Chapter 2

REVIEW
OF
LITERATURE

.9

A q u a t ic r e s e a r c h h a d i t s
b e fo r e th e d ays o f A r is t o t le
t h e fo rm o f

(3 8 4 -3 2 2 B . C . ) i n

some s t r a y r e p o r t s o f l i t t l e

s c i e n t i f i c v a lu e *
c e r ta in

d eb u t p r o b a b ly

fa c ts

o r no

K i t h t h e p a s s a g e o f tim e/

r e la tin g

ap p earan ce o f o th e r

t o t h e h a b it s o f fis h e s #

a q u a tic fa u n a & f l o r a

and a

num ber o f o t h e r phenom ena w e r e d e s c r i b e d * A new

c h a p te r in th e lim n o lo g ic a l r e s e a r c h w as opened

w i t h t h e i n v e n t i o n o f t h e m ic r o s c o p e w h ic h ' u l t i m a t e l y
r e s u l t e d i n t h e d i s c o v e r y o f p la n k t o n a s s e m b la g e o f s u s p e n d e d ,

d r iftin g ,

a h e te ro g e n o u s

m ic r o s c o p ic o r g a

n is m s i n b o t h m a r in e and f r e s h w a t e r e c o s y s t e m s * L a s t
p a r t o f t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y b ecam e a v e r y
in i t s

s t u d y . H o w ever,

it

ce n tu ry th a t s c ie n t is t s
to

a c t iv e p e r io d

w as o n ly i n t h e t w e n t i e t h

in te n s ifie d th e ir e f fo r t s

i n v e s t i g a t e t h e w a t e r b o d ie s f o r d e t a i l e d p h y s i c o

c h e m i c a l and b i o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
o f p u b lic a t io n s ap p eared in th e f i e l d

and a num ber

in th e f i r s t

h a lf o f th e p re se n t ce n tu ry

( L illje b o r ^ *

B ir g e ,

19 2 1; B ir g e & Ju d ay,

1922,

1910 ,
1927;

1 9 1 8 ; H a r r in g ,
S tro m ,

19 3 0 ; ^ e r s ,

H u tc h in s o n ,

1932;

19 4 C ; C a r l ,

19 4 0 ; G o n z a lv e s & J o s h i ,

19 4 7;

Welch,

S o ren sen ,

Brehm,

1931,

19 0 0 ,

1937;

1936; K ie fe r ,

1 9 3 9 ; A h ls t r o m ,

1 9 4 6 ; S a w y e r,

1948 ; B e r z in s ,

19 4 9 ;

N e e l,

1 9 5 2 ; D as & S r i v a s t a v a ,

1955,

1956 ; C a s s ie ,

19 5 7 and S in g h ,

19 51;

1 9 5 9 ) . A s t h e number o f r e s e a r c h

a r t i c l e s w h ic h h a v e b e e n p u b l i s h e d

s i n c e t h e t im e

when lim n o lo g y w a s r e c o g n i s e d a s a s e p a r a t e b r a n c h
of

s c ie n c e i s v e r y la r g e ,

in

th e fo llo w in g p a g e s

l i t e r a t u r e p e r t a in in g o n ly t o t h e l a s t - t h i r t y
years is

r e v ie w e d *
Rawson

study

of

twelve

(19 6 0 ) conducted a limnological

N o rth

Sasketchewan

lakes

11

and set forth a multiple-index method o assesslog the

relativ e Productive potential o f the lakes*
Dengiaa (1963), w h ile st udylng the sooplaakton
in Lake Ladoga reported a total of 126 v a rie tie s o f
micro-Crustacea and Rotifers* He found that Cladocera
and R otifera predominated during sumner and Copepoda
/

during autumn and winter* Gordeeva (1963) Studied the

qualitativ e and quantitative composition of. the
Crustacean plankton o f Lake Sandal* Bod n a
o btusiro stris & B. lo nairo styls were thed o m in sn t
species in the northern part of the lake end Copepoda
and naup lii in the southern* L itto ra l Crustacea was
dominated by the cladoceran PolvPhenms
Cushing (1964) worked out the relations
between dissolved solids# water exchange and produc
t iv it y in the Montreal River-LaXe-Streaip^yst*e t
Saskatchewan (Canada)* The same year* another studEy
was conducted by Hayes * Anthony on the productive
capacity of North anerican lakes as r 4 l $ed to the
quantity and the trophic level of fish# '.the lake
dimensions and the water-chemistry* The resu lts
y ielded that 67% o f the v a r ia b ilit y in the Productive
in d ex of a lake was attributable

to i t s area*

mean depth and Methyl orange alkalinity*

12

K o s h in s k y ( 1 9 6 5 )

s tu d ie d th e p h y s ic o

c h e m ic a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

and t h e f i s h e r i e s o f

f i v e - p re^ -C am brian Head W a te r L a k e s and o b s e r v e d an i n v e r s e

r e la tio n

b e tw e e n mean d e p th and l a k e

a r e a and s t a n d i n g c r o p *
'G a l b r a i t h
tiv e

(19 6 7) d is c u s s e d t h e s i z e - s e l e c -

p r e d a t i o n by ra in b o w t r o u t

on D a P h n ia . F o r

and y e l l o w p e r c h

( 1 9 6 7 ) w o rk e d on t h e C o p e p o d a o f

L a k e H u ie h and r e c o r d e d 2 s p e c i e s o f H a r p a c t i c o i d a
and 7 s p e c i e s o f C y c l o p o i d a .

