LW Irony Aff

AC
Presume aff and prefer aff interps because of the structural swag skew as confirmed by a
sample size of 1000 Adam Tomasi rounds by Fantasy Debate 1. If I trigger presumption
we play rock-paper-scissors but that game is difficult so assume I did a better job. Also
give the aff both rock and scissors choice because otherwise the neg has a 2-1 skew
where Ill choose rock and they can either go for scissors or paper. Also presume aff
because all statements are assumed TRU when I and/or 2Chainz say them.
Resume aff and prefer aff resumption choices because the aff choosing which layers of
the debate to focus on in later speeches addresses neg messiness. Negs are the root
cause of muddled debates because I speak in the dark so my aff can be nice and pretty.
Be patient while I finish my theory spikes
Weissmann 13 writes2
Just tell me if the minimum wage kills jobs or not. Patience, young grasshopper.
We'll get to that question. But let's ease in with some basics first. Fine. What is the minimum wage anyway? Ah, good place to start. The
federal minimum wage is $7.25 an hour, which means that depending on the city you're in, 60 minutes of work will just about buy you a Chipoltle burrito (without guac). By
historical standards, it's fairly low. Thanks to inflation, the minimum today wage is worth a few dollars less than when its real value peaked in 1968. (Graph from CNN)

All neg interps are counter-interps and all neg counter-interps are interps which are
really just counter-interps. If squares are rectangles, are rectangles squares?
Aff gets RVIs on everything because
(a) Vote for me because Im fair.
(b) Im too time crunched to explain why theres a time skew.
(c) Pizza.
(d) Have I told you that I was fair?
Neg must defend the Converses of the resolution. Key to reciprocity. Resolutions dont
wear shoes so I win!
Affs about Adam Tomasi are predictable. Hes on the Wiki.
Affs should only be about Adam Tomasi. Large limits mean I cant take care of my
children!
Harris 13 writes3
I understand that there has been some criticism of Northwesterns strategy in this debate round. This criticism is premised on the idea that they ran framework instead of
engaging Emporias argument about home and the Wiz. I think this criticism is unfair. Northwesterns framework argument did engage Emporias argument. Emporia said
that you should vote for the team that performatively and methodologically made debate a home. Northwesterns argument directly clashed with that contention. My problem
in this debate was with aspects of the execution of the argument rather than with the strategy itself. It has always made me angry in debates when people have treated topicality
as if it were a less important argument than other arguments in debate. Topicality is a real argument. It is a researched strategy. It is an argument that challenges many
affirmatives. The fact that other arguments could be run in a debate or are run in a debate does not make topicality somehow a less important argument. In reality, for many of
you that go on to law school you will spend much of your life running topicality arguments because you will find that words in the law matter. The rest of us will experience the
ways that word choices matter in contracts, in leases, in writing laws and in many aspects of our lives. Kansas ran an affirmative a few years ago about how the location of a
comma in a law led a couple of districts to misinterpret the law into allowing individuals to be incarcerated in jail for two days without having any formal charges filed against

1 httpswag//: www.tomasiswagisarealthing.gov
2 Jordan Weissmann (senior associate editor for The Atlantic). Should We Raise the Minimum Wage? 11 Questions and Answers.
The Atlantic. December 16th, 2013. http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/12/should-we-raise-the-minimum-wage-11questions-and-answers/282326/

3 Scott Harris (Director of Debate at U Kansas, 2006 National Debate Coach of the Year, Vice President of the American Forensic
Association, 2nd speaker at the NDT in 1981). This ballot. 5 April 2013. CEDA Forums.
http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=4762.0;attach=1655

LW Irony Aff
them. For those individuals the location of the comma in the law had major consequences. Debates about words are not insignificant. Debates about what kinds of arguments
we should or should not be making in debates are not insignificant either.

The limits debate is an argument that has real pragmatic

consequences. I found myself earlier this year judging Harvards eco-pedagogy aff and thought to myselfI could stay up tonight and put a strategy together
on eco-pedagogy, but then I thought to myselfwhy should I have to? Yes, I could put together a strategy against any
random argument somebody makes employing an energy metaphor but the reality is there are only so many
nights to stay up all night researching. I would like to actually spend time playing catch
with my children occasionally or maybe even read a book or go to a movie or spend some time with my wife.
A world where there are an infinite number of affirmatives is a world where the demand to have a specific strategy
and not run framework is a world that says this community doesnt care whether its participants have a
life or do well in school or spend time with their families . I know there is a new call abounding for interpreting this NDT as a mandate

for broader more diverse topics. The reality is that will create more work to prepare for the teams that choose to debate the topic but will have little to no effect on the teams that
refuse to debate the topic. Broader topics that do not require positive government action or are bidirectional will not make teams that wont debate the topic choose to debate
the topic. I think that is a con job. I am not opposed to broader topics necessarily. I tend to like the way high school topics are written more than the way college topics are
written. I just think people who take the meaning of the outcome of this NDT as proof that we need to make it so people get to talk about anything they want to talk about
without having to debate against topicality or framework arguments are interested in constructing a world that might make debate an unending nightmare and not a very good
home in which to live.
existence.

