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Albert Einstein
2008
APRESENTAO DO CURSO
O que ingls instrumental? Como surgiu?
English for Specific Purposes (E.S.P), que em portugus quer dizer: Ingls com Objetivos
Especficos, tambm chamado de ingls instrumental ou tcnico, ou seja, a habilidade de entender
textos em lngua inglesa usando estratgias especficas de leitura.
Surgiu com a necessidade de comunicao rpida e eficaz em vrios contextos mundiais. Como
por exemplo: durante a guerra, os soldados precisavam aprender o idioma do inimigo para sobreviverem,
este vocabulrio bsico era visto no avio, navio, nos campos de batalha.
Com o passar do tempo, outros contextos sociais foram surgindo, como: a necessidade de leitura
de livros, revistas, catlogos, instrues operacionais, manuais escritos em ingls que precisavam ser
compreendidos pelos usurios, etc. Sendo assim, torna-se necessrio uma abordagem especfica da
lngua Inglesa, que atenda as necessidades profissionais dos estudantes, que so leitura e compreenso
de livros.
E assim, o Ingls Instrumental possui o objetivo de desenvolver a habilidade de leitura, isto , de
compreenso de textos de diversas reas do conhecimento escritos em lngua inglesa, utilizando para
isso estratgias de leitura, a fim de tornar o aluno capaz de compreender um texto da sua rea de
estudo.
Nesse enfoque, a leitura conta com o conhecimento prvio dos leitores. O ingls instrumental
consiste no treinamento instrumental dessa lngua, em que as habilidades tm por objetivo extrair
conhecimentos para reas especficas de estudo.
Vale lembrar que o ingls instrumental ou tcnico pode ou no visar a comunicao oral em
ingls, entretanto, para os cursos de WEB e REDES sua principal habilidade a ser trebalhada ser a
leitura e o estudo de gramtica, restringindo-a a um mnimo necessrio, ou seja, associando-a ao texto.
Mtodo
Desenvolve a leitura ("reading") de forma limitada a um objetivo especfico, atravs da habilidade
de manipular textos em lngua inglesa, tentando assimilar a compreenso geral e inferir informaes
especficas. A gramtica ensinada de forma contextualizada a um objetivo especfico.
Traduo os textos
Para nosso curso no h traduo, porm outros mtodos so utilizados como, por exemplo:
deduo, contexto semntico, reconhecimento de afixos, cognatos e vocabulrio da rea.
Como sero as aulas?
As aulas sero ministradas em portugus, pois no curso no sero trabalhadas as habilidades da
fala, de compreenso oral e de escrita.
No haver traduo literal, outras estratgias sero utilizadas como por exemplo, deduo,
cognatos, familiares, dicas tipogrficas e outros.
Muitos exerccios de leitura e compreenso de textos, os quais vocs podero aplicar as
estratgias de leitura que sero ensinadas.
O ingls instrumental poder abrir seus horizontes de leitura e assim voc se manter mais informado e
prximo ao mundo globalizado
9) De acordo com o texto e com as informaes abaixo faa a correspondncia entre as palavras (
esquerda) e as definies ( direita)
a) computer game
( ) The study and development of computer systems, hardware and software.
b) computer graphics ( ) All of the hardware and software that can interact with a particular computer.
c) computer science
d) computer security
e)computer system
10) Os fatos abaixo esto relacionados com a histria do computador. Numere-os de 1 a 5, partindo do
mais antigo para o mais recente.
(
(
(
(
(
) In the 17th and 18th centuries, many ways of calculating were invented.
) The first analog computer was used in World War II.
) The primitive calculating device was the fingers of a mans hands.
) Howard Aiken invented the first digital computer, called Mark 1.
) The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820.
Monitor Screen Keyboard Mouse CD-Rom Drive Disk Drive Scanner Printer CD-Rom - Floppy
Disk/Diskette
Description
Example
Provide permanent storage for data and programs. a) _________________________
b) _________________________
Enable data to go into the computers memory.
c) _________________________
Enable users to extract information from the
d) _________________________
system.
e) _________________________
a)
b)
c)
Idnticos:
Exs.: radio, piano, hospital, hotel, sofa, nuclear, social, total, particular, chance, camera, inventor, etc.