Ac a n t h o c y c lo p s v i r l d l s ,

E u c y c lo p s s e r r u l a t u s and M e s o c y c lo p s l e u c k a r t i l w e r e
t h e m ost f r e q u e n t s p e c i e s i n t h e s a m p le s .
la te r

stu d y

(P o r,

In a

198 4) h e a n a ly s e d t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n

o f fr e s h w a te r C opepoda in t h e L e v a n tin e P r o v in c e
of

I s r a e l.
The lim n o lo g y o f V i h a r L a k e

( I n d ia ) w ith

s p e c ia l r e fe r e n c e t o th e p r o d u c tiv e p o t e n t ia l\ a t
v a r i o u s s t r a t a was s t u d i e d b y H u s s a in y
A n d e rso n
cal

(19 6 8 ) made a d e t a i l e d

(1 9 6 7 )*
lir o n o lo g i

s tu d y o f S n o w fla k e L a k e and o t h e r h i g h - a l t i t u d e

l a k e s o f B a n f f N a t io n a l P a r k ( A l b e r t a ) .

In 1 9 7 1

h e d i s c u s s e d t h e s p e c i e s c o m p o s it io n and d i s t r i b u t i o n
o f c r u s t a c e a n p la n k t o n s p e c i e s .

In t h i s

stu<3y#

13
a lp in e

and s u b - a l p i n e w a t e r s i n

some w e s t e r n C a n a d ia n

n a t i o n a l p a r k s and e n v i r o n s w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d *
a n o th e r s tu d y

(19 7 7 ),

In

he s t u d i e d data o n r o t i f e r s

and p h y t o p ia n k t o n c o l l e c t e d fro m o v e r 300 l a k e s and

and n e a r t h e m o u n ta in N a t i o n a l Parks o f

ponds in

W e s te r n C a n a d a o v e r a p e r i o d o f 10 y e a r s * L o f f l e r
(19 6 8 )

s t u d i e d t h e g e o - e c o l o g y o f t h e m o u n ta in o u s

r e g i o n s O f t h e t r o p i c a l A m e r ic a s a s a p a r t o f t h e
i n v e s t i g a t i o n s on t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n ,

e c o l o g y an d

z o o - g e o g r a p h i c a l im p o r t a n c e o f t h e t r o p i c a l h ig h
m o u n ta in l a k e s *
G reen

(1 9 6 9 ) d e s c r i b e d t h e p l a n k t o n e c o l o g y

o f L a k e P u p u k e and n o t e d a w e l l d e f i n e d
p e r io d ic ity

season al

i n t h e gro u p * V e r t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n

t h e p la n k t o n d i s t r i b u t i o n w e r e m ark ed e s p e c i a l l y
when th e r m a l s t r a t i f i c a t i o n

d e v e lo p e d * C e r t a i n

z o o p la n k t o n fo r m s l i k e A s P la n c h n a ,

B o s m ln g and

K e r a t e l l a w e r e s t u d i e d i n d e t a i l b y t h e a u th o r *
G reen

(19 74 ) d e s c r ib e d t h e p h y s ic o -c h e m ic a l f e a t u r e s ,

p h y to p ia n k to n
p r o p in q u e

and t h e l i f e

( C a l a n o id ) and

c y c l e s o f B o e c k e lfc a

M e g o c y c jo p s l e u c K a r t i

( C y c lo p o r d ) o f a New Z e a la n d R e s e r v o i r *
a n o th e r s t u d y

(19 7 6 ),

In

t h e a u th o r d e s c r i b e d t h e

s e a s o n a l c y c l e s o f ab u n d a n ce o f t h e p h y t o - p la n k t o n
and z o o p la n k t o n i n L a k e O to to a *

N o r t h la n d w h ic h

14

w ere r e la te d t o th e tr o p h ic

s t a t u s o f t h i s o lig o u

t r o p h i c la k e *
F is h and Chapman (1 9 6 9 ) i n v e s t i g a t e d l a k e s
R o t o r u a a n d R o t o i t i f o r w a t e r c h e m i s t r y and p la n k t o n .
T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f z o o p la n k t o n w as fo u n d t o b e
c o m p le x b e c a u s e o f t h e d i u r n a l v e r t i c a l m i g r a t i o n s
o f t h e a n im a ls co m b in ed w i t h h o r i z o n t a l m ovem ent
o f t h e w a te r la y e r s *
Timms (19 7 0 ) d i s c u s s e d t h e c h e m ic a l
z o o p la n k t o n d a t a f o r
in

and

103 r e s e r v o i r s and l a k e s

N o r t h - e a s t e r n New S o u th W a le s & fo u n d a l t i t u d e

r e l a t e d f a c t o r s t o b e im p o r t a n t f o r many z o o p la n k
to n

s p e c ie s ,

p a r t i c u l a r l y c a l a n o i d c o p e p o d s*

V a s i s h t & D h ir

(19 7 0 )

r e p o r t e d a b im o d a l p a t t e r n

o f flu c tu a tio n

i n c r u s t a c e a n s and r o t i f e r s #

a p eak each in

summer and w i n t e r i n f i s h

p o n d s i n C h a n d ig a r h - Z y b l u t

(19 7 0 )

farm

r e la te d th e

s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f D a p h n is . t o t h e s i z e
tiv e

p r e d a tio n ,

w ith

s e le c

d i f f e r e n c e in fo o d a v a i l a b i l i t y

and

c o m p e t i t i o n f o r f o o d w i t h D iap h an oso m a & M y s is

re l ic ta
Zankai & Ponyi

(19 7 1)

s tu d ie d th e q u a l i t a t i v e

p r o p o r t i o n s o f R o t i f e r a p la n k t o n i n L a k e B a la t o n *

It

w as o b s e rv e d t h a t t h e b u lk o f fo o d s t u f f o f R o t if e r a

c o n s i s t e d m a in ly o f a l g a e , b a c t e r i a end d e t r i t u s
fra g m e n ts.
M o it r a & M u k h e rji

(19 72 )

re p o rte d 21 g e n e ra

o f p h y t o p ia n k t o n and 17 g e n e r a o f z o o p ia P k t o o fro m
a fis h

pond a t K a l y s n i

jl I n

d ia ) .