Limits, to me, are a real impact because I feel their impact in my everyday

All neg theory interps must be weighed against the 15% you could save on your car
insurance by talking to Geico. The interp is neg specific because I cant talk with Geico
for 15 minutes due to the 6-7-4 time skew.
The standard is maximizing swag. Reasons to prefer:
1. Swag is key to being cool. Its also key to epistemological rethinking and its actionguiding
WikiHow no date writes4
Having swag isn't about having the perfect wardrobe -- it's about having the right mindset and attitude. Yeah, a great pair of kicks or the right pair of sunglasses can help, but

swag is about having the attitude that makes everything you do, say, and wear look cool. If
you want to have swag, you have to adjust your attitude -- and then you can start stepping your
having

wardrobe up.

If you want to know how to have swag, then just follow these steps .

This is a contingent standard. If swag isnt cool, its hot. If swag is hot, its on fire. If
swag is on fire, its the most legit thing ever.
2. Swaghood is developed by looking to role models
WikiHow no date writes5
5Get inspired by your role models. Pick a few people that you admire, and let them guide you in your
path to swaghood. They don't have to be the coolest people in the world, but they do
have to inspire you in some way, whether it's because they make you want to pursue your dreams, kick your style up a notch, or even to
improve on your lack of patience. Here are some role models that can inspire you: Someone in your
family. Do you wish you had your mom's sense of humor or your grandma's ability to make anyone in the world feel better? Maybe you've always admired your older
brother's work ethic. Do what you can to try to develop these qualities. Favorite musician . Do you love Mariah, Kanye, or Lady Gaga? Or are you more
into the retro artists like Mick Jagger or Otis Redding? Whoever your favorite artist is, see what you can learn from him or her apart from the musical talent -- you can probably

Favorite athlete. What can you learn from

Coco Crisp that you can't find in the halls of your own school? Watch these
athletes both on and off the field and find something you admire about them. Favorite public figure. Do you admire Obama, Wendy Davis, or even
learn to be more independent, to have more fun, and to walk with style.
LeBron, Serena Williams, Derek Jeter, or

4 WikiHow. 3 Ways to Have Swag. No date. http://www.wikihow.com/Have-Swag

5 WikiHow. 3 Ways to Have Swag. No date. http://www.wikihow.com/Have-Swag

LW Irony Aff
more outlandish figures like Snooki from the Jersey Shore or the comedian Bill Burr? Whoever you like, figure out what qualities you like about that person and what you can do
to achieve them. Someone in your social circle. Find a role model right in your own friend group or community who can teach you a thing or two about life.

This is also a theoretically justified framework warrant. Following role models is key to
learning from Coco Crisp in ways that you cant learn in academic spaces. Coco Crisp is
also a portable skill.
Moral theories are incoherent. Ethics should instead be a practical field where we learn
from example.
Foster 6 writes6
Baiers objective is to attack the whole idea of a moral theory, which systematizes and extends a body of moral judgments, and attacks in particular the idea that the theorist
might accept a theory with controversial implications (Baier 1985: 232) Baier argues against the philosophical, dont leave the armchair intellectual sort of moral theory in

ethical guides correlate to a practical field

because such guides advise people on how best to act. Baier uses the example of cooking as comparable to
the sort of practice involved with ethics. She explains, In practical fields, like engineering or cooking, we do not find
theories of how to do what such practitioners do, merely schools to train people to do it. There may perhaps be theories of
favor of practical, reflective approaches. According to Baier,

nutrition, or of taste, which a cook might consult, and there certainly are recipe books, but it would be a very odd enterprise to try and find principles applied in such recipes,

