Spect System

DOE/ER60894.
SPECT
ASSAY
MONOCLONAL
OF
COMPREHENSIVE
SEPTEMBER
PROGRESS
1989-
Ronald
Radiology
Duke University
Durham,
North
DOE/ER/60894--4
RADIOLABELED
ANTIBODIES
Dm2 O19915
REPORT
FEBRUARY
1992
J. Jaszczak
Department
Medical
Carolina
Center
27710
DISCLAIMER
This report was preparexl as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States
Government.
Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their
employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsi..
bility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or
process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark,
rnanufacturer,
or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United State.,; Government or any agency thereof. The views
and opinions of authors expressed herein do not ne.ccssarily state or reflect those of the
United States Government or any agency thereof.
Febru. ',r-': 1992
PREPARED
UNDER
FOR THE U,S, DEPARTIVIENT OF ENERGY

GRANT NUMBER DE-FG05.89ER60894
\
. . _
,t_.,
...w
DISTRIB'LrrION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS LtNLtMITEO

.........
.........
'111 '"1......
qn ,,
I_,1'
...........
_1
'lllr'll ................
,,1'..........
Ill.........
lr
,l,llrll,,,,lll
I .... I'l'
'llfl"
II...........
I,,'..... _..... II,,I....... ,rl

.......
"t'['llllI'lllll"'r'fi_,r'lr
"_
rllll'l'l'll'[[_[_"lll'l[7 'I'III_'V' illlll!fl,,[lll!liMiiqlllll Ir'l_rl_'_lll'lIF][l'*-',ll'"ll',w'lr
I,l'lll_ll,
Ulllh ....
-2A.
TABLE
DE-FG05-89ER60894
OF CONTFNTS
Page
A.
Table
of
Contents ....................................................................................
B.
Introduction ..........................................................................................
C.
D.
Principal Research Accomplishments .............................................................

Publications ..........................................................................................
3
4
E.
Principal
Project
E 1. Principal
E.2.
Personnel ........................................................................
Project
Personnel ................................................................
Faculty Associates and Consultmats ......................................................
F.
Training
..............................................................................................
G.
Development
of SPECT
Software ..................................................................
I1
11
12
12
13
G. 1. Qutmtitative SPECT Imaging Using Three-Dimensional ML-EM Algorithm ....... 13
H.
G.2.
Image Registration ..........................................................................
G.3.
"Specter" Software For Quantitative Image Analysis and Display ................... 18
G.4.
SPECT Monte Carlo Program ............................................................
18
Development of TCT and SPECT Acquisition Geometries ...................................
19
H.1.
Upgrade
19
H.2.
Acquisition of Transmission CT Data with Triple-Camera SPECT System ......... 19
H.3.
Pinhole Geometry SPECT for 131IImaging: Initial Study ...........................
of Triple-Camera
SPECT system ..............................................
H. 4. Medium Energy Fan Beam Collimator Evaluation .....................................

I.
J.2.
L.
NI.
32
SPECT Quantification of 123I: In Vivo Studies ........................................
38
Experimental EvNuation of SPECI' Quantification: SPECT Quantification of 111In ...... 39

J. 1.
K.
26
Experimental Evaluation of' SPECT Quantification: SPECT Quantification of 123I........ 33

I. 1. SPECT Quantification of 123I: Ph,-mtom Studies ......................................
33
1.2.
J.
14
SPECT Quantification of 1ilia: Phantom Studies in Media with

Const,mltLinear Attenuation ...............................................................
39
SPECT Quantification of lllln: Phantom Studies in Media with

Non-constmat Linear Attenuation ........................................................
40
Experimental Evaluation of SPECT Quantification: SPECT Quantification of 2liAr ......44

K. 1. Methods .....................................................................................
44
K. 2. Results .......................................................................................
47
Glossary .............................................................................................
I,itemtum Cited .....................................................................................
48
49
N. 1. Figures with Original Photogxaphs

N.2.
i_
N.
Selected Reprints and Preprints
Appendices ...........................................................................................
53
PROGRESS
B,
REPORT:
-3SEPTEMBER
1989.
DE-FG05-89ER60894
FEBRUARY 1992
INTRODUCTION
This application represents the continuation of a grant funded initially in September, 1989. The
long-tem'L goal of this research project is to develop methods to improve the utility of single photon
ernission computed tomography (SPECT) to quantify the biodistribution of monoclon,"d antibodies
(MoAbs) labeled with clinically relevant radionuclides (123I, 131I,and l llIn) and with another
radionuclide, 211At, recently used in theraDy. In the following sections, we describe our progress in
developing quantitative SPECT methodology for 11 lln and 123[. Vv'e also pre,sent selected preliminary
studies directed towards attaining the specific aims for the next project period. Additional research results
for this project trod for complementary Duke research 9rojects relating to SPECF and radiolabeled MoAbs
,are summarized m the listed, publications.
We have focused our resear?h thrusts on the following aspects of SPECT: 1) The development of
improved SPECT ha.rdware, such as improved acquisition geometries. 2) The development of 3etter
reconstruction methods that provide accurate compensation for the physical factors that affect SPECF
quantification. 3) The application of c_u'efullydesigmed simulations .andexperiments to valicktteour
hardware and softwaxe approaches.
We recognize that this effort involves several areas of research: however, we
believe that these research areas complement each other and form a well.integrated
approach to improving SPECT quantification.
C.
PRINCIPAL
RESEARCH
(SEPTEMBER
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1989-FEBRUARY
1992)
1.
Implementation of two-dimensioned (2D) versions of filtered backprojection (FBP) and maximum

likelihood-expectation maximization (ML-EM) algorithms which compensate for non-uniform
attenuation, detector response, ,and scatter.
2.
Determination of accuracy, bias, and signal-to-noise ratios of these algorithms for 1231 and
using simulated and experimentally acquired phantom data.
3.
Development of parMlel beana and f;m beam geometries to obtain transmission compmed tomographic
(TCT) data to be used to determine attenuation maps for non-uniform attenuation compensation in
SPECT.
4.
Deterrnination of the accuracy to register SPECT, PET, madMRI images that can be attained with the
':arface fitting method of Pellizari et al [ 1989], using a 3D brain phantom and patient scans.
5.
Prelimin,ary investigation of pinhole SPECT imaging using Monte Carlo simulated projection data and
a modified cone-beam FBP algorithm.
6.
Preliminary investigation of the feasibility of SPECT to image 211At within isolated source
distributions using experimentally acquired data.
11 lln
-4D.
DE-FG05-89ER60894
PUBLICATIONS
Since this is the first Project Pericxi of this _ant, the publications listed below only include m'ticles
that were published during the two "andone-third-year period September 1989 through Janua_'y 1992.
D.1.
JOURNAL ARTICLES, CHAPTERS_ AND PUBLISttED PROCEEDINGS
1.
Gilland DR, Jaszczak RJ, Greer KL, Coleman RE: Quantitative SPECT reconstruction of J/odine-123
Data. J Nucl M_d 32:527-533, 1991a.
2.
Gilland DR, Jaszcza.k RJ, Turkington TG, Greer KL, Coleman RE: Quantitative SPECT imaging
with Indium-li 1. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 38:761-766, 1991b.
3.
Jaszczak PO, Hoffman DC: Variance propagation for SPECT with energy-weighted acquisition.
IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 38:739-747, 1991.
4.
Jaszczak PO: SPECT: State-of-the-art scanners and reconstruction strategies. In:

Radiopharmaceuticals and Brain Pathology Studied with PET and SPECT. Ed. M. Diksic and R.C.
Reba (CRC Press, 1990), pp. 93..118.
5.
Gilland DR, Jaszczak RJ, Turkington TG: Quantitative SPECT imaging with indium-111. In:
Conference Record of the 1990 IEEE Nuclear' Science Symposium (Arlington, VA, Dibler, 1990),
pp. 1194-1199.
6.
Jaszczak PO, Hoffman DC, DeVito RP: Variance propagation for SPECT with energy-weighted
acquisition. In: Conference Record of the 1990 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium (Arlington, VA,
Dibler, 1990), pp. 1163-117 I.
7.
Jaszczak RJ, Li J, Wang H, Greer KI.,, Coleman ltE: Three dimensioned reconstruction of combined
cone be,nn and parallel beam data. Phys Med Biol, in press, 1992.
8.
Gilland DR, Tsui BW, Metz CE, Jaszczak ILl, Perry R: An evaluation of maximum likelihood EM
reconstruction by ROC analysis: J Nucl Med, in press, 1992.
9.
Gilland DR, Jaszczak RJ, Liang Z, Greer KL, Coleman RE: Quantitative SPECT brain imaging:
Effects of attenuation and collimator response. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, submitted, 1992.
10. Turkington TG, Jaszczak RJ, Greer KL, Coleman RE: Con'elation of SPECT images of a threedimensional brain phantom using a sm'face fitting technique. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, submitted, 1992.
11. Gilland DR, Jaszczak RJ, Greer KL, Coleman RE: SPECT quality control: Generation and reduction
of artifacts. In: Proceedings of the SE Chapter of the Society of Nuclear Medicine, in press, 1992.
12_ Gilland DR, Jaszczak RJ, Liang Z, Greer KL, Coleman RE: Quantitative SPEC"T brain iraaging:
Effects of attenuation and collimator response. In: Conference Record of the 1991 IEEE Nuclear
Science Symposium (Santa Fe, NM, 1991) in press.
13. Turkington TG, Jaszczak RJ, Oreer KL, Coleman RE: Correlation of SPECT images of three-.
dimensional brain phantom using a surface fitting technique. In: Conference Record of the 1991
....
i__d_jL,iJeli_lL
,dL,,Ll_llaa!,,,
dtJJ
,llhi,Ldl_ld
....
,1 J
iLl, iii LIJ_ .....
d,L
,,
,_kl4kJ_ll,,L,
H, _LI
................
-5.IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium (Santa Fe, NM, 1991b) in press.
Lj, Jh_l,H,_iJlld,
,e_i , ha
.... _....
_........
DE-FG05-89ER60894
14. Jaszczak RJ, Tsui BMW: Single photon emission computed tomography, In: Principles of Nuclear
Medicine, eds, H. Wagner and Z. Szabo (W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1993), in preparation.
15. Jaszczak RJ, Hoffman EJ: Scatter and attenuation in SPECT and PET, In: Principles of Nuclear
Medicine, eds. H. Wagner and Z. Szabo (W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1993), it, preparation.
D .2.
ABSTRACTS
16. Gilland DR, Jaszczak RJ, Greer KL, Zalutsky MR, Colem,_ RE: SPECT quantification with Iodine123. J Nucl Med 31(5): 874 (Abstract), 1990.
17. "I'urkington TG, Jaszczak RJ, Gilland DR, Greer KL, Coleman RE: Quantitation of Indium- 111
activity in SPECT. J Nucl Med 32(5):986 (Abstract), 199la.
18. Gilland DR, Jaszczak RJ, Coleman RE: Effects of non-unifo_rn attenuation compensation in SPECT
using acquired transmission datal J Nucl Meal 32(5):1067, (Abstract), 1991c.
19. Turkington TG, Jaszczak RJ, Pelizzari CA, Harris CC, MacFall JR, Hoffman JM: Measurement of
accuracy in registration of PET and SPECT brain images to MR images. Radiology 181(P): 186,
(Abstract), 1991c.
20. Jaszczak RJ, Li J, Wang H, Coleman RE: SPECT collimation havi_g spatially variant focusing
(SVF). Society of Nuclear Medicine 39th Annual Meeting (Abstract), Los Angeles, June 1992,
accepted.
21. Gilland DR, Jaszczak RJ, Turkington TG, Greer KL, Coleman RE: Transmission dam acquisition
with a ttu'ee headed SPECT system. Society of Nuclear Medicine 39rh Annual Meeting (Abstract),
Los Angeles, June 1992, accepted.
22. Gilland DR, Bowsher JE, Jaszczak RJ, Coleman RE: Improved sign',d-to-noise with 3D ML-EM
reconstruction. Society of Nuclear Medicine 39th Annual Meeting (Abstract), Los Angeles, June
1992, accepted.
23. Turkington TG, Jaszczak RJ, Hoffman JM, MacFall JR, Harris CC, Kilts CD, Pelizzari CA,
Coleman RE: Accuracy of surface fit registration of PET and MR brain images. Society of Nuclear
Medicine 39th Annual Meeting (Abstract), Los Angeles, June 1992, accepted.
24. Bowsher JE, Gilland DR, Floyd CE, Jaszczak RJ, Johnson VE, Coleman RE: Three-dimensional
iterative reconstruction for SPECT. Society of Nuclew Medicine 39rh Annual Meeting (Abstract),
Los Angeles, June 1992, accepted (Selected as one of ,six finalist papers for SNM Young
Investigators Award Session at SNM Annual Meeting to be held in Los Angeles, June, 1992).
D.3.
RELATED PUBLICATIONS SUPPORTED IN PART BY DOE GRANT DE-FG0591ER60894
25. Manglos SH, Jaszczak RJ, McAfee JG: Maximum likelihood reconstruction for cone beam SPECT
with camera tilt. IEEE 'Trans Nucl Sci NS36:1117-1121, 1989.
-6-
DE-FG05-89ER60894
26. Manglos SH, Jaszczak RJ, Greer ICL: Cone beam SPECT reconstruction with camera tilt. Phys Med
Biol 34:625-631, 1989.
27. Liang Z, Jaszczak RJ: On Bayesian image reconstruction from projections: Unifoma and nonuniform a priori source information. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 8:227-235, 1989.
28. Manglos SH, Jaszczak RJ, Floyd CE: Maximum likelihood reconstruction for cone beam SPECT:
development and initial tests. Phys Med Biol 34:1947-1957, 1989.
29. Liang Z, Jaszczak RJ, tZloyd CE, Greer KL, Coleman RE: Bayesian reconstruction for SPECT:
Validation with Monte Cmqo simulation, experimental phantom, and real patient data. International
Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology 1:149-168, 1989.
30. Liang Z, Jaszczak RJ: Comparisons of multiple photon coincidence imaging techniques. IEEE Trans
on Nucl Science 37' 1282-1292, 1990.
31. Liang Z, Jaszczak RJ, Coleman RE, Johnson V: Simultaneous reconstruction, segmentation, and
edge enhancement of piecewise continuous images with intensity-level in.formation. Med Phys
18:394-401., 1991.
32. Zasadny KR, Koral Fdz, Floyd CE, Jaszczak RJ: Measurement of Compton scattering in phantoms
by germanium detector. IEEE Trar.s on Nucl Science 37:642-646, 1990.
33. Wang X, Koral KF, Clinthorne NH, Rogers WL, Floyd CE, Jaszczak RJ: Effect of noise, order and
range in fitting the photopeak region of local, Anger-camera spectra. Nuclear Instruments and
Methods in Physics Research A299:548-553, 1990.
34. Koral KF, Wang X, Zasadny KR, Clinthorne NH, Rogers WL, Floyd CE, Jaszczak PO: Testing of
local gamma-ray scatter fractions determined by spectral fitting. Phys Med Biol 36:177-190, 1991.
35. Cope DA, Dewhia'st MW, Friedman HS, Bigner DD, Zalutsky MR: Enhanced delivery of a
monoclonal antibody F(ab')2 fragment to subcutaneous human glioma xenografts using local
hyperthermia. Cancer Res. 50:1803-1809, 1990.
36. Garg PK, Harrison CL, Zalutsky MR: Comparative tissue distribution in mice of the a-emitter 211At
and 131Ias labels of a monoclonal antibody _.ndF(ab')2 fragment. Cancer Res 50:3514-3520, 1990.
37
Liang Z, Jaszczak RJ, Floyd CE, Greer KL, Coleman RE: Reprojecfion and backprojection in
SPECT image _constmction. In: Proceedings of the Southeastcom '89 Conference on Energy and
Information Technologies in the Southeast (Columbia, SC, April 9-12, 1989), IEEE-CH2674, 1989,
pp. 919-926.
38. Coleman RE, Jaszczak RJ, Greer KL,Mercer RR, Crapo, JD: Regional dosimetry of inhaled particles
using SPECT. In: Extrapotarion of Dosimetric Relationships for Inhaled Particles and Gases, Eds.
JD Crapo, ED Smolko, FJ Miller, JA Graham, AW Hayes (Academic Press, Sad Diego, 1989) pp.
201-210.
39. Smith MF, Jaszczak RJ, Floyd CE, Greer KL, Coleman PI';: Interactive visualization of threedimensional SPECT cardiac images. In: Proceedings of the Third Annual IEEE Symz)osium on
..... _p_,..... ,_l'rl',,_