E f f e c t o f p h y sico L .

c h e m ic a l f a c t o r s on t h e p la n k t o n o f N a n g a l l a k e
w a s s t u d i e d b y Tandon & S in g h

( 1 9 7 2 ) ^ T h ey o b s e r v e d

t h a t t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f z o o p la n k t o n w as g o v e r n e d b y
no s i n g l e f a c t o r b u t by t h e n e t a c t i o n o f s e v e r a l
f a c t o r s in d if f e r e n t d e g re e s.

Z u tsh i e t

si

(19 72 )

d e s c r ib e d th e h y d r o b io lo g ic e l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f
some l a k e s o f K ash m ir and o b s e r v e d th a fr t h e i r
d u c tiv ity
Z u ts h i,

in c r e a s e d w ith th e d e c r e a s e in

W anganeo & R a in a (19 8 0 )

c h e m is tr y

and p la n k t o n o f

and r e p o r t e d o n e r o t i f e r
tw o c l a d o c e r a n s

Z u ts h i,
sp .

S u b la ,

a ltitu d e .

s tu d ie d t h e w a te r -

a m an-m ade l a k e i n K a sh m ir
( E u c h l a n is d i l a t a t ^ ) f and

( Bosmine. l o n q i r o s t r i s

P u l c h e l l a ) fro m t h e l a k e .

P ro

and C e r io d a P h n i a

In a n o t h e r s t u d y

(T 9 8 0 ),

Khan & W anganeo r e p o r t e d A s P la n c h n a

M o n o s ty la s p . ,

P o lv a r th r a s p .,

s i m i l i s , C h vd oru s s P h a e r ic u s ,
d ia P to m u s s p . D ia P to m u s s p .
fro m A l i p a t h a r l a k e ,

T r ic h o c e r c a

D a P h n la p u l e x ,

Ac a n t ho-

and M e s o c y c lo p s l e u c k a r t i

K a sh m ir. T h e r m o c y c lo p s c r a s s u s

w as r e p o r t e d b y them fro m L a k e s S u r in s a r #

M an sar,

D a l,

16
N aranbagh/
I n d ia ) *
g ic a l

M a n a sb a l,

T r i g am and N iln a g

Z u tsh i & V a ss

(J & K ,

S ta te ,

(1 9 8 2 ) d e s c r i b e d t h e b i o l o

a s p e c ts o f D al la k e

(K a s h m ir )

and ound t h a t

o p e n a r e a s o f w a t e r h ad lo w z o o p la n k t o n p o p u l a t i o n
i n c o m p a r is o n t o t h e l i t t o r a l

a r e a s w h ic h a r e c l o s e

t o human s e t t l e m e n t s and h o u s e b o a t s *
K i r i l l o v a & S o k o lo v a (19 7 3) a n a l y s e d t h e
z o o p la n k t o n p o p u l a t i o n s o f 14 l a k e s fro m Tundra#
USSR & T a i g a z o n e s and o b s e r v e d t h a t R o t i f e r a dom i
n a t e d t h e z o o p la n k t o n g r o u p s and C l a d o c e r a &
C o p ep o d a w e re p r e s e n t i n

q u i t e s m a l l e r n um bers*

A c c o r d in g t o V e k h o v ( 1 9 7 5 ) t h e z o o p la n k t o n o f
commander I s l a n d ,
a c u m in a ta ,

USSR, i s d o m in a te d b y Mot h o le a

N. l a b i s ,

N. f o l i a c e a ,

S v n c h a e t a sP -

and

a c o p e p o d E u ry th e m o r a k u r e n k o v i.
In 1974,
q u a lita tiv e

E a q a i & R eh a n e r e p o r t e d on t h e

and q u a n t i t a t i v e

a sp e c ts o f th e fr e s h

w a t e r z o o p la n k t o n o f K in jh e r L a k e ( P a k i s t a n ) *

S p e c ie s

c o m p o s it io n o f t h e c a l a n o i d p o p u la t i o n w as fo u n d t o
be d if f e r e n t in d iffe r e n t
K u s h la n
e ffe c ts o f
P la n k t o n

season s*

( 1 9 7 4 ) made a d e t a i l e d

a n a tu ra l f is h

and f i s h

k i l l on t h e w a t e r q u a l i t y ,

p o p u la tio n s o f

C y p r e s s Swamp, F l o r i d a *

su rvey o f th e

a pond i n t h e B i g

The e f f e c t s o f p l a n t z o n a t i o n

17

on m o r t a li t y o f f i s h

was a l s o c o n s i d e r e d

and t h e

P r o g r e s s i v e d e p l e t i o n o f o x y g e n w as b e l i e v e d t o
b e r e s p o n s ib le ,
k ill*

i n p art#

fo r in it ia t in g

th e f is h

K u s h la n & Hunt ( 1 9 7 9 ) d i s c u s s e d c e r t a i n

a sp e c ts

o f t h e lim n o lo g y o f an a l l i g a t o r p ond i n t h e B i g
C y p r e s s Swemp o f

so u th e rn F l o r i d a .