Like cooking,
Baier considers ethics to be part of a practical field, and so she questions
why philosophers have resorted to theory in ethics. Moral theorists, according to Baier, have constructed ethical theories
or to unify the rules of cooking into a grand system, from which we might deduce some new recipes, or menus for new occasions. (1985: 232)

because there is a void where a comprehensive framework should be. This void is of course a temptation to the moral philosopher, who constructs utilitarianism or
contractarianism to fill the free space, and not merely to supplement a given moral guide, so as to get decisions in difficult cases (Baier 1985: 234). Thus according to Baier, the

absence of objectivity in religious or traditional frameworks has led modern philosophers to formulate
general, abstract theories to fill this empty space . The problem with moral theories,
according to Baier, is that they are not practicably learnable, they unrealistically aim at
universality, and the only motive to follow them is in the avoidance of
punishment. But there is no need to resort to such theories because the alternatives are not only more realistic , but also
more compatible as part of an ethical guide. She explains, For any moral guide to be passed on it must be learnable, but
one can learn from example . For any such guide to be of general use, its precepts must apply fairly
generally, but generality is not universality. For any such guide to be accepted as a guide, there must be some motive to
accept it. But the motive need not be the avoidance of sanctions. (1985: 235) Baier accuses moral theorists of
deriving personal utopian universal theories, that are not expected to be shared, even by other utopia-fanciers, or rationality-admirers (Baier 1985: 235). These theorists ignore
the need for real-world applications and they assume that morality consists in a set of general principles or rules or laws (Baier 1985: 236). Baier articulates her clear dislike for
theoretical approaches to practical ventures, and she concludes, It remains mere prejudice to demand explicitness, universality, and coercive backing, in any moral guide
(Baier 1985:235).

Examples are important

Constant Content 7 writes7
Using examples to back up statements of fact can add value to your writing. Making a statement without using examples can
make your writing muddy, as well as create more work for the reader. Examples make statements clearer, give readers more information, and decrease the chances that the fact

Examples are most successful when integrated into

the text: Warm paint colors, like red or pink, can have a stimulating effect
on a room's inhabitants. When going to a formal dinner, it is important to wear your best suit, tie, and shoes. (Rather than: When going to a
or idea to be wrongly applied to real-life situations.

formal dinner, it is important to wear your best clothing.) Examples can also be added in parenthetical phrases, using Latin abbreviations: When you go camping, always make
sure to pack first-aid supplies (e. g. [exempli gratia or "for example"] bandages, antiseptic cream, pain medication). Workers in the United states (i.e. [id est or "that is"] legal
and illegal workers) are concerned about healthcare for their families. Note: "I. e." is not interchangeable with "e. g." "I. e." clarifies or expands upon an idea. Examples can also
be illustrated by describing hypothetical situations, relating real-life situations, or giving the reader possibilities to imagine within the context of the article.

3. Only swag is unconditionally binding. I can always ask, Why should I act for swag?
but that concedes the swag-thority of swag.
6 Isabel Foster (client advisor at the Atlanta office of J.P. Morgan Private Banking. Her undergraduate major was philosophy, and
she completed advanced studies at the University of Virginias McIntire Business Institute). A Defense of Confucianism and NonTheoretical Ethical Systems. 2006. http://www.sewanee.edu/philosophy/Capstone/2006/Foster.pdf

7 Constant Content (they constantly provide you content). The Importance of Using Examples. December 2007.
https://www.constant-content.com/blog/2007/12/the-importance-of-using-examples/

LW Irony Aff
Thus the plan: Adam Tomasi should be paid a living wage at Dunkin Donuts adjusted
for cost of swaggin. I reserve the right to clarify.

LW Irony Aff
The aff meets T-plural. There are many Adam Tomasis in many universes because the
Many Worlds Interpretation is true. Nature doesnt play dice.
Vaidman 2 writes8
The reason for adopting the MWI is that it avoids the collapse of the
quantum wave. (Other non-collapse theories are not better than MWI for various reasons, e.g., nonlocality of Bohmian mechanics; and the disadvantage of
all of them is that they have some additional structure.) The collapse postulate is a physical law that differs from all
known physics in two aspects: it is genuinely random and it involves some kind of
action at a distance. According to the collapse postulate the outcome of a quantum experiment is not determined by the initial conditions of the

Universe prior to the experiment: only the probabilities are governed by the initial state. Moreover, Bell 1964 has shown that there cannot be a compatible local-variables theory

There is no experimental evidence in favor of collapse

and against the MWI. We need not assume that Nature plays dice. The MWI
is a deterministic theory for a physical Universe and it explains why a world appears to be
indeterministic for human observers
that will make deterministic predictions.

