President of the Philippines

The President of the Philippines (Filipino: Pangulo ng

Pilipinas) is the head of state and head of government of
the Philippines. The President leads the executive branch
of the Philippine government and is the commander-inchief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. The President of the Philippines in Filipino is referred to as Ang
Pangulo, or less formally, Presidente.

1.1.2 Aguinaldos government and the First Republic

In March 1897, Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president of the revolutionary government at the Tejeros Convention.[15] The new government was meant to replace
the Katipunan, though the latter was not formally abolished until 1899. Aguinaldo was again elected President at Biak-na-Bato in November, leading the Republic
of Biak-na-Bato. Unfortunately his revolutionary government was not winning Philippine Revolution against
Spain. Aquinaldo therefore signed the Pact of Biak-naBato and went into exile in Hong Kong at the end of 1897.

History

In April 1898, the SpanishAmerican War broke out, and

Main article: List of Presidents of the Philippines
the Asiatic Squadron of the United States Navy sailed
Further information: List of Unocial Presidents of the for the Philippines. At the Battle of Manila Bay on
Philippines
May 1, 1898 the American Navy decisively defeated
the Spanish Navy eectively ending Spanish rule in the
Philippines.[16] Aquinaldo subsequently returned to the
Philippines aboard a U.S. Navy vessel and renewed the
revolution. He formed a dictatorial government on May
24, 1898 and issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898. On June 23, 1898,
1.1 Early Republics
Aguinaldo transformed his dictatorial government into a
revolutionary government. On January 23, 1899, he was
1.1.1 Bonifacios Tagalog Republic
then elected President of the First Philippine Republic,
a government constituted by the Malolos Congress under
Depending on the denition chosen for these terms, the Malolos Constitution. Thus, this government is also
a number of persons could alternatively be considered called the Malolos Republic.
the inaugural holder of the oce. Andrs Bonifacio The First Philippine Republic was short-lived and never
could be considered the rst President of a united Philip- internationally recognized. The Philippines was transpines since he was the third Supreme President (Span- ferred from Spanish to American control in the Treaty of
ish: Presidente Supremo; Tagalog: Katas-taasang Pan- Paris of 1898, signed in December of that year.[17] The
gulo) of the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society. PhilippineAmerican War broke out between the United
Its Supreme Council, led by the Supreme President, co- States and Aguinaldos government. His government efordinated provincial and district councils. When the fectively ceased to exist on April 1, 1901, after he pledged
Katipunan started an open revolt against the Spanish colo- allegiance to the United States following his capture by
nial government in August 1896, Bonifacio transformed U.S. forces in March.
the society into a revolutionary government with him as
its head. While the term Katipunan remained,Bonifacios The current Philippine government, called the Republic
government was also known as the Tagalog Republic of the Philippines, considers Emilio Aguinaldo to be the
(Spanish: Repblica Tagala). (Although the word Taga- rst President of the Philippines and the Malolos Repub[18]
log refers to the Tagalog people, a specic ethno-linguistic lic as the First Philippine Republic.
group, Bonifacio used it to denote all non-Spanish peoples of the Philippines in place of Filipino, which had
colonial origins.)[9][10][11][12][13] Bonifacios revolutionary 1.1.3 Other claimants
government never controlled much territory for any signicant period. Some historians contend that including Miguel Malvar continued Aguinaldos leadership of the
Bonifacio as a past president would imply that Macario Philippine Republic after the latters capture until his own
Sacay and Miguel Malvar should also be included.[14]
capture in 1902, while Macario Sakay founded a Taga1

1 HISTORY

log Republic in 1902 as a continuing state of Bonifacios

Katipunan. They are both considered by some scholars
as unocial presidents, and along with Bonifacio, are
not recognized as Presidents by the government.[19][20]

1.2

American occupation

Between 1901 and 1935, executive power in the Philippines was exercised by a succession of four American
military Governors-General and eleven civil GovernorsGeneral.

1.3

Philippine Commonwealth

In October 1935, Manuel L. Quezon was elected the

rst President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines,
which had been established, still under United States
sovereignty, under a constitution ratied on 14 May of
that year. During its rst ve years, the President could
serve for an unrenewable six-year term. It was later
amended in 1940 to limit a President to serving no more
than two four-year terms. When President Quezon exiled
himself to the United States after the Philippines fell to
the Empire of Japan in World War II, he appointed Chief
Justice Jos Abad Santos as Acting President. Abad Santos was subsequently executed by the Imperial Japanese Home provinces of the Presidents.
Army on May 2, 1942.

1.6 1973 Constitution

1.4

The Second Republic under the A new Constitution ratied on January 17, 1973 under the
rule of Ferdinand E. Marcos introduced a parliamentaryJapanese

style government. Marcos instituted himself as Prime

On October 14, 1943, Jos P. Laurel became President Minister while serving as President in 1978. He later apunder a constitution imposed by the Japanese occupa- pointed Csar Virata as Prime Minister in 1981.
tion. Laurel, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court This Constitution was in eect until the People Power
of the Philippines, had been instructed to remain in the Revolution of 1986 toppled Marcos 21-year authoritarCity of Manila by President Quezon, who withdrew to ian regime and replaced him with Corazon C. Aquino.
Corregidor and then to the United States to establish a
government in exile in the United States.
After the combined American and Filipino forces liber- 1.7 Fifth Republic
ated the islands in 1945, Laurel ocially dissolved the
Using reserve powers, President Aquino herself promulrepublic on August 17, 1945.
gated Presidential Proclamation #3 on March 25, 1986,
which was provisional in nature and abrogated many provisions of the 1973 Constitution that were associated with
1.5 After World War II
the Marcos Era, including the abolition of the oce of
the Prime Minister. This was superseded on February 2,
The 1935 Constitution was restored after the Japanese 1987 by the present Constitution.
surrender ended World War II, with Vice-President
Sergio Osmea becoming President due to Quezons
death on August 1, 1944. It remained in eect after the 1.8 Other issues
United States recognized the sovereignty of the Republic
of the Philippines as a separate self-governing nation on Both Bonifacio and Aguinaldo might be considered to
have been an inaugural president of an insurgent governJuly 4, 1946.