S i r c a r & Sen ( 1 9 7 5 )
p la n k t o n

(11 g e n e r a o f z o o p la n k t o n and 16 g e n e r a

o f p h y to jp la n k to n )
Janai

fro m tw o f r e s h w a t e r p o n d s a t

(W est B e n g a l) *

d e fin ite

r e p o r t e d 27 g e n e r a O f

I n d ie *

The a u th o r s n o te d a

r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n t e m p e r a t u r e o f w a t e r and

p l a n k t o n d e n s i t y * - I s l# n & H aro on i(1 9 7 5 )w , l i l e s t u d y i n g

th e b io lo g ic a l
( B a n g la d e s h ) ,

a s p e c t s o f t h e R i v e r B u r ig a n g a
re p o rte d

137

s p e c i e s o f a l g a e and

1 5 s p e c i e s o f z o o p la n k t o n .

K een
tio n

(19 7 6) d e s c r i b e d t h e s e a s o n a l p o p u la

d y n a m ic s o f 21 c h y d o r i d

sc irp u s

s p e c i e s i n tw o s h a l l o w

s u b t e r m in a li s b e d s o f L a w r e n c e Lake#

(U S A ). L e w k o w ic z & L e w k o w ic z
e f f e c t o f o r g a n ic

M ic h ig a n

( 1 9 7 6 ) co m p a red t h e

and i n o r g a n i c n u t r i e n t e n r ic h m e n t

18

on th e in c r e a s e i n c a rp f r y
in v e s tig a tio n

in

r e a r in g p o n d s * lh e

i n c l u d e d t h e s t u d y o f c o m p le t e

p h y s i c o - c h e m i c a l and z o o p la n k t o n d a ta *

Zago

(19 7 6 )

d e a l t w i t h t h e s e a s o n a l d y n a m ic s o f G l a d o c e r a i n
r e s e r v o i r i n A m e r ic a - C e r t a i n
c a t i o n w ere a ls o

a s p e c t s o f w t r o p t a i-

s t u d i e d b y t h e a u th o r*

B e ls a r e e t

al

(19 77 )

s t u d i e d t h e z o o p la n k -

t o n & w a t e r c h e m i s t r y i n Bombay w a t e r s

( I n d ia ) f o r

a p e r i o d o f o v e r 7 y e a r s * W ate r c h e m i s t r y p a r a m e t e r s
w e r e c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f im p o r t a n t
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e z o o p la n k t o n , C b v e n e y e t a l
(19 7 7 ) d is c u s s e d th e s ta n d in g c ro p
o f b a c te r ia #
d e ta ile d
in

p h y t o p la n k t o n and z o o p la n k t o n w i t h a

a n a ly s is o f p h y s ic o -c h e m ic a l p a ra m e te rs

e u t r o p h i c L a k e B y s jo n ,

(19 7 7 )

and p r o d u c t i o n

Sw eden* Dumont & V e l d e

r e p o r t e d 22 s p e c i e s o f C l a d o c e r a and 14 s p e

c i e s o f C o p e p o d a fro m e i g h t l o c a l i t i e s i n K athm andu

V a lle y

( N e p a l) * Dumont e t

al

(19 7 9 )

s t u d i e d 12 6

p la n k t o n s a m p le s c o l l e c t e d fro m 62 l o c a l i t i e s i n
T u n is ia & La C a l l a a re a

(N *E. A l g e r i a )

56 s p e c i e s o f e n t o m o s t r a c a * H a k k a r i

and r e p o r t e d

(19 77 ) i n v e s t i g ^

t e d t h e i n f l u e n c e o f some p h y s i c o - c h e m i c a l and
b io tic

f a c t o r s u pon t h e s p e c i e s c o m p o s it io n , b io m a s s ,

and p r o d u c t i o n o f z o o p la n k t o n i n

s e v e r a l F in n is h

Iff

la k e s .

The a u th o r s e p a r a t e d d i f f e r e n t g r o u p s o f
~-y

z o o p la n k t o n s p e c i e s a c c o r d in g t o t h e i r relation
t o e u tr o p h ic a tio n

and p o l l u t i o n . Wilton e t al

( 1 9 7 7 ) co llected 12 8 taxa of phytopiankton and

32 t a x a o f z o o p la n k t o n from t h e A r k a n s a s liver*
Maximum n u m b ers o f t a x a of b o t h g r o u p s occurred
in

la te

s p r in g *
B r ic k e r e t a l

( 1 9 7 8 ) d e t e r m in e d t h e s p e

c i e s c o m p o s it io n and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f f r e s h w a t e r
c r u s t a c e a n p l a n k t o n i n t w e l v e T h a ila n d r e s e r v o i r s *
T h e s t u d y y i e l d e d 44 t a x a o f C o p e p o d a and C l a d o c e r a .
Cam pos e t e l
in

( 1 9 7 8 ) s t u d i e d t h e s e a s o n a l chan ges^ ^

th e w a te r p r o p e r tie s

and t h e t r o p h i c s i t u a t i o n

o f a warm m o n o m ic tic o l i g o t r o p h i c
R in ih u e ,

12 o l i g o t r o p h i c

lik e ly

( 1 9 7 9 ) e x a m in e d t h e c o n d i t i o n

la k e s in

(19 7 9 )

fr o m 43 c o l l e c t i o n
o f Lake F e r to

(19 7 9 )

al

S n o w d o n ia and a s s e s s e d

con seq u en ces o f in c r e a s e d r is e fo r r e c r e a t io n .