If nature does play dice, affirm because nature would role a seven which is a lucky
number.
Advantage 1 is Rap Albums
Drake needs to make the Forbes list. Its key to his swag.
Greenburg 13 writes9
Cash Money Records party on the eve of last weeks Grammys was a perfect reflection of its materialistic moniker, from the retro Cadillac convertible at the door to the half-

Drake Graham, who pulled in an

estimated $20.5 million last year. When asked if hed make FORBES list of hip-hops top earners once again in
2013, he seemed confident. Every year, we just want to get more prepared and better at touring and better at things that make money, he said. If Im
not on your list this year, Id be gravely disappointed. Drakes prospects are
looking good, considering his past history. He earned $10 million in 2010 and $11 million in 2011 before nearly doubling that
figure to land at No. 5 on last years Cash Kings rankings. Just how important is inclusion on that list? Thats pretty much
my objective every year, Drake says. Other than making good music. The latter may well help
dozen scantily-clad dancers gyrating above the bar. Just as fitting were the words of the companys No. 2 earner, Aubrey

him achieve the former in the coming year. His latest album, Take Care, earned the Grammy for Best Rap Albumand has sold nearly 2 million copies in the U.S. alone. Drake
appears set to follow his sophomore effort with Nothing Was the Same sometime in 2013. Its first single, Started From The Bottom, was released earlier this month.
Meanwhile, his nightly concert gross has soared past $500,000, according to Pollstar. The former DeGrassi star can certainly count on support from his labelas evidenced by
the fact that boss Bryan Birdman Williams showed up in L.A. for the Grammys for one main reason. I really dont know whos nominated, he said. We come here to support
Drake.

Drake needs Adam Tomasi to buy more of his music so he can get on the Forbes list.
Higher minimum wage is key to Tomasi purchasing power.
Hanauer 13 writes10
The fundamental law of capitalism is that if workers have no money, businesses have no customers .
Thats why the extreme, and widening, wealth gap in our economy presents not just a moral challenge, but an economic one, too. In a capitalist system, rising
inequality creates a death spiral of falling demand that ultimately takes everyone
down. Low-wage jobs are fast replacing middle-class ones in the U.S. economy. Sixty percent of the jobs lost in the last recession were middle-income, while 59 percent

of the new positions during the past two years of recovery were in low-wage industries that continue to expand such as retail, food services, cleaning and health-care support. By
2020, 48 percent of jobs will be in those service sectors. Policy makers debate incremental changes for arresting this vicious cycle. But perhaps the most powerful and elegant
antidote is sitting right before us: a spike in the federal minimum wage to $15 an hour. True, that sounds like a lot. When President Barack Obama called in February for an
increase to $9 an hour from $7.25, he was accused of being a dangerous redistributionist. Yet consider this: If the minimum wage had simply tracked U.S. productivity gains
since 1968, it would be $21.72 an hour -- three times what it is now. CULTIVATING CONSUMERS Traditionally, arguments for big minimum-wage increases come from labor

8 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2002. "Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics."

9 Zack OMalley Greenburg (staff writer). Drake: Making The Forbes List Is My Objective Every Year. Forbes. February 14

th

http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2013/02/14/drake-making-the-forbes-list-is-my-objective-every-year/

10 Nick Hanauer (billionaire). The Capitalists Case for a $15 Minimum Wage. Bloomberg View. June 19
http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2013-06-19/the-capitalist-s-case-for-a-15-minimum-wage

th

, 2013.

, 2013.

LW Irony Aff
I make the case as a businessman and entrepreneur

unions and advocates for the poor.

who sees our
millions of low-paid workers as customers to be cultivated and not as costs to be cut. Heres a bottom-line example: My investment portfolio includes Pacific Coast Feather Co.,
one of the largest U.S. manufacturers of bed pillows. Like many other manufacturers, pillow-makers are struggling because of weak demand. The problem comes down to this:
My annual earnings equal about 1,000 times the U.S. median wage, but I dont consume 1,000 times more pillows than the average American. Even the richest among us only
need one or two to rest their heads at night. An economy such as ours that increasingly concentrates wealth in the top 1 percent, and where most workers must rely on stagnant

Raising the minimum wage to $15

would inject about $450 billion into the economy each year. That would give
more purchasing power to millions of poor and lower-middle-class Americans, and would stimulate
buying, production and hiring. Studies by the Economic Policy Institute show that a $15 minimum wage would directly affect 51 million
or falling wages, isnt a place to build much of a pillow business, or any other business for that matter.
an hour

workers and indirectly benefit an additional 30 million. Thats 81 million people, or about 64 percent of the workforce, and their families who would be more able to buy cars,
clothing and food from our nations businesses.