Bastante parecidos:
Exs.: gasoline, banks, inflation, intelligent, population, revolution, commercial, attention, different,
products, secretary, billion, dramatic, deposits, distribution, automatic, television, public, events, models,
etc.
Vagamente parecidos:
Exs.: electricity, responsible, explain, activity, impossible, lamp, company, etc.
Windows
Video game
Dollar
Moto/Office Boy
Play
Hot dog
Credit card
Marketing
Site
DVD / CD
Diet
Mouse
Light
Drive-thru
Record
COGNATOS
Leia os segmentos abaixo e selecione todas as palavras que se paream com o Portugus e
aquelas que so usadas da mesma forma tanto na Lngua Inglesa como na Lngua Portuguesa.
a.
Computers are electronic machines that process information. They can perform complex
operations in a fraction of time. But, they cant think.
b.
Computers are divided into two parts: hardware and software. Hardware refers to the actual
equipment and software refers to the programs that control and coordinate the activities of the computer.
c.
The CPU is the part of a computer that executes the arithmetic and logic operations. It controls all
the computer activities.
d.
Memory is the storage area where a computer saves or retrieve data. It is expressed as
quantities of K. For example, each K is equal to 1,024 bytes and each byte is equal to 8 bits.
e.
A mouse is a device that has a ball underneath. It is used to point the cursor at different parts of
the screen or at specials symbols called icons.
f.
There are many different high-level languages. Each one has its advantage or disadvantage.
COBOL, BASIC, FORTRAN, ALGOL and PASCAL are examples of high-level languages.
g.
Data put into a computer is INPUT. The input is processed according to the program that is being
used. The results of processing are called OUTPUT.
h.
Film transparent de qualit suprieure. Faites de votre imprimante couleur HP Deskjet une
machine fabriquer ls transparents pour rtroprojecteur. (Hewlett Packard)
SKIMMING
2) In computer science, a popular pointing input device, used mostly for playing computer games but used
for other tasks as well. It usually has a square or rectangular plastic base to which is attached a vertical
stem. Control buttons are located on the base and sometimes on top of the stem. The stem can be moved
to control the movement of an object on the screen.
- ____________________________________________.
3) A computer peripheral that puts text or image on paper or on another medium, such as a transparency.
They can be categorized in any of several ways. The most common distinction is impact x, non impact.
Impact physically strike the paper and are exemplified by dot-matrix; non impact include every other type
of print mechanism including laser, ink-jet and thermal.
- ____________________________________________.
4) Alcoholic drink produced originally in Scotland, Ireland and USA, by fermenting certain cereal grains
and then distilling to produce a light-colored liquid containing about 40% alcohol. It is drunk with or without
ice, soda or according to taste.
- ____________________________________________.
5) A common pointing device. Its basic features are a casing with a flat bottom, designed to be gripped by
one hand; one or more buttons on the top; a ball on the bottom; and a cable connecting it to the computer.
By moving it on a surface, the user typically controls a cursor. To select items or choose commands on the
screen, the user presses one of the buttons, producing a click._________________________________.
Scanning
Complete the chart using the information from the texts below:
Name
Isabel Allende
Age
Nationality
Occupation
76
Czech
Film Director
PREDICTION
Correspondncia
a) Suponhamos que voc acaba de receber um carto-postal de um amigo que est viajando. O
carto pegou chuva e algumas palavras desapareceram. Tente descobrir que palavra foi apagada
em cada lacuna atravs da previsibilidade fornecida pelo contexto.
Querido_________________________,
A viagem est sendo __________________ .Tenho____ divertido
bastante por aqui. H muitas ______________ para fazer durante
a noite: vrios bares, restaurantes, cinemas e teatros e
_______________
variedade
de
shows.
cidade
______________________________________________________________________
b) Voc liga a televiso e ouve a notcia que lhe interessa pela metade.
______________________________________________________________________
c) Voc chega atrasado ao cinema e perde os primeiros minutos do filme.
___________________________________________________________________
FALSOS COGNATOS
Tambm chamados de falsos amigos, os falsos cognatos so palavras normalmente derivadas
do latim, que tm portanto a mesma origem e que aparecem em diferentes idiomas com
ortografia semelhante, mas que ao longo dos tempos acabaram adquirindo significados
diferentes.