2.1

Chief Executive

ment. Quezon was the inaugural president of a predeces- 2.1 Chief Executive
sor state to the current one, while Aquino, mre, was the
inaugural president of the currently-constituted govern- Under Article 7, Section 1 of the 1987 Constitution, the
President heads the Executive branch of the government,
ment.
which includes the Cabinet and all executive departments.
The government considers Aguinaldo to have been the
The executive power, as such, is vested on the President
rst President of the Philippines, followed by Quealone.[6]
[18][21]
Despite the dierences in
zon and his successors.
constitutions and government, the line of presidents is Section 19 gives the President power to grant reprieves,
considered to be continuous. For instance, the current commutations, and pardons, and remit nes and forfeipresident, Benigno S. Aquino III, is considered to be the tures, after conviction by nal judgment, except when the
President is under impeachment.[6]
15th president.
While the government may consider Aguinaldo as the rst
president, the First Republic fell under the United States
jurisdiction due to the 1898 Treaty of Paris which ended
the SpanishAmerican War; the United States thus does
not consider his tenure to have been legitimate.[18][22]
Manuel L. Quezon is considered to be the rst president
by the United States. He is also the rst to win a popular
election and a nationwide election.

Section 20 provides the President to contract or guarantee

foreign loans on behalf of the Republic of the Philippines
with the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board, and
subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.[6]
The President exercises general supervision over local
government units.

2.2 Commander-in-Chief
1.8.1

Laurels position

As with many other Axis-occupied countries in the Second World War, the Philippines had at one point two presidents heading two governments. One was Quezon and
the Commonwealth government-in-exile in Washington,
D.C., and the other was Manila-based Laurel heading the
Japanese-sponsored Second Republic. Notably, Laurel
was himself instructed to remain in Manila by President
Quezon. Laurel was not formally recognized as a President until the rule of Diosdado Macapagal. His inclusion
in the ocial list coincided with the transfer of the ocial
date of Independence Day from July 4 (the anniversary of
the Philippines independence from the United States) to
June 12 (the anniversary of the 1898 Declaration of Independence).

Article 7 Section 18 of the Constitution: the President

is also Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of
the Philippines". As Commander-in-Chief, the President
can call out such armed forces to prevent or suppress lawless violence, invasion or rebellion. In case of invasion
or rebellion, when the public safety requires it, he or she
may, for a period not exceeding sixty days, suspend the
privilege of the writ of habeas corpus or place the Philippines or any part thereof under martial law.[6]

2.3 Power of appointment

The Constitution (Article VII Section 16) empowers the
President to appoint, with the consent of the Commission
on Appointments, the heads of executive departments,
ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, ocers
of the armed forces above the rank of colonel (Army) and
captain (Navy), and other ocials. The president also
appoints those required by law that he appoint, or those
whose appointments are not provided for under any other
law. The members of the Supreme Court are also appointed by the President, based on a list prepared by the
Judicial and Bar Council. Judicial appointments do not
need the approval of the Commission on Appointments.

The inclusion of Laurel thus causes some problems in

determining the order of presidents. It is inaccurate to
call Laurel the successor of Osmea or vice-versa, since
Laurels Second Republic was formally repudiated after
World War II, its actions not considered legal or binding. Quezon, Osmea, and Roxas were seen as being
in a contiguous line according to the 1935 Constitution,
while Laurel was the only president of the Second Republic, which had a separate charter. Thus, Laurel had neither predecessor nor successor, while Osmea succeeded
2.4 Government agencies
Quezon after the latters death, and was in turn succeeded
by Roxas as President of the Third Republic.
The Oce of the President also has attached government agencies under it. It includes agencies such
as the Film Development Council of the Philippines,
the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority and
1.9 Timeline
the Securities and Exchange Commission (Philippines).
These agencies are not under the dierent cabinet depart2 Powers and duties
ments and are under the direct supervision of the President.

3 SELECTION PROCESS

Selection process

3.3 Inauguration

Main article: Philippine presidential inauguration

Further information: List of Philippine presidential inaugurations
Under Article 7, Section 2 of the Constitution of the
The President of the Philippines usually takes the Oath
Philippines, in order to serve as President, one must be:

3.1

Eligibility

at least 40 years old and above;

a registered voter, single or married;
able to read and write;
a male or female Filipino citizen by birth; and
a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years
immediately preceding election.[6]
Current president Benigno S. Aquino III during his inauguration

A person who meets the above qualications is still disqualied from holding the oce of president under any
of Oce at noon of June 30 following the Presidential
of the following conditions:
election
Under Article 7, Section 4 of the 1987 Constitution, a
Traditionally, the Vice-President takes the Oath rst, a
person who has already been elected President is autolittle before noon. This is for two reasons: rst, accordmatically ineligible for immediate reelection. No person
ing to protocol, no one follows the President (who is last
who has succeeded as President and has served as such
due to his supremacy), and second, to establish a constifor more than four years is likewise forbidden from betutionally valid successor before the President-elect acing re-elected to a second term. Joseph Ejercito Estrada,
cedes. During the Quezon inauguration, however, the
who has served for two and a half years as president was
Vice-President and the Legislature were sworn in after
allowed to run for president after he was ousted; his case
the President, to symbolise a new start.
was never decided by the Supreme Court.
As soon as the President takes the Oath of Oce, a 21gun salute is red to salute the new Philippine head of
state, and the Presidential Anthem Mabuhay is played.
3.2 Election
The President delivers the Inaugural Address, and then
proceeds to Malacaang Palace to climb the Grand StairMain article: Philippine presidential election
case, a ritual which symbolises the formal possession of
the Palace. The President then inducts the newly formed
Under Article 7, Section 4 of the Constitution mandates Cabinet into oce in one of the state rooms.
that election of the President be done by direct vote every
Custom has enshrined three places as the traditional
six years from 1992 on the second Monday of May, unless venue for the Inauguration: Barasoain Church in Malolos
otherwise provided by law.
City, Bulacan; in front of the old Legislative BuildThe returns of every election for President and Vice- ing (now part of the National Museum) in Manila; or
President, duly certied by the board of canvassers of at Quirino Grandstand, where most have been held.
each province or city, shall be transmitted to Congress, In 2004, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo delivered her predirected to the President of the Senate. Upon receipt Inaugural address at Quirino Grandstand, took the Oath
of the certicates of canvass, the President of the Sen- of Oce in Cebu City before Chief Justice Hilario Daate shall open all the certicates in the presence of a joint vide Jr., and the next day held the rst Cabinet meetpublic session of Congress not later than 30 days after ing in Butuan City. She broke with precedent, reasoning
election day. Congress then canvasses the votes upon de- that she wanted to celebrate her Inauguration in each of
termining that the polls are authenticity and were done in the three main island groups of the Philippines: Luzon,
Visayas, and Mindanao. Her rst Inauguration also broke
the manner provided by law.
The person with the highest number of votes is declared precedent as she was sworn in at the EDSA Shrine on Janthe winner, but in case two or more have the highest num- uary 20, 2001, during the EDSA Revolution of 2001 that
ber of votes, the President is elected by a majority of all removed Joseph Ejercito Estrada from the Palace.
members of both Houses, voting separately on each.