........... r_,,rv_
.... ,,,....._,_"'_,w, .... _,,......... _r,,_'_,
..... _=',,' ',,r,r
........ '"" _'"...... """ '_lllll" .....
'=l!
'=I]lW'llI'l_'
'p' , ii
pIIrr
]]ii_llil!
ii
rI, Ii
I"H_ IIiI_P
,lll,ll,r
, ,Ii'_ll"III,=
','p,,ll!_l=_Ir
li,r...... I'_1'_
"l'llIll,'a_mI_
"I'lqll'
rgl
-7DE-FG05-89ER60894
Cornputer Based Medical Systems. (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, June 3-8, 1990), pp. 213-219.
40. Smith MF, Floyd CE, Jaszczak RJ, Coleman RE: Reconstruction of SPECT Images using
Generalized Matrix Inverses. In: Conference Record of the 1990 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium
(Arlington, VA, DiNer, 1990), pp. 1487-1497.
41. Liang Z, Gilland D, Jaszczak R, Coleman R: Implementation of non-linear filters for iterative
maximum likelihood image reconstruction. In: Cot!terence Record of the 1990 IEEE Nuclear Science
Symposium (Arlington, VA, Dibler, 1990), pp. 1518-1522.
42. Liang Z, Jaszczak R: Discussion of the paper by Silverman, Jones, Wilson m_dNychko, J Royal
Statist Soc 52(2): 317, 1990.
43. Li,'mg Z, Jaszczak R, Floyd C, Greer K: A spatial interaction model for statistical inaage processiz_g.
In: lnjbrn_ation Processing in Medical Imaging, eds D.A. Ortendahl, J Llacer (Wiley-Liss, New
York, 1990) pp. 29-43.
44. Garg PK, Bigner DD, Zalutsky MR: Enhancing tumor dose via improved antibody radiohalogenation
and alpha-emitting astatine-211. In: Epenetos AA (Ed.) Advances in the Applications of Monoclonal
Antibodies in Clinical Oncology (Chapman and Hall) 1991, pp. 101-112.
45. Liang Z, Jaszczak R, Coleman R: On reconstruction and segmentation of piecewise continuous
images. In: Infot_ation Processing in Medical Imaging, 12th International Cot!ference (SpringerVerlag, Berlin, 1991), pp. 94-104.
46. Smith MF, Floyd CE, Jaszczak RJ, Coleman RE: Reconsmlction of SPECT images using generalized
matrix inverses. IEEE Trans Meal Imaging, in press, 1992.
47. Smith M, Floyd C, Jaszczak R, Coleman R: Three dimensional photon detection kernels -andtheir
application to SPECT reconstruction. Phys Med Biol, in press, 1992.
48. Liang Z, Turkington TG, Gilland DR, Jaszczak RJ, Coleman RE: Simultaneous compensation for
attenuation, scatter, and detector response tor SPECT reconstruction in three dimensions. Phys Meal
Biol, in press, 1992.
49. Wang H, Jaszczak RJ, Coleman RE: Solid geometry based object model for Monte Carlo simulated
emission and transmission tomographic imaging systems. IEEE Trans Med Imaging, in press, 1992.
50. Li J, Jaszczak RJ, Greer KL, Coleman RE: Experimental evaluation of combined cone beam with
parallel hole collimation SPECT data. In: Conference Record of the 1991 IEEE Nuclear Science
Symposium (Santa Fe, NM 1991), in press.
51. Liang Z, Jaszczak R, Coleman R: An efficient 3D unified projector-backprojector for SPECT
reconstruction. In: Conference Record of the 1991 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium (Santa Fe, NM
1991), in press.
5 2. Wang H, Jaszczak RJ, Gilland DR, Greer KI.., Coleman RE: Solid geometry based modeling of nonuniform attenuation and Compton scattering i_ objects for SPECT imaging systems. In: Conference
Record of the 1991 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposilon (Santa Fe, NM 1991), in press.
_r
'ql'
qpv
"
e,_ ....
r'
,,
lie
rra, ,
,,,
-8DE-FG05-89ER60894
5 3. Smith MF, Floyd CE, Jaszczak RJ, Coleman RE: Evaluation of projection pixel-dependent and pixelindependent scatter correction in SPECT. In: Conference Record of the 1991 IEEE Nuclear Science
Symposium (Santa Fe, NM 1991), irl press.
54. Li J, Jaszczak RJ, Greer KL, Coleman RE: Experimental evaluation of combined cone beam with
parallel hole collimation SPECT data. [EEE Trans Nucl Sci, submitted, 1992.
55. Liang Z, Jaszczak RJ, Coleman RE: An efficient 3D unified projector-backprojector for SPECT
reconstruction. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, submitted, 1992.
560 Smith MF, Floyd CE, Jaszczak RJ, Coleman RE: Evaluation of projection pixel-dependent and pixelindependent scatter correction in SPECT. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, submitted, 1992.
57. Wang H, Jaszczak RJ, Gilland DR, Greer KL, Coleman RE: Solid geometry based modeling of nonuniform attenuation ,and Compton scattering in objects for SPECT imaging systems. IEEE 'Trans Nucl
Sci, submitted, 1992.
58. Leichner PK, Koral KF, Jaszczak ILl, Green AJ, Chen G, Roeske JC: Imaging techniques and
treatment planning in radioimmunotherapy (RrI'): Med Phys, submitted, 1992.
59. Schold SC, Zalutsky MR, Glantz MJ, Coleman RE, Friedman AH, Jaszczak RJ, Bigner SH, Bigner
DD: Distribution and dosimetry of 123-I labeled monoclonal antibody 81C6 in patients with anaplastic
glioma. Invest Radiology, submitted, 1992.
D.4.
ABSTRACTS
SUPPORTED
IN PART
BY
DOE GRANT NUMBER
DE-FG05-91ER60894
60. Liang Z, Jaszczak ILl, Floyd CE, Greer KL, Coleman RE: Validation of Bayesian reconstruction
with Monte Carlo simulations and real data. J Nuci Meal 30(5):755 (Abstract), 1989.
61. Mendez GE, Jaszczak RJ, Greer KL, Gilland DR, Coleman RE: ROC evaluation of cone beam and
parallel beam collimators. J Nucl Med 31(5):718 (Abstract), 1990_
62. Liang Z, Jaszczak R, Coleman R: Simultaneous reconstruction, segmentation, and edge enhancement
of simulated heart images using a multinomial model and concentration-level information. J Nucl Med
3I(5): 858 (Abstract), 1990.
63. Smith MF, Jaszczak RJ, Floyd CE, Greer KI.,, Coleman RE: Evaluation of SPECT images using
interactive three-dimensional display. J Nucl Meal 31(5):807 (Abstract), 1990.
64. Smith MF, Floyd CE, Jaszczak RJ, Coleman P E: Reconsm._cting SPECT images using threedimensional photon detection kernels. J Nucl Med 32(5):1068 (Abstract), 1991.
65. Liang Z, Jaszczak RJ, Coleman RE: A 3D ntodel for simultaneous compensation of non-uniform
attenuation and collimation divergence of SPECT image reconstruction. J Nucl Meal 32(5): 917
(Abstract), 1991.
66. Wang H, Jaszczak RJ, Coleman RE: Monte Carlo model of non-uniform attenuating phantoms with
irregular-shaped regions for SPECT imaging systems. J Nucl Med 32(5): 1065, (Abstract), 1991.
-9-
DE-FG05-89ER60894
67. Li J, Jaszczak RJ, Wang H, Greer KL, Coleman R: Evaluation of combined cone beam with parallel
hole collimation SPECT data. J Nucl Med 32(5):956, (Abstract), 1991.
68. Li J, Wang H, Jaszczak RJ, Coleman RE: A cone beana reconstruction algorithm with a displaced
center-of-rotation. Society of Nuclear Medicine 39th Annual Meeting, (Abstract), Los Angeles, June
1992, accepted.
69. Liang Z, Coleman RE: Restoration for detector response in high resolution PET image
reconstruction. Society of Nuclear Medicine 39th Annual Meeting (Abstract), Los Angeles, June,
1992, accepted.
70. Zeng GL, Gullberg GT, Jaszczak RJ, Li J: Fan beam convolution reconstruction algorithms for
variable focal length collimators. Abstract submitted to the Society of Nuclear Medicine 39th Annual
Meeting (Abstract), Los Angeles, June 1992, accepted.
D.5.
RELATED PUBLICATIONS SUPPORTED BY PROF. ZALUTSKY'S DOE GRANT (DEFG$-89ER60789)
71. Vaidyanathan G, Zalutsky MR: Radioiodination of antibodies via N-succinimidyl 2,4-dimethoxy-3(trialkylstmmyl)benzoates. Bioconjugate Chem 1:387-393, 1990.
72. Zalutsky MR, Garg PK, Namla AS: Labeling monoclonal antibodies with halogen nuclides. Acta
Radiol Suppl 374, 1990.
73. Garg PK, Garg S, Zalutsky MR: Fluorine-18 labeling of monoclonal antibodies and fragments with
preservation of immunoreactivity. Bioconjugate Chem 2:50-56, 1991.
7 4. Garg S, Garg PK, 7_,alutskyMR: .N_-succinimidyl5-(triNkylstannyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylates:
class of reagents for protein radioiodination. Bioconjugate Chem 2:50-56, 1991.
A new
75. Garg PK, Garg S, DeGraff WG, Zalutsky MR, Mitchell JB: 4-Fluorobenzylamine and phenylalanine
methyl ester conjugates of 2-nitroimidazole: evaluation as hypoxic cell radiosensitizers. In'. J Radiat
Oncol Biol Phys, in press, 1992.
7 6. Vaidyanathan G, Zalutsky MR: Labeling proteins with fluorine- 18 using N-succinimidyl 4-[ 18F]
fluorobenzoate. Nucl Med BiN, in press, 1992.
77. Zalutsky MR, Garg PK, Vai..-tyanathan G, Garg S: Methods for the radiohalogenation of antibodies.
In: Applications for Enzyme Biotechnology, Plenum Press, in press, 1992.
78. Zalutsky MR, Ga.rg PK, Johnson SH, Coleman RE: Fluorine-18 antimyosin monoclonal antibody
fragments: Preliminary investigation in a canine myocardial infarct model. J Nucl Med, submitted,
1992.
79. Garg S, Garg PK, Bigner DD, Zalutsky MR: Selective localization of an 18F labeled Mel-14
monoclonal antibody F(ab')2 fragment in a subcutaneous human gliorna xenograft model, J Nucl
Med, submitted, 1992.
- 10DE-FG05-89ER60894
80. Schuster JM, Dewhirst MW, Bigner DD, Zalutsky MR: Distribution of radiolabeled monoclonal
antibody F(ab') 2 fragments in a subcutaneous xenograft model following localized hyperthermia:
Temperature effects, Int. J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, submitted, 1992.
81. Vaidyanathan G, Bigner DD, Zalutsky MR: Fluorine- 18 labeled monoclonal antibody fragments: A
potential approach for combining radioimmunoscintigraphy and positron emission tomography,
Cancer Res, submitted, 1992.
,,, --He_,ir "' 'rll ' '_
ill
I1'
Hl _lll IIni,lll_l I_,r,,'I,"vTN,' ' "_,' _,',_ Iillf,,pl r_lpl#......
iiif
"_, ,,ii1,lijl,,,J,,l,l,r_
al,,1
,,,
'
iii, , rlrl,_lrJ_, 'al
............
Jl_
II,Vl'r__ _ ' i# IIl"l,rnl" I1' p,,,....
I
,_ ....
_Ia"r'l,",r , ....
IIII
,q, lr',H ',
.......
,!..........
H_l,I'I'p_,l_r'' ""_,pZ,"_
'_"1_"' ''l,
aVlI''' Fi,,
E.
- 11DE-FG05-89ER60894
PRINCIPAL PROJECT PERSONNEl. AND GRADUATE TRAINING
E. 1.
PRINCIPAL PROJECT PERSONNEL
E.I.I.
Ronald J. Jaszczak
(25%), Ph.D.
Dr. Jaszczak is a Professor of Radiology, a Professor of Biomedical Engineering, and a Research
Professor in the Institute of Statistics and Decision Sciences (ISDS). Prof. Jaszczak is the I-Mncipal
Investigator for this grant, and has overall administrative and scientific responsibility for the project. He is
actively involved in ",diareas of the work, particularly in evaluating and debugging simulation and
reconstruction software, collecting and analyzing experimentally acquired SPEC"I"data, ensuring proper
performance of the triple-camera research SPECT system, and preparing published articles ,andreports.
Prof. Jaszczak's level of effort is 25%,
E.1.2.
David Gilland (100%), Ph.D.

Dr. Gilland is a Research Associate in Radiology and has extensive experience in the area of
SPECT. His Ph.D. dissertation involved the evaluation of iterative SPECT reconstruc:ion algorithms
using receiver operator characteristics (ROC) methodology. He has performed simulations and
experiments to evaluate the capability of SPECT to quantify 123Iand lllln. He is responsible for
developing accurate physical models of the probability matrices that will be used in the statistical Bayesian
reconstruction algorithms. He has worked closely with Prof. Jaszczak in implementing computation',d
efficient 3D reconstruction algorithms for imaging radiolabeled MoAbs. He is responsible for the
evaluation of these algorithms. Dr. Gilland's level of effort on this project is 100%.
E.1,3.
I_
t
!
I
,
,
Timothy Turkington
(75%), Ph.D.
Dr. Tur_ngton is a Research Associate in Radiology and has led ota" effort in developing our
custom 3D SPECT image processing software package ("SPECTER"), which is used by several groups of
investigators in Radiology. He has also implemented and determined rk;eaccuracy of a surface-f'ttting
method to register SPECT, PET and MRI images. Several research groups in Radiology are using this
software package. He has performed experiments to evaluate the capability of SPECT to measure in vitro
madin vivo distributions of MoAbs labeled with 123I, 11l In' and 211At" Dr. Turkington's level of effort:
on this project is 75%.
E.1.4.
Jiang Qian (50%), M.S.

Ms. Qian is a Graduate Student in the Institute of Statistics and Decision Sciences (ISDS). She
joined this project in January, 1992, and she will be responsible for implementing and evaluating 3D
Bayesian .reconstruction algorithms. She will work closely with Profs. Jaszczak and Valen Johnson (see
E.2.2) and with Dr. Gilland to ensure that the SPEC'F acquisition process is accurately modeled and that
the algorithms are computationally efficient, Effective January, 1992, Ms. Qian's level of effort on this
project is 50%.
E.1.5.
Kim L. Greer (1'7%), N.M.T.

Mr. Greer is the SPECT Research Technologist. He works closely with the investigators in
experimentally acquiring SPECT data using the Triple-Camera Research SPECT system. He is
responsible for transferring data between this system and other SPECT computer facilities. He
reconstructs SPECT images and analyzes 3D SPECT data in collaboration with the investigators of this
project. He is responsible for ensuring that the Research SPECSFsystem and SPECT laboratory
computers are mahltained properly, and that these facilities are used efficiently, t-le designs and builds
some of the fixtures and mechanical devices required for the acquisition of experimental data. Mr. Greer's
level of effort on this project is 17%.
- 12E.2.
DE-FG05-89ER60894
FACUt.TY ASSOCIATES AND CONSULTANTS
E.2.1.
R. Edward Coleman, M.D.

Dr. Coleman is Director of Nuclear Medicine at Duke Urfiversity Medical Center. Dr. Coleman
also directs the PET facility at Duke _mdhas participated in multiple projects as a clinical investigator. Dr.
Coleman is a faculty associate on this grant. He will assist in the design of experimental studies, and serve
as a consultant to ensure that ali metrically oriented objectives are appropriate. No funds are requested to
support Dr. Coleman's effort on this project.
E,2.2.
Valen Johnson,
Ph.D.
Dr. Johnson is an Assistant Professor in the Institute of Statistics and Decision Sciences. Prof.
Johnson will serve as a faculty associate in the area of statistical reconstruction algorithms. He is
developing appropriate statistical models for Emission Computed Tomography (ECT). He is a consultant
on this proiect to ensure that our physical models axe integrated within an appropriate statistical model.
Prof. Johnson will co-direct, with Prof. Jaszczak, the Graduate Student, Ms. Jiang Qian, who is
responsible for implementing the Eayesian reconstruction Ngorithm. No funds are requested to support
Prof. Johnson's effort on this project.
E.2.3.
Michael Zalutsky,
Ph.D.
Dr. Zalutsky is a Professor of Radiology and is a Principal Investigator of DOE and NIH research
projects directed towards the development of new radiolabeled MoAbs. Prof. Zalutsky is a faculty
associate in the area of radiochemistry, and will assist in the design of experimental studies. He is a
consultant to ensure that these studies appropriately adch'essproblems that are significant in the
development and evaluation of new MoAbs. No funds are requested to support Prof. Zalutsky's effort on
this project.
F.
TRAINING
F. 1.
UNDERGRADUATE, GRADUATE, AND POST-DOCTORAL TRAINING
Although the Department of Radiology does not have a non-medical graduate program,
undergraduate and graduate students from the Depa.rmnentof Biomedical Engineering (BME) and the
Institute of Statistics and Decision Sciences (ISDS) have worked in our.SPECT research laboratory. For
example, a BME undergraduate student, Robert. Herstein, did an independent research project in the
laboratory during his senior year. This SPECq" project was used to support his application for Graduation
with Distinction. David Hoffman from BME recently perfo_TnedM.S. thesis research in our SPECT
laboratory. Another BME graduate student, Randy Capone, spent last year with us, and was recently
awarded his M.S. degree. He is now in the process of applying to medical school. Presently there are
two graduate students being trained in our SPECT laboratory. One of these students, Ms. Jiang Qian, is
being supported in part (50%) by this DOE grant. Ms. Qian is a second year graduate student in ISDS,
and her faculty advisor is Professor Valen Johnson. The second student, Mr. Sunyang Jang, is a first
yeaa"graduate student in the Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME). Mr. Jang will be supported in
part by an NIH grant (CA33541). Prof. Jaszczak is Mr. Jang's faculty advisor. Furthermore, Mark
Smith, Ph.D., has a Post-doctoral Fellowship supported by the National Institutes of Health, and his
research is Izeingperformed in our SPECT laboratory.
II.......
_i .......
fl ,Ir ......... I,'" _1 ,II,lr, 'li..... I"llI'_'le.....Ill,if',
,,, '', r',10'?l"r"l'll'l" 'll_ "'........
'1'",p_...._?,,l_!q,
__q,.rr,,_,,,m_
...... "_' 'PI*III
''r_ [Nr]flrrIIIIl_'in "'lllf_l"'"_"'
_llllll_'r_i_llIliIIIV"'11_'_l'_
fIl[_lfF"ll
...._'![f_ll_r'lf_
''_'''_r[fl'_'_"_I_'
_'
_rIIrl][[r[II_"l_'_"I!l_llfi_'_
RESEARCH
PROJECT:
G.
DEVELOPMENT OF SPECT
G.1.
QUANTITATIVE
SPECT
- 13SEPTEMBER
DE..FG05-89ER60894
1989-FEBRUARY
1992
SOFTWARE
IMAGING USING TtIREE-DIMENSIONAL
ML-EM
ALGORITPM
The maximum likelihood-expectation rn_,imization (ML-EM) algorithm [Shepp and Vardi 1982,
Lange .and Carson i984] used in.previous work [Gilh'md 199la,bl treated SPECI" reconsmmtion as a twodimensional problem. Thus, inter-slice ,effects were not considered. It has been shown, however, that
inter-slice effects can be signific,'mt. For exmnple, tbr a 11.3cm radius cylinder, filled uniformly with Tc99m solution, a 0.45 cm slice thickness, and a general purI/_Se collimator, approximately one third of ali
non-scatter photons detected wi'd'lina even slice originate from :other slices [Munley et N 19'91, Smith et al
1992]. Approximately 23% of'_1 detected photons have scattered aald 83% of these photons are from
other slices.
G.I.I.
Methods
lln order to model the ttwee..dimension:fl (3D) nature of the detector response, a new 3D ML..EM
algorithm was designed and implemented. The "algorithm.was desigmed for maximal computational speed
while staying within the memory limitations of modern workstations. At the heart of the algorithr'n is the
specification of the detection probabilities. It is hem. that the physical effects of detector response and
attenuation are modeled. The divergent namm of the detector m_onse 'aJ:_d
only uniform attenuation are
considered.
We will extend this to non.uniform
attenuation in the next project period.
Iri the design of any algorithm sucix as this, them tends to Ix_.a m_de-off between computational
tirne and memory requirements. However, in the design of this algorithm a number of steps ',,,,eretaken to
maximize speed without impractical memory requirements. First of ali, the only source voxels which am
m con,:tructed are,those which have been detemlined a priori to be possibly-active, or to possibly contain
non-negligible _,'adioa:tivity concentration; thus, no time is wasted reconatructing empty, voxels. Secondly,
the detection probability from each soarce voxel to each projection bin is pre-computed prior to the first
ML-EM iterauon, rather than re..computed at each iteration, resulting in a substantial time savings. Two
factors help to reduce the memory requirements of the "pre-compute" approach. First, by reconstructing
only possibly*active voxels no memory is wasted on empty voxels. Second, a single attenuation
probability is assumed for all phmons emitted from a given voxel and registered at a given detector angle.
This is the approximate attenuation probability for the central ray of th,ecollinmtor's accept,'mce cone for
the source voxel of interest.
The 3D ML-EM 'algorithm 'was compared with the filtered backprojection method (FBP) in terms
of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the reconstructed image. The methods were tested on simulated
projection data of an elliptical cylinder with uniform activity except for two spherical lesions wah 50%
decreased activity. The lesions were 2 cm in diameter and located on and 7 cm off the axis of rotation. An
ensemble of 10 projection data sets were simulated incorporating the effects of 3D distance-dependent
detector response, attertuation, and Poisson noise. The total counts/(0.36 cm thick slice) were 675,000.
Lesion contrast, defined as mean background counts minus mean lesion comats divided by mean
background counts, ,,,,'ascomputed using a 1.5 crn diameter circular ROI al:the known lesion locatio_.
The signM-to-noise ratio was computed in the slice through the lesion center as the average lesion contrast
t..].t VIU.,I_+t,.I
by
t,l 1_2,
at.gl..tl%l_,.l
k.l t...l_
v J._;a.t,_ol_t
_.,,J.
s,,_,o,_.,,*
_,, ,..., +,, ,,...................................
,,,
g_
algorithm was tested at 10, 2.5,50 and I00 iterations, The FBP method employed C,
_"taan_:
,. attenuation
=
," ,,. _
.....
._......... ,....., _-..:_,: .... _'1,,._......... ,-,-,,,-,,

o;,er,h,+ 1(_r_=r'_'m_t_'llr'tort
in'_n_re..q']"h=e.
MI.-F.M
,,1_,,..,
',I.......
,r
"rl," ,,,-," ,, ..... <, "_,r','1",_,l,,"','