This virtuous cycle effect is described in the research of economists David

Card and Alan Krueger (the current chairman of the White House Council of Economic Advisers) showing that, contrary to conventional economic
orthodoxy, increases in the minimum wage increase employment. In 60 percent of the states that raised the minimum
wage during periods of high unemployment, job growth was faster than the
national average. Some business people oppose an increase in the minimum wage as needless government interference in the workings of the market. In
fact, a big increase would substantially reduce government intervention and dependency on public assistance programs. FEDERAL BENEFITS No one earning the current
minimum wage of about $15,000 per year can aspire to live decently, much less raise a family. As a result, almost all workers subsisting on those low earnings need panoply of
taxpayer-supported benefits, including the earned income tax credit, food stamps, Medicaid or housing subsidies. According to the Congressional Budget Office, the federal
government spent $316 billion on programs designed to help the poor in 2012. That means the current $7.25 minimum wage forces taxpayers to subsidize Wal-Mart Stores Inc.
and other large employers, effectively socializing their labor costs. This is great for Wal-Mart and its shareholders, but terrible for America. It is both unjust and inefficient. A
higher minimum wage would also make low-income families less dependent on government programs: The CBO report shows that the federal government gives about $8,800 in
annual assistance to the lowest-income households but only $4,000 to households earning $35,500, which would be about the level of earnings of a worker making $15 an hour.
An objection to a significant wage increase is that it would force employers to shed workers. Yet the evidence points the other way: Workers earn more and spend more,
increasing demand and helping businesses grow. Critics of raising the minimum wage also say it will lead to more outsourcing and job loss. Yet virtually all of these low-wage
jobs are service jobs that can neither be outsourced nor automated. Raising the earnings of all American workers would provide all businesses with more customers with more
to spend. Seeing the economy as Henry Ford did would redirect our country toward a high-growth future that works for all.

No econ disad. Adam Tomasi only works three hours a week.

Hip hop precludes all other frameworks. Its a prerequisite to truth.
Darby et al. 5 writes11
Grandmaster Flash, who perfected the craft of cuttin n scratchin and who united DJ-ing with MC-ing to take hip hop to a higher level, drops this gem on us:

hip hop

allows us to talk about almost anythingIts highly controversial, but thats the way the game is.
The same thing can be said about philosophy. It allows us to reflect on and argue
about almost anything, and it too is highly controversial. As a matter of fact, philosophy was so controversial in ancient
Athens that its most influential philosopher, Socrates, caught a case for corrupting the youth with it and was sent to death row for
is the only genre of music that

droppin science on the streets. Socratess intricate arguments, not unlike the much sweated lyrical technique of Rakim, frustrated his interlocutors, often tying them up in knots

since the haterz couldnt understand him

before they were able to reach a higher state of enlightenment. And

and the
young headz couldnt get enough of him, the government smoked the greatest philosopher of his time. Yeah, thats the way the game is! Philosophy is an ancient discipline

B.I.G., Supernatural, and Mos Def, Socrates let his

knowledge flow straight from his dome in mental battles with lesser minds. He engineered the pursuit of wisdom by asking people
devoted to the pursuit of wisdom. But how should we pursue it? Well, like Notorious

about the grounds of their beliefs and then dropped a strategic series of probing questions on them to test the validity of their answers. This Socratic elenchus, or cross-

truth, justice, or whatever, is best pursued by

interrogation and counterexamples. Fans of hip hop will peep the fact that Socratess
steelo is similar to the call-and-response style used by talented MCs puttin in work to answer lifes pressing questions by
engaging in epic lyrical battles that sometimes turn into beefs.
examination freestyle as it came to be known, suggests that true wisdom about God, love, virtue,
modifying ones beliefs in response to

11 Edited by Derrick Darby, Tommie Shelby, and William Irvin. Hip Hop and Philosophy: Rhyme 2 Reason. Fall 2005.
http://books.google.com/books?
id=IG8ufdGSmIYC&pg=PA148&lpg=PA148&dq=hip+hop+and+moral+philosophy&source=bl&ots=Txyuh1pRse&sig=4mzs40zmf8
9E8JXR2_64PdA9yCY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oamBUfihGfTE4AOG8oDwDA&ved=0CEgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=hip%20hop
%20and%20moral%20philosophy&f=false

LW Irony Aff
Advantage 2 is Heg
Dunkin Donuts has an empirically proven record of being the foundation on which
America runs
IPG 13 writes12
In 1998, Dunkin Donuts was a regional bakery shop represented by Fred the Baker and time to make the donuts. It was time to transform the brand into a national

America Runs on
Dunkin became much bigger than an ad campaign. Its a rallying cry for the brand, at
headquarters, with franchisees, and in-store. And the results have been astonishing: Dunkin Donuts eclipsed Starbucks as
#1 in customer loyalty in the coffee category for five years running. And Dunkin is now the
#1 retailer of hot and iced regular coffee-by-the-cup in the United States.
powerhouse that could successfully challenge breakfast heavyweights Starbucks and McDonalds -- no small task.