Abaixo est a tabela de falsos cognatos.
SIGNIFICA EM
PORTUGUS
EM INGLS
ACTUAL
REAL
ACTUALLY
ADVERTISE
ALUMNUS
NA VERDADE
ANNCIO
EX-ALUNO
ATUALMENTE
ADVERTIR
ALUNO
AMASS
APPLICATION
APPOINTMENT
ARGUMENT
ASSIST
ATTEND
ACUMULAR
INSCRIO
HORA MARCADA
DISCUSSO
AJUDAR
FREQUENTAR
AMASSAR
APLICAO
APONTAMENTO
ARGUMENTO
ASSISTIR
ATENDER
AUDIENCE
AVAILABLE
BALCONY
BARRACS
BATON
BEEF
PLATIA, PBLICO
DISPONVEL
SACADA
QUARTEL
BATUTA, CACETETE
CARNE DE GADO
AUDINCIA
AVALIAR
BALCO
BARRACA
BATOM
BIFE
BOND
CAFETERIA
CAMERA
CARTON
CASUALTY
CIGAR
COLLAR
COLLEGE
COMMODITY
LAO, LIGAO
REFEITRIO
MQ. FOTOGRFICA
CAIXA DE PAPELO
FATALIDADE
CHARUTO
GOLA, COLARINHO
FACULDADE
ARTIGO, MERCADORIA
BUNDE
CAFETERIA
CMARA
CARTO
CASUALIDADE
CIGARRO
COLAR
COLGIO
COMODIDADE
COMPASS
COMPETITION
COMPREHENSIVE
CONDUCTOR
BSSOLA
CONCORRNCIA
COMPLETO, TOTAL
COBRADOR
COMPETIO,
CONCURSO
PRTICO
CONDENADO
ROUPA, FANTASIA
DADOS, INFORMAES
LOGRO, FRAUDE
DECORAR(ORNAMENTAR)
RU
PROJETO, CRIAO,
ESTILO
NUSEA
DESVIAR
REDATOR
INSTRUDO
DESCARGA
ALISTAR-SE
PROPRIEDADE, IMVEL
EMPOLGANTE
COMPASSO
COMPETIO
COMPREENSIVO
CONDUTOR
QUE EM INGLS
PRESENT
NOWADAYS,
TODAY
WARN
PUPIL
WRINKLE, DENT,
CRUSH
INVESTMENT
NOTE
REASONING
ATTEND
ANSWER, SERVE
COURT
APPEARENCE
EVALUATE
COUNTER
HUT, TENT
LIPSTICK
STEAK
STREERCAR,
TRAM
COFFEE SHOP
CHAMBER, TUBE
CARD
CASUALLNESS
CIGARETTE
NECKLACE
HIGH SCHOOL
COMFORT
A PAIR OF
COMPASSES
CONTEST
UNDERSTANDING
DRIVER
CONTEXTO
CONVENIENTE
CONVICTO
COSTUME
DATA
DECEPO
DECORAR(SABER DE COR)
DEFENDER
CONTEXT
APPROPRIATE
CERTAIN
CUSTOM, HABIT
DATE
DISAPPOINTMENT
MEMORIZE
DEFEND
DESIGNAR
DESGOSTO
DIVERTIR
EDITOR
EDUCADO
EMISSO
ENROLLAR
ESTADO
EXCITANTE
APPOINT
GRIEF
ENJOY
PUBLISHER
POLITE
ISSUE
WIND, CURL
STATE
THRILLING
CONTEST
CONVENIENT
CONVICT
COSTUME
DATA
DECEPTION
DECORATE
DEFENDANT
DESIGN
DISGUST
DIVERT
EDITOR
EDUCATED
EMISSION
ENROLL
ESTATE
EXCITING
10
EXIT
EXPERT
EXQUISITE
FABRIC
SADA
PERITO
APURADO
TECIDO
XITO
ESPERTO
ESQUISITO
FBRICA
FAMILIAR
FILE
GRIP
INCOME TAX
RETURN
INGENIOUS
INGENUITY
INJURY
INJURY
INSCRIPTION
INTEND
INTOXICATION
INTRODUCE
JOURNAL
CONHECIDO
ARQUIVO
AGARRAR FIRME
DECLARAO DE
IMPOSTO DE RENDA
CRIATIVO, ENGENHOSO
ENGENHOSIDADE
FERIMENTO
FERIMENTO
RAVAO EM RELEVO
PRETENDER
EMBRIAGUEZ
APRESENTAR
PERIDICO
NUM DADO MOMENTO,
APENAS
LUMINRIA
GRANDE
PALESTRA
LENDA
BIBLIOTECA
ALMOO
LUXO
FAMILIAR
FILA
GRIPE
DEVOLUO DE IMPOSTO
DE RENDA
INGNUO
INGENUIDADE
INJRIA
INJURIA
INSCRIO
ENTENDER
INTOXICAO
INTRODUZIR
JORNAL
JUSTO(APERTADO - DE
JUSTIA)
LMPADA
LARGO
LEITURA
LEGENDA
LIVRARIA