",,I,'........... ',"'
_l, ......,','"',,,,Pl<I_s
II1" r_, '1"Irl..... _ll +1_
<[fll ..... 'rllI'_ I{Ir+f
+_, '
- 14DE-FG05-89ER60894
compensation (one iteration) and a Metz filter (powers 2, 6, and 12) for detector response compensation.
(7,.1.2.
Results
For both lesion locations, the ML..EM method had better SNR than the I='BPmethod for nearly all
of the reconsmaction paraaneters tested (Figure 1). For the off axis lesion, for example, the ML-EM SNR
was 31.4 at 50 iterations compared with 19.6 and 15.7 for the FBP with Metz filter powers of 2 ,and 6,
respectively. Thus, a substantial improvement in SNR can be achieved with the 3D ML-EM meth_xi
compared to FBP. Ttu'ough efficient implementation of the 3D ML-EM algorithm the reconsn'uction time
per iteration for a 16x24x12 cm volume with a 0.36 cm line,'u"sampling interval is approximately "7.5
minutes on a SUN SPARCstation II.
iteration
25
0
20
'
_Irl--
.....
,i
(3D ML.EM)
50
75
ii,
I]
.]-
100
iteration
25
I',-__
40
1_,
I LI_--_l,
(3D ML.EM)
50
75
100
._.111=,--I_
4
I5
30
_
3D bIL.EM
"_
,_,,_
I0
0
0
._
e"" " ' " "" " Q" " " "" ....
__x.__L_A_.a__a__I_.,.,__,__I
3
6
9
Metz filler power (FB)
3D MI,.EM
20
0
12
(a) On axis lesion
_.a_.a____.,. ...... I , , ..2-- ,

3
6
9
Metz filter oower (FB)
,
12
(b) Off axis lesion
Figure 1. Signal-to-noise measurements in mconswucted images
G.2,
G.2.1.
IMAGE
REGISTRATION
Introduction
We have tr, 'esngated a sm'face-fitting image registration progrm'n fbr correlating SPECT and PET
(ECF) images with MR. The registration is important for a number of reasons. First, the better resolution
and anatomical delineation in the MR irnages may allow improved ROI analysis in the ECT images. In
addition, the regiswation with MR images provides anatomic localization of ECSI7lesions. Also, the
bound,:wy from the MR images may used to improve the EC'T reconstruction through Bayesian techniques.
Finally, image regist.ration may be used to correIate seri'el scans from the same morality. This allows
better assessment of lesion change.
The genend procexJ.urefor surface fitting was developed at the University of Chicago [Pelizzari et al
1989]. It consists of determining contours of the volume(s) of interest in severn slices in each of the two
multi-slice image sets to be matched and then determining the appropriate transformation (including
translation, rotation, and scNing) to match the dlus-defined surfaces, Once the appropriate transformation
has been determined, one muhi-slice set may then be re-sliced to obtain slices which match the anatomy of
the other set. The registration may then aid in the visual evaluation of the images, or' may aid in
[',
....
III
......
_........
,"
.'I_",lp p ,,i,,
, ,_
He ,, ......
ipl,,."ql,
' lr' v.
,1_1_1, ,1mr _p,ll'r....
m,,,l,rlBi,_lw_,llll]r..... '_W'
,H,,,llll.r,.l_,,Piiii ",:Jl_mrP" ,r,,
,.,i,i_ .... II'""lllill'"Illr'""r
" .... !PI'"',111 ,11,11,1

, .I .......q
- 15reconstruction and/or quantitative analysis of the ECVFimages.
DE-FG05-89ER60894
The high-resolution structural iifformation made available through registered MR would be

valuable for quantitative SPECT MoAb imaging since the objects of interest (both normal body uptake and
tumor uptake) are often small relative to the system resolution. We are pursuing various means of
detemzining surfaces for the brain and other body parts in the case where the lesion is hot relative to the
surrounding tissue Such means include using the reconstructed scatter window and. using simultaneously
acqui:ed transmission images.
Our initial research has involved assessing the accuracy of this technique for registration of brain
images, as well as improving the initial surface determination in the ECT images.
G.2.2.
hnprovement
Registration
and Automation
of the Surface
Fitting Technique
for Brain Image
The qualit), of the fit performed by the surface fitting program depends on the ability to define the
brain edges in the original images. The resolution contrast of the MR images (~1 mm) makes brain edge
deterrNnation fairly straightforward by using a threshold which is some fraction of the brain matter pixe!
values _d searching in from the lower intensity skull region until hitting this threshold.
The edges of the lower-resolution ECT images, however, ,'u'enot so straightforward to detect, or,
more precisely, determining an edge which corresponds to the MR edge is not so straightforward. 3"his
problem extends to any application of the surface fitting, including regions other th_ the brain. Using a
simple threshold which is a fraction of the hottest pixels in the grey-matter regions is not suitable since the
non.-uniformity in the thickness of the cerebral cortex leads to different maximum values along different
inward spokes, so that different thresholds would need to be applied.
We have found that using a f'_rst-defivative maximum leads to edges in ECT images which match
the MR image edges well. In this process, differences between neighboring pixels values are cMculated
along all of the inwm'd spoke leading to the center of the brain. On each inward spoke, the tiL'Stpixel
which is a local maximum in the difference vaiue and whose value is above a predetermined noise
threshold is called maedge point. Radial smoothing of the resulting contours is applied, and when these
surfaces are fit to the con'esponding MR surface tor human registration studies, tlae scale factor required to
best match the two surfaces generally deviates from 1.0 by less than 1% in each dimension.
(,.2.3.
St ECT Evaluation
of Accuracy
Using 3D Brain
Phantom
The first test of the accuracy of the surface fitting procedure was done by registration of SPECT
image sets to other SPECT sets [Turkington et al 199lb]. This has clinical relevance for comparing serial
studies to look for tumor changes, etc. A three-dimensional brain phantom [Hoffman et al 1990] was
filled with 99mTc solutior and scanned at five clifferent orientations in the SPECT scanner. Surfaces were
defined for each of t/_e individual sets and the surface fitting program was used to find the correct
mmsformation. Markers which had been placed on the outside of the phantom were used to measure the
accuracy of the surface-fit-deterrnined transformation. Table 1 shows the errors as measured from the
makers in various parameters when each of the five scans was compared to each of the others.
=1J
g-_
.........
nn,, It1_1'1"
',,nplrlll_,,,.....
,,'...........
_......
n_
............
n,r ,,_, ....
-,I_ ,,,,,rn',,n....
,_,,i,,n,.....
, v,r, ,, he,,
q,r',_=nr,, !li ,_l, ',r_ '"1'1'Ill'lp' h_rnrn

'11' I,pI'ml!lr,_
"_,_
......... III',_In,_r',I,rn' ,, Illlllll;' rlllln'=nii '_Ol',rl_l"nrlr
_lllillli_,,
IIP,lllllq_'=n_
,," nlgI[llIllllnln'nln_
I'IH'!IIWI_I*III
- 16DE-FG05-89ER60894
Table 1. Error in surface fit registration comparing different SPECT scans of brain phantom.
scans
1 to 0
2to0
3to0
4to0
2 to 1
3 to 1
4 to 1
3 to2
4to2
4 to 3
G,,2.4.
SPECT,
m3s error (mm)

_x
_
z
0.4
1.4
1.7
0.9
1.1
1.6
1.6
0.8
2.6
1.0
0.7
1.4
2.7
2.1
3.7
3.1
1.7
4.4
2.3
1.2
3.4
1.0
0.9
1.9
2.0
2.6
1.1
2.0
2.6
1.0
mean error(mm_
x
5_
z
-0.1
0.8
0.5
-0.0
0.8
1.1
0.4
0.0
1.1
0.4
0.3
0,5
1.0
1.2
1.9
1.4
0.9
0.9
1.2
0.1
0.5
06
0.4
0.3
0.4
-0,1
0.0
0.3
0.5
-0.2
PET, and MRI Evaluation
angle error(deg.)
z
5_
x_
-0.1
0.3
1.4
-0.1
-0.9
0.7
0,7
-1.7
0.2
0.9
0.2
-0,2
-0.8
-2,4
1.3
-1. I -2,9
1.6
2.1
-0.2
_1.2
-0.2
-0.9
0.9
0.9
1,7
0,5
0.8
1.7
0.2
Using 3D Brain Phantom
The same phantom was 'also imaged in lVIRand PET to evaluate accuracy for registration of
SPECT and PET to MR [Turldngton et al 1992a]. Markers which were present in all scans were used to
measure the accuracy of the surface fit for five different SPECT image sets and three different PET sets all
registered to an MR set. The results are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Errors in surface fit registration between ECT and MR images of brain phantom.
scRr_
SPECT1 to MR
SPECq_ to MR
SPEC'I3 to MR
SPECT4 toMR
SPECT5 to MR
PETltoMR
PET2toMR
PET3 to MR
G.2.5.
Evaluation
rms errg.r_)
x
_
-0.1
-1.6
-0.8
-1.1
- 1.3
-0.2
-0.4
-2.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.4
-1.4
-0.2
-0.6
0.1
-0.7
Using
Human
_
-1.2
-1.6
-2.2
-1.0
-0.5
-2.3
..2.2
.2,.0
m__a.nerror(mm)
2_
_
2i
1,4
1.9
2.1
1.8
2.2
3.0
2.1
3.2
4.2
1.4
2.4
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.4
1,4
2.6
2.9
!.5
3.3
2.8
1.1
2,9
3.6
angle error(deg,).
z
2L
x
-0.1
-0.9
0.9
0.6
1.0
1.9
- 1.2
1.0
2.9
0.8
-0.5
2.9
0.5
0.6
1.1
0.5
0.6
1.4
-1.4
-0.1
1.7
0,3
0.4
2.3
Volunteers
Finally, the technique was evaluated on five human volunteers in PET aa_dMR imaging
[Turkington et al 1992b]. These persons had markers attached to their forehead and temple regions. For
PET, three multi-slice 150-labeled water studies were done, and three 18F-labeled FDG studies were done.
These were, surface-fit to 2 mm sIice thickness MR volume acquisitions and the markers showed
registrations e_rors less than 2 mm.
- 17G.2.6.
Registration
of Human
Brain Tumor
DE-FG05-89ER60894
Using SPECT Scatter
Data
A mode of cancer therapy for cystic bruin tumors is being investigated at Duke in which
radiolabeled MoAbs axe injected into an Ommaya reservoir with a tube connecting it to the tumor. These
reservoirs are.placed surgically to provide a means of extracting fluid from the tumor to relieve pressure.
In both cases thus far, the 81C6 antibody has been labeled with 131Ifor therapy. Prior to the therapy, the
patients have undergone transmission CT, MRI, PET-PI)G, and SPECT HMPAO imaging. In addition,
studies were done to ensure that the reservoir-tumor system was closed so that the injected therapeutic
dose would not leave the tumor. First, 99mTc HSA was injected into the reservoir. SPECT and plan_
images were acquired twice over a one day period. Then, 123I-labeled 81C6 antibody was injected into the
reserv _ir followed by several scans over a two-day period.
It would be desirable to register these SPECT studies with the MR image sets to enstu'e that activity
is ali staying within the bounds of the tumor as well as to ensure that it diffuses throughout the tumor
volume. Using markers on the patient would be difficult since these studies are done over a period of
several days. Therefore, we are attempting to use a head surface as determined from scatter window data
to match with a head surface as determined from the MR image sets. This will enable us to use the surface
fitting registration technique which we have found to work well in other contexts of brain imaging.
This general technique would be valuable whenever hot lesion SPECT images of the brain are to be
registered with MR or transmission CT images, in particular with antibody tumor imaging using either
intratumoral injection or intravenous injection.
We have reconstructed images from the scatter projection data using FBP and ML-EM methods.
One slice from each method is shown in Figure 2. For these images, the photopeak projections were
smoothed, multiplied by 0.4, and subtracted from the scatter data to reduce the effect of the intense source
activity in the scatter window images. The low number of projection counts causes characteristic
backprojection streaking to dominate the edge. Since the probability of a point being a scatter location
decreases with distance from the location of the activity, the intensity far from the lesion is much lower
than the intensity near the lesion, so that the edge is much more clear near the tumor. We have found that
an ML-EM reconstruction of the scatter data yields a better edge as shown in the figure. We have not yet
developed any automatic means of determining these edges.
Figure 2. Reconsm_cted scatter data for hot lesion image. FBP is at left madML-EM is at
right.
,'H ....,, ,',r,,rl' ,_i,qrrlr_,

;!p_ ,,,,pplll,
rSl_,r,,,,,Pi
,1_,rqml,r,llr,,lq_rllI
," '=',,," ',I,_'
rll'1'll' 'Ii'"
_r_,' ""'
I[_I.' r"l_""'_q'rl_l,
...........................................
,, ,.,..... ,IhlLk
a,,J,, ik,,,l_lt_l_,, hlIJ
_,l,il.lLll,li_
,,I,,_.... JJ,L.,,
i_,Ltl_,,,Nll,,
. _Ji,lJ,l_lL,,,I,l_,
- 18-
DE-FG05- 89ER60894
An attempt to fit the surfaces determined from the SPECT scatter window with the surfaces from
outer flesh in MR Tl-weighted images has shown promise, although the SPECT surfaces are about 10%
smaller. This could be in part because of the semi-automatic threshold method used to define the edge has
not been optimized for these images. In :tddition, no rigorous attempt has yet been made to objectively
determine contours in the reconstructed scatter images, nor to accommodate the inconsistent nature of the
scatter data in reconstruction.
G.3.
"SPECTER"
SOFTWARE FOR QUANTITATIVE IMAGE ANALYSIS AND DISPLAY
A general-purpose program ("SPECTER") for analysis and display of multi-frame medical image
sets has been written to run in the X window system. Tiffs program reads images from arbitrary file
formats and contains many functions involving image display, profiles, and region-of-interest analysis.
The program is used by several groups at Duke for displaying and analyzing SPECT, PET, and MR
images. It is valuable in our networked Unix workstation environment since it allows images to be
displayed across the computer network. The program handles display on existing Sun, Stardent, ,..._
e'lhcon
'
Graphics, and DEC workstations, as well as IBM and Macintosh personal computers.
_,.,
_I.i!
G.4.
,:,
',i;_
_:
--'
e'
:
A decade ago, John Beck, a Ph.D. student working under Dr. Jaszczak's supervision, developed
one of the first Monte Carlo programs to model a rotating-camera SPECT system [Beck et al 198211.
Using this early program as a basis, we have developed a new Monte Carlo program to simulate nonuniform objects for emission and transmission imaging systems [Wang et al 1992a, 1992b]. Although
this research is funded primarily by our NIH grant (CA33541), it is briefly described here since it has been
modified to provide simulated projection data for this DOE project, and its availability has facilitated our
research efforts relating to SPECT MoAb imaging. The program can simulate projection data containing
separate degrading effects such as attenuation, scatter, and collimation. Simulated projections with
separate effects are useful for the development and evaluation of image reconstruction algorithms.
,},
,,,
SPECT
MONTE
CARLO
PROGRAM
When evaluating and refining a specific algorithm, several different source geometries may be
required. These sol_rce distributions may include either simple or complex geometries, including nonuniform attenuation and/or complex source shapes. Therefore, it is useful to have a flexible simulation
program, and one that is capable of generating these projection data without excessive computational
burden. To achieve this goal, we have developed a Constructive solid geometry approach to model simple
and complex source geometries [Wang et al 1992a, 1992b]. This approach can model both uniform and
non-uniform attenuation. The solid geometry object model consists of two primary components: a set of
object primitives and an inclusion tree. The object primitives include ellipsoids, elliptical cylinders,
tapered elliptical cylinders, rectangular solids, and their halves, quarters, and eighths. The inclusion n'ee is
a data structure to organize the inclusion relationships among the re_ons of an object. The shape of an
object is expressed as a combination of object primitives based on set union, intersection, and difference.
The primitives am then assigned material characteristics including density and energy-dependent
photoelectric and Compton cross sections. Note that primitive overlaps are allowed for solid geometry
models to create irregularly shaped objects. If primitive combhaations are restricted to be without primitive
overlapping, the solid geometry model is equivalent to tlm existing simple geometry model for simple
objects. If an object is modeled by a union of rectangular solids with the same size, the solid geometry
model is reduced to the existing voxel based model for highly complex objects.
"
=
_
:
"
#.
z-'--
,,
i,l,
,II' ,lT *p'lPlql
'
li ,I ,r,
,, Tl'rl IlI_lr
rl,
,,
',
,,
,,
_ '
- 19DE-FG05- 89ER60894
Our Monte Carlo program with the implementation of the solid geometry object model has been
validated. The validation was performed in three steps for the following media types.
Step 1. Non-uniform attenuation alone.
Step 2. Uniform attenuation and detected Compton scattering.
Step 3. Non-uniform attenuation and detected Compton scattering.
For Step 1, the Monte Carlo simulation of a thorax phantom was compared to a mathematical (nonMonte Carlo) simulation. The comparison was based on images reconstructed by a modified Chang
technique [Chang 1978] for non-unifo_xn attenuation correction. For Step 2, the scatter ft'action of a point
source in a water-filled cylinder was used to validate our scatter model for uniform scattering media. The
difference between simulated and experimental results is on the order of 7%. For Step 3, a thorax
phantom with a spherical source was used for validatic_a, Normalized profiles across the center of the
sphere, projections for simulation and experiment were observed to have insignificant difference. These
results validated the implementation of the solid geometry model in our Monte Carlo program. We are in
the process of comparing our results with other Monte Carlo codes [Ljungberg et al 1990].
Our Monte Carlo program was originally developed on the Stardent GS 1000 in our SPECT
laboratory. The program has been ported to Cray YMP supercomputers at Florida State University for the
simulation of highly complex objects requiring projections with high count density. Our use of the Cray
Supercomputer is supported by the DOE, and access to this facility has been of great benefit to our
research program.
H.
DEVELOPMENT OF TCT AND SPECT ACQUISITION
H.1.
UPGRADE
OF
SPECT
TRIPLE-CAMERA
GEOMETRIES
SYSTEM
A recently awarded University Research Instrumentation grm_t(DE-FG05-90ER75577) funded by

the Department of Energy has enabled us to improve significantly the quantitative capability of our research
SPECT system. We have obtained new ultra-high resolution collimators, an improved imaging table,
upgraded scintillation crystals, photomultiplier tubes, electronics, and data processing software. The
performance of the upgraded system has been evaluated quantitatively with several carefully implemented
phantom studies. The results of these experiments have indicated that the overall performance of the
upgrades is excellent.
H.2.
ACQUISITION OF TRANSMISSION CT DATA WITH TRIPLE-CAMERA SPECT