In the past, elections were held in November and the

4.1

Impeachable oenses and ocials

Presidents inauguration was held on December 30 (Rizal

Day). This ensured that when the Inauguration was usually held at Quirino Grandstand, the new President could
see the Rizal Monument on the day of his death anniversary. Ferdinand E. Marcos transferred the dates of both
the elections and the Inauguration to May and June, respectively, and it remains so to this day.
The dress code at the modern Inaugural is traditional, formal Filipino clothing, which is otherwise loosely termed
Filipiniana. Ladies must wear terno, baro't saya (the
formal wear of other indigenous groups is permissible),
while men don the Barong Tagalog. Non-FIlipinos at the
ceremony may wear their respective versions of formal
dress, but foreign diplomats have often been seen donning Filipiniana as a mark of cultural respect.

3.4

Oath of Oce

Under Article VII, Section 5 of the Constitution, before

the President-Elect and Vice-President-Elect enter into
the execution of their oces, the President shall take the
following Oath or armation:
I, [name], do solemnly swear [or arm]
that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulll
my duties as President [or Vice-President or
Acting President] of the Philippines, preserve
and defend its Constitution, execute its laws,
do justice to every man, and consecrate myself
to the service of the Nation. So help me God.

5
XI, Constitution of the Philippines, the House of Representatives of the Philippines has the exclusive power to
initiate all cases of impeachment against the President,
Vice President, members of the Supreme Court, members of the Constitutional Commissions (Commission on
Elections,Civil Service Commission Commission on Audit), and the Ombudsman. When a third of its membership has endorsed the impeachment articles, it is then
transmitted to the Senate of the Philippines which tries
and decide, as impeachment tribunal, the impeachment
case.[25] A main dierence from US proceedings however is that only 1/3 of House members are required to
approve the motion to impeach the President (as opposed
to 50%+1 members in their US counterpart). In the Senate, selected members of the House of Representatives
act as the prosecutors and the Senators act as judges with
the Senate President and Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court jointly presiding over the proceedings. Like the
United States, to convict the ocial in question requires
that a minimum of 2/3 (i.e., 16 of 24 members) of the
senate vote in favour of conviction. If an impeachment
attempt is unsuccessful or the ocial is acquitted, no new
cases can be led against that impeachable ocial for at
least one full year.

4.1 Impeachable oenses and ocials

The 1987 Philippine Constitution says the grounds for
impeachment include culpable violation of the Constitution, bribery, graft and corruption, and betrayal of public trust. These oenses are considered high crimes and
misdemeanors under the Philippine Constitution.

[In case of armation, last sentence will be omitted.][23]

The President, Vice President, Supreme Court justices,

The Filipino text of the Oath was used for the inaugu- and members of the Constitutional Commission and Omrations of Presidents Fidel V. Ramos, Joseph Ejercito budsman are all considered impeachable ocials under
Estrada and Benigno S. Aquino III reads:
the Constitution.
Matimtim kong pinanunumpaan (o
pinatotohanan) na tutuparin ko nang buong
katapatan at sigasig ang aking mga tungkulin
bilang Pangulo (o Pangalawang Pangulo
o Nanunungkulang Pangulo) ng Pilipinas,
pangangalagaan at ipagtatanggol ang kanyang
Konstitusyon, ipatutupad ang mga batas nito,
magiging makatarungan sa bawat tao, at
itatalaga ang aking sarili sa paglilingkod sa
Bansa. Kasihan nawa ako ng Diyos.[24]

4.2 Impeachment proceedings and attempts

Joseph Ejercito Estrada was the rst Philippine president
impeached by the House in 2000, but the trial ended prematurely due to outrage over a vote to open an envelope
where that motion was narrowly defeated by his allies.

In 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008, impeachment complaints

were led against President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo,
but none of the cases reached the required endorsement
(Kapag pagpapatotoo, ang huling pangungusap ay of 1/3 of the members for transmittal to, and trial by, the
Senate.
kakaltasin.)[24]

Impeachment

5 Ocial title

Impeachment in the Philippines follows procedures sim- The ocial title of the president is President of the
ilar to the United States. Under Sections 2 and 3, Article Philippines.[6] The title in Filipino is Pangulo (cognate

TENURE AND TERM LIMITS

with Malay penghulu leader, chieftain). The honoric for the President of the Philippines is Your Excellency or His/Her Excellency, adopted from the title
of the Governor-General of the Philippines during Spanish and American occupation. The term President of
the Republic of the Philippines, used under Japanese
occupation of the Philippines distinguished the government of then-President Jos P. Laurel from the Commonwealth government in exile under President Manuel
L. Quezon.[26] The restoration of the Commonwealth in
1945 and the subsequent independence of the Philippines
title President of the Philippines sanctioned in the 1935
constitution.[27] The 1973 constitution, though generally
referring to the president as President of the Philippines
did, in Article XVII, Section 12, once used the term,
President of the Republic.[28] President Ferdinand E.
Marcos proclaimed martial law in his Proclamation No.
1081 and consistently used the term President of the
Philippines.[29]

State of the nation address

Ferdinand E. Marcos was the only three-term Philippine President (19651969, 19691981, 19811986).