Tomasi is key to Dunkin Donuts nationwide because coffee cannot be made without
swag.
Heg solves cannibalism. The cannibals will eat Murica last in a multipolar world.
Romney 14 writes13
The president asserts that we must move to a new order thats based on a different set of principles, thats based on a sense of common humanity. The old order, he is saying,
where Americas disproportionate strength holds tyrants in check and preserves the sovereignty of nations, is to be replaced. It is said that the first rule of wing-walking is to not
let go with one hand until the other hand has a firm grip. So, too, before we jettison our reliance on U.S. strength, there must be something effective in its place if such a thing
is even possible. Further, the appeal to common humanity as the foundation of this new world order ignores the reality that humanity is far from common in values and views.
Humanity may commonly agree that there is evil, but what one people calls evil another calls good.

There are those who claim that a

multipolar world is preferable to one led by a strong United States. Were these other poles nations such as Australia, Canada, France
and Britain, I might concur. But with emerging poles being China, Russia and Iran, the
world would not see peace; it would see bullying, invasion and regional wars. And ultimately, one would seek to
conquer the others, unleashing world war. Some argue that the United States should simply withdraw its military
strength from the world get out of the Middle East, accept nuclear weapons in Iran and elsewhere, let China and Russia have their way with their neighbors and watch from

history of
the 20th century teaches that power-hungry tyrants ultimately feast on the
appeasers to use former Mississippi governor Haley Barbours phrase, we would be paying the cannibals to
the sidelines as jihadists storm on two or three continents. Do this, they contend, and the United States would be left alone. No, we would not. The

eat us last . And in the meantime, our economy would be devastated by the disruption of
trade routes, the turmoil in global markets and the tumult of conflict across the world. Global

peace and stability are very much in our immediate national interest. Some insist that our military is already so much stronger than that of any other nation that we can safely
cut it back, again and again. Their evidence: the relative size of our defense budget. But these comparisons are nearly meaningless: Russia and China dont report their actual
defense spending, they pay their servicemen a tiny fraction of what we pay ours and their cost to build military armament is also a fraction of ours. More relevant is the fact that
Russias nuclear arsenal is significantly greater than our own and that, within six years, China will have more ships in its navy than we do. China already has more service
members. Further, our military is tasked with many more missions than those of other nations: preserving the freedom of the seas, the air and space; combating radical
jihadists; and preserving order and stability around the world as well as defending the United States. The most ludicrous excuse for shrinking our military derives from the
presidents thinking: Things are much less dangerous now than they were 20 years ago, 25 years ago or 30 years ago. The safer world trial balloon has been punctured by
recent events in Ukraine, Afghanistan, Libya, Egypt, Gaza, Nigeria, Somalia, Syria and Iraq. Failures of imagination led to tragedy 13 years ago; today, no imagination is
required to picture what would descend on the United States if we let down our guard. The arguments for shrinking our military fall aside to reveal the real reason for the cuts:
Politicians, and many of the people who elect them, want to keep up spending here at home. Entitlements and programs are putting pressure on the federal budget: We either
cut defense, or we cut spending on ourselves. That, or raise our taxes. To date, the politicians have predictably voted to slash defense. As Bret Stephens noted in Commentary
magazine this month, the Army is on track to be the size it was in 1940, the Navy to be the size it was in 1917, the Air Force to be smaller than in 1947 and our nuclear arsenal to
be no larger than it was under President Harry S. Truman. Washington politicians are poised to make a historic decision, for us, for our descendants and for the world. Freedom
and peace are in the balance. They will choose whether to succumb to the easy path of continued military hollowing or to honor their constitutional pledge to protect the United
States.