SYSTEM
Results from previous studies using ideal attenuation infolxnation [Gilland et al 1991a, Manglos et
al 1987] have shown improved image quality with non-uniform attenuation compensation compared with
uniform compensation. This motivated us to investigate methods to obtain attenuation maps using
transmission computed tomography (TCT). To obtain these maps we have designed and built
transmission data acquisition systems for the three-headed SPECT camera, providing the capability to
recor_struct the 3D patient attenuation distribution.
Although the previous studies have shown that ideal attenuation information can improve image
.....
I'
,1
r,_
III
'
''
l'
Iqg
'l
rl
'
''
II_
II'
g'l''ql'_ll
'rl'll
'
'IIF I,
,Vl, ll_ I-
-20-
DE-FG05-89ER60894
quali_ and quantitative accuracy, it is still uncertain whether similar improvement may be obtained with
real (experimentally acquired) attenuation intbrmation. Practical problems inherent in acquired
transmission data, such as noise and resolution degradation, may limit the realized improvement [Greer et
al 1987]. For this reason, we have chosen to design and construct a transmission data acquisition system
for the three-headed SPECT system which is capable of acquiring and reconstructing attenuation
information of the highest possible quality. This acquisition system uses a parallel beam transmission
source. The question we wish to address in developing this hardware tool is the following: given high
quality (but experimentally acquired) attenuation distribution information, does non-uniform attenuation
compensation improve SPEC'I' image quality?
Even if non-uniform attenuation compensation using acquired transmission data can be shown to
improve SPECT image quality, the procedure cannot be used clinically if it does not meet the practical
problems posed by patient imaging. Factors such as overall imaging time must be considered when
scanning patients. In this regard, the p_'allel beam transmission source design suffers because the
transmission and emission scans must be performed sequentially. In order to overcome this deficiency,
we are currently designing a transmission data acquisition system capable of performing the emission scan
using a fan beam transmission source. In this case the transmission source is located between two of the
three heads so that only one head sees primary radiation from the transmission source.
H.2.1.
Use of a Specially Designed

Collimation:
Initial Study
Slab Transmission
Source
and Parallel.Hole
The transmission data acquisition system has evolved through three stages of refinement: flat slab
source, curved slab source, and curved slab source with collimator. In ali cases, the transmission source
mounts between two of the three camera heads, allowing tomographic acquisition with the opposite head
(Figure 3). The two heads adjacent to the source are turned off. The flat slab source was 40 x 12 cm and
1 cm thick with a tillable volume of approximately 600 ml. This source geometry was used to evaluate
non-uniform attenuation compensation with lllIn in phantom studies [Gilland e: al 1991b]. Quantitative
accuracy was improved when the transmission data collected with this source was used for non-uniform
attenuation compensation. Due to the limited extent to which the adjacent camera heads retract, when this
source is mounted on the SPECT system the maximum object radius was limited to approximately 15 cm.
=
",rl'_l+P"
'qP
....
+rP 'Ip,l
.lur,
ll ....
11111
'Irlerll _'
u ""li
'+I+I_IIP l,pl
,llI +_r_F
+
+'r+.rII!IrIe'rr<+I*[+IIl[f+'"_'rr
r_[
-2 l..
transmis sion
DE-FG05-89ER60894
transmission
source
source
----
J[IlIIIIIIlIIIIIIlIIIIIIILLLLL
._ _.__
detector 1
"_
"_Bed
"_"ged
NHIII|tltlIIIII__
-_. . ._._. _._._-,o.
detector 1
Figure 3. Transmission data acquisition using a flat transmissien source (top left) and a
curved transmission source with collimator (top right). Photograph of curved
source is shown at bottom.
-22-
DE-FG05-89ER60894
In order to accommodate human subjects a curved slab source was designed and constructed
(Figure 3). This slab is approximately 50 x 12 cm and 1 cm thick with a 750 ml tillable volume. The
curved source mounts to two camera heads similar to the,flat source. This source was used for
transmission data acquisition with both phantom and patient studies [Gilland et al 199 Ic].
In order to study the effects of transmission source collimation on the detection of scattered
photons, the scatter fraction (ratio of scattered to unscattered photons detected) was measured with and
without a standard low energy collimator placed between the curved slab source and an elliptical waterfilled phantom, lt was found that this collimator substantially reduced the scatter fraction in these images.
Therefore, a customized collimator was designed and built for the curved transmission source in order to
reduce scatter effects in the transmission acquisition. The collimator was constructed from two slant hole
collimators which are mounted side-by-side and at an angle so that the holes of both collimators are
parallel. The collimator assembly, then, can mount to the curved source and still have enough clearance to
scan a large object. Scatter fractions were measured and the accuracy of transmission data reconstructions
was evaluated with and without the transmission source collimator. The scatter fraction with a water-filled
elliptical cylinder was reduced from 0.24 to 0.05 with the source collimator. Images reconstructed from
tomographic transmission data of a chest phantom were more accurate with the collimator than without.
The reconstructed attenuation coefficients with source collimator were accurate to within 5% in bone
density and water density regions. Without the source coUimator the reconstructed attenuation coefficient
consistently underestimated the tree value by approximately 12%.
H,2.2.
USE OF A LINE SOURCE AND A SPECIALLY DESIGNED SLIT SOURCE

COLLIMATOR FOR FAN BEAM TCT: INITIAL STUDY
The objective of this work was to determine the feasibility of using a line source/slit collimator
(LS/SC) assembly coupled with an appropriate fan beam collimator with our triple-camera SPECT system
to obtain transrrfission computed tomographic (TCT) data for brain and body attenuation maps. These
maps may be useful for the following reasons: 1) to improve SPECT quantification by providing a means
to obtain more accurate detection probabilities for our quantitative reconstruction algorithms; and 2) to
provide anatomical data that would facilitate the registration of serial SPECT studies, or the registration of
3D SPECT image data sets with 3D image data sets from volumetric positron imaging (VPI), x-ray Ct,
and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The use of a line source and the triple camera SPECT system
has the advantage that simultaneous fan beam transmission CT and emission SPECT data can be acquired
simultaneously [for example, see Tung, et al 1992]. The use of a slit collimator in close proximity to the
line source has the advantage that patient scatter and dose is reduced.
-23-
DE-FG05-89ER60894
__..-.
parallel .____.
collimator
_._
line source
slit collitnator
Po_l_alle_o
r
"------ collimator
fan beam
Figure 4. Sketch (top) and photograph (bottom) of line source/slit

collimator for fan beam transmission CT. The bottom camera is used to acquire
TCT data, while the other two cameras can be used to simultaneously acquire
SPECT data.
=
',l......
ii
.....
inlll ,r,
i, _31r
'ra* ,_ '
II'l '
"_1111
,,_p lllplI, rl,i, i_ i,ii,,ll, ill|flip,
,,1IIil1,,
,,, ', ,,I1,'
'
_,,' ' ', ,,
-24-
DE-.FG05-89ER60894
Line source / slit collimator

,,,_4
a_
Line source
Slit collimator
...................
Leacl
"Rohacell"
Figure 5. Sketch (top) of transmission line source/slit collimator assembly for fitn beam
transmission CT. Photograph (bottom) of slit collimator. The slit collimator
consists of alternating layers of lead foil (0.25 nam) and Rohacell (3.2 mm),
which is a special "photon transparent" foam having highly uniform thickness.
-25DE-FG05-89ER60894
The 20 cm long line source (1 mm capillary tube) was filled with approximately 5 mCi of Tc-99m
solution and placed directly on top of the 29 cm long slit collimator. For this initial study, the complete
LS/SC assembly was positioned directly above an uncollimated scintillation camera. The line source was
placed parallel to the axis-of-rotation (AOR) and perpendicular to a line intersecting the center of one of the
scintillation crystals of our laiple-camera SPECI" system. Thus, the LS/SC assembly was positioned
between the other two cameras, since the three are equally spaced at 120 degree intervals. The use of an
uncollimated scintillation camera 'allowed us to position the source at several different distances above the
detector; hence, we were able to vary the "focal length" of the fan beam transmission source to determine
the useful field-of-views (FOV) and the magnitude of truncation artifacts on the reconstructed TCT maps.
Of course, a practical configuration would requk,'e that a fan beam collimator be placed on the TCT
scintillation camera (see Figure 4), particularly if one wanted to simultaneously acquire SPECT data with
the remaining two cameras of the triple-camera system. This would require, of course, that the line source
contain a nuclide with a different photon emission energy than that of the nuclide being detected by the
remaining two ECT-data collecting cameras, For, _:_ample, 133Xecould be used as a transmission source
when 123Iis used as the emission source. A sketch of the LS/SC assembly is shown in Figure 5.
.Although the FOV generally increases as the LS/SC is positioned further from the camera, the
maximum FOV possible is limited because of mechanical interference with the collimator housings for the
other two SPECT cameras. For distances greater than approximately 110 cm the diverging fan of gamma
rays impinges on the camera housings that are located at plus and minus 120 degrees from the TCT
camera, particul_u'ly if these cameras are positioned close to the patient as they would be to acquire SPECT
projection data. It was determined that a distance between 4/) and 50 cm would be appropriate for imaging
the patient's head. For body imaging, a distance of about 100 cm results in a useful FOV that is about 30
cm. This FOV is not quite adequate to obtain non-truncated TCT data tbr many subjects. To investigate
the effectiveness of the LS/SC assembly, TCT scans were obtained of an elliptical cylinder (31 cm by 22
cm) containing anatomically shaped lung inserts for several different LS/SC locations above the TCT
scintillation camera. For this study the lung inserts, containing styrofoam beads, were partially filled with
water to obtain a density equal to approximately 0.4 the density of water. The surrounding volume of the
elliptical cylindrical phantom and heart insert was filled completely with water. The attenuation maps
obtained with the LS/SC positioned at the 100 cm demonstrated only minimal artifacts. The minor
truncation artifacts were confined mNnly to the edges of the elliptical cylinder along the major axis (Figure
6).
We, and other groups, [see for example Manglos et al 1991; Tung et al 1992] m'e currently
investigating the significance of TCT truncation as it relates to SPECT attenuation compensation. It is
reasonable to expect that minor truncation will not markedly degrade the SPECT reconstruction, and
should provide improved quantification as compmed, for example, with using an assumed constant
attenuation coefficient. Our initial results indicate that TCT will be useful in improving SPECT
quantification, and may be useful for providing additional anatomical int_rmation that could facilitate
image registration for some SPECT studies.
-26-
II.3.
DE-FG05-89ER60894
Figure 6.
Photograph (left) of lung-heart phantom of a simulated thorax. Reconstructed

fan be_ml TCT image (right) of experiment_Llly acquired data of lung-heart
phantom.
PINitOLE
GEOMETRY
SPECT
FOR 131I IMAGING:
INITIAL
STUDY
There have been few studies directed towards the use of pinhole collimation
with rotating-c_maera
SPECT systems. Budinger [1980] described a hypothetical configuration consisting of several gamma
cameras equipped with pinhole collimators. A few other investigators [for exarnple, Rowe et al 1991 :
Palmer and Wollmer 1990; Olsson and Ahlgren 1990; Kearf'ott et al 1990; Rogers et al 19841 are
investigating the use of pinhole or slit-type collimation as org_m-specitic or animal imaging devices.
Iodine-. 131 labeled MoAbs have a potential in radioimmunotherapy
[Buchegger et al 19881 as well
as in radioimmunodiagnosis
[Chatal et al 1984 and Yeh et al 1991]. In applying SPECT quantification of
1311 for radiotherapy and radiodiagnosis, collimator septal penetration due to high energy (284(5%),
364(82%), 637(7%), and 723(2%) keV)) gamma rays is one of the most serious effects degrading image
quality [Delaloye et al 1986; Yeh et al 19911. Other image degading effects include decreased crystal
efficiency and inadequate sampling due to thick septa. Clinically, parallel beam, fan be_.m, and cone beau_
collimators are used widely for low and medium energy gamma rays (< 300 keV). For high energy
gamma rays, either the septal thickness or the :_ttenuation coefficient must be increased to reduce the septal
penetration. To increase septal thickness, either the hole size or number of holes must be reduced.
Reducing hole size and the number of holes results in less sensitivity and inadequate linear sampling. On
the other hmad, the most widely used material for collimators is lead. To increase the attenuation
coefficient, materials such as tungsten, gold, and uranium [Francis et at 1962 and Hubbel 1969] can be
used. The attenuation coefficients at 364 keV of lead, tungsten, gold, and uranium are 2.991, 4. 105,
4.769, and 6.311, respectively.
substantially higher than lead.
i?
ii,l,_l
........
_,
,q,
....
,, r I_ ........
The cost of manufacturing
To circumvent
the difficulties
II,,rlli!l
'qll]l,'' 'l,,l_l _ I',1 '_q
'PI '_lp'
"
_rlll'l_
'l,Fn,,',,llrlll,',r
collimators
of imaging 1311radionuclide
.....
llll,_,,_i ,lr
r,i iiii,rll_ I ......
using these materials,
distributions,
however, is
we propose to investigate
_l,l"l'I
'tll,lt't,"'r_lliq_'"
',lJIIl'l"l'lI'
I_"nt!l't"'"z*i"lrl'"gllm""ll
r"'...........
',I,"I_IIIrI"_I'_I'IlIIFII;I'"
ql'v'@_lll
I il'm
IlIIl<tlll_l_
l"l_t_l'l""
mlllllr
Illl
I'1
'
,
-27DE-FG05-89ER60894
SPECT dam acquisitJ.on using pinhole collimators. The use of multi-pinhole apertures for SPECT are
being investigated by other groups [for example, see Rowe et al 1991; Keaffott et al 1990]. A sketch of
two pinhole collimator geometries is given in Figure 7. For pinhole collimators, the collin:ator penetration
only occura near the pinhole. To reduce penetration, the material :lear the pinhole can be enhanced by
using tungsten, gold, or even uranium. The penetration for these materials is calculated for photons at 364
keV in Figure 8. Among the four materials of interest, uranium provides the best penetration reduction.
The radioactivity of uranium, however, will create background _mdhence increase camera deadtime loss
substantially. It is highly likely that this background activity will preclude the use of uranium. Based on
this consideration, either tungsten or gold is a good choice for penetration reduction. Ahhough the cost of
tungsten :rod gold is much higher than lead, the cost of the collimator can be affordable if the collimator is
made of lead with _e sm_dl region near the pinhole made of tungsten or gold. In addition, the pinhole
collimator requires only one hole instead of tens of thousands of holes as needed for parallel beam, fan
beam, and cone beam collimators. The mmmfacturing cost can then be greatly reduced. Also, the
manufacturing precision can be well controlled..
Table 3 compares resolutions (Rpl) andsensitivities (Spi) of pin hole collimator at different
d,istances (Dis) measured from the pin hole for different hole sizes (D). The material used for the pin hole
collimator is gold and the penetration of y-rays through gold is considered in the calculation. The effect of
parallax error is not included The focal length of the pin hole collimator is 15 cm and the diameter of the
cryst:d is 40 c:n. The field-of-view (FOV) is also listed in the table, For cornp:_rison, the resolutions
(Rpa) _mdsensitivities (Spa) of a.commercially available high energy parallel hole collimator ,.arelisted in
the table.
___
-28Penetration
DE-FG05-89ER60894
of Ganuna
Photon
l130K" ' " i.....