P o n yi & D evai

poda/

(L a k e

C h ile ) *
L id d le e t

of

la k e

s t u d ie d t h e C r u s t a c e a p la n k to n

s ite s

i n t h e H u n g a ria n a r e a

and r e c o r d e d 22 c la d o c e r a #

8 O s t r a c o d a and 1 I s o p o d a s p e c i e s *

1* c o p e
M andal

s t u d i e d t h e p h y s i c o - c h e m i c a l and b i o l o g i c a l

20

d a ta in

a p e r e n n i a l f r e s h w a t e r f i s h p on d a t B a r d f

w an ,

W est B e n g a l*

s p r in g

'

Z o o p la n k t o n w a s d o m in a n t i n

and p h y t o p la n k t o n i n m onsoon* R o t i f e r a

w a s t h e m o st d o m in a n t g r o u p o f z o o p la n k t o n *
Jana e t

ai

(19 8 0 )

s tu d ie d th e s e a s o n a l

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f th e p o p u la tio n s t r u c t u r e o f n e t
p la n k t o n i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e e c o l o g i c a l d a t a i n
tw o p e r e n n i a l r a i n f i l l e d
o f K e ly a n i
th e

(In d ia )*

s y s te m a tic

o f th ir ty
pods in

f r e s h w a te r f i s h ponds

L a i & F e r n a n d o (19 8 0 ) r e v ie w e d

s t a t u s and g e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n

odd s p e c i e s o f f r e s h w a t e r c a i a n o i d c o p e -

S o u t h e a s t A s ia *

T h e a u t h o r s aim ed a t

r i s i n g n e o d ia p t o m id s a s i n d i c a t o r o r g a n is m s f o r
h ig h t r o p h ic

la k e s *

p h y s ic o -c h e m ic a l

S in g h e t

al

(19 8 0 )

s tu d ie d t h e

and b i o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s o f t h r e e

H im a la y a n l a k e s o f N a i n i t a l

(I n d ia )

and O b s e r v e d

a h i g h e r z o o p la n k t o n d e n s i t y i n N a i n i t a l L a k e
t h a n i n B h im t a l Lake#
e u tr o p h ic .
O ad ri

r h e fo r m e r b e in g m ore

G a d ri & Y o u s u f

(19 8 0 )

and Y o u s u f &

( 1 9 8 1 a , b ) d i s c u s s e d t h e e f f e c t s o f some

p h y s ic o -c h e m ic a l f a c t o r s on t h e s e a s o n a lit y o f
C la d o c e r a & R o t if e r a in

l a k e M a n a sb a l (K a s h m ir )*

T h e s t u d y r e v e a l e d t h a t w a t e r w i t h lo w pH c o n *
ta in in g

l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f CO2 and b i c a r b o n a t e s

o f Ca
cera*

++

& Mg

++

w as g e n e r a lly

a v o id e d b y t h e C l a d o -

D iap h an osom a b ra ch y u ru n i ( C la d o c e r a ) p r e f e r r e d

w a te r s w ith

a t e m p e r a t u r e o f a b o v e 20 C and pH

g r e a t e r t h a n 8 * 0 . T he s t u d i e s r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e
t h e r m a l s t r u c t u r e o f t h e lake g o v e r n e d the seasonal
and v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f R o t i f e r a i n t h e la k e *
I n a n o th e r p u b l i c a t i o n t h e y and t h e i r a s s o c i a t e s
( Y o u s u f e t a l^ . 1^ 8 3 ) d i s c u s s e d t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f
c r u s t a c e a n c o m m u n itie s o f s e v e n t e e n w a t e r b o d i e s
o f K ash m ir* The s tu d y y i e l d e d

26 c r u s t a c e a n

s p e c ie s

w it h ponds c o n t a in in g t h e h ig h e s t p o p u la t io n d en r

s ity

and s p r i n g s t h e l e a s t * Y o u s u f e t a l

(19 8 4 )

s t u d i e d t h e c l a d o c e r a n c o m m u n itie s o f t h e Anchar
la k e

(K a sh m ir)* G r a P t o l e b e r i s t e s t u d i n a r l a w a s

r e p o r t e d t o b e t h e m ost d o m in an t e u r y t h e r m a l s p e c i e s
I l y o c r v P t u s s o r d i d u s . P e r io d a P h n i a r e t i c u l a t a f

cru ad ra n o u l^ & B osm in a l o n o i r o s t r i s c o n s t i t u t e d

t h e do m in an t w a r m - s te n o th e r m a l g ro u p i n t h e l a k e
and A L o n o p s is e l o n g a t e ,
sp .

C h v d o r u s C a r o lln a e # D a p h n ia

and M a c r o t h r lx sP* w e r e th e o n ly o u r c o l d

ste n o th e rm a l s p e c ie s *

In a n o th e r s t u d y

(198 6)#

Y o u s u f e t a l d is c u s s e d t h e w a te r - c h e m is tr y

and

z o o p la n k t o n c o m m u n itie s o f M irgun d w e t la n d

(K a sh m ir)*

T h ey r e c o r d e d 18 s p e c i e s o f R o t if e r a #

5 s p e c ie s o f

22

C l a d o c e r a and 3 s p e c i e s o f C o p e p o d a d u r in g t h e
stu d y p e r io d .