12 Interpublic Group. America Runs on Dunkin. September 29

th

, 2013. http://www.interpublic.com/our-agencies/recent-works?

work_id=550&casename=America+Runs+on+Dunkin%27

13 Mitt Romney (possesses binders full of women). The need for a mighty U.S. military. Washington Post. September 4

th
, 2014.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/mitt-romney-the-world-needs-a-mighty-us-military/2014/09/04/f5234064-342d-11e4a723-fa3895a25d02_story.html

LW Irony Aff
Advantage 3 is Light Pollution
The living wage is indexed to the cost of swaggin, so its the solution to the pollution.
Light pollution is a serious problem. It destroys nature and deprives people of wondrous
sights
Abel 13 writes14
It's only in recent times that light pollution has been considered a serious issue. The culprit is not so much lighting as it is bad lighting; lights from shops, industries and gardens

Apart from depriving us of proper dark

sky, light pollution can interrupt the natural cycles of wildlife and is a
monumental waste of energy. I'm not suggesting we should turn out all of the lights, but having them situated properly and made effective
dumping vast amounts of light upwards, rather than down on to the ground.

would be a vast improvement. Perhaps supermarkets could lead the way rather than charging for carrier bags, they could improve their lighting schemes so their lights

Light pollution is
just as serious as other man-made problems. I have met so many people who have never even
managed to see The Plough, much less the Milky Way or a stunning meteor shower. If we're not
careful, the night sky and all of its natural wonders will become something of an urban legend.
illuminate their grounds rather than the sky. Towns and cities will continue to grow and with such expansion comes responsibility.

Clear night skies inspire people to be astronomers

Abel 13 writes15
The night sky has played an important part in human culture : before TV, books and the
internet, it was the theater where the human race played out their mythologies and legends. On a more personal note, this view of the night sky reminded
me why I became an astronomer in the first place, and of the deep
connections we can have with the universe just by looking at it . Finding a dark sky in Britain
is difficult, but its not impossible.

Astronomy is cool5 warrants

Spells 10 writes16
Its beautiful If you go out on a dark moonless night, you will immediately know what I mean. The Milky Way, stretching its jagged course
across the heavens, is quite a sight to behold. The constellations, particularly the winter constellations, have an elegance and familiarity to them. The Moon is
also an appealing object, with its ever changing phases and frequent conjunctions with other planets in the sky. Through a small telescope, planetary disks, galaxies, nebulae and
open clusters come into view, often startling in their majesty. Of course, the beauty of the universe is not limited to what is immediately visible to our eyes. Deep space objects,
seen through the largest of telescopes, are candidates for some of the most beautiful things ever seen by human eyes. Who could not fail to be impressed by the wonderful
Hubble photos of the Crab and Eagle nebulas, or the views of the outer planets and moons from space probes such as Voyager and Cassini? To see for yourself, each day NASA

Few images ever fail to impress. Its extreme. Nothing can

be taken for granted about space. Most of it is unimaginably cold, interspersed occasionally by blisteringly hot stars with coronal
publishes its Astronomy Picture of the Day.

temperatures of millions of degrees. Almost everything is racing around at breakneck speed: barreling through space at velocities of hundreds or thousands of kilometers a
second relative to us. Thats enough to cause quite an impact if we were to get in their way. All around us catastrophic convulsions are taking place, with vast explosions and

supernovas, neutron stars, magnetars, pulsars and Gamma Ray

Bursts beams of high energy radiation that would eliminate all life on our
planet in an instant were our Earth unfortunate enough to stray too close. Black holes exist that can compress the mass of whole stars into volumes a
unconscionably high energies. This is a Universe of

few kilometers wide, creating gravitational fields that nothing, not even light itself, can escape from. This is the stuff of childhood fantasies. Superpowers. Forcefields.
Instantaneous death. The destruction of worlds. It is no wonder that space features so prominently in the minds of the young.

It ignites our

curiosity. Astronomy confronts us with some of the biggest and most challenging
14 Paul Abel (astronomer at the Center for Interdisciplinary Science, University of Leicester). Why we must tackle issue of light
pollution. Leicester Mercury. December 28th, 2013. http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/tackle-issue-light-pollution/story20374867-detail/story.html

15 Paul Abel (astronomer at the Center for Interdisciplinary Science, University of Leicester). Why we must tackle issue of light
pollution. Leicester Mercury. December 28th, 2013. http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/tackle-issue-light-pollution/story20374867-detail/story.html

16 Sunny Spells. Five reasons why astronomy is cool. September 10

reasons-why-astronomy-is-cool/

th

, 2010. http://sunnyspells.wordpress.com/2010/09/10/five-

LW Irony Aff
problems about the nature of ourselves and the fabric of reality. As a science, it has lead the way in
overturning ancient notions of how nature should behave. At one time we believed ourselves to be at the centre of the Universe, with all objects, including the Sun, revolving
around the Earth. Astronomers through the ages slowly revealed a different truth. Our star and our home planet are among countless billions in a very ancient Universe.
Everything we do ultimately only affects an infinitesimally small piece of real-estate in the cosmos. This discovery, while deeply humbling, is enlightening. It tells us that we will
never know everything. Our quest for knowledge is unlimited. We are ants in a cathedral, and what a cathedral it is. The study of the stars and planets has pushed out the
frontiers of knowledge in every direction. Its contribution to science and mathematics cannot be underestimated. Without astronomy, the modern world as we know it would
not exist. Astronomy continues to confound us and guide us right to this day. Gigantic accelerators are busy smashing sub-atomic particles into smithereens to gain greater
insights into the nature of matter because objects in space do not always behave the way our current scientific models expect them to. Astronomy has revolutionised our