I.'k'k\
i. \\"Q
a0 k \"_
o I. '_,\
E
._
m_k_XXO
at 364 keV
--o-
t,e
_
_
Tungsten
Golc't
"--II'-'Uranium
60
o,u
20
-J
_--'
- -_'--_ _''
2
3
4
Tltickaless [mm]
,_
= '
].,J
Figure 8. Penetration
of 364 keV gamma rays through Pb, W, Au, and U.
*J
:l
/J
Table 3. Comparisons
_ i_
-
of Resolution and Sensitivity
Pina:._le C__ll__irnator
(FL = !_....Q___
D1 =0,01 cm
D2 = 0.25 cm
D3 =0.55 cm
_'
Dis
(cre)
1,0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
10.0
11.0
13,0
15.0
20.0
25.0
-t
.i
"
_
_
.
FOV
(cna)
2,67
5,33
8.00
10.67
13,33
26.67
29.33
34,67
40.0.0
53,33
66.67
Rpil
(cre)
0.08
0.09
0.10
0,11
0.12
0.18
0.19
0.22
0.25
0.32
0.39
Spil
0,34E-3
0.85E-4
0,38E,-4
0,21E-4
0.14E-4
0.34E-5
0,28E-5
0.20E-5
0.t5E-5
0.85E-6
0.54E-6
Rpi2
(cre)
0.47
0.50
0.53
0,56
0.59
0.75
0.78
0.84
0.91
1,07
1..23
Spi2
0.12E-1
0.31E-2
0.14E-2
0.76E-3
0,49E-3
0.12E-3
0.10E-3
0,72E-4
0.54E-4
0.31E-4
0.20E-4
Rpi3
(cre)
0.82
0.87
0,93
0.98
1.03
1.29
1.35
1..45
1.56
1.82
2,08
P_u",d!el_Collim_
Dpa = 0.45 cm
Spi3
0.37E-1
0.93E-2
0.41E-2
0.23E-2
0.15E-2
0.37E-3
0.31E-3
0.22E-3
0.17E-3
0.93E-4
0.60E-4
Rpa
(cm)
0.61
0,68
0.76
0.83
0.91
1.28
1.36
1 5I
1.66
2,05
2.43
Spa
0.17E-3
0.17E-3
0.17E-3
0.17E-3
0.17E-3
0.17E-3
0.17E-3
0,17E.-3
0.17E-3
0.17E-3
0.17E-3
MateNN used tbr pin hole collimator is Gold, material used fbr parallel collimator is Lead
Crystal intrinsic resolution assumed is 0.20 cm, crystal diameter is 40 cm
D
- diameter (hole size) of collimator
-_
Dis
- distance
FL
Rpa
Rpi
Spa
Spi
- focal length
- resolution of commercially available high energy parallel hole collimator
- pinhole collimator resolution
- _an_itiviry of cnt-nmercially available high energy parallel hole collimator
opinhole collimator sensitivity
--
=
_
,, '11_, ,._lql
......
M,9_ inl0
,11,11. ,
'11 ,,1,-
mlPll
[ P'l'qlr' _
'lrr]l'r' "p_llll 'lIl'*r plI.......
IIII' lit' ,lit, ll,[I,_ I ,i ....
,_lrlll'II" rlr,01111l,_lll,lJlg_,r, IIl_', ir.,,q,qlllll,i , ',qr, llr
rnl, , f1,,iii_0,11_11111_,iql].W rlll_
1,1' ill,lll_',llll_[I ',
,,I, ir,,i,i
....
,_qlll ,,,,
,,e
-29-
DE-FG05-89ER60894
These comparisons indicate that besides the potential of minimizing the penetration and scatter of
photons, pin hole collimators can obtain high resolution without sacrificing too much sensitivity. Another
interesting feature revealed in the comp,'u'ison is that ulu'a-high resolution (~ 1 mm) and moderate sensitivity
can be obtained using a pin hole collimator if the object to be imaged is small. This feature indicates the
potential use of pin hole collimator in imaging small animals. Of course, it would be necessary to design a
system that either eliminates, minimizes, or compensates for parallax errors.
A prelilNnary study of imaging 131I using pinhole collimators has been performed with Monte
Carlo simulations. A Monte Carlo program has been developed in our SPECT laboratory to simulate
anthropomorphic objects with non-unifoma material characteristics including the photoelectric effect and
Compton scattering [Wang et al 1992a, 1992b]. The program also includes parallel beam and cone beam
collimation [Jaszczak et al 1992]. For the preliminary study, the program is modified to include pinhole
collimation. A Jaszczak hot rod cylindrical phantom in Figure 9 is simulated by the modified Monte Carlo
program. The attenuation and scatter in the phantom are not included for the simplicity of this first study.
The simulated collimator has a 0.25 cm hole size and a 15 cm focal length.
rod diameter = 4.8 mm
eOeo,Oeoe,
0\\
eeoooeo
Q
(O
oe,'oeo e
/
I2.7mm
O @ eoe
".'." "00""
OOel
/O
/
6.4 mm
" .'.'o'.o'.'. /
/o ",,.'.'../
\0
11.i mmS,,,,,,,,
0
\\
\_
o/
(lD
@O/79mmo
O /
'
0t/.//
9.5 mm
Figure 9.
Sketch of "hot rod" phantom that was modeled using Monte Carlo simulations
to obtain pinhole geometry SPECT projection data.
The simulated projection data consist of 180 equally spaced angular views over 360 degrees. Each
projection set consists of a 256 by 256 ,array. The angular and linear sampling intervals are equal to 2.0
'll_]
degrees and 1.6 mm, respectively.

A filtered backprojection
(FBP) algorithm for pinhole geometries
has been derived which
phantom am reconstructed using pinhole FBP. To reduce the computational burden, the projection data
,are reduced to an ,array having the dimensions of 128 by 128 by 180 angular views prior to reconstruction.
The reconstructed image array consists of a cube having 128 by 128 by 128 elements. Figure 10 shows
incorporates
the
transverse the
sectional
depth-dependent
image and sensitivity
profile of this
into phantom.
the back-projection
The result.,;
process.
of this preliminary
Images of the
study
hot-rod
ii
-I
2t
-t!=
demonstrate
the potential
of pinhole collimators
for i3iI SPECT ima_ng.
-3 ()-
I) 1!:.FG()5- _9 E R ("_()8
9,1
[:igtlrc l(). _amplc pinhole _eomet_,' :4irnulatcd projecti<)n,_ (I()p 2 rows)anct

rccorastructcd tr:ms'axial image (l_ottom r{),.v)of ht_t rod plv,tntom.
_',',,' .... . ........ ,'e_

...... ,1........,'"",1_' ,_lq'lf,
,,........,,. ,.uc,....._F'lr
,1'_,,
t,l_,,I
',' ,, ,,r,"r,_'",....... ,,T_pr,,,'r_ll
..... _T,
_,r
.....r,,. ,_,, '11'1'
'r,l,'r', '_""'"_,"'_'lill
_l?I"
"'1l'
_ ,",rl'""!J'IIl'l'IrH','l'lll_r,I'*,_'
',I' '" ',fir.... l_lll_qlrIl'l'"_*_
'.'l'_',11111"
",II"'_lJ,lll_ll'l';l'lllll',,llf_",lel'l_r'!_'_'
lq!l
IIl""'llllll
''''_I_',I,_
-31-
DE-FG05-89ER60894
In practical SPECT imaging, attenuation and scattering in objects and collimator penetration are
fundamental factors degrading image quality. To use pinhole collimators for high quality SPECT imaging,
reconstruction algorithms considering such degrading factors are required. To study and develop 1311
SPECT imaging techniques using pinhole collimators, we will include the following works in our future
re.arch:
1. Incorporating attenuation, detected Compton scattering, and collimator penetration into our
Monte Carlo program.
2. Developing three dimensional reconstruction algorithms for pinhole collimation with the
consideration of attenuation, detected Compton scattering, madcollimator penetration.
3. Evaluating the performance of SPECT imaging using pinhole collimators with simulations and
experimentally acquired projection data.
Due to tile high resolution capability, pa.rallax error becomes more significant. Figure 11 shows
the dependence of the parallax error on incidence angle for a Nai crystal with thicknesses of 5, 10, mad20
mm for photons at 364 keV. One way to reduce the parallax error is to reduce the cryst',d thickness.
However, the decrease of crystal thickness can result in a loss of crystal efficiency. Figure 12 shows that
a crystal with thickness greater than 5 mm can stop over 8% of the incident 364 keV photons for ali
incident angles. For the relatively high doses of 131Ithat are used for therapy, this efficiency may be
acceptable. For applications where the source intensity is limited, the following two approaches can be
used to .'educe parallax error. The first approach is to use a curved crystal [Lim et al 1980] for photon
detection. With curved detectors, photon paths are almost perpendicular to the crystal surface. Hence the
parallax error becomes insignificant, and thicker crystals can be used. The second approach is to
incorporate the estimation of depth of interaction (DOI) into the inte,raction location calculation [Poufiot et
al 199I]. Based on the DOI estimation, it may be possible to compensate for parallax era'ors. These
aspects will be investigated in the future.
Parallax Error for Nai at 364 keV

10
0_
-'--'0--'-'--'0---
5mm ..........
I0 rnm
.1
4
_
0
0
18
27
36
Incident Angle [degrees]
45
-32-
DE-FG05-89ER60894
Crystal Efficiency for Nai at 364 keV

0,4 ..............
]
;;_
7
..)
0.3
_'_
0,1
0.0
--
''''1
!,
.... lOmm
....
I " ; ' ' I ' " i'
;
!
10
15
--
j..E3 ..'_-
i ;'
20
' i O-" rri:inri:inrl
25
30
' ii
35
" I "i'_?
40
45
Figure 12.
Efficiency of Nai crystal for 364 keV gamma rays.
i
H.4.
MEDIUM
ENERGY
FAN BEAM
COLLIMATOR
EVALUATION
Three custom-made medium-energy fan beam collimators were purchased for potential evaluation
compared with parallel beam collimators would result in improved imaging of the relatively low doses of
of
of in vivostudies.
antibody distributions in monkeys. The increased sensitivity of fan beam as
lllInmeasurement
typical in antibody
'.I
As a preliminary step, the precision of the collimators' hole alignment was evaluated. The quality
of the hole alignment was an issue, since inaccurately aligned holes would decrease the spatial ,resolution
of the collimators, rendering them no better than lower-resolution parallel beam collimators with
comparable sensitivity.
"
Extensive line source studies were performed on each of the three collimators. For the study, a
capillary tube filled with 99mTc solution was placed above the collimator, parallel to the rotation axis (the
across
y-direction). The tube was placed at various heights above the collimator and at various positions
,li
!
iI
"
images
evaluated
by fitting
a straight
linewere
to theacquired
x-centroid
several
thelinearity
length of
the face was
of the
collimator.
Projection
images
for at
each
tube locations
position, along
and the
of the
line
line. Figure 13 show a superposition of line source projection images with the line at different positions,
ali 15 cna above one of the collimators. Individual point deviations from the fit fines for all three
collimators are shown in Table 4. The units are pixels (1.78 mm), which corresponds to 0.5 angular
degrees since the source was 15 cm above the collimators. The deviations from linearity were converted to
angulation errors using the height of the line source above the collimator, and the errors were found to be
worse than the tolerance given in the specifications for the manufacturer. These collimators were returned
to the manufacturer. We are currently investigating alternative collimat._r designs and suppliers.
......
P.............
.....
[ ....
l_r_ 11 .........
lr[
.....
,iii
_r ......
r[I, ii ..... Ii ,,r ,I,',,NI, 'lr,,ll,,p 'l'[Jpl'l

..... I"
_lll'll I',........
'1........ ill,I..........
Ill_'
,",p_',"l!lrm_'i_
.... IIIIlI'l'_,r,"rl
' _,,1,....._r_l"
.... '"'_rI'l'r'llllP
'n",rlH!!W'_I'"','e'rlr'
', 'lql"'_"'"1'1
....
IIIIRIINPII_II
II'"_pI
..... ITlll'Iil1n'llll'Illl'
---_ ....................
h ......
_,
,J,_
,,_.
, .,
JIL lidL .
ll_Llld
,dli,i.Hlll
_ , ,iii _11
,ilJIJI
Ji,
-33DE-FG05- 89ER60894
Table 4. The rms deviation of fit lines from straight line in projection acquired with
line source custom-made medium energy fan beam collimators.
rms errors
collimatorl
coUimator2
collimator3
_1
0.61
0.16
0.35
2
0.55
0.16
0.40
Figure 13.
I.
EXPERIMENTAL
SPECT
=8_._.78____
1.
9
..... 10
0.37
0.33
0.27
0.27
0.45
0.22
11
0.42
0.45
0.27
.._
0.52
0.34
0.31
Composite line source image from one collimator.
EVALUATIONS
QUANTIFICATION
1.1.
line source position (errors in pixels

4
5
6 _.__ 7
8
0.25 0.18
0.18
0.12
0.14
0.40
0.14 0.13
0.11
0.21
0.49
0.32 0.22
0.16
0.29
_
0.40
0.40
0.30
SPECT QUANTIFICATION:
OF
SPECT
OF IODINE-123
QUANTIFICATION
OF IODINE-123:
PHANTOM
STUDIES
The major impediments to SPEC'r quantification with high purity 123Iaxe similar to the
impediments with 99mTc: attenuation, scatter, finite spatial resolution, and image noise. Compensation for
these effects with 99mTc data is often incorporated into the SPECT reconstruction algorithm. With 123I
data, however, these standard compensation techniques may be quantitatively inaccurate due to differences
in energy spectra between the two radioisotopes. The objective of this work was to implement several
SPECT reconstruction methods designed for 123Idata and to evaluate their performance in terms of
quantitative accttracy, image artifacts and noise in phantom studies.
1.1.1.
Methods
Four attenuation and scatter compensation schemes were incorporated into both,the filtered
bacLv:_'.iection/Chaalg(FBP) reconstruction algorithm [Chang 1978] and maximum likelihood-expectation
maxirmzation (ML-EM) algorithm [Shepp and Vardi 1982, Lange and Caz_son1984] for a total of eight
reconstruction methods under evaluation. The eight methods are sumarized in Table 5.
:;
..... ' 'rl'll_l'_Pr
I_'lPlll'rlll"'qr!_l
I"/
II1"_I'li I1_1_',
' "
"
H,r, 'lr _, "1".,19
,''_,u _1111'
, ,q?
,_',1,
T ,_le,,,.
,,,r_ ....
,.....
_ll'
II
r ml_
.....
'l' ' '
II_
'l
'P
' ............
Ill
' IIrll
.....
I,'
ra....
II,kLl_ ,li,
..........
Method
name .
FBU
FBN
FBS
FBM
MLU
MLN
MIS
MLM
-34Table 5. Reconstruction Methods

----
Recon.
algorithm .....
FBP
FBP
FB P
FB P
ML-EM
ML-EM
ML-EM
MI.,-EM
i,i
Attenuation
map*
U/broad
N/broad
N/narrow
N/broad
U/broad
N/broad
N/narrow
N/broad
DE-FG05-89ER60894
_.
Scatter sub. (S)

or Metz filter (M)
S
M
S
M
* U=Uniform attenuation map, N=Non-uniform attenuation map

broad=broad beam attenuation coefficients, narrow=narrow beam attenuation
coefficients
The methods were chosen in order to investigate the relative merits of FBP/Chang versus ML-EM
reconsm_ction, uniform versus non-uniform attenuation compensation, and scatter compensation by broad
beam attenuation map versus scatter subtraction by Metz filtering. The maps were similar in shape and
differed, generally, only in their absolute magnitude.
k
The reconstruction methods were evaluated in a phantom study. The phantom consisted of a
plastic cylinder with elliptical cross section containing low density wood "lungs", nylon "spine", and a
hollow, plastic sphere. In the axial dimension, perpendicular to the elliptical cross section, the cylinder
was 24 cm long. In cross section the lungs were 8.8 x 10 cre, and the spine was 2.5 x 2.5 cm (see Figure
16). The sphere was 3.5 cm in diameter. The inside of the cylinder, or background, and the inside of the
sphere were filled with 123Isodium iodide solution at concentrations of 1.3 and 6.7 gCi/ml, respectively.
This study used 1231produced by the (p,5n) reaction in order to reduce 124Icontanfination madcollimator
septa/penetration that is more prevalent with 123Iproduced by the (p,2n) reaction.
il
.1
i
r
"
'Ihe Chang compensation method [Chang 1978] was used in its single iteration form and
generalized for non-unifoma attenuation. The method used a previously described projector/backprojector
[Gullberg et al 1985] to model non-uniform attenuation. The filter' used for the FBP reconstructions was a
ramp function with a Nyquist cut-off frequency (1.4 cycles/cm). The ML-EM algorithm used the
attenuated projectorfoackprojector [Gullberg et al 1985]. The initial estimate was a uniform distribution,
and the algorithm was stopped after 50 iteralSons. "INisiteration stopping point was selected after
qualitatively examining reconstructions at 25, 50, and 100 iterations.
The scatter compensation methods investigated included scatter subtraction [Jaszczak et al 1984],
Metz filtering [Metz 1969], and broad beam attenuation compensation. The scalar for the subtraction
method was 0.4. The Metz filter used in this study was with the power parameter set to five. This
parameter controls the shape of the filter, and five represents a reasonable compromise between image
enhancement ,and noise suppression. The MTF function of the Metz filter incorporated an estimated scatter
response function to provide scatter compensation. Broad beam attenuation compensation was
accomplished by scaling the attenuation maps tor reconstruction by 07.
-35DE-FG05-89ER60894
The uniform and non-uniform attenuation maps used by ,ali methods were computer simulated
based on the known phantom dimensions and attenuation coefficients. The attenuation coefficients used
for the non-uniform, narrow beam attenuation map were 0.17 cm"1 for nylon, 0.14 cm" 1 for water, and
0.01 cm "1 for wood. The constant attenuation coefficient in the uniform attenuation map was computed as
the average of the attenuation coefficients within the elliptical body in the non-uniform, broad beam
attenuation map. All attenuation maps were filtered using a Hann filter with a cut-off frequency equal to
the Nyquist.
Projection images were acquired using a tlu'ee-headed SPECT system with medium energy
collimators. The projections were acquired in a _28x128 matrix with a pixel size of 3.56 mm. There were
120 projection ang!es equally spaced over 360 degiees. The total scan time was 20 minutes. The
photopeak energy window was 20% in width and centered at 159 keV, the primary emission energy of
123I. Data from a lower energy window (100 to 140 keV) were also collected/br scatter compensation.
Tile absolute quantitative accuracy of the eight methods was evaluated in the sphere, background,
and lung regions. Count densities were measured in these regions of the reconstructed images using a five
pixel ROI located in the center of the sphere and 20 pixel ROIs located in the center of each lung and in the
background region between the lungs. From the count densities, the 123I concentrations (gCi/ml) were
computed based on the measurect sensitivity of the SPECT system with medium energy collimators. The
"true" concentration of each solution was based on planar camera measurements of 20 cc samples
contained in a syringe and the measured camera sensitivity. As a measure of noise level, the relative noise
magnitude, defined as the standard deviation of pixel intensities divided by the mean, was computed for
each reconstruction method for the ROI located in the background region. In addition, profiles were
drawn through the reconstructed images to further illustrate the noise level and quantitative accuracy of the
reconstruction methods.
1.1.2.
Results
The results of the quantitative analysis for the eight reconstruction methods are summarized in
Table 6. The filtered backprojection method without compensation (FBP) has been included for reference
using similar ROI measurements. The true activity concentrations are 6.7, 1.3, and 0 gCi/ml for the
sphere, background, and lungs, respectively.
-36Table 6. Quantification and Noise Analysis

Recon.
Method*
FBP
FBU
FBN
FBS
FBM
MLU
MLN
MLS
MLM
_Ci/ml
_._S_
1.90
4.65
5.12
6.34
6.87
4.65
5.25
6.61
7.14
_
0.35
0.96
1.22
1.14
1.18
0.88
1.18
1.17
1.26
DE-FG05-89ER60894
Relative Noise
:__lungs
.17
.33
.12
0
-.02
.52
.11
.03
-.06
Magnitude**
.317
.219
.165
.254
.150
.175
.144
.207
.106
* see Table 5 _'ordescription of methods.