President Benigno S. Aquino III delivers his 2nd State of the Nation Address at the Batasang Pambansa

the term of the President (and Vice-President) was shortened to four years but allowed one re-election. Since
the amendment was done, only Presidents Manuel L.
Main article: State of the Nation Address (Philippines)
Quezon (1941) and Ferdinand E. Marcos (1969) were
re-elected. Presidents Sergio Osmea (1946), Elpidio
The State of the Nation Address (abbreviated SONA) Quirino (1953), Carlos P. Garcia (1961) and Diosdado
is an annual event in the Philippines, in which the Presi- Macapagal (1965) all failed in seeking a new term.
dent of the Philippines reports on the status of the nation, However, in 1973, a new Constitution was promulgated
normally to the resumption of a joint session of the and allowed then-incumbent President Ferdinand E. MarCongress (the House of Representatives and the Senate). cos to seek a new term. In 1981, Marcos was again
This is a duty of the President as stated in Article VII, elected as President against Alejo Santos making him
Section 23 of the 1987 Constitution:[6]
the only President to be elected to a third term.[31]
Today, under Article 7, Section 4 of the 1987
Constitution of the Philippines, the term of the President
shall begin at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following the day of the election and shall end at noon of
7 Tenure and term limits
the same date, six years thereafter. The incumbent President shall not be eligible for any re-election. No person
The 1935 Constitution originally provided for a single who has succeeded as President and has served as such
six-year term for a president without re-election.[30] In for more than four years shall be qualied for election to
1940, however, the 1935 Constitution was amended and the same oce at any time.[32]

Vacancy

8.1

At the start of the term

Under Article 7, Section 7 of the Constitution of the

Philippines, In case the president-elect fails to qualify,
the Vice President-elect shall act as President until the
President-elect shall have qualied.[6]
If at the beginning of the term of the President, the
President-elect shall have died or shall have become permanently disabled, the Vice President-elect shall become
President.[6]
Where no President and Vice President shall have been
chosen or shall have qualied, or where both shall have
died or become permanently disabled, the President of
the Senate or, in case of his inability, the Speaker of the
House of Representatives, shall act as President until a
President or a Vice President shall have been chosen and
qualied.[6]

8.2

During the term

Article 7, Sections 8 and 11 of the Constitution of the

Philippines provide rules of succession to the presidency.
In case of death, permanent disability, removal from ofce, or resignation of the President, the Vice President
will become the President to serve the unexpired term. In
case of death, permanent disability, removal from oce,
or resignation of both the President and Vice President;
the President of the Senate or, in case of his inability, the
Speaker of the House of Representatives, shall then act as
President until the President or Vice-President shall have
been elected and qualied.
The Congress shall, by law, provide who shall serve as
President in case of death, permanent disability, or resignation of the Acting President. He shall serve until the
President or the Vice President shall have been elected
and qualied, and be subject to the same restrictions of
powers and disqualications as the Acting President.

Sergio Osmea was the rst Vice President to succeed to the presidency upon the death of a chief executive who was Manuel Quezon in 1944.

9 Privileges of oce
9.1 Ocial residence
Main article: Malacaang Palace
Before the Macalanan Palace was designated as the of-

The line of presidential succession as specied by Article

7, Section 10 of the Constitution of the Philippines are
the Vice President, Senate President and the Speaker of
the House of Representatives.
The current Presidential line of succession is:
Notes:
Contrary to popular belief, the Constitution does not
name the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Malacaang Palace, the ocial residence of the President of the
Philippines.
Philippines in the line of succession.
If the oces of both the President and the Vice
President become vacant at the same time, Congress
shall enact a law calling for special election. However, if the presidential election is 18 months away,
no special election shall be called.

cial residence of the President, various establishments

served as residence of the chief executive. The Spanish Governor-General, the highest ranking ocial in the
Philippines during the Spanish Era, resided in the Palacio del Gobernador inside the walled city of Intramuros.

However, after an earthquake in 1863, the Palacio del

Gobernador was destroyed, and the residence and ofce of the Governor-General transferred to Malacaang
Palace. During the Philippine Revolution, President
Aguinaldo resided in his own home in Kawit, Cavite. After his defeat in the PhilippineAmerican War, Aguinaldo
transferred the Capital of the Philippines to dierent areas while he struggled in the pursuit of American Forces.
When the Americans occupied the Philippines, they also
used the Palace as an ocial residence. During the
Japanese Occupation of the Philippines, the governmental oces and the presidential residence transferred to
Baguio, and the Mansion House was used as the ocial
residence. Meanwhile, President Quezon of the Philippine Commonwealth resided in the Omni Shoreham Hotel in Washington D.C. After the restoration of independence, plans were made for the construction of a new
capital city. However, the plans did not push through
and Manila remained as the capital city, and Malacaang
Palace as the Presidents ocial residence.[33][34]

PRIVILEGES OF OFFICE

replacing the Commonwealth Era one.[36][37] The house

originally had one bedroom,[2] however, it was renovated
for Aquino to have four bedrooms,[36] a guest room, a
room for his household sta, and a room for his close-in
security.[35] Malacaangg Park was refurbished through
the eorts of First Lady Eva Macapagal, the second wife
of President Diosdado Macapagal, in the early 1960s.[37]
Mrs. Macapagal renamed the rest house as Bahay Pangarap.[37]

Under Fidel V. Ramos, Bahay Pangarap was transformed

into a clubhouse for the Malacaangg Golf Club.[2]
The house was subsequently used by President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo to welcome special guests.[2] Aquino
l made it clear before he assumed oce that he refused to live in the main Palace, or in the nearby Arlegui Mansion (where he once lived during his mothers
rule and where Ramos later stayed), stating that both are
too big.[2] He lived in the Aquino family residence along
Times Street, Quezon City in the rst few days of his rule,
though he transferred to Bahay Panagarap because it was
Malacaang Palace serves as the ocial residence deemed a security concern for his neighbours if he stayed
of the President of the Philippines, a privilege enti- in their small, 1970s home.[1]
tled to him/her under Article VII, Section 6 of the
Constitution.[6] The Palace is located along the north
bank of the Pasig River, along JP Laurel Street in the dis- Other homes The President also has other complexes
nationwide for ocial use:
trict of San Miguel, Manila.
The Filipino name is derived from the Tagalog phrase
Malacaang sa Sugbo Cebu City
"may lakn diyn", (there is a nobleman there), and this
was eventually shortened to Malakanyng. There are two
The Mansion Baguio City
variant of the name in ocial use: "Malacaang" refers
to the structure of the Palace, while "Malacaangg"
identies the oce of the President. The latter, along 9.2 Air transport
with the term the Palace ("ang Palasyo") are interchangeable, metonyms for the President and his house- Main article: Air transports of heads of state and governhold in colloquial speech and in the media.
ment Philippines
Malacaangg Palace is depicted on the reverse side of the The 250th (Presidential) Airlift Wing of the Philippine
20-Peso bill in both the New Design and the present New
Generation series.
9.1.1

Other residences

Bahay Pangarap The actual residence of President

Benigno S. Aquino III is Bahay Pangarap (English:
House of Dreams),[2] a smaller structure located across
the Pasig River from Malacaang Palace in Malacaangg
Park,[35] which is itself part of the Presidential Security
Group Complex.[1][2] Aquino is the rst President to live
in Bahay Pangarap his ocial residence.[36][37]
Malacaangg Park was originally built by former President Manuel L. Quezon as a rest house and venue
for informal activities and social functions for the First
Family.[2][37] The house was built and designed by architect Juan Arellano in the 1930s,[2][37] and underwent a
number of renovations.[2] In 2008, the house was demolished and rebuilt in contemporary style by architect Conrad Onglao,[2][37] and a new swimming pool was built,

An Arospatiale SA-330 Puma carrying President Corazon C.