LANCHE
LUXRIA
REVISTA
ADMINISTRAR,
CONSEGUIR
PREFEITO
UMIDADE
RABUGENTO
PERCEBER
ROMANCE
ESCRITRIO
COMUM
MINRIO
PAIS
ESPECFICO
MASSA
MDICO
POLTICA, NORMA
PORTO
CARREGADOR
PRECONCEITO
RECEITAR
LOGO, EM BREVE
FINGIR
IMPEDIR
CONSEGUIR, ADQUIRIR
PROFESSOR DE
UNIVERSIDADE
DIVULGAODE IDIAS
APROPRIADO,
ADEQUADO
PUXAR
MAGAZINE
TIGHT - FAIR
LIGHT BULB
WIDE
READING
SUBTITLE
BOOKSTORE
SNACK
LUST
DEPARTMENT
STORE
MANEJAR
MAIOR
MISTURE
MOROSO
NOTCIA
NOVELA
OFICIAL
ORDINRIO
OURO
PARENTES
PARTICULAR
PASTA
FSICO
POLCIA
PORTA
PORTEIRO
PREJUZO
PRESCREVER
PRESENTEMENTE
PRETENDER
PREVENIR
PROCURAR
HANDLE
BIGGER
MIXTURE
SLOW
NEWS
SOAP OPERA
OFFICIAL
VULGAR
GOLD
RELATIVES
PRIVATE
FOLDER, PASTE
PHYSICAL
POLICE
DOOR
DOORMAN
DAMAGE
EXPIRE
NOW
INTEND
WARN
LOOK FOR
PROFESSOR
PROPAGANDA
TEACHER
ADVERTISEMENT
PRPRIO
PULAR
OWN
JUMP
JUST
LAMP
LARGE
LECTURE
LEGEND
LIBRARY
LUNCH
LUXURY
MAGAZINE
MANAGE
MAYOR
MOISTURE
MOROSE
NOTICE
NOVEL
OFFICE
ORDINARY
ORE
PARENTS
PARTICULAR
PASTA
PHYSICIAN
POLICY
PORT
PORTER
PREJUDICE
PRESCRIBE
PRESENTLY
PRETEND
PREVENT
PROCURE
PROFESSOR
PROPAGANDA
PROPER
PULL
SUCCESS
SMART
WEIRD
FACTORY
MEMBER OF THE
FAMILY
LINE, QUEUE
COLD
INCOME TAX
REFUND
NAIVE
NAIVETY
INSULT
INSULT
APPLICATION
UNDERSTAND
POISONING
INSERT
NEWSPAPER
11
PUSH
EMPURRAR
PUXAR
RANGE
REALIZE
RECLAIM
VARIAR, COBRIR
PERCEBER
RECUPERAR
RANGER
REALIZAR
RECLAMAR
RECORD
REPORT
GRAVAR, DISCO
RELATRIO
RECORDAR
REPRTER
REQUIREMENT
RESPITE
RESUME
RSUM
RETIRE
SCHOLAR
SENSIBLE
SORT
STABLE
STRANGER
STUPID
REQUISITO
INTERVALO, PAUSA
RECOMEAR
CURRCULO
APOSENTAR
ERUDITO, LETRADO
SENSATO
ESPCIE, ESCOLHER
FIRME, ESTVEL
DESCONHECIDO
BURRO
REQUERIMENTO
RESPEITO
RESUMIR
RESUMO
RETIRAR
ESCOLAR
SENSIVEL
SORTE
ESTBULO
ESTRANGEIRO
ESTPIDO
SUPPORT
SUSTENTAR, APOIAR
COMPREENSIVO,
SOLIDRIO
IMPOSTO
TEMPERAMENTO, GNIO
INQUILINO
PROVISRIO
VEZ, VOLTA
PROFESSOR
PARTICULAR
DIFERENTE, SEM IGUAL
UTILIZAR, USAR
VERDURAS, LEGUMES
VINHA, VIDEIRA
VIAGEM DE BARCO, NAVE
ESPACIAL
SUPORTAR
SYMPATHETIC
TAX
TEMPER
TENANT
TENTATIVE
TURN
TUTOR
UNIQUE
USE
VEGETABLES
VINE
VOYAGE
SIMPTICO
TAXA
TEMPERO
TENENTE
TENTATIVA
TURNO
TUTOR
NICO
USAR (VESTIR)
VEGETAIS
VINHO
VIAGEM
PULL
CREAK, GUARDA
FLORESTAL
ACCOMPLISH
COMPLAIN
REMEMBER,
RECALL
REPORTER
REQUEST,
PETITION
RESPECT
SUMMARIZE
SUMMARY
WITHDRAW
SCHOOLBOY
SENSITIVE
LUCK
BARN
FOREIGNER
RUDE
BEAR, STAND,
TOLERATE
NICE, PLEASANT,
FRIENDLY
FEE
CONDIMENT
LIEUTENANT
ATTEMPT, TRY
SHIFT
GUARDIAN
THE ONLY ONE
WEAR
PLANTS
WINE
JOURNEY, TRIP,
TRAVEL
12
library, and establish tougher limits on vehicle emissions because he assumes this is what the