E u c h l a n is d i l a t a t a w a s fo u n d t o b e

t h e roost d o m in a n t s p e c i e s o f z o o p la n k t o n *
t h e s p e c i e s w as a b s e n t d u r in g

However#

summer w hen t h *

s u r f a c e w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e c r o s s e d 24 C m ercu Q r
le v e l

and t h e o x y g e n c o n t e n t w as l e s s t h a n

5 . 0 m g l. T h ey a l s o r e p o r t e d C a n t h o c a n P tu a s P .
a s t h e m o st d o m in a n t c o p e p o d i n t h e w e t la n d and
C h v d o r u s s P h a e r i c u s & A lo n a r e c t a n q u l a t h e m ain
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e g ro u p C la d o c e r a * Y o u s u f
and O a d ri

(1986). d i s c u s s e d t h e t e m p o r a l and s p a t i a l

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f P o l y a r t h r a v u l g a r i s i n M a n a sb a l
l a k e and r e l a t e d i t s
and b i o t i c

ab u n d an ce w it h b o t h a b i o t i c

f a c t o r s . Y ousuf

(19 8 7 a ) d i s c u s s e d

t h e s e a s o n a l i t y o f C o p ep o d a i n t h e
Y ousuf

(1 9 8 7 b )

s t u d i e s made i n

same la k e *

h a s r e v ie w e d t h e z o o p la n k t o n
I n d ia ,

e s p e c ia lly in th e n o rth e rn

P a r t o f t h e c o u n t r y . He c o n c lu d e d t h a t t h e . t a x o
nomy o f z o o p la n k t o n i s
and t h e b io m a s s s t u d i e s
n a tu re . V ass

(19 8 0 )

& c o n g e la tio n

in c o m p le t e and e r r o n e o u s
a r e o n ly f r a g m e n t a r y i n

s t u d ie d t h e t r o p h i c s t a t u s

o f K ash m ir l a k e s

( I n d ia )

and

fo u n d t h a t g r e a t e r h a b i t a t i o n a l i n f l u e n c e

and
s

to u r is t t r a f f ic

seem ed t o b e a m a jo r f a c t o r

c o n t r i b u t i n g t o w a r d s h i g h e r t r o p h i c lev e ls of
th e s e w a te rs*
b io lo g ic a l

u tsh i & V ass

(19 8 2 ) d e s c r i b e d t h e

a s p e c t s o f D a l lake (Kashmir) and

fo u n d t h a t o p e n w a t e r s h a d lo w z o o p l ankton popula
tio n

i n c o m p a r is o n t o t h e l i t t o r a l

c lo s e to

areas which a r e

human s e t t l e m e n t s and h o u s e b o a t s *
R o ff e t

al

( 1 9 8 1 ) s t u d i e d t h e z o o p la n k t o n

com m u n ity s t r u c t u r e o f 696 l a k e s i n P l e i s t o c e n e

g l a c i a t e d e a s t e r n N o rth A m e ric a . T h e s t u d y i n d i c a
t e d t h a t g l a c i a l i n f l u e n c e w a s t h e p r im a r y d e t e r m i
n a n t o f co m m u n ity s t r u c t u r e .

S te n t

(19 8 1) d e s c r ib e d

t h e p h y t o p la n k t o n & z o o p la n k t o n o f Grafhalm w a t e r
r e s e r v o ir #

C a m b r id g e s h ir e f o r 5 y e a r s w i t h a

d e t a i l e d n o t e on i t s w a t e r c h e m is t r y *
C h e n g la t h

(19 8 2 ) c o l l e c t e d

an d a n a l y s e d

a t o t a l o f 356 s t a p l e s d u r in g t h e summer o f

1979

fr o m a l l t h e p r o v i n c e s & n o r t h w e s t T e r r i t o r i e s o f
C a n ad a* R e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n pH# t o t a l d i s s o l v e d
s o lid s

(TDS) and t h e d i v e r s i t y o f l i t t o r a l C la d o -

c e r a w as a ls o d is c u s s e d by th e
et

a l(1 9 8 4 )

a u t h o r * C h e n g a la t h

s t u d i e d 109 l a k e s o f i n s u l a r N ew found

la n d t o d e t e r m in e t h e c o m p o s it io n o f t h e r o t i f e r
c r u s t a c e a n p la n k to n .

D u rin g t h i s

styd y#

and

a to ta l of

66 s p e c i e s o f z o o p la n k t o n w e re i d e n t i f i e d *

24
S i e g f r i e d & K op ach e

(19 8 4 ) s t u d i e d t h e

z o o p la n k t o n com m u n ity o f t h e h ig h m o u n ta in e u t r o p h i c
B ig B e a r L a k e

(20 55 n A S L ),

so u th e rn C a li f o r n ia *

Z o o p la n k t o n w a s d o m in a te d b y t h e r o t i f e r K e r a f t e l l a
c o c h le a r i s

i n t h e s p r in g / t h e c o p e p o d P ia P to m iig

f r a n s i s c an u s i n e a r l y

summer and b y t h e C l a d o c e r a n

D a P h n ia P u l l c a r i a & C e r io d a P h n ia q u a d r a u a u la f o r
t h e r e m a in d e r o f t h e y e a r *
ved