Aquino at Subic Bay Naval Base.

Air Force has the mandate of providing safe and ecient

air transport for the President of the Philippines and the
First Family. On occasion, the wing has also been tasked
to provide transportation for other members of government, visiting heads of state, and other state guests.

9.4

Land transport

The eet includes: 1 Fokker F28, which is primarily

used for the Presidents domestic trips and it is also
called Kalayaan One when the President is on board,
4 Bell 412 helicopters, 3 Sikorsky S-76 helicopters, 1
Sikorsky S-705 Black Hawk, a number of Bell UH1N Twin Hueys, as well as Fokker F-27 Friendships.
For trips outside of the Philippines, the Air Force employs a Bombardier Global Express or charters appropriate aircraft from the countrys ag carrier, Philippine Airlines. In 1962, the Air Force chartered aircraft from Pan
American World Airways as the international services
of Philippine Airlines were suspended. Pan Am later
went defunct in 1991. For short-haul ights, PAL uses Presidential car with plate number 1 and Presidential Standard
Airbus A320 or Airbus A321 aircraft. For medium to
long-haul ights, the airlines Airbus A340-300, Airbus
A330-300 or Boeing 777-300ER are used. Any PAL aircraft with the callsign PR 001 is a special plane operated
by Philippine Airlines to transport the President of the
Philippines.
A Presidential Helicopter Bell 412 crashed on April
7, 2009, in the mountainous Ifugao Province north of
Manila. On board were eight people, including two Cabinet undersecretaries and several servicemen. The ight
was en route to Ifugao from Baguio City as an advance
party of President Macapagal-Arroyo, when the control
tower at the now-defunct Loakan Airport lost communication with the craft several minutes after takeo.
The Arroyo administration planned to buy another aircraft worth of about 1.2 Billion pesos before her term The Presidential car used by Manuel L. Quezon during his term
ended in June 2010,[38] but cancelled the purchase due to
other issues.[39]
Toyota Fortuner, Toyota Land Cruiser, Philippine National Police 400cc motorcycles, Philippine National Po9.3 Water transport
lice Toyota Altis (Police car variant), other governmentowned vehicles, and ambulances at the tail of the convoy;
Main article: BRP Ang Pangulo (AT-25)
the number depends on the destination. The presidential
cars are designated and registered a plate number of 1 or
BRP Ang Pangulo (BRP stands for Bark ng Repblika the word PANGULO (President). The limousine bears
ng Pilipinas, Ship of the Republic of the Philippines"; the Flag of the Philippines and, occasionally, the Presi"Ang Pangulo" is Filipino for The President) was com- dential Standard.[41]
missioned by the Philippine Navy on March 7, 1959. It For regional trips, the President boards a Toyota Coaster
was built in and by Japan during the administration of or Mitsubishi Fuso Rosa or other vehicles owned by
President Garca as part of Japanese reparations to the government-owned and controlled corporations or govPhilippines for World War II.[40] It is primarily used in ernment agencies. In this case, the PSG escorts the Presentertaining guests of the incumbent President.
ident using local police cars with an ambulance at the tail
of the convoy.
The incumbent President, Benigno S. Aquino III, prefers
to use his personal vehicle, a Toyota Land Cruiser 200 or
his relatives Lexus LX-570 over the black Presidential
Main article: Ocial state car Philippines
The President of the Philippines uses two black and heav- limousines after their electronic mechanisms were damits interest
ily armored Mercedes-Benz W221 S600 Guard, whereas aged by oodwater. The Palace has announced
[42]
to
acquire
a
new
Presidential
limousine.
one is a decoy vehicle. In convoys, the President is escorted by the Presidential Security Group using primarily The Oce of the President has also owned various cars
Nissan Patrol SUVs with the combination of the follow- over the decades, including a 1937 Chrysler Airow that
ing vehicles: Audi A6, BMW 7 Series, Chevrolet Sub- served as the countrys very rst Presidential limousine
urban, Hyundai Equus, Hyundai Starex, Toyota Camry, for Manuel L. Quezon.

9.4

Land transport

10

9.5

10 POST-PRESIDENCIES

Security

Main article: Presidential Security Group

The Presidential Security Group (abbreviated PSG), is
the lead agency tasked with providing security for the
President, Vice-President, and their immediate families.
They also provide protective service for visiting heads of
state and diplomats.
Unlike similar groups around the world who protect other
political gures, the PSG is not required to handle presidential candidates. However, former Presidents and their
immediate families are entitled to a small security detail from the PSG. Currently, the PSG uses Nissan Patrol
SUVs as its primary security vehicles.

10

Post-presidencies

Sergio Osmea became a member of the Council of

State under Roxas, Quirino, Magsaysay, and Garca. He was also a member of the National Security
Council in the Garca administration.[45]
Elpidio Quirino also became a Councillor of State
under President Magsaysay.[46]
Carlos P. Garcia was a delegate, later elected, president of the Constitutional Convention on July 11,
1971.[47]
Diosdado Macapagal was also a delegate and then
succeeded Carlos P. Garca as president of the 1971
Constitutional Convention. He also lectured in universities and later a Councillor of State under Presidents Aquino mre and Ramos.
Corazon C. Aquino was a member of the National
Security Council under Ramos, Estrada and Arroyo.
She was also a member of the Council of State under
President Arroyo.
Fidel V. Ramos founded the Ramos Peace and Development Foundation. He was a senior advisor
and member of the National Security Council under President Estrada. Ramos was a member of the
Council of State and an Ambassador-at-Large under
President Arroyo.

Presidents Emilio Aguinaldo and Manuel L. Quezn during the

1935 campaign.