people expect from the government.
palavras em destaque:
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
USO DO DICIONRIO
O dicionrio uma fonte de muitos tipos de informaes sobre palavras.
Veja o exemplo abaixo:
COMPUTER:
(KAMPJULTER). An electronic machine that can be supplied with a program.
Voc pode notar que podemos encontrar:
- A representao fontica das palavras
- Abreviaturas
- Significado das palavras
- Classe gramatical das palavras
Veja o exemplo seguinte e responda:
1. Qual a representao fontica da palavra look?
2. Quantos significados ela pode ter como substantivo? E como verbo?
3. Qual a primeira expresso mencionada?
4. Qual o significado de to look for?
13
4. I like computers.
5. OS2 operating system is like Ms DOS
Voc precisa ter em mente que na leitura de textos tcnicos voc encontrar vrias palavras em ingls
que talvez j faam parte de seu vocabulrio, mas que nesse contexto iro adquirir novos significados.
Qual a traduo mais adequada para os vocbulos em negrito?
1. I will substitute my computer by a notebook.
2. I need a new notebook for my English classes
3. I need the key to open the door.
4. To enter the program, press any key.
5. I have to save money to by a new car.
6. Dont forget to save the file before turning off the computer.
(Atividade adaptada da apostila elaborada pelas professoras Mrcia C. Bonamim e Magali N. de Paula)
Abreviaturas mais comuns encontradas nos dicionrios
f. feminino
m. masculino
m. pl = masculino plural
p.p. = particpio passado
pl = plural
pop. = popular
pref. = prefixo
prep. = preposio
pret. = pretrito
pron. = pronome
s. substantivo
s.pl = plural
sg. = singular
sup. = superlativo
v. = verbo
var. = variante de
Smbolos Comuns:
separao da categoria morfolgica
~ substitui a palavra de entrada (ou seja, a palavra que se est consultando)
Smbolos fonticos: Formas de pronncia
Vogais / Ditongos / Semivogais / Consoantes
Sinal que significa acentuao
Sinal : que significa prolongao
14
Portanto, sempre que diferentes idias representadas pela mesma palavra na lngua me do aluno
corresponderem a diferentes palavras na segunda lngua, o mesmo ter dificuldades em expressar-se
corretamente. As diferentes palavras do ingls que correspondem aos diferentes significados da palavra
do portugus podem eventualmente funcionar como sinnimos, portanto neutralizando o contraste entre
os dois idiomas. O objetivo, entretanto, mostrar os contrastes nas ocorrncias mais usuais do
vocabulrio ingls moderno.