It tells us about our past. When you look into space,

at any star you care to mention, you are looking into history. You are not seeing the star as it
is now, but as it was when the photons of light left its photosphere many years ago. If you can find the
understanding of nature and it will continue to do so.

Andromeda Galaxy in the sky, you are getting a picture of how it looked two million years ago, long before humans ever roamed our planet. The largest telescopes can see back
billions of years ago, to galaxies in their infancy, still in the process of being formed. History is about ourselves, how we got here, why things are how they are. Astronomy opens
history even further by explaining the origins of our planet, our sun, our galaxy even providing insights into our Universe and how it all started some 13 odd billion years ago.
Astronomy is fascinating even when applied to our own modest human story. We have had an intense relationship with the stars and planets for thousands of years. It guided
the ancient cycles of sowing and harvesting. It provided the raw material for belief systems, rituals and religions. It contributed to our language. It assisted with navigation and
discovery. In living memory, we have witnessed men walking on the Moon and robot probes being flung out of the solar system events likely to be celebrated for millennia to
come. Our relationship with the stars has shaped the culture of today.

Its our future. Astronomy is important to

our future, from the short term to the distant long term. Over the coming decades, private companies will take over much of the heavy lifting formerly associated
with government agencies such as NASA and ESA. This will create new jobs and new wealth. Bigger telescopes and better equipment
will provide insights into reality that will stretch our tech nological capabilities. Over
the coming centuries perhaps we will explore and colonise deep space for ourselves, using technologies yet undreamt of. In the end, billions of years from now, our sun will
expand, frying everything on this planet before diminishing in size itself, its fuel spent, its job done. Perhaps there is a large asteroid or comet out there in space with our name

Perhaps we will find a way to cross the

enormous gulfs separating us from other stars in our galaxy. All of these possibilities lead us to the conclusion that
on it. Perhaps our planet will eventually turn against us, forcing us to find a new home.

the stars will feature prominently in the future of the human race. Astronomy is available to all, from the small child with his toy rocketship, to the octogenarian peering through
her telescope at a crater on the Moon.
you to join in.

Few endeavours are so wide in scope, so rich in detail, or so marvelous in implication. I invite

Advantage 4 is Haikus
Living wages are
Important for solving some
Poverty for real
A turtle jumps in
Through the river and into
The ocean, hes free
Being Top Speaker
Would be really awesome so
Please make that happen
Shout out to myself
Can you shout out in that way?
Yo I make the rules
Haikus are the biggest impact
Drew 12 writes17
A good haiku is a marble of dense meaning and exact language it uses economy of
expression to create

maximum impact

metaphor, the most precise image. At their best,

haikus are powerful nuggets of intense emotion.

. The extreme constraints of the form require the perfect word, the best

17 Drew (he likes haikus). Haiku and the Value of Constraints. The Barbershop, a Myriad Media blog. August 24
http://www.myriadmedia.net/haiku-and-the-value-of-constraints

th

, 2012.

LW Irony Aff
1AR
[Written during prep time]
Counter-interpretationthe aff can say all neg interps are counter-interps if theyre
Adam Tomasi
1. Solves Florida kids. Im not one; only I can make this argument.
2. Geometry. Rectangles and squares. Geometry is a portable skill.
3. Coco Crisp. He agrees with the counter-interp, thats Crisp 14. Coco Crisp is a portable
skill and is key to education, thats WikiHow no date.
4. Ill impact turn negs not running theory. Theory trades off with astronomy education.
5. Things you can do besides theory:
Basketball
Table tennis
Rapping
Horseback riding
Watching paint dry
6. Fairness not a voter, thats Branse 14.
7. Hip hop is a prereq to truth
Theory is whack/
My crew has my back/
Sharp like a tack/
The haters getting smacked
8. All neg interps ARE implicit counter-interps cuz I have interps in the aff.
9. Structural swag skew means more ground for me is good
10. Infinite abuse impossible. Infinity only possible in space.
11. Cant solve the abuse. MWI