A number of presidents held various positions in the limelight after leaving oce, almost all of whom making an
eort to remain in the public eye. Among other honors,
former Presidents and their immediate families are entitled to three soldiers as security detail.[43]

Joseph Ejercito Estrada returned to lm in November 2009, starring in Ang Tanging Pamilya: A Marry
Go Round as part of a promotional attempt to run
for a second term as president in 2010 amid much
controversy on the legality of his intent (he was
allowed to run anyway by COMELEC since the
Supreme Court never weighed in on the matter) with
many questioning why such a constitutional violation was ever allowed. His release from prison in
2007 by his successor, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo,
questionably restored his political privileges and allowed him to run again. Estrada eventually became
a member of the National Security Council under Arroyo.[48][49][50] Following his loss to Noynoy
Aquino in 2010, he geared up for a run against
Alfredo Lim for control of the City of Manila in
2013, which he won and as a result, Estrada is now
the incumbent Mayor of the of Manila, thus making
him the third head of state to run for lower oce
following his presidency.

Jos P. Laurel, who was the only President of the

Second Philippine Republic, was elected to the Senate in 1951 and would serve in the upper house until
1957, making him the countrys rst head of state to
seek lower oce following his presidency. During
his tenure, the Nacionalista Party urged him to run
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo ran for and won as seat in
for president in 1953. He declined, working instead
the House of Representatives of the Philippines as
for the successful election of Ramon Magsaysay,
the
Representative for the 2nd District of Pampanga
who subsequently appointed Laurel to head of a
in
the
2010 elections, making her the second head of
diplomatic mission that was tasked with negotiating
state
after
Laurel to seek lower oce following her
trade and other issues with United States ocials,
[51]
presidency.
resulting in the Laurel-Langley Agreement. Laurel
was also the chairman of the Economic Mission to
the United States (1954) and the founder of Lyceum As of June 30, 2010, there are three living former Presiof the Philippines University.[44]
dents:

11
Living former presidents
Fidel V. Ramos
(Lakas-NUCD)
19921998
Joseph Ejercito Estrada
(LAMP),
19982001
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
(Lakas-Kampi-CMD)
20012010

13 References
[1] Noynoys new home is Bahay Pangarap.
[2] Bahay Pangarap: Aquinos future home?".
[3] Emilio Aguinaldo. Ocial Gazette of the Philippine
Government. March 22, 2011.
[4] Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (2005). The laws of the rst Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 18981899. Ann
Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library (published 1972). Retrieved January 10, 2011.
[5] Compensation and Position Classication Act of 1989
(August 21, 1989), Chan Robles Virtual Law Library.

11

See also

First Spouse of the Philippines

List of Presidents of the Philippines
Philippine Presidential Inauguration
Prime Minister of the Philippines
Seal of the President of the Philippines
Unocial Philippine Presidents
Vice President of the Philippines
List of Vice Presidents of the Philippines

12

Notes

[1] Article XVIII Section 17 of the 1987 Constitution provides that until the Congress provides otherwise the President shall receive an annual salary of three hundred thousand pesos. On August 21, 1989, Republic Act No.
6758 directed the Department of Budget and Management (DBM) to establish and administer a unied Compensation and Position Classication System along lines
specied in that Act.[5] On March 14, 2007, President
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo issued Executive Order No.
611 Department of Budget and Management (DBM) is
hereby directed to implement a ten percent (10%) increase over the basic monthly salaries of civilian government personnel whose positions are covered by the Compensation and Position Classication System as of June
30, 2007, including the salaries of the President, VicePresident, Senators and members of the House of Representatives, but to take eect only after the expiration
of the respective terms of oce of the incumbent ocials pursuant to Section 10 of Article VI and Section 6
of Article VII of the 1987 Constitution.[6][7] In August
2010, after President Benigno S. Aquino III received his
rst paycheques, Philippine newspapers reported that his
salary was 95,000 per month and by 2011, the Presidents salary will reach 107,000 a month, and 120,000
by 2012.[8]

[6] 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines.

Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. Retrieved January 7,
2008.
[7] EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 611, AUTHORIZING
COMPENSATION ADJUSTMENTS TO GOVERNMENT PERSONNEL (July 1, 2007), Lawphil.net.
[8] Aquino to spend part of rst salary in paying his bills.
The Mindanao Daily Mirror. August 6, 2010. Archived
from the original on September 29, 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2010. Aquinos salary is pegged at 95,000 but
due to automatic deductions, President Aquino received a
net income of 63,002.17. His pay check was released
July 30 and the President received it last Monday (Aug.
2)By 2011, Aquinos pay would reach 107,000 a month
and 120,000 by 2012.
[9] Borromeo & Borromeo-Buehler 1998, p. 25 (Item 3 in
the list, referring to Note 41 at p.61, citing Sulyap Kultura
(National Commission of Culture and the Arts, Philippines) 1 (2). 1996. This article underscores the existence
of a de facto revolutionary government (with Bonifacio as
its president) that antedated the revolutionary government
in Cavite based upon the controversial Tejeros Convention. An attempt to change the ocial date of the Cry
[see Cry of Pugad Lawin] from 23 to 24 Aug, 1896 during a committee hearing on Senate Bill No. 336, held on
17 Aug. 1993, apparently failed. Missing or empty |title=
(help));
^ Borromeo & Borromeo-Buehler 1998, p. 26, Formation of a revolutionary government";
^ Borromeo & Borromeo-Buehler 1998, p. 135 (in Document G, Account of Mr. Bricco Brigado Pantos).
[10] Halili & Halili 2004, pp. 138139.
[11] Severino, Howie (November 27, 2007). Bonifacio for
(rst) president. GMA News..
[12]

Guerrero, Milagros; Schumacher, S.J., John

(1998). Reform and Revolution. Kasaysayan: The
History of the Filipino People 5. Asia Publishing
Company Limited. ISBN 962-258-228-1..

[13]

Guerrero, Milagros; Encarnacin, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramn (1996). Andrs Bonifacio and the
1896 Revolution. Sulyap Kultura (National Commission for Culture and the Arts) 1 (2): 312..

12

[14] Ambeth Ocampo (May 11, 2010). Bonifacio, First President of the Philippines?". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
[15] Ambeth Ocampo (May 11, 2007). Looking Back: Election fraud at the Tejeros Convention..
[16] Regalado, Felix B., and Quintin B. Franco (1973). History
of Panay. Jaro, Iloilo City: Central Philippine University.
[17] The U.S. Occupation of the Philippines. University
of Colorado American Studies. Retrieved February 13,
2015.