** standard deviation divided by the mean of pixel intensities within an ROI located in the background
region.
Table 6 reveals a number of important characteristics of these reconstruction methods in terms of

quantitative accuracy. First of all, there is dramatic improvement in both the filtered backprojection/Chang
and ML-EM methods with non-uniforrn compared to uniform attenuation compensation. The count
density in all three regions of the phantom is more accurate with non-uniform compensation. Figure 14
shows the reconstructions with profiles for the FBP/Chang (left) and ML-EM (right) methods with both
uniform and non-uniform attenuation compensation.
FBP _ single iteration Chang

uniformattenuationmap
ML-EM at 50 iterations
non.uniformattenuationmap
uniformattenuationmap
non-uniformattenuatnon
map
NUN/Nii mNNii
Figure 14. Filtered backprojection (left) and ML-EM (right)reconstructions
and non-uniform attenuation compensation.
with uniform
|
|
-_lt
,,
,.
,Iiii
_,n ,,, ,rn
,n
-37Scatter
Subtraction
Single iteration Chang

non.uniform attenuation map
DE-FG05-89ER60894
Method
N'lctz filtct'cd
ML.EM at 50 iterattt)ns
non.uniform attenuation map
Sillgle iteration t!hatlg
Images
ML-FM at 51) iteral_cms
Figure 15. Scatter subtraction method (left) and Metz filter (right) applied to filtered
backprojection/Chang and ML-EM reconstructions.
The scatter subtraction and Metz filter methods further improved the quantitative accuracy in these
images. The count density in the lung region with the subtrp,ction methods was closer to the true value of
zero. Figure 15 shows reconsmlctions and profiles with FBP/Chang and ML-EM with both scatter
subtraction (left) and Metz filtering (right). The figure illustrates the over-compensation in the lung
regions and the smoother quality of the Metz filtered images as a result of the filter's suppression _._"high
fl'equencies.
Table 6 also shows the relative noise magnitude measurements for each of the reconstruction
methods including filtered bacl_projection. Within any individual compensation scheme, the ML-EM
method had lower relative noise magnitude than FBP/Chang. This result is apparent in Figures 14 and 15
where the profiles through the FBP/Chang images show greater high frequency fluctuations relative to the
ML-EM images. Within either the FBP/Chang or ML-EM method, the Metz filtered images had lowest
noise followed by non-uniform and broad beam, uniform and broad beam, and finally scatter subtraction.
Figures 14 and 15 reveal artifacts of the reconstruction methods. For example, in both the
FBP/Chang _d ML-EM methods with uniform attenuation compensation a dark band connects the top of
the lungs with the hot sphere and distorts the shape of both the sphere and lungs. With either FBP/Chang
or ML-EM, non-unifbrm attenuation compensation removes this band. Also, in the FBP/Chang images
high intensity streaks can be observed emanating from the hot sphere especially with the scatter subtraction
images. This could possibly be due to the amplification of the high frequency edges of the sphere by the
ramp filter followed by backprojection. In the ML-EM images these streaks are eliminated and the true
shape of the sphere and lungs is reconstructed.
1.1.3.
Conclusions
Of the compensation schemes evaluated in this study, the results suggest the most accurate
reconstruction method for either the filtered backprojection/Chang algorithm or the maximum likelihoodmaximum expectation (ML-EM) algorithm includes scatter' compensation by either the subtraction
techniqtae or Metz filtering and non-uniform attenuation compensation. The results also suggest that the
ML-EM algorithm can offer an advantage over FBP/Ch,'mg by providing lower image noise image noise
for the same degree of quantitative accuracy. Non-uniform attenuation compensation offers significant
improvement in quantitative accuracy and reduces image artifacts comp,q.redithuniform cornpensation.
_')' , ,,_, H,I,I,Hlr
If'l-"l '*Irl.l,,,_lll,,ir
,,'lll_,.,
ir_
11,71 ' _
. Ii, ll_n,
n., _i_rlllp'
ll,r. n_ "iph , ,FllIl l_p- rl
,i_ 'qn I_IrlH'IIIP

mnr,
,lr
iiM,,prlr,
llI
'IUrnl_llr"
'Iii'"_n
' ,'_llri,,,iillr_l
Irilrl,,
lr,,uUlT_r,,?l
I , ,n,p,,
, l,'r',,ll
' ',e_P P_i"
1.2.
SPECT
I. 2.1.
-38QUANTIFICATION OF 1231: IN V/VO STUDIES
Monkey
DE-FG05-89ER60894
Study
As a measure of quantitative accuracy of SPECT measurements of in vivo distributions of 123I,a

study was performed on a monkey (Macaque fascicularis) followed by measurements of extracted tissue
samples.
'_
I
J
The monkey was injected with the 81C6 MoAb labeled with 400 t.tCi of 1.23I Soon after injection,
two SPECT scans were performed, each 30 minutes long. The three cameras were mounted with medium
energy, low energy fan beam, and low energy ultra-high resolution collimators. Two energy windows
were acquired, one 20% window centered on the 159 keV photopeak, and a 35% window adjacent to and
below the photopeak. Acquisitions were 360 degrees. Following the scans, the monkey was sacrificed,
and several of the organs were removed. Three small samples (approximately 1.0 g) each of the liver and
spleen were extracted, weighed, and measured in a weil counter.
Following the monkey scma, an 123Isource was scanned inside a bottle of approximately the same
size as the monkey torso (-12 cm diameter) with the bottle empty and then full, for purposes of
determining ,anappropriate attenuation correction. With a scatter subtraction factor of 0.5, an attenuation
correction based on an empirically determined coefficient of 0.13/cm gave reconstructed images in water
which best matched the images with no water. It should be noted that for these monkey studies, the scatter
fraction is less than 10% because of the animal's small size.
Since significant redistribution of the activity was observed between the two monkey scans in the
reconstructed images, only the second scan was used for comparison with the tissue samples. Images
were reconstructed with FBP, with scatter subtraction (k--0.5), and Chang multiplicative attenuation
correction based on uniform attenuation. The body contour was determined from the reconstructed scatter
window projections. The liver and spleen were identified in the reconstructed images and total counts
were measured by drawing ROI's which included ali pixels within 10% of the peak counts for that organ.
The background was sufficiently low that this loose ROI definition was permissible. The count total
measured for each organ was normalized to the injected dose (as measured in a calibration scan before
injection) and divided by the total organ weight as measured immediately after extraction.
In Table 7, the activity measured with SPECS" iscompared with the activity measured from the
tissue samples. An assumption is made that the uptake was uniform throughout the liver and spleen.
Table. 7. Comparison of SPECT qum_tification with tissue activities.

percent injected dose[Erarn
from scan
from tissue samples
' "' "='tl eeql'_'l'

q_l'lP'
lr
,Iq .....
I1'1,lr ,,, ,, rlnl,

nlplq ,,,111.....
,,
'lqrlq
' li ,'rqll,
lle"qq'pi, ,'11,,,,, i_1
liver
0.14
0.126
' Ilr,_eM,,,,,,',,,l'lm,,,Ir,
llalHll#i,
le
IIIIIIl''
,r
lr IIr, ,hillI, 'Pl'' 111
spleen
0.2 3
0.191
'"nfill_'
lll'_,,"
,'_e _1'.....
I'lllr
rill`
......
r"NPl
_'lpl'qql"'lll
' "r'Iltr'_10'!l'pl,'ll'r"lllll'_ql
I "_lP_ R'irl
rr "_' "1'""
" '_""
-39-
DE-FG05-89ER60894
J.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATIONS OF SPECT

QUANTIFICATION OF INDIUM-II1
J
QUANTIFICATION: SPECT
J.1.
SPECT QUANTIFICATION OF llllN:

PHANTOM STUDIES IN MEDIA WITH
CONSTANT LINEAR ATTENUATION
Quantification of the in vivo distribution of 11lln has clinical importance for such procedures as
platelet and monoclonal antibody imaging [vail Reenen et al 1982, Perkins and Primm 1985, Wessels et "al
1985, Halpern et al 1988]. While the advantages of SPECT over planar imaging for quantifying 99mTc
distribution have been recognized [Budinger and Gullberg 1974, Jaszczak et al 1977], SPECT has not
been applied to a great extent for quantifying lllIn distribution [King et al 1986]. Studies aimed at
quantifying with lllIn have relied mainly on conjugate view, planar techniques [Thomas et al 1977, Wu
and Siegel 1984, van Rensburg et al 1988]. The emitted energy spectrum of lllIn poses unique problems
for SPECT, especially with regard to attenuation and scatter compensation.
J.l.1.
Methods
A phantom study was performed to evaluate SPECT l llln quantification for hot objects with
volumes from 12 ml to 1500 ml in a water-filled torso-shaped phantom with low-level background
[Turkington et al 199 la]. Fhe filtered backprojection was done using three different methods of correction
for attenuation and scatter:
1. Summing projections from 173 and 247 keV photopeaks before reconstruction, subtracting
scatter ,and narrow-beam Chang attenuation correction [Chang 1978].
2. Reconstructing 247 keV peak alone, subtracting scatter, and narrow-beam Chang attenuation
correction [Chang 1978].
3. Reconstructing the 247 keV peak alone with broad-beam attenuation correction.
ha ali cases, the multiplicative Chang correction [Chang 1978] was done assuming constant
attenuation, with the phantom edges defined through the reconstructed scatter window. Narrow-beam
attenuation coefficients were based on book values, and the broad beam value was determined from
another phantom study. The scatter subtraction factor was determined by imaging a cold sphere in a
comparably-sized cylindrical phantom with surrounding 11lln activity.
Four separate acquisitions were performed, one longer one with higher count densities to study
systematic effects, and three shorter ones from the three separate heads of the scanner. The shorter ones
were performed to evaluate the effect of statistical fluctuations as well as the differences due to different
uniformities and collimator irregularities. Totrd activity for each object was determined by drawing a loose
ROI just big enough to include pixels at 10% of the peak value for that object in each slice containing part
of the object, '-andthe volume determination came from dividing the total counts for the object by the pixeI
values at the center of the object.
J.1.2.
Results
The results from this experiment are shown in Table 8 for the higher count scans. Quantitative
-40DE-FG05-89ER60894
accuracy of 7% or better was obtained for total object activity in ali cases, and volume measurements were
accurate to with 5% for the larger object, with increasing over-estimation for smaUer objects since the
method did not consider system resolution effects.
Table 8. SPECT Quantification of l llln using three correction methods.
obj
1
vol (ml)
1435
activity
2970
total measured activity

I
II
III
measu_d volu_.m_
I
.I_I
III
2771
2833
2808
1392
1374
1396
(-7%)
(-5%)
(-5%)
(-3%)
(-4%)
(-3%)
570
1600
I631
(2%)
1663
(4%)
1621
(1%)
576
(1%)
564
(-1%)
580
(2%)
95
433
410
(--5%)
418
(-4%)
413
(-5%)
99
(4%)
102
(7%)
103
(8%)
31.5
139
133
(-4%)
137
(-1%)
135
(.-3%)
36
(14%)
38
(20%)
37
(17%)
12.5
57
57
(-1%)
58
(2%)
58
(1%)
20
(58%)
20
(58%)
19
(51%)
J.2.
SPECT QUANTIFICATION
CONSTANT
LINEAR
OF llllN:
ATTENUATION
PHANTOM
STUDIES
IN MEDIA
WITH
NON-
The goal of dais work was to investigate the capability of SPECr to accurately quantify l 1lbl
distribution. The study compares several SPECT acquisition and reconstnaction techniques in terms of
their quantitative accuracy and image noise using experimental phantom data. These techniques include,
first of all, non-uniform attenuation compensation using acquired gamma transmission data versus uniforrn
attenuation compensation using an assumed attenuation coefficient and body contour. Secondly, the study
compares independent reconstruction of the 172 keV and 247 keV emissions of 11 lln versus combining
the projection data from the two energy windows madreconstructing as one. Since attenuation and scatter
characteristics are energy dependent, it is possible that improved reconstructions could result from
handling the data from these two energies independently.
J.2.1.
Experimental
Phantom
The phantom used in this study was designed to simulate the non-uniform attenuation of the
thorax. The phantom consisted of an elliptical, plastic cylinder containing non-porous, low density wood
"lungs", a nylon "spine", and a hollow sphere. Three studies were performed using modifications of the
non-uniform attenuating phantom. In the emission study the sphere was filled with 11lIn solution at a
concentration of 12 p.Ci/ml, and the cylinder was filled with a background solution of 11lIn at a
concentration of 2.5 laCi/ml. The lungs do not absorb activity. For the transmission study the sphere and
cylinder were filled with non-radioactive water.
-41J.2.2.
Data
DE-FG05-89ER60894
Acquisition
Data were acquired using a tka'ee-headed SPECT system. For both the transmission and emission
acquisitions, 128128 projection images were obtained at 120 equally spaced angles over 360 degrees
with a scan time of 20 minutes. For the transmission study, 99mTc was the transmission source. The
source holder consisted of an uncollimated flat plastic container mounted between two cameras of the
three-headed system allowing a single head to acquire data (see Figure 3). Approximately 75 mCi of
99mTc in 600 ml of water filled the transmission source holder. The low energy, high resolution
collimator was used, and the energy window was 126 to 154 keV (a 20% energy window centered at 140
keV).
Following the tr_smission study, the sphere and cylinder were filled with the appropriate
concentration of llllrt, and the phantom was reposifioned for the emission acquisition. Medium energy
collimators were used. The emission data were acquired in four non-overlapping energy windows. Two
were centerext on the primary emission energies of lllln (172 ,and 247 keV) and were 20% in width. The
other two energy windows, orae positioned below each photopeak window, provided an estimate, of the
scatter component in the above photopeak window for purposes of scatter compensation. The scatter
window for the 172 keV ernissions was 108 to 152 keV. The scatter window for the 247 kev emissions
was 190 to 220 keV.
,1,2.3.
Image
Reconstruction
The transmission data were reconstructed using the filtere_ backprojection method with a ramp
filter with cut-off frequency equal to the Nyquist frequency. Before reconstruction the data were
normalized to the incident intensity of the transmission source and logarithmically transformed. Negative
va.lues in the reconstructed image were set to zero, and a thresholding technique was used to zero pixels
outside of the phantom boundary. In order to provide a higher count level attenuation map, four
consecutive slices (slice width equaled 0.356 cm) of the tranarrfission data were re,consu'ucted and
sun-_med. Figure 16 shows an example of reconstructed transmission data at four slice (left) and single
slice (fight) thickness. All reconstructed images in this study were 128x128.
Transmission
Dal:l
Reconstructions
F.igure 16. l:teccm_tn_c'.ted t'ransmission &ta at four slice (left) and sinzlc slice (right)
,n,,
,n_
,_,,
i,
,,,
ml, _lr '
,,
ii,
lr _ ,_l_ll Iprlll, ,,,
i, m,
lH
, ' ,l_
if' TIIrlll
-42DE-FG05-89ER60894
Emission data were reconstructed with attenuation compensation using the "one-iteration" Chang
method modified to provide the capability for non-uniform attenuation compensation. The attenuation map
required by the Chang method for the non-uniform attenuation compensation was the four slice width
transmission reconstruction (Figure 16, left). For the uniform compensation the attenuation map was a
constant coefficient within the phantom boundary. The boundary was detemfined from the known
position and dimensions of the phantom. The calculation of attenuation factors and the reprojection
operation of the Chang method were performed using a ray tracing algorithm [Gullberg et al 1985].
The SPECT reconstructions of the emission study were performed using data from the 172 keV
energy window only, the 247 keV window only, and the combined energy windows. The non-uniform
attenuation map was scaled based on the energy window used in the reconstruction. Despite the fact that
the total attenuation, considering both emission energies, scales non-linearly with the attenuation
coefficients at the individual energies, this average coefficient was found experimentally to be within 3%
of the measured attenuation coefficient of water to the I11/n emissions. This measurement was performed
at 4.0 cm and 9.0 cm thickness of water.
For uniform compensation the constant attenuation coefficient used was the narrow beam value for
the t,'_rticular photon energy being reconstructed, or in the case of the reconstruction of the combined
proje,'tions, the attenuation coefficient was the average of the 172 keV and 247 keV values.
Scatter subtraction was performed on the projection data before reconstruction. The scatter
subtraction scalar k [Jaszczak 1.984]was detemtined experimentally fbr the 172 keV, 247 keV, and
combined data based on the line source measurements. For 172 keV, 247 keV, and combined data, k
equaled 0.4, 0,6, and 0.4, respectively. Negative values in the subtracted projection data were set equal to
zero.
J.2.4.
Image
Analysis
The quantitative accuracy of the reconstnacted images was evaluated in the background, sphere,
and lung regions. In the sphere and background regions the measured intensity, representing a count
rate/unit volume, was compared to the count rate in a pl,'mar image of a 3 ml sample of the particular 11lln
solution. The plmam images provided a measure of the true count rate/unit volume for each solution in the
absence of scatter, attenuation, ,'anddetector response effects. Quantitative accuracy in the sphere mad
background regions is reported in terms of percent en'or considering the planar count rate as the true count
rate. Since the true activity concentration in the lung regions was zero, the absolute measured activity
concentration in this region is reported.
As a measure, of image noise, the relative noise magnitude, defined as the standard deviation of
pixe1 intensities divided by the mean, is rel,orted for a region-of-interest contained within the back_ound
region.
J.2.5.
Results
Table 9 shows the results of the quantification and noise analysis for the eight reconstructa, methocks tested. The true cor_centrations are 12.0, 2.5, and 0 gCi/ml for the sphere, background, and
hmgs, respectively. With the exception of the sphere region for 247 keV data only/uniform attenu t_.ion
windows had substantially lower relative poise magnitude than the single emission energy images. In both
_.g-
_!
compensation, all eight methods had an error of 16% or less. the meti_ods which used both _mi_iu,i
.....
q'r ,
q,,I......
'l'l',lr qn',tl'r III ....
I,q,' ,,r
r, I'1" IIn' ' "'
''
III'"qtl ,,,r
I1' 'p,' lp .....
r,'_ Iqlm'" ' " III'p......
,'1"lyql_l"
rpl ',"ll_lp lellm'_,',,,_ q_r_1'II, "" _l_' ' _' '_rl!Irl _IIl'll'm_"III'
'......
111 lpT"'q'II'lP I1_lll[I'llll I llll,'ll Ill I'l'rl'1['" l'lllli ' '_'l][l]

lit
-43DE-FG05 -89 ER60894

the uniform and non-uniform cases, the combined projections had slightly lower noise magnitude than the
summed reconstructions. The count level in the lung regions is much closer to the true value of zero with
non-uniform attenuation compensation than with uniform compensation.
Table 9. Quantification and Noise Analysis
nii,+
lzCi/tr_
:
Non-unif.
atten.
recon,
,,
t_
Rel.
Noise
12.0
2.5
. lungs ....
0.
247 only
172+247
com. prj.
14,5
13,0
13,1
2.3
2.2
2.3
1.26
1.09
1.17
.958
.739
.680
247 only
172+247
prj.
i corn.
172 only
12.4
11.0
11.I
10.1
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.3
.193
.306
.109
.0024
.757
.553
.526
.770
true conc.
Unif.
atten.
recon,
Mag..+,
Figure 17 shows the uniform (left) and non-uniform (right) attenuation compensated
reconsmactions for the 172 keV energy window data only, the 247 keV data only, the sum of these two
reconstructions, and the reconstruction of the combined 172 keV and 247 keV projection data. The
reconstructions which used both tile 172 and 247 keV energy windows are qualitatively superior to the
either of the single emission energy images in terms of fixmgenoise and artifacts. Differences between the
summed reconsmactions and the reconstruction of the combined projections are not readily _ppzu'ent,even
though the attenuation compensations were different for the two methods.
...................
I, .....
rl'"_+Vll
Pll "IIIIl'r',i....
sr,,,,_p "_"';IP
..........P_llll!,'*lTgIll
.... ,'+,..+"_'+,++<,'e,++'IIIic,
",
-44-
DE-FG05-89ER60894
Reconstructions using Uniform