Ingls
Primeiro significado
Segundo
significado
Abstract
Abstrato
Resumo
Affiliate
Filiar-se
Determinar
Paternidade
Affluent
Afluente
Rico
Ambulant
Paciente de
Ambulatrio
Capaz de Caminhar
Apology
Apologia
Desculpas
Application
Aplicao
Requerimento
Apply
Aplicar
Inscrever-se
Argument
Argumento
Discusso
Arm
Arma
Brao
Bachelor
Bacharel
Solteiro
Balance
Balana
Equilbrio
Ball
Bola
Bar
Bar
Barra
Bat
Basto de beisebol
Morcego
Cancel
Cancelar
Carimbar
Capital
Capital
Maiscula
Case
Caso
Estojo
Cell
Clula
Cela
Character
Carter
Personagem,
caractere
China
China
Porcelana
Class
Classe
Aula
Classified
Classificado
Confidencial
Club
Clube
Taco de golfe
Coll
Fresco
Legal
Collect
Colecionar
Cobrar, coletar
Compass
Compasso
Bssola
Confirmed
Confirmado
Inveterado
Consistent
Consistente
Compatvel
Content
Contente
Contedo
Date
Date
Tmara, Encontro
Directory
Diretoria
Lista telefnica
Easy
Fcil
Em Paz / Confortvel
Effective
Efetivo
Verdadeiro
Entertain
Entreter
Receber visitas
Faculty
Faculdade (mental)
Corpo Docente
Figure
Figura
Nmero
Fix
Fixar
Consertar
15
General
General
Geral
Individual
Individual
Indivduo
Interest
Interesse
Juros
Just
Justo
Apenas
Legend
Legenda
Lenda
Letter
Letra
Carta
Match
Ligar (Relacionar)
Partida (Jogo)
Major
Major
Principal
Manifest
Manifesto
bvio
Mark
Marca
Nota
Mass
Massa
Missa
Matter
Matria
Assunto
Medicine
Medicina
Remdio
Move
Mover
Mudar
Observe
Observar
Celebrar
Official
Oficial
Autoridade
Oil
leo
Petrleo
Operator
Operador
Telefonista
Order
Ordem
Pedido
Park
Parque
Estacionar
Period
Perodo
Menstruao
Plant
Planta
Fbrica
Principal
Principal
Diretor da escola
Pupil
Pupila
Aluno
Race
Raa
Corrida
Rare
Raro
Record
Recorde
Gravar
Rest
Resto
Descansar
Retire
Retirar
Aposentar
Roll
Rolo
Lista
Save
Salvar
Economizar
Scale
Escala
Balana
Sequel
Sequela
Sequencia
Spectacles
Espetculos
culos
Spirits
Espritos
Bebida alcolica
Story
Estria
Pavimento, andar
Subject
Sujeito
Assunto
To Play
Jogar/ Brincar
Tocar / Imitar
Turkey
Turquia
Peru
Vice
Vice
Vcio
EXERCCIOS
A) Assinale o significado correto das palavras em destaque nas sentenas:
1) I need to cancel your documents.
( ) cancelar
( ) carimbar
2) She is the principal of the school.
( ) diretora
( ) principal
16
MOUSE MEMORIES
In 1968 Douglas Engelbart demoed a strange device called a mouse. Last week 1.500 people gathered
at Stanford University to honor him. Speakers stressed that Engelbarts contributions went beyond the
mouse.
His Stanford computer was the second one to hook up to ARPAnet, the Internets predecessor, and he
developed the first use of multiple windows. More important, Engelbart strove to enhance human
intelligence, thus improving our ability to solve problems.
Well click to that.
(Newsweek, December 28, 1998)
(SCANNING) Responda as questes abaixo:
1) O que aconteceu:
a) em 1968?
______________________________________________________________________________
b) durante a semana anterior a 28 de dezembro de 1998?