14

EXTERNAL LINKS

[37] Briefer on Bahay Pangarap and Malacaangg Park.

[38] Palace shops for P1.2-B jet 10 months before Arroyo exit
Nation GMANews.TV Ocial Website of GMA
News and Public Aairs Latest Philippine News
[39] Malacaangg cancels plan to purchase P1.2-B jet Nation
GMANews.TV Ocial Website of GMA News and
Public Aairs Latest Philippine News
[40] The Presidential Yachts, Ocial Gazette, Oce of the
President.

[18] Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). The encyclopedia of the

Spanish-American and Philippine-American wars: a political, social, and military history. ABC-CLIO. p. 8. ISBN
978-1-85109-951-1.

[41] President Aquino arrives at the Palace YouTube

[19] The Manila Times Online Trusted Since 1898. Retrieved February 13, 2015.

[43] The Manila Times Internet Edition | TOP STORIES >

Pullout of Erap security a mistake (archived from the
original on 2007-03-07)

[20] Flores, Paul (August 12, 1995). Macario Sakay: Tulisn

or Patriot?". Philippine History Group of Los ngeles.
Retrieved April 8, 2007.

[44] Jose P. Laurel, The Philippine Presidency Project.

[21] Ocial Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved February 13, 2015.

[46] Elpidio Quirino, The Philippine Presidency Project.

[22] Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, U.S. Library of Congress.

[42] Palace: Presidential Car Necessary Expense Yahoo

News Philippines

[45] Sergio Osmea, The Philippine Presidency Project.

[47] Carlos P. Garca , The Philippine Presidency Project.

[23] 1987 Constitution

[48] Amita O. Legaspi, Estrada to return to Malacaangg, January 11, 2007, GMANews.TV

[24] ANG 1987 KONSTITUSYON NG REPUBLIKA NG

PILIPINAS. seasite.niu.edu.

[49] 9 years after ouster, Erap back in Malacaangg, January

12, 2010, GMANews.TV

[25] Chan-Robles Virtual Law Library. The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines Article XI. Retrieved July 25, 2008.

[50] QTV: Erap back in Malacaangg for NSC meeting, December 1, 2010, GMANews.TV

[26] The 1943 Constitution

[51] Tonette Orejas, Charlene Cayabyab, Arroyo proclaimed

congresswoman of Pampangas 2nd district, May 13,
2010, Philippine Daily Inquirer

[27] The 1935 Constitution

[28] The 1973 Constitution
[29] PROCLAMATION No. 1081 (September 21, 1972),
PROCLAIMING A STATE OF MARTIAL LAW IN
THE PHILIPPINES, Lawphil.net.

13.1 Bibliography

[30] 1935 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE

PHILIPPINES CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY

Borromeo, Soledad Masangkay; BorromeoBuehler, Soledad (1998). The Cry of Balintawak:

A contrived Controversy: A Textual Analysis with
Appended Documents. Ateneo de Manila University
Press. ISBN 978-971-550-278-8.

[31] 1973 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE

PHILIPPINES CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY

Halili, Christine N; Halili, Maria Christine (2004).

Philippine History. Rex Bookstore, Inc. ISBN 978971-23-3934-9.

[32] 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE

PHILIPPINES CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY
[33] A century of alternative Malacaangs | Modern Living,
Lifestyle Features, The Philippine Star | philstar.com
[34] Grandstands and grand public spaces | Modern Living,
Lifestyle Features, The Philippine Star | philstar.com
[35] How was PNoys rst night at Bahay Pangarap?".
[36] Bahay Pangarap for P-Noy ready.

14 External links
Oce of the President of the Philippines
The Presidential Museum and Library
1987 Constitution of the Philippines
'We Say Mabuhay' The Anthem of the President
of the Philippines

13
'March of the President of the Philippines (unocial title) song played when the President is given
military honors by the AFP

14

15

15
15.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

President of the Philippines Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines?oldid=674773542 Contributors: Bryan