Attenuation Map
172
kev
172
only
+ 247
247
kev
Reconstructions using Non-unifornl

Attenuation Map
only
172 kev
Combined
Projections
172
only
247
Figure 17. Unifoma (left) and non-unifmvn (right) attenuation

reconstructions.
J.2.6.
247
kev
only
Combined
I'rojt, ctions
cornpensated
Conclusions
The results from this study suggest there is substantial improvement in terms of quantitative
accuracy and image noise when both primary emission energies of 11 lln are used. However, there does
not appear to be any improvement in terms of either quantitative accuracy or image noise when the data
from the individual energies ,ale reconstructed independently compared with summing the projection data
and then reconstructing.
Since the latter method requires less data storage and prtx:essing time, this
method is preferred. Non-uniform attenuation compensation using acquired transmission data greatly
improved image qu'Mity and quantitative accuracy compared with uniform attenuation compensation.
K.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF SPECT

QUANTIFICATION
OF ASTATINE-211
QUANTIFICATION:
SPECT
Astatine, which is a chemical analogue to iodine, has an isotope 211At which emits 5.8 MeV alpha
pai_icles and is therefore potentially useful for therapy. In addition to higher energy gamma rays emitted at
low intensity levels, 80 and 90 kev x-rays are emitted by 211At ' giving it potential for SPECT imaging as
well as conventional nuclear medicine imaging. This Mlows the imaging of therapeutic doses, as well as
allowing in vivo studies to compare the relative localization of 211Atqa_led
antibodies to 123I-labeled
antibodies.
K. 1.
METHODS
Preliminary investigation of the utility of 211At tor nuclear medicine imaging was performed.
'Yb.ree ._;fferent collimators were. used: a medium-energy collimator (MEDE) effective for photons u0 to
_1
300 keV, a low-energy
high-resolution
collimator
(LEta3:t.), and a low-energy
super-high
resolution
-45DE-FG05-89ER60894
collimator (LESR), ali parallel hole. Pulse height spectra for the three collimators with ',an211At point
source in air are shown in Figure 18. The dominant 80 keV photopeak is clear in ali cases, as well as the
effect of the lower-fraction 90 keV peak. The effect of the higher-energy photon emissions, as seen in the
upper rail in all collimators, is least in the medium energy collimator, as expected.
5.0 104Energy
4.0104
Spectra
l
for ZZlAt
Measured
_
_
,,
'
:
04
2.0 104
Collimators
l
__
i
e
a
-3.01
With, Three
..-w.
LEUR
LESR
.....
i
J
i_
1.0104
'
'
W.e
Figure 18.
50
100
150
200
Channel Number
250
300
Energy spectra for 211At with three collimators.
_=
,,
1,, r, ,,
_1_
,_''
,llliIirt
qr
ii r,
q, m,
-46-
DE-FG05-89ER60894
Figure 19. Projection images (different _mgles _u'eshown) of 211At point source a_lct30 ml
sphere for MEDE (above left), LEUR (above right), and LESR (lower). Only
the lowest 20% of profiles is shown.
.1
Figure 20. Reconstructed
central slice and profile of 30 nal sphere in water with 200 ,uCi 211At.
,I
Projection images for a point source and a 30 ml sphere, each containing 211At,, are shown for the
three collimatcrs in Figure 19. Penetration is least for the MEDE, as would be expected, and is greatest
fi:)r the LESR (relative to the collimated signal).
SPECT acquisitions were performed of the sources in air, and a SPECT scan was also performed
of the sphere in a water-filled cylindrical phantom. The MEDE data were reconstructed and one slice
through the middle of the sphere is shown in the Figure 20.
--
..........
_n',Ir
rI' .... "1'1

....
vi,Ii, ,i ....
Ill"
PIIIll'"ql'qllfl'flllh[
llrll_
'
lUlI'''
l'I
'llllllll_llp'
_'II_"lP'
_,,1111,,l_,_'l,'r,
.....
,,,111 _,
,_T'll,II,,,rfll,,',u,'
'_r"'w'rllll
,,,
u
,',, ,F, r I'lr'llllll'r lr
' It"'"ll'q'l ''
irl,
1,,,,
ll_lmll
ItlllH'll,l'lllrlrll'alljr::Flmllrlu_r
,l_llll1',Nr ..... ,v,
r,,u,
-.47DE-FG05-89ER60894
The possibility of quantitative SPECT imaging with 21IAt was investigated by measuring the in-air
counts from the sphere with the counts in water 'after scatter and attenuation correction. The Jaszczak
scatter subtraction [Jaszczak et al 1984] method was employed, using a 30% window below and adjacent
to the 20% window centered on the 80 keV photopeak. The subtraction constant was determined by
,.
comparing profiles of the sphere in projection images from the scatter window with those from the
photopeak window, and determining a constant for multiplication of the scatter profile such that the tails
matched the photopeak mils. This constant was determined to be 0.9. The multiplicative Chang
attenuation correction method was used, with the edge of the cylinder determined from the the
reconstructed scatter window projections. A narrow-beam attenuation coefficient of 0.18/cre was used.
Total activity was measured by adding all counts in ali slices containing the sphere, including all pixels
within 3.6 mm of the center of the 2.0 mm radius sphere.
K.2.
RESULTS
For the sphere in air, a value of 566 counts/sec was obtained, and for the sphere in water, 795
counts/see, after correction for decay. The discrepancy is likely due to improper attenuation correction
based on the assumption that only 80 keV photons were present, r_e higher energy photons would
attenuate much less, and therefore less attenuation compensation would be necessary.
|
a
-48L.
DE-FG05-89ER60894
GLOSSARY
BME
DOI
FB or FBP
FDG
FOV
bNVHM
GMI
ISDS
LS/SC
Biomedical Engineering
Depth of interaction
Filtered backprojection
Fluorodeoxyglucose
Field of view
Full-width-at-half-maximum
Generalized matrix inversion
Institute of Statistics and Decision Sciences (Duke University, Durham, N.C.)
Line source/slit collimator
tx
MC
MI.,-EM
MoAb
MR or MRI
M'I_'
PET
RID
RIT
rms
ROC
SNR
SPECT
SVF
TCT
VPI
Linear attenuation coefficient

Monte Carlo
Maximum likelihood-expectation maximization
Monoclonal antibody
Nuclear magnetic resonance (imaging)
Modulation Transfer Function
Positron emission computed tomography
Radioimrnunodiagnosis
Radioimmunotherapy
Root mean square
Receiver operator characteristics
Signal-to-roise-ratio
Single photon emission computed tomography
Spatially variant focusing
Transmission computed tomography
Volumetric positron imaging
,'
,,
,i
,,,
r, ,,,,,,r
,r
"
'lllq'
lr
"
liP" _'
'"
lip
,,
'1 vi
lr
,, ,,i
,11,i,qnll
I
I_ ,,
-49M.
DE-FG05-89ER60894
LITERATURE CITED
Beck JW, Jaszczak RJ,Coleman RE: Analysis of SPECT including scatter and attenuation using
sophisticated Monte Carlo modeling methods. 1EEE Trans Nttcl Sci NS-29:506-511, 1982.
Buchegger F, Pelegrin A,Delaloye B: Iodine-131 labeled MAb fragments are more efficient and less toxic
than intact anti-CEA antibodies. J Nucl Med 31:1035-1044, 1988.
Budinger TF: Physical attributes of single-photon tomography. J Nucl Med 21:579-592, 1980.
Budinger TF, Gullber'g GT: Three-dimensional reconstruction in nuclear medicine emission imaging.
IEEE Trans Nucl Sci NS-21:2-20, 1974.
Chang LT: Attenuation correction and incomplete projection in single photon emission computed
toography. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci NS-26:2780-2789, 1978.
Chatal JF, Saccavini JC,Fumoleau P,Douillard JY: Immunoscintign'aphy of colon carcinoma. ,I Nucl Med
25:307-314, 1984.
DeLaloye B, Bischof-Delaloye A,Buchegger F,von Fliedner V,Grob JP,Volant JC,Pettavel J. Mach:
Detection of colorectal carcinoma by emission-computerized tomography. J Ctin Invest 77:301-311,
1986.
Francis JE, H_ris CC,Bell PR: A focusing collimator for research in scanning. J Nucl Med 3:10-17,
1962.
Gilland DR, Jaszczak RJ,Greer KL,Coleman RE: Quantitative SPECT reconstruction of Iodine-123 data.
J Nucl Med 32:527-533, 1991a.
Gilland DR, Jaszczak RJ,Turldngton TG,Greer KL,Coleman RE: Quantitative SPECT imaging with
Indium-.111. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 38:761-766, I991b.
Gilland DR, Jaszczak RJ,Coleman RE: Effects of non-uniform attenuation compensation in SPECT using
acquired transmission data. J Nucl Med 32:1067, 199 lc.
Gilland DR, Jaszczak RJ,Liang Z,Greer KL,Coleman RE: Quantitative SPECT brain imaging: effects of
attenuation and collimator response. Conference Record of the 1991 IEEE Nuclear Science
Symposium, 1992, in press.
Greer KL, Hmris CC,Jaszczak RJ,Coleman RE,Hedlund LW,Floyd CE,Manglos SH: Transmission
computed tomography data acquisition with a SPECT system. J Nucl Med Tech 15:53-56, 1987.
Gullberg GT, Huesman RH,Malko JA,Pelc NJ,Budinger TF: An attenuated projector-backprojector for
iterative SPECT reconstruction. Phys Med Biol 30:799-815, 1985.
Halpern SE, Haindl W,Beauregard J: Scintigraphy with In- 111 labeled monoclonal antitumor antibodies.
Radiology 168:529-536, 1988.
Hoffman EJ, Cutler PD, Digby WM, Mazziotta, JC: 3-D Phantom to simulate cerebral blood flow and
.....
I_il
.....
I_111
_lflil
' 'ii "111_ ll_,r
.....
I_1_r ,
e_,'r_',n
'_ll'l_llP,'_P'""IIt,
'" IIIII,IPI' lllll',",,,_l'll' ,tl'lie"'
'_'"
'_WI
" ii,_l
,,H,r,,,,tl,,tr ,
-50metabolic images for PET. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 37:616-620, 1990.
DE-FG05-89ER60894
Hubbel JH: Photon cross sections, attenuation coefficients, and energy absorption coefficients from 10
kev to 100 GeV. Nat Stand Ref Data 29:1969.
Jaszczak RJ, Coleman RE,Whitehead FR: Physic'al factors affecting quantitative measurements using
camera-based single photon emission computed tomography. NS-28:69-80, 1981.
Jaszczak RJ, Greer KL,Floyd CE,Harris CC,Coleman RE: Improved SPECT quantification using
compensation for scattered photons. J Nucl Med 25:893-900, 1984.
Jaszczak RJ, Li J,Wang H,Coleman RE: Three dimensional SPECT reconstruction of combi._ed cone
beam and parallel beam data. Phys Med Biol 36:1992, in press.
Jaszczak RJ, Murphy PH,Huard D,Burdine JA: Radionuclide ernission computed tornography of the head
with TC-99m and a scintillation camera. J Nucl Med 18:383-380, 1977.
Kearfott KJ, Hill SE: Simulated annealing image reconstruction method for a pinhole aperture single
photon emission computed tomograph. IEEE Trans Med lmag 9:128-143, 1990.
King MA, Schwinger RB,Penny BC,Dohertry PW,Bianco JA' Digital restoration of indium- 111 and
iodine- 123 SPECT images with optimized Metz filters. J Nucl Meal 2'7:1327-1336, 1986.
Lange K, Carson R: EM reconstruction algorithms for emission and transmission tomography. J Comp
Assist Tomog 8:306-316, 1984.
Lim CB, Chang LT,Jaszczak RJ: Performance analysis of three camera configurations for single photon
emission computed tomography. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci NS-27:1137-1153, 1980.
Ljungberg M: Development and evaluation of attenuation and scatter co_'ection techniques for SPECT
using the Monte Carlo Method. Ph.D.Dissertation,University of Lund,Sweden 1990.
Manglos SH, Bassano DA,Thomas FD' Cone beam transmission computed tomoga-aphy for nonuniform
attenuation compensation of SPECT images. J Nucl Med, 32:1813-1820, 1991.
Manglos SH, Jaszczak RJ,Floyd CE,Hahn LH,Greer KI,,,Coleman RE' Nonisotropic attenuation in
SPECT: Phantom test of quantitative effects and compensation techniques. J Nucl Med 28' 15841591, 1987.
Metz CE: A mathematical investigation of radioisotope scan image processing. Ph.D. Dissertation,
II
University of Pennsylvania, 1969.

Munley MT, Floyd CE,Tourassi GD: Out of plane photons in SPECF. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 38:776-779,
1991.
Olsson LE, Ahlgren L: Tomographic scintigraphy using a pinhole collimator and a rotating gamma
camera. Nucl Meal 29:47-50, 1990.
Palmer J, Wollmer P: Pinhole emission computed tomography: rnethod ,and experimental evaluation. Phys
Med Biot 35:339-350, 1990.
'IIJ
,l, .....
I'I
,i .....
is_l_OllI .....
,, ....
'I" "III_I
........
II
........
,rip,....
Iu,
....
_,,, ....
nr "II'_ ,I,_', II,.....
_I' "P"" _I' ' q_'_'

' r,.... _'"'"_[_''Illr'"
llllllI,,_,,'
['l'Ur_
ru,_'"
llr"" "' _,_n'III l_u_n

'ul_'"II ll_n,
lllll_llllr_*'III'P__'"'_InI_'IIW_P!II
vi,,'nH,_
-51-
DE-FG05-89ER60894
Pelizzari C, Chen G,Spelbring D,Weichselbaum R,Chen CT: Accurate 3D registration of C'T, PET,
and/or MRI images of the brain. J Com As Tom 13:20-26, 1989.
Perkins AC, Primm MV: Difference in Tumour and normal tissue concentrations of iodine- and indium
labeled monoclonal antibodies. Eur J Nucl Med 11:295-299, 1985.
i
Pouliot N, Gagnon D,Laperriere L,Gregoire J,Arsenault A: Maximum likelihood positioning in the

scintillation camera using depth of interaction. Conference Record of the 1991 IEEE Nuclear Science
Symposium, 1992, in press.
Rogers WL, Clinthorne NH,Stamos J: Performance evaluation of SPRINT, a single photon ring
tomograph of brain imaging. J Nucl Med 25:1013-1018, 1984.
Rowe RK, Barrett HH,Chen J,Hall JN,Klein WP,Moore BA,Pang W,Patton DD,White TA: A stationary
3D SPECT brain imaging system. J Nucl Med 32:1135,1991.
Shepp LA, Vardi Y: Maximum likelihood reconstruction for emission tomography. IEEE Trans Med lmag
MI-I:113-122, 1982.
Smith MF, Floyd CE,Jaszczak RJ,Coleman RE: Three dimensional photon detection kernels and their
application to SPECT reconstructior_. Phys Meal Biol, 1992, in press.
Thomas SR, Maxon HR,Kereiakes JG,Saenger EL: Quantitative external counting techniques enabling
improved diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer.
Radiology 122:731-737, 1977.
Tung CH, Gullberg GT, Zeng GL, Christian PE,Datz FL,Morgan HT: Nonuniform attenuation correction
using simultmaeous transmission and emission converNng tomography. Conference Record of the
1991 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, 1992, in press.
Turkington TG, Jaszczak RJ,Greer KL,Coleman RE: Quantitation of Indium 111 activity in SPECI'. J
NucIMed 32:986, 1991a.
Turkington TG, Jaszczak RJ,Pelizzari CA,Harris CC,MacFall JR,Hoffman JM: Measurement of accuracy
in registration of PET and SPECT brain images to MR images. Radiology 181:186, 1991b.
Turkington TG, Jaszczak RJ, Greer KL, Coleman RE: Correlation of SPECT images of threedimensional brain phantom using a surface fitting technique. In: Conference Record of the 1991
IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, 1992a, in press.
Turkington TG, Jaszczak RJ,Hoffman JM,MacFall JR,Harris CC,Kilts CD,Pelizzari CA,Coleman RE:
Accuracy of surface fit registration of PET and MR brain images. Society of Nuclear Medicine 39rh
Annual Meeting,Los Angeles,June 1992b.
wm Reenen O, Lotter MG,du P.Heyns A: Quantification of the distribution of In- 111 labeled platelets in
organs. Eur J Nucl Med 7:80-84, 1982.
van Rensburg AJ, Lotter MG,du Heyns: An evaluation of four methods of In- 111 planar image
quantification. Med Phys 15:853-861, 1988.
..........
l_lI H ........
IIl'P I
11[
[_
.....
lit
......
liiM_PIlll,li',_ll P_II_I'
II'lll'lI,
I
'
'1
,ii,
,,
.....
[_
.........
_1
II
..............
_pI
,'r'l,_r'llrlllll!i
....
il
IIp_
' IlI_ll'_I
ri .........
]llr]r'
' 'lllll'l'llll
""'l'_lllll
IrlIpl'[ll'lP';
...... IIIlllflll
t!llPmlll
'':"l"l,',lq
.....!11'
iril'lll
,'r_lrl
npr,1_r,,,,llll,_lllll]ll!lll
I_,,,Ir
....... ml'P
....
-52-
DE-FG05-89ER60894
Wang H, Jaszczak RJ,Coleman RE: Solid geometry based object model for Monte Carlo simulated
emission and transmission tomographic imaging systems. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 1992a, in press.
Wang H. Jaszczak RJ,GLlland DR,Greer KL,Coleman RE: Solid geometry based modeling of nonuniform attenuation and Compton scattering in objects for SPECT imaging systems. Conference
Record of the 1991 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium 1992b, in press.
Wessels P, du P Heynes A,Pieters H: An improved method for the quantification of the in vivo kinetics of
a representative population of In-111 labeled human platelets. Eur J Nucl Med 10:522-527, 1985.
Wu RK, Siegel JA: Absolute quantification of radioactivity using the buildup factor. Med Phys 11:189,
1084.
Yeh SDJ, Larson SM,Burch L,Kushner BH,Laquaglia M,Finn R,Cheung NKV: Radioimmunodetection
of neuroblastoma with iodine-131-3F8. J Nucl Med 32:769-776, 1991.
.. r,_',r'' r,, rllV

......" IIII
II]ll_"g
HII'I II1
I' '!li'"_'p_'
"III"" ,,,,,_=
"'r_,_Flrlll
_''' ,vll .......
......
1F........... _rp,_,r
.......
I1
, , rn"'Plr
"_,
......
U_ll!,l
rrl'llF'llr
'l_llll
...........
IFm_'lqll'
'HrlI'III'IB':
rl'llll_"l
'lll(=llWllrl
''_'1__',',lq_l.,Irlll',M,,,_
III_'=11'"'_
-53-
N.
DE-FG05-89ER60894
APPENDICES
APPENDIX
N.I.:
FIGURES
WIt"lt
ORIGINAL
PHOTOGRAPHS
II
'1
mllQlllnlPlll
'I mlm","""
'" ",zm
..... rml',,
.......'"mm_n
....,,li[rr
,,_,",l_m,'_rnr_'
..... _H',,,,
',',_,,_,,
,,,lmillmrllrrP,
'_llglmHI)llrmp)#mmllcm'"HPl
mr11[r_'mmll'"""l"ll'"'ll!l
'III]Ill
_M,i'1_,,,
,,_ll|,,_'_,_,,(_
,_,[_f[_(,r,,
20
0
--'r-
iteration
(3D ML-EM)
25
50
75
100
, :1: ' " I '--_
I , -r"--
0
40 - _
iteration (3D ML-EM)

25
50
75
1O0
, I ' '_ I ".... _ '1 'r--r-'-
0...--0',-.,,
15
3D ML-EM
30
" "--..,,.
3D ML-EM
_'_ '_ .,.

