulted when ketone bodies accumulate in blood

166.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Which of the following is an example of catabolism?

lipid synthesis
using amino acids to make a protein
cellular respiration
absorbing nutrients into the blood from the intestines
24

167.
A.
B.
C.
D.

A low-density lipoprotein would contain:

a high protein content
a high lipid content
a low lipid content
a low cholesterol content

168. When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates
increased metabolism of:
A. proteins
B. fats
C. glucose
D. lactic acid
169.
A.
B.
C.
D.

What is the preferred use order of energy sources for the body?
glycogen, blood glucose, protein, fat
blood glucose, glucagon, fat, protein
blood glucose, glycogen, fat, protein
the body has no preference for which energy sources to use

170.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Most vitamins:
have only one function in the body
function as coenzymes in the body
are metabolized to make ATP
are used as building blocks for the body

171.
A.
B.
C.
D.

One function of vitamin A is to:

assist in blood clotting
transfer electrons in cellular respiration
help with calcium absorption
form visual pigments

172.
A.
B.
C.
D.

A function of the liver during the post-absorptive state is to:

electron transport to release glucose
glycolysis
store excess glucose by glycogenesis
mobilize glucose reserves by glycogenolysis

173.
A.
B.
C.
D.

The hormone that controls essentially all events of the absorptive state is:
thyroxine
ADH
insulin
glucagon

25

174. The role of _____________ is to transport excessive cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver,
where it is broken down and becomes part of bile.
A. high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
B. very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
C. low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
D. Chylomicrons
175.
A.
B.
C.
D.

The official medical measurement of obesity is the:

proportion of bone density to weight
basal metabolic rate
body mass index
weight of a person compared to his or her height

176. ___________ acts to suppress appetite by inhibiting _____, which is the most-powerful known
appetite stimulant.
A. leptin; neuropeptide Y
B. growth hormone; lipase
C. insulin; glucagon
D. serotonin; adrenaline
177.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Which of the following is not one of complex carbohydrates?

pectin
starch
cellulose
none of the above

178.
A.
B.
C.
D.

In the absorptive state:

insulin serves as the regulatory hormone
glycogen is broken down to release glucose
fats are the main energy fuel
catabolism exceeds anabolism

179.
A.
B.
C.
D.

The ability to convert one type of molecule to another is truly remarkable in the body, specially:
pancreas
skeletal muscle
adipose tissue
liver

180.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Which of the following is not a result of over-nutrition?

kwashiorkor
insulin resistance
metabolic syndrome
type II diabetes

26

181.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Which of the following is not one of simple carbohydrates?

maltose
glucose
fructose
galactose

182.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Which of the following organ does not prefer fatty acids as an energy fuel?
liver
cardiac muscle
resting skeletal muscles
brain

183. In the absorptive state, the main thrust is

and main hormone is
absorptive state, the main thrust is
and main hormone is
.
A. catabolism, glucagon; anabolism, insulin
B. anabolism, insulin; catabolism, glycogen
C. hydrolysis, glucagon; synthesis, insulin
D. anabolism, insulin; catabolism, glucagon

. In the post-

184.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Ingested
are absorbed via lymph.
monosaccharides
amino acids
fats
nucleic acids

185.
A.
B.
C.
D.

The increased use of non-carbohydrate fuel molecules to conserve glucose is called:

glucose sparing
gluconeogenesis
post-absorptive state
catabolism

For personal use only, last update:

17th August 2015 by Incognitus
16th February 2014 by RD
incognitus94@gmail.com

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