17
______________________________________________________________________________
2) Na frase: Well click to that, o termo em destaque passa a idia de:
a) discordar
b) aprovar
c) rejeitar
d) aplaudir
3) Verdadeiro ou Falso:
Segundo os oradores, o trabalho de Engelbart restringiu-se criao do mouse. (cite a linha do texto em
que se encontra essa informao)
______________________________________________________________________
4) De onde foi retirado o texto lido?
a) de um jornal
b) da internet
c) de um livro
d) de uma revista
5) Faa, em portugus, um breve resumo sobre o texto.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
18
CONECTORES
1. ADIO:
2.
3.
- and : e
- in addition, furthermore, besides, moreover: alm disso
- as well as: assim como
- also: tambm
- apart from: com exceo de
- both....and: ambos; tanto como
- not only ... but also: no apenas...mas tambm
CONTRASTE/CONCESSO/ADVERSATIVA:
- but: mas
- however, neverthless: entretanto
- yet: entretanto, ainda
- although, even though, though: embora
- nonetheless, notwithstanding: no obstante
- despite that, in spite of: apesar de
- rather than, instead of: em vez de
- whereas: enquanto
PROPSITO:
4. CONSEQUNCIA/CONCLUSO:
- therefore: portanto
- consequently, as a result: consequentemente
- accordingly: de acordo, adequadamente
- hence: pois, ento, da
- thus: assim
- thereby: assim, desse modo
- then: ento
- so: ento, pois
- finally: finalmente
5. ALTERNATIVA
19
- or: ou
- or else: ou ento, ou ainda
- either ... or: ou... ou
- while, whereas: enquanto
6. REITERAO:
- that is: isto
- in other words: em outras palavras
- in short, in brief: em resumo
- i.e. : (do latim) isto
- that is to say: quer dizer
7. COMPARAO:
- like, as: como
- than: do que
8. ILUSTRAO:
- e.g. : (do latim) por exemplo
- for instance, for example: por exemplo
- such as: tal como
- namely: a saber
- viz: (do latim) quer dizer
9. CONDIO:
- if: se
- unless: se no, a menos que
- provided that: uma vez que
- on condition that: desde que
- as long as: uma vez que
- subject to: sujeito a
- wether: se
10.
CAUSA:
- because: porque
- due to: devido a
- as: porque
- since: uma vez que
11.
DVIDA OU HIPTESE:
- perhaps, maybe: talvez
- possibly: possivelmente
12.
while: enquanto
GRUPOS NOMINAIS
So grupos de palavras, compostos por duas ou mais palavras que esto relacionadas entre si, sendo
que uma a palavra principal; o substantivo (ncleo), e as outras so os modificadores; palavras que
caracterizam o substantivo.
Exs.: Electric Energy = Energia Eltrica
Private Investors = Investidores Privados
State Government = Governo Estadual
Observe que nos grupos nominais em Ingls a palavra principal, ou seja, o substantivo (ncleo)
sempre a ltima palavra do grupo, ao passo que em portugus ns comeamos o grupo com ela. Assim,
temos:
United Kingdom
Reino Unido
Parliamentary Vote
Voto Parlamentar
20
Confirma-se ento que a ordem dos grupos nominais em Ingls INVERSA ordem em
Portugus:
Data Processing = Processamento de dados
Central Processing Unit = Unidade Central de Processamento
Arithmetic and Logic Operations = Operaes lgicas e aritmticas
Operaes aritmticas e lgicas
Electronic machine = Mquina eletrnica
Pense nas seguintes estruturas: Como elas seriam traduzidas para o Portugus?