T he a u t h o r s a l s o o b s e r

an a n n u a l b im o d a l a b u n d an ce i n z o o p la n k t o n

w ith p eak s in

s p r i n g & summer*

Ba^khi

(19 8 3 ) & Y o u s u f e t

a h ig h a l t i t u d e la k e

al

(1 9 8 7 )

a n a ly s e d

( N iin a g l* a k e) o f K a sh m ir f o r

p h y s ic o -c h e m ic a l fe a t u r e s

and z o o p la n k t o iu

I t w as

o b se rv e d t h a t t h e c o n c e n tr a tio n o f n u t r ie n t s in
t h e la k e w as in flu e n c e d b y t h e a llo c h th o n o u s m a t e r ia ls
b r o u g h t i n t o t h e l a k e fro m i t s

c a tc h m e n t* R o t i f e r a

w a s t h e m ost d o m in an t g ro u p f o l l o w e d by C l a d o c e r a
& C o p ep od a* B a l k h i e t a l

(19 8 4 )

o f A n ch a r l a k e

and r e p o r t e d a t o t a l o f

(K a sh m ir)

s tu d ie d th e R o t if e r a

33 t a x a o f t h e g r o u p . A s p la n c h n a P r i o d o n t a w a s
fo u n d t o b e t h e m ost d o m in an t e u r y t h e r m a l s p e c i e s
in

th e la k e .

T hey a l s o r e p o r t e d L e c a n e l u n a &

M y t l l i n a m u c r o n a ta a s t h e d o m in a n t c o l d - s t e n o t h e r m
fo rm s.

T he m ost d om in an t c o l d - s t e n o t h e r m fo rm w a s

25

found to be Hot hole a acuminat a Balkhi et al (1987)

discussed the detailed hydrobiological features of
the perennial shallow alkalin e Anchor Lake of
Kashmir (In d ia )*

The study y ielded 87 species of

zooplankton w ith R o tifera being the most dominant

group both qualitatively & quantitatively. **rom the
41 species of Rotifer a# 33 species of Cladocera &
13 species of Copepoda, A s p la n c h n a P r i o d o n t a ,
Cbydorus a P h a e r i c u s & Eycyclops s P e r a t a s were found
t o b e t h e m ain c o n t r i b u t o r s t o t h e t o t a l z o o p la n k t o n
(1983) studied t h e

r e s p e c t i v e l y . G o d d ard & M c D lf f e t
p la n k t o n ic ,p e r ip h y t ic

and b e n t h i c R o tifers in

f o u r h a b i t a t s of an a l k a l i n e f r e s h w a t e r m arsh T hey
r e c o r d e d 32 s p e c i e s o f R o t i f e r a . D i f f e r e n c e s I n t h e
s p e c ie s d iv e r s it y
b e n th ic ,

and p o p u l a t i o n s i z e

p e r ip h y tic

among t h e

and p l a n k t o n i c c o m m u n itie s w e r e

fo u n d t o c o r r e l a t e s i g n i f i c a n t l y w i t h several p h y s i
c o - c h e m i c a l p a r a m e t e r s . K a r a b in

(198.3): recorded t h e

p r e s e n c e o f 54 t a x a o f R o t a t o r i a & 24 t a x a o f
C r u s t a c e a and a n a ly s e d t h e i r

s p e c ific stru c tu re

and

a b u n d a n ce i n 42 l a k e s o f v a r y i n g m orph om etry and

tr o p h ic

s t a t e i n N o r t lv - e a s t e r n Poland*
A r c jifa

(19 8 4 )

a n a l y s e d t h e z o o p la n k t o n o f

t e n r e s e r v o i r s o f Sao P a u l o S t a t e

(so u th e rn B r a z i l)

26
and r e c o r d e d 24 g e n e r a o f R o t if e r a #

s ix

s p e c ie s

o f C o p e p o d a & 9 s p e c i e s o f Cladocera*Kotifera
w a s t h e d o m in a n t g r o u p o f z o o p la n k t o n in nost
r e s e r v o ir s .

D uncan (1984) a s s e s s e d the facto rs

i n f l u e n c i n g t h e c o m p o s itio n #

b o d y - s i z e and turn

o v e r r a t e o f z o o p la n k t o n i n P a r a k r a m a Sanudra an i r r i g a t i o n

r e s e r v o ir in

S r i L an ka*

T h e im p a c t o f z o o p l a n k t o n i c
m anagem ent o f L a k e K in n e r ftt
b y G ophen ( 1 9 8 4 ) .
o f fis h

in

s t a t u s on t h e

( I s r a e l ) w as s tu d ie d

I t w a s fo u n d t h a t t h e f i n g e r l i n g s

t h e l a k e f e d m o s t ly on z o o p la n k t o n tfid

z o o b e n t h o s and t h e m o st a b u n d a n t f i s h
K in n e r e t e c o s y s te m ,
sa n c ta e

in th e

M ir o g r e x t e r r a e s a n c t a e t e r r a e -

a l s o f e d on z o o p la n k t o n a t t h e a d u l t

th ro u g h o u t th e y e a r*
ju s t th re e

L a ir & K o ste

sta g e

(19 8 4 ) r e p o r t e d

s p e c i e s o f r o t i f e r s d u r in g t h e i r s t u d y on

t h e R o t i f e r a f a u n a & p o p u l a t i o n d y n a m ic s o f L a k e
S tu d e r 2 ( K e r g u e le n A r c h ip e l a g o )

