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Ing. H. vargas C.
Ing. H. vargas C.
Ing. H. vargas C.
Ing. H. vargas C.
Ing. H. vargas C.
Boston Molasses
Disaster
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Ing. H. vargas C.
Material Failures
When the Titanic collided with the iceberg, the hull steel and the wrought iron
rivets failed due to brittle fracture. A type of catastrophic failure in structural
materials, brittle fracture occurs without prior plastic deformation and at
extremely high speeds. The causes of brittle fracture include low
temperature, high impact loading, and high sulphur content. On the night of
the Titanic disaster, each of these three factors was present: the water
temperature was below freezing, the Titanic was travelling at a high speed on
impact with the iceberg, and the hull steel contained high levels of sulphur.
The Hull Steel. The first hint that brittle fracture of the hull steel contributed to
the Titanic disaster came following the recovery of the piece of hull steel from
the Titanic wreck. Jagged and sharp, the edges of the piece of steel appeared
almost shattered, like broken china. Also, the metal showed no evidence of
bending or deformation. Typical high-quality ship steel is more ductile and
deforms rather than breaks [Gannon, 1995].
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Further evidence of the brittle fracture of the hull steel was found when a
cigarette-sized coupon of the steel taken from the Titanic wreck was subjected to
a Charpy test. Used to measure the brittleness of a material, the Charpy test is
run by holding a coupon against a steel backing and striking the coupon with a
67 pound pendulum on a 2.5-foot-long arm. The pendulum's point of contact is
instrumented, with a readout of forces electronically recorded in millisecond
detail. A coupon from a piece of modern high-quality steel and a coupon from
the Titanic steel were both placed in a bath of alcohol at -1C to simulate the
conditions on the night of the Titanic disaster. When the coupon of the modern
steel was tested, the pendulum swung down and halted with a thud; the test
piece had bent into a "V." When the coupon of the Titanic steel was tested,
however, the pendulum struck the coupon with a sharp "ping" and continued up
on its swing. The sample, broken into two pieces, sailed across the room
[Gannon, 1995]. What the test showed, and the readout confirmed, was the
brittleness of the Titanic's hull steel. When the Titanic struck the iceberg, the hull
plates did not deform. They fractured.
Ing. H. vargas C.
La Fractrura Frgil y el
Ensayo de Impacto.
Desarrollado como
consecuencia de numerosos
accidentes ocurrridos en el
Siglo XIX.
Factores que contribuyen a la
fractura frgil por clivaje:
a) estado Triaxial de
Tensiones.
b) baja temperatura.
c) alta velocidad de
deformacin o de aplicacin
de carga.
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La medicin principal en el Ensayo de Impacto es la Energa absorbida por la probeta, esta se designa
por Cv, en Kg-m, Lb-Ft o Joules. En Europa este valor se expresa referida a la seccin por debajo del
entalle Kg-m/cm2.
Otra medicin resultan de la observacin de la fractura : Fibrosa (Fractura por corte), granular
(fractura por clivaje) o una mezcla de ambas. Por lo general se estima el % de Fractura Frgil (de 100
a 0%). La fractura fibrosa aparece alrededor de la superficie exterior de la probeta (labio de corte) en
donde la restriccin triaxial es la mnima.
Una tercera medicin es la ductilidad que se indica por el porcentaje de contraccin de la probeta en
el entalle.
El ensayo tiene significado cuando se realiza a diversas temperaturas (ebullicin del N2 =-196oC,
sublimacin del CO2 = -78.5oC, Punto de fusin del Eutect. Agua-ClNa= -21oC, P.F. Hielo, Temperatura
ambiente, temperatura del agua en ebullicin, Temperatura de 120oC o ms en estufa).
Los materiales de baja resistencia de la red BCC, a bajas temperaturas se fracturan tambin a bajas
energas de impacto (M Fragil). A altas temperaturas esta energa es tambin alta (M Dctil). Existe
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un rango de temperaturas a la que se realizaIng.dicha
transicin.
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En el E. Charpy
Instrumental se determina
la historia de la carga de
impacto en el tIempo.
Se determina energa en
el inicio, y propagacin de
la fractura, adems de Py,
Pmax y Pf. Buena Correlacin
entre Valores de frmula y E.
Charpy convencional
Con probetas
prefisuradas por fatiga
se obtienen valores de
Kid tiles en Mec. Fract.
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Materiales FCC
Materiales de baja
Resistencia BCC
Direccin de Rolado
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Ejercicio. En un ensayo de impacto (Charpy-v) realizado sobre un acero 1070, se han obtenido los
siguientes resultados
Temp, C
Energa
Absorbida
Cv, Ft-Lb
% Fractura
Frgil
%
Contraccin
Lateral
-100
0
25
100
150
200
300
400
6.0
6.2
6.0
8.0
13.0
20.0
19.0
22.0
100
94
88
81
56
19
0
0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.53
0.77
2.50
3.00
activacin para flujo elstico en cal/mol-g, R la constante de los gases ideales igual a 1.987 cal/(oK
mol-g), y T la temperatura en oK.
3. Por encima de que temperatura existe una baja probabilidad de que este acero sufra fractura frgil,
y para ello que esfuerzo admisible de trabajo debera de utilizarse?
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Fin de la presentacin
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