Derksen, Michael Hardy, Seav, Paul Benjamin Austin, Arwel Parry, Docu, TUF-KAT, Wik, Mang kiko, Topbanana, Stormie, Tomchiukc, Jondel, Davidcannon, Anon39923, Lee J Haywood, Wwoods, Everyking, Frencheigh, Golbez, Abu badali, Soup, Armaced, RetiredUser2, Rlquall, Neutrality, Gerald Farinas, Bluemask, D6, Discospinster, Vsmith, ESkog, Hayabusa future, Shanes, Matthewprc,
Cory.willis, Bobo192, Sam Korn, Moreno boy, Jtalledo, Wtmitchell, Gareon, TheCoee, Nightstallion, Saxifrage, TShilo12, Vaanashe12,
Bastin, Woohookitty, John-1107, MONGO, Marudubshinki, Electionworld, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Harro5, Feydey, SMC, Ground Zero, Doc
glasgow, Musser, RexNL, Magalhes, Alphachimp, Silivrenion, Chobot, Taiwai94, Bgwhite, Borgx, Kafziel, Mark Malcampo, RadioFan, Noypi380, Chick Bowen, RazorICE, Tony1, Alex43223, Zwobot, Ospalh, Gadget850, Karl Meier, Emperork, Martinwilke1980,
E Wing, Jedjuntereal, SunKing, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, Uthanc, Skizzik, Glenncando, Jprg1966, J. Spencer, Can't sleep, clown will
eat me, OrphanBot, Exec8, Calbaer, Decltype, RandomP, Ofrc3, Howard the Duck, Copysan, WayKurat, BrownHairedGirl, Rklawton,
Gobonobo, JohnI, Slakr, P199, Joseph Solis in Australia, Shoeofdeath, K.murphy, Pink Fae, FlyingToaster, Hemlock Martinis, Namayan, Peripitus, Dynaow, Nasugbu batangas, Optimist on the run, 23prootie, Therequiembellishere, Escarbot, Seaphoto, TexMurphy, JAnDbot, MER-C, Hello32020, Bencherlite, Grievous Angel, Magioladitis, Connormah, VoABot II, Filipinayzd, Aka042, Catgut,
Lenticel, Ylangylang, CommonsDelinker, Gunkarta, Ssolbergj, Gemicat16, Ginsengbomb, NewEnglandYankee, KylieTastic, Jamesontai,
Ashdog137, GMMarques, Je G., Kabino, Fluybun, Rizalninoynapoleon, Someguy1221, Anna Lincoln, Guest9999, Katimawan2005,
Falcon8765, Stylus59, Yaksar, El Otro, Adkranz, Reinerdiz, Flyer22, Tiptoety, HkCaGu, Darth Kalwejt, Lightmouse, Tombomp, Mk32,
Kumioko, FlyingDutch09, Doocool, Pinkadelica, Iamwisesun, ImageRemovalBot, Gubernatoria, YSSYguy, ClueBot, Stevenphil, Quinxorin, Cube lurker, Joao Xavier, Niceguyedc, Stanleynem, PixelBot, Vivalipinas, Mickey gfss2007, DumZiBoT, Greg The Webmaster,
XLinkBot, Romangagero, Rror, WikHead, Alexius08, Raso mk, Rcdagle, Addbot, Narayansg, CommanderPhoenix, Esmith1966, Vishnava, CanadianLinuxUser, Damiens.rf, Nickrds09, WikiEditor50, Debresser, Bacoleo, Zararo, Mikebreakrun3, Lightbot, HerculeBot,
Yobot, Themfromspace, Fraggle81, Gobbleswoggler, AnomieBOT, Kouji nakajima omori, Ichwan Palongengi, Jim1138, Flewis, Materialscientist, Vladimir ryunin94, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Actwaleh!, Nash16, Abce2, Ute in DC, Doulos Christos, Shadowjams, Joaquin008,
Tktru, Dark Delta, FrescoBot, Haithamsedomar, Micasta, Philippinepresidency, SkyHigher, Democraticsystem, HamburgerRadio, Citation bot 1, I dream of horses, Elockid, Hariboneagle927, Elijahhee, Mutinus, Nash17, Plasticspork, Sapphirewhirlwind, Gigatube, ItsZippy,
Lotje, Antemister, Waldron1983, JCGDIMAIWAT, Cowlibob, Raigeiki55, OnesimusUnbound, Lambanog, Raykyogrou0, Athene cheval,
Fry1989, Arathjp, RjwilmsiBot, Chipmunkdavis, Beyond My Ken, Sir Jazer 13, Felipe1966, John of Reading, Dewritech, GoingBatty,
Tommy2010, Heinah, Wikipelli, Maglame, RNAlonto, ZroBot, Sundostund, Krd, Glenthadriel123, Compgeo.98, SporkBot, Jejemon,
Digibox56, Rlack, Coasterlover1994, L Kensington, Desert fox124, Sweetnovember2010, Rocketrod1960, ClueBot NG, Akuindo, Catlemur, N1tr0b, Snotbot, Rovic Eslao, Helpful Pixie Bot, Newyork1501, BG19bot, Snow Blizzard, Deviak1000, Riverarvi, MILITARYDICTATOR, TheCascadian, Cyberbot II, Nick.mon, Michael90909087, Khazar2, Jethro B, Ntlespino, Lemirotsirave, Boogie314, Miguel raul,
Pansitkanton, Rapidolatigo, Dexbot, Marleg77, Lugia2453, SFK2, Spanish Philippines, FOX 52, ImpDragoon, Mclovin'tosh, Agent booker,
Iloilo Wanderer, DavidLeighEllis, El Filipinas, Mezus360, Jolo68, AddWittyNameHere, Jtbatuan, Abbypanda, Filedelinkerbot, Nkrm01,
Lambrusia, Emancipator326, Paoloplopenio, Vendor1, Pureromblomanon, Mrpugac1, Mr.Bob.298, Mlmcoching, TopheeHandsome and
Anonymous: 440

15.2

Images

File:2011_Philippine_State_of_the_Nation_Address.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/2011_
Philippine_State_of_the_Nation_Address.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors:
http://www.pcoo.gov.ph/photos-jul2011/
photo7-072511.htm Original artist: Robert Vias (Presidential Communications Operations Oce, Oce of the President)
File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Aguinaldo_and_Quezon_in_1935.JPG Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Aguinaldo_and_
Quezon_in_1935.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Downloaded from http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?id=
S-SCLPHILIMG-X-1857%5DPHLD040. Original artist: Unknown
File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Philippines.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_
Philippines.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.op.gov.ph/museum/symbols_coa.asp Original artist: Vectorized by
Zachary Harden (User:Zscout370).
File:Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Flag_of_the_
President_of_the_Philippines.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Manuel Quezon IIIs compilation of previous Philippine Presidential Inaugurals Original artist: Philippine Government (Malacanang Presidential Museum)
File:Home_provinces_of_Philippine_Presidents.PNG Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Home_
provinces_of_Philippine_Presidents.PNG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Howard the Duck
File:Inauguration_of_Benigno_Aquino_III.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Inauguration_of_
Benigno_Aquino_III.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Oce of the Press Secretary (original here), Oce of the President,
Republic of the Philippines Original artist: Rey S. Baniquet
File:Malacanang_palace_view.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Malacanang_palace_view.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: LordAntagonist at English Wikipedia
File:MarcosinWashington1983.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/MarcosinWashington1983.jpg
License:
Public domain Contributors:
http://www.defenseimagery.mil/imagery.html#a=search&s=Ferdinand%20Marcos&guid=
29ccd85cbfa722feab9352b7a369f0784c7f25d2 Original artist: A1C Virgil C. Zurbruegg
File:Osmena.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Osmena.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?

15.3

Content license

15

File:PAF-Puma-at-Subic-Bay.JPEG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/PAF-Puma-at-Subic-Bay.JPEG

License: Public domain Contributors: U.S. Air Force Original artist: JO2 ROGER DUTCHER
File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:QuezonVehicle.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/QuezonVehicle.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Riverarvi
File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Seal_of_the_
President_of_the_Philippines.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Manuel Quezon IIIs compilation of previous Philippine Presidential Inaugurals Original artist: Philippine Government
File:The_Philippine_Presidential_Car.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/The_Philippine_
Presidential_Car.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Internet
Previously published: philippines Original artist: El Filipinas
File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau
File:__-_Flickr_-_Abhisit_Vejjajiva_CROP.jpg
Source:
https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%
B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%
B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%
B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%
B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%98%E0%
B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%
B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2_-_Flickr_-_Abhisit_Vejjajiva_CROP.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist:
Government of Thailand

15.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0