L im

et

al

(19 8 4 )

s t u d ie d t h e te m p o ra l ch a n g e s i n t h e p o p u la t io n
d e n s i t i e s o f f o u r d o m in an t c l a d o c e r a n s
m ic r u r a ,

D iap h an o so m a e x c ls u m ,

A lo n a g u t t a t a and

M e c r o th r ix s P in o s a ) in u n tr e a te d
tre a te d

and p e s t i c i d e

r i c e p l o t s i n T a n ju n g Karang#

S c h m itz St O sb o rn e (19 8 4 )

(M oln a

M a la y s ia *

s t u d i e d t h e z o o p la n k t o n

27

& w a t e r q u a l i t y o f a s m a ll e u t r o p h i c C e n t r a l
F lo r id a la k e

( L i t t l e L ake B a rto n )

and r e p o r t e d

t h a t R o t i f e r a w a s t h e m ost d o n iin a n t g r o u p o f
z o o p la n k t o n t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u r s e o f s t u d y *

fim irn ov

(19 8 4 ) d e s c r i b e d t h e e n v ir o n m e n t a l C o n d i t i o n s &
t h e p la n k t o n o f

a man-made l a k e " P a r a n a M ed io "

(C h a P e to n T r a n s e c t ) ,

A r g e n t in a *

s tu d ie d t h e s p a t i a l

T a it e t

(19 8 4 )

and t e m p o r a l v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e

z o o p la n k t o n c o m m u n itie s o f t h e

M a g ela C r e e k ,

t r i b u t o r y o f th e E a st A l l i g a t o r R iv e r
A u s tr a lia ) *

el

(N o r th

A d e c re a s e in d i v e r s i t y & in c r e a s e

i n p o p u la t i o n d e n s i t y o c c u r r e d

as t h e d r y s e a s o n

P ro gressed .
Chap^m an
season al
H e rric k
D eer

et

d y n a m ic s
and

Lake

d isc u sse d

o th ^ r

(19 8 5 D i n v e s t i g a t e d

al

o f

S k isto d ia P to m u s

z o o p la n k to n

(s*W* B r i t i s h
th e

annual

c y c le s

P a llid u s

p o p u la tio n s

C o lu m b ia )*
of

th e

in

T h ey a l s o

D a P h n ia

ro sea,

D. p u l i c a r i a # D i a c v c l o p s b i c u s p i d a t u s thorn a s i ,
B osm ln a l o n g i r o s t r i s ,

r o tife r s

and C h a o b o r u s

f la v ic a n s in

th e la k e .

M u rtau gh (19 8 5 ) d e s c r i b e d

th e v e r t ic a l

d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f z o o p la n k t o n i n

r e l a t i o n to te m p e ra tu re ,
'a *

in R oi L ake

oxygen

and c h l o r o p h y l l

(C e n tr a l A lb e r ta ) *

Z o o p la n k t o n

28

w e r e fo u n d t o b e f a i r l y

e v e n ly d i s t r i b u t e d th ro u g h

t h e o x y g e n a t e d P a r t o f t h e w a t e r co lu m n in e a r l y
summer b u t a g r a d u a l d e c r e a s e o f several s p e c i e s
w a s n o t i c e d i n J u n e . R am alin gam & J a y a rtfO tf* ( 1 9 8 5 )
s t u d i e d t h e h y d r o - e c o l o g y and t h e plankton w e a l t h
o f a s e a s o n a l r a i n - f e d pond a t Cheyyar,
The

s p e c ie s

z o o p la n k to n
M y sis
They

in

r e lic ta

r e la tio n
w as

a ttr ib u te d

C la d o c e r a

to

th e

th e

in

in

G lu b o k o e

c o m p e titio n
le a d in g
a u th o r
o f

m in o r

th e

out

Zankai

in

& Ponyi

z o o p la n k to n

c o m m u n ity

in

in

th e

h y p o lim n e tic

lo n g -te rm

th a t

th e

im p a ct

cru sta cea n s

cru sta cea n

p la y e d

in te r a c tio n s *

The

p re d a tio n

lo n g -te rm

(198 6)

and

z o o p la n k to n

(19 8 6 ).

changes

w as
of

cru sta cea n s.

d e n s ity

rep o rte d

of

p la n k to n ic

fis h

th e

of

My s i s .

b io tic

c o m p o sitio n ,

They

of

o f

S p r u le s

&

th at in v e r t e b r a t e

im p o rta n c e

p la n k to n ic

cf

c o n c lu d e d

th e

occurrence

N ero

s tu d ie d

p ro b a b ly

am ong

p o in te d

by

p resen ce

and

th e

and b io m a s s

d e n s itie s

c o m m u n ity

and

p art

lo w

(19 8 6 )

changes

to

stu d ie d

th e

M a tveev

Lake

c o m p o sitio n

India*

th a t

th e

a la k e

in v e s tig a te d

fe e d in g
Lake

o f

changed

cru sta cea n

B a la to n ,

c o m p c s itio n
w ith

th e

H ungary.

& d e n s ity
th e

of

p ro d u c tiv ity .

P a ssin g
w ere

fro m

o lig o tr o p h y

g ra d u a lly

re p la c e d

rep o rte d

a v irtu a l

w ith

s im u lta n e o u s

th e

to
by

eu tro p h y ,
C la d o c e r a .

d isa p p e a ra n ce
e x p a n s io n

c f
of

C a la n o id a 1
They

a ls o

M s s o c y c lo p s
A g a n th o c y c lo p s *