10
FB
3
Metz
"_
6
filter
oower
(a) On axis lesion
20
10
9
(FB)
12
""I
FB
3
Metz
6
filter
oower
9
(FBI
12
(b) Off axis lesion
Figure 1. Signal-to-noise measurements in reconstructed images
Figure 2. Reconstructed scatter data for hot lesion image. FBP is at left and ML-EM is at right.
DE-FGO5-89ER60894
transmission
transmission
source
_+_
'.<.
.,.&
@R'"
Be
-_-_
_r11111 [ItllllIlIII[iIF1
iI1l/111
!iI]].HI!_
detector 1
r', .....
"+ .'r'_.........
l'l_l..llt_
.,_.
I ll;lll_l
detector 1
: .... : ......
lllt"J."llltJl
_,.,,..... .,,.,,,;,,;,_,,n
t _+J.aatl.l,t
_.a,s+,,_-l_,_a.tl,
a,_._
,,_.in_r
r_ Yl.qr trnnc.mir_,,:ic'm
'*-_--,--_
--
t_ct_tr't2e
(above
left') and
....................
curved _ansmission source with collimator

source is showr_ at bottom.
,,
_ed
(right).
Photograph
r_ll .....
of curved
lP ifp litPI ....
,_''_11
.....
" ,qllr_1,,,,P,',r,,,u,, ,u,u,+,
DE-FG05-89ER60894
_j_.....
I\
parallel
collimator
linesource
slitcollimator
::ii!il
_:_i!ii::::_i:::_::
parallel
collimator
I
J
_
[--_ lilI .J..J,_._._'4--------
fan beam
collimator
Fig'am 4. Sketoh (top) and photngr'aph (bottom) of line source/sIit collimator for fan beam
tnmsmission CT. The bottom camera is used to acquiz'e TCT data, while the
other two cameras can be used to simultaneously acquire. SPECT data.
Line source / slit collimator
Line source
Slit collimator
Figure 5,
Lead
"Rohacell"
Sketch (top) of transn-|issio|l line source/slit collimator assembly for

fan beam transmission CT, Photogral3h (bottom) of slit collimator,
The slit collimator consists of alternating layers of lead toil (0.25
....lll[ll), WlIil211 iS i.I Sight;li.li '...........
nim)
al'ld i_oh[icell "':'_'
"_ [._._'
i+nitm.nt
_l
transparent"
foam having highly unif'orm thickness.
=
=
le
_
,_ m+,,,, ..........
, .........
'
I'lll.....
'r,lllllll 'w
_1 "
'
"'"'"q"
't_ct'...........
q"
""r'lrl'"
' n,,+I'I,,,,,U,,
....
.,
i+l',l,,,,p'
,,,,'lr,,irrll,,i,
ul
," iP?....
,ill,
+l, llp'_ ,,
,,,,"_,,,
iir,,ll,,1,r!
,.iii I,,,
ill-irl,
ill, lrI
....... ,,:._.--:_:.L ..:_::.:..-/'.--::_:._._:_r.:_/_:!:-::_._,_:_._:::-_2:_;':;..::`Y-":7;._:-..:.;;';;;_-_.:!
............................._-..............................
'""_ ..........".........L,,_
..................
,.,, ..................
I I
I I
I ii ii ii iI_
iii i lt
D E-FG 05 - 89ER60894
Figure 6.
,_.i
Photograph (left) of lung-heart phantom of a simulated thorax. Reconsm_cted

fan beam TCI" image (right) of experimentally acquired data of lung-heart
phantom.
'!
.z
=
-=.
Photomultiplier Tubes
.40cm
"-
IlL!
I-1 L.I
I_'-_-_ '-: -- ; ;::--:.:-: - ..........
I
:]__ l
|..
Nat
cr:'stal
_IL"
"_
"_
Pinhole
._"
Figure 7.
i ,J&- _p):jhol_
Field of View
(my)
/
'
Cry:;tal
Pinhole ._
'_
St EC I geomet W for brain Mc)Ab imaging using a flat (!eft) and a concave,
spherical (right) Nai crystal.
=,
i'
',",V'l '.......
'If IIr "
',"
'
l,r I,.,.
''II"
,mi illW"lll. ..... lm",'
'i',"l""'.i_ll r'
rl n_,,,,,ll, .....lll,lllr.ln,ll,,,,r,u_, ,,ip ,,
I_ii.
'"'lll"l'II'q_'"'""
' ',',.....
U_l"ll el II
.'lilt
_,'tH....... ,, lll,,irl,, ',,ll[l,,l,llli,l,,illI',r ur
'Ilv"""ll
' "'"
' '_lill '_i
DE-FG05-89ER60894
Penetxation
of Gamma
Photon
I00
, -'-' ' , ' ' _ ' ' ' ,"' '
80
Lead
Tungsten
G01d
Uranium
mO.---"mm
_.
'_,
at 364 keV
6o
40
2O
0 -_J0
Figure 8. Penetration
'
' '
1
2
Thictcness
_
4
3
[mm]
" -- '
of 364 keV gamma rays through Pb, W, Au, and U.
rod diameter = 4.8 mm

o e o
o o o
/
[
O
O
,
1
\
O
0
"--.._.
"--_
eeeoeee
qD\
ee e ee ee
"_
oeeOeeoe .
O
_6.4mm
eeoo
O\
/
12.7mm//
/
O
O
li)
\ Oo0
",'e"
O ,
"
.O.'o'.'O'.'./
ooeeo
eeeee
oeeee/
'
eeOeeee///
9.5 mm
Figure 9.
/!lp
Sketch of "hot rod" phantom that was modeled using IvIonte Carlo simulations
to obtain pinhole geometry SPECT projection data.
.............
DE-FG()5--89EI_60894
Figure
1(). Sample
transaxial
",...............................
_,,..,....,i, ........
pinhole
image
geometry
(bottom
,,.... r_,,_,,_,,
.................
simulated
projections
(top '2 rows)and
reconstructed
row) of hot rcxl phantom.
,,,,,,,,,,,
,r,,,
,_....... i_1,,,_.,
,,,.....i_,,,I_,_l,
..... i,........ ,IIiif_,f
........._[_,,_lil_l,,
_r........
ii[_,rl,,,_,[i[ii,,,_,,,,,,
_,,,_l._..... lilt,,,,_l_
DE-FG05-89ER60894
Parallax Error for Nai at 364 keV
,o]
'--'I'-'
o
----O---
5mm
----'b--
20 mm
2
o
0
18
27
36
45

Figure 11. Parallax error as a function of thickness and angle of incidence.
Crystal Efficiency for Nai at 364 keV

-'---O---
0.4-
5 mm
10mm
j4_,'f
I,,,4
..)
,...,_
0.2 __P
_'_
0.1
0.o
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Incident Angle [degrees ]

Figure 12. Efficiency
of Nai crystal for 364 keV gamma rays.
DE-FG05-89ER60894
Figure 13. Composite line source image frt_m one collimator.
Iq31' c single iteration Chang

IllliJ'tltlll
ltllellUatioll
Ill_il'_
Ill)ll-tlllJl'tlFnl
MI.-EM at 50 iterations
atll.'llUallt)n
til;II)
mmmN
tlllilornl
;illt'lltLl|li()ll
Illltll
Iltlll-LIIlillll'nl
"l[ll211tl4tlit)ll
lll_|p
mNmm
Figure 14. Filtered backprojection (left) and ML-EM (right) re+constructions with uniform
and non-uniform attenuation compensation.
Scatter Subtraction
Single
iteration
Chal|g
hOlt-til|iioFf'ii
tlltl2t|tl_li()n
map
Method
ML-EM
nol|.Ullifolnl
HNNN
Mctz filtered Images

al 50 iterations
llllcntlttlion
map
NiH,_le ilt'l;lll)ll ('hilll_2

Iltllt+tliliit)l'lll
atltrlltl;lli()l)
IIlill'_
MI .-I!M
itl+n-lll)iltllnl
mNmN
Figure 15. Scatter subtraction method (left) and Metz filter (right) applied to filtered
backprojection/Chang and ML-EM reconstructions.
at 5(1 illilllollh
illlt+'llll;$lioII
Ill;iii
DE-FG05-89ER60894
Transmission
Data Reconstructions
j_
'
tI
,j
:,;'
:.t_

thickness.
transmission
data at four slice (left) and single slice (right)
Reconstructions using IJnifonn

Attenuation Map
172 kev only
247 kev only
/mim
172 + 247
Combined
Pro,jectlons
Figure 17. Uniform (left) and non-uniform

reconstructions.
Recanstrucfions using Non-unilbrm

Attenuation Map
172 kev only
247 kev on!y
/lm/
172 + 247
(right) attenuation
Combined
Projeclhms
compensated
DE-FG05-89ER60894
211At
5.0 1 04Energy
Spectra
_
for
Measured
"'i
With Three
J
Collimators
..... LEUR
4.0
4
3.0 10
104
:,,]
i
t
,,
-.-.,,__
., 04
,'
1.0 10 4
50
__E)E
..... IF SR
f
J
'
"
*l
100
150
200
Channel Number
250
300
Figure 18. Energy spectra for 211At with three coUimators.
Figure 19. Projection images (different angles are shown) of 211At point source and 30 ml
sphere for MEDE (above left), LEUR (above right) and LESR (lower). Only
the lowest 20% of profiles is shown.
ill.li I
i1,1
5n
iii
....
_rP.IIIl'rln'rllq'r ql]'
, , ,rlMiii. ,
nrllll_
a llll nil,IllIll,
DE-FG05-89ER60894
central slice with profile of 30 ml sphere in wa::,'erwith 200 laCi 211At '
APPENDIX
1.
N.2.:
SELECTED REPRINTS AND PREPRINTS
Gilland DR, Jaszczak RJ, Greer KL, Coleman RE: Quantitative SPECT recon:;truction of iodine- 123
Data. J Nucl Med 32:527-533, 1991a.
"2. Gilland DR, Jaszczak RJ, Turkington TG, Greer KL, Coleman RE: Quantitative SPECT imaging
with indium-111. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 38:761-766, 1991b.
3.
Gilland DR, Jaszczak RJ, Liang Z, Greer KL, Coleman RE: Quantitative SPECT brain imaging:
Effects of attenuation and collimator response. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, submitted, 1992.
4.
Gilland DR, Jaszczak RJ, Greer KL, Coleman RF.: SPECT quality control: Generation and reduction
of artifacts. In: Proceedings of the SE Chapter of the Society of Nuclear Medicine, in press, 1992.
5.
Turkington TG, Jaszczak RJ, Greet KL, Coleman RE: Correlation of SPECT images of a threedimensional brain phantom using a surface fitting technique. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, submitted, 1992.
6.
Jaszczak RT,Hoffman DC, DeVito RP: Variance propagation fbr SPEC'YI"

with energy-weighted
acquisition. In: Conference Record of the 1990 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium (Arlington, VA,
Dibler, 1990), pp. 1163-1171.
7.
Jaszczak RJ: SPECT: State-of-the-art scanners and reconstnaction strategies. In:

Radiopharmaceuticals and Brain Pathology Studied with PET and SPECT. Ed. M. Diksic and R.C.
Reba (CRC Press, 1990), pp. 93-118.
8.
Jaszczak RJ, Li J, Wang H, Greer KL, Coleman RE: Three dimensional reconstruction of combined
cone beam and parallel beam data. Phys Med Biol, in press, 1992.
9.
Bowsher JE, Gilland DR, Floyd CE, Jaszczak RJ, Johnson VE, Coleman RE: 'l"hree-dimensional
iterative reconstruction for SPECT. Society of Nuclear Medicine 39th Annual Meeting(Abstract), Los
Angeles, June 1992, (Abstract) accepted (Selected as one of six finalist papers for SNM Young
Investigators Award Session at SNM Annual Meeting to be held in Los Angeles, June, 1992).
10. Gilland DR, Jaszczak RJ, Turkington TG, Greer KT_,,Coleman RE: Tr,-msmission data acquisition
with a three headed SPECT system. Society of Nuclear Medicine 39th Annual Meeting(Abstract),
Los Angeles, June 1992, (Abstract) accepted.
11. Gilland DR, Bowsher JE, Jaszczak RJ, Coleman RE: Improved signal-to-noise with 3D ML-EM
reconstruction. Society of Nuclear Medicine 39rh Armual Meeting(Abstract), Los Angeles, June
1992, (Abstract) accepted.
12. Turkington TG, Jaszczak RJ, Hoffman JM, MacFall JR, Harris CC, Kilts CD, Pelizzari CA,
Coleman RE: Accuracy of surface fit registration of PET and MR brain images. Society of Nuclear
Medicine 39rh Annual Meeting(Abstract), Los Angeles, June 1992, (Abstract) accepted.
13. Jaszcz_ RJ, Li J, Wang H, Coleman RE: SPECT collimation having spatially variant focusing
(SVF). ,_,oc_ety
_' " of Nuclear Medicine 39th Annual Meeting(Abstract), Los Angeles, June 1992,
(Abstract) accepted.
n
.................
,i
........
I,,f'll
,_
I,[ll.
....
tt
.....
_ l,l_,trr, n.
,,
, "
IJ i_lll_
_ I,I llnl IJ
, ,i ,,jl ] rljlIl_,i,
illir,.,
_,
i, ,iii I iltllllliiIillll_l
ii
i
'i
I11,
'
_1,,
,i r,r
_i
....
, i, ,yll_
ill, , iiijl,
,,
ii_
1_llltiiiii,,ll qqrllpp ii
_lli,
ql .
'
qlI1'

Spect System

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Spect System

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

DOE/ER60894.

Febru. ',r-': 1992

FOR THE U,S, DEPARTIVIENT OF ENERGY

DISTRIB'LrrION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS LtNLtMITEO

I,,'..... _..... II,,I....... ,rl

rllll'l'l'll'[[_[_"lll'l[7 'I'III_'V' illlll!fl,,[lll!liMiiqlllll Ir'l_rl_'_lll'lIF][l'*-',ll'"ll',w'lr

Principal Research Accomplishments .............................................................

Faculty Associates and Consultmats ......................................................

G. 1. Qutmtitative SPECT Imaging Using Three-Dimensional ML-EM Algorithm ....... 13

Image Registration ..........................................................................

"Specter" Software For Quantitative Image Analysis and Display ................... 18

SPECT Monte Carlo Program ............................................................

Development of TCT and SPECT Acquisition Geometries ...................................

Acquisition of Transmission CT Data with Triple-Camera SPECT System ......... 19

Pinhole Geometry SPECT for 131IImaging: Initial Study ...........................

SPECT system ..............................................

H. 4. Medium Energy Fan Beam Collimator Evaluation .....................................

SPECT Quantification of 123I: In Vivo Studies ........................................

Experimental EvNuation of SPECI' Quantification: SPECT Quantification of 111In ...... 39

Experimental Evaluation of' SPECT Quantification: SPECT Quantification of 123I........ 33

SPECT Quantification of 1ilia: Phantom Studies in Media with

SPECT Quantification of lllln: Phantom Studies in Media with

Experimental Evaluation of SPECT Quantification: SPECT Quantification of 2liAr ......44

N. 1. Figures with Original Photogxaphs

Selected Reprints and Preprints

Implementation of two-dimensioned (2D) versions of filtered backprojection (FBP) and maximum

JOURNAL ARTICLES, CHAPTERS_ AND PUBLISttED PROCEEDINGS

Jaszczak PO: SPECT: State-of-the-art scanners and reconstruction strategies. In:

iLl, iii LIJ_ .....

-5.IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium (Santa Fe, NM, 1991b) in press.

RELATED PUBLICATIONS SUPPORTED IN PART BY DOE GRANT DE-FG0591ER60894

..... _p_,..... ,_l'rl',,_

DOE GRANT NUMBER

RELATED PUBLICATIONS SUPPORTED BY PROF. ZALUTSKY'S DOE GRANT (DEFG$-89ER60789)

,,, --He_,ir "' 'rll ' '_

PRINCIPAL PROJECT PERSONNEL

David Gilland (100%), Ph.D.

Jiang Qian (50%), M.S.

Kim L. Greer (1'7%), N.M.T.

FACUt.TY ASSOCIATES AND CONSULTANTS

R. Edward Coleman, M.D.

UNDERGRADUATE, GRADUATE, AND POST-DOCTORAL TRAINING

fl ,Ir ......... I,'" _1 ,II,lr, 'li..... I"llI'_'le.....Ill,if',

,,, '', r',10'?l"r"l'll'l" 'll_ "'........

IMAGING USING TtIREE-DIMENSIONAL

_,, ,..., +,, ,,...................................

._......... ,....., _-..:_,: .... _'1,,._......... ,-,-,,,-,,

"rl," ,,,-," ,, ..... <, "_,r','1",_,l,,"','

(a) On axis lesion

_.a_.a____.,. ...... I , , ..2-- ,

(b) Off axis lesion

Figure 1. Signal-to-noise measurements in mconswucted images

,1_1_1, ,1mr _p,ll'r....

,H,,,llll.r,.l_,,Piiii ",:Jl_mrP" ,r,,

,.,i,i_ .... II'""lllill'"Illr'""r

" .... !PI'"',111 ,11,11,1

- 15reconstruction and/or quantitative analysis of the ECVFimages.

The high-resolution structural iifformation made available through registered MR would be

for Brain Image

n,r ,,_, ....

q,r',_=nr,, !li ,_l, ',r_ '"1'1'Ill'lp' h_rnrn

m3s error (mm)

PET, and MRI Evaluation