21
f. CPU (______________________________________________________________):
________________________________________________________________
g.RAM(________________________________________________________________
____):_________________________________________________________________
h.ROM(_______________________________________________________________
_____):________________________________________________________________
i. CD (________________________________________________________________):
______________________________________________________________________
j.ALU(_________________________________________________________________
___):__________________________________________________________________
k. ALGOL (____________________________________________________________):
______________________________________________________________________
l.BASIC(_______________________________________________________________
_____)
m.COBOL(_____________________________________________________________
________)_____________________________________________________________
n. CRT (______________________________________________________________):
_____________________________________________________________________
o. DDD (______________________________________________________________):
______________________________________________________________________
p. DOS (______________________________________________________________):
______________________________________________________________________
q. IBM (______________________________________________________________):
______________________________________________________________________
r.I/ODevices(___________________________________________________________
_________):____________________________________________________________
s. MVS (______________________________________________________________):
______________________________________________________________________
t. PC (________________________________________________________________):
_____________________________________________________________________
u.HTML(_______________________________________________________________
_____):________________________________________________________________
v.WWW(_______________________________________________________________
______)_______________________________________________________________
22
2) Analisando a tela a seguir, indique todos os grupos nominais encontrados, determinando o Modifier e
Head Word. D a traduo de cada um deles:
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
23
Os grupos nominais a seguir so bastante simples. So formados pelo ncleo (head word
= HW) que o substantivo e um modificador = Modifier (M), que pode ser adjetivo ou
substantivo. Grife o ncleo (HW) e faa a traduo.
24
25
26
Amoral
Anti-clockwise
Disagree
Illegal
Misunderstand
Nonsense
Unmagnetized
Overdose
Premarital
Minicomputer
Macroeconomics
Interface
apolitical
anti-nuclear
dishonest
irregular
misdirect
non-fiction
uncommon
overeat
prefix
Microcomputer
Megabyte
Interactive
asexual
Antichrist
disloyal
imperfect /incomplete
misaddress
non-programable
unprofessional
prehistory
Sufixao o sufixo pode mudar a classe gramatical da palavra sem mudar-lhe o sentido primitivo.
Formao de verbos:
- en
- ify
- ize
Freshen
Simplify
Centralize
blacken
solidify
modernize
Harden
computerize
Formao de advrbios
- ly (mente)
- ward (em direo)
Logically
Downward
comparably
homeward
Yearly
Inward
annually
Formao de substantivos:
- ance / ence
- or
- er
- ee
- ist
Tolerance
Operator
Trainer
Trainee
Economist
Preference
Accumulator
Employer
Employee
Scientist
Performance
programmer
Dentist
27
- ion
- ment
- ity
- ism
- ness
- dom
- hood
- ship
Education
Investment
Sincerity
Modernism
Happiness
Freedom
Childhood
Friendship
Collision
development
Generosity
Buddhism
Darkness
Kingdom
Brotherhood
Partnership
Compilation
Magnetism
relationship
Formao de adjetivos:
- able, ible
- an, ian
- ful
-y
- ic
- ical/al
- less
Programmable
American
Powerful
Tasty
Poetic
Sociological
Homeless
Admirable
Sagitarian
Hopeful
Healthy
Democratic
Magical
Childless
Divisible
suburban
wonderful/beautiful
Wireless
Ex.:
28
29
(I:
(J: _____) Between 1943 and 1946, funded by the U.S. Army, John Mauchly and J. Eckert built the first
major eletronic digital computer using vacuum tubes. The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer) was huge and weighed about 30 tons.
(K: _____) The developments which took place during World War II led to the advances made in the
period that followed the war. The period after the war led to the subsequent generations of computers,
which may be described as the modern age of computers.
(L: _____) In 1944, Howard Aiken and some engineers from IBM completed MARK 1, an electromechanical calculating device controlled by punched cards. This first digital computer could figure out
long lists of mathematical problems and was used military ballistics.
c) Responda as seguintes perguntas:
1) Das informaes apresentadas no texto, quais voc j conhecia?
_________________________________________________________________________________
2) Que informao nova sobre a histria do computador voc achou mais interessante?
_________________________________________________________________________________
3) Sabemos que o computador uma mquina moderna. Por que o autor intitulou o texto The PreHistory of Computers?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
4) Das oraes abaixo, qual voc considera a idia principal do texto? Por qu?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
a) Os avanos tecnolgicos da 2 Guerra Mundial levaram a era moderna do computador.
b) MARK 1, o primeiro computador digital, possua sistema de cartes perfurados e foi fabricado pela
IBM para fins militares.
c) Lady Lovelace considerada a primeira programadora do mundo por ter inventado o cdigo
binrio.
d) As idias de Charles Babbage foram usadas como base para os computadores modernos, o que o
torna o pai do computador.
e) A Revoluo Industrial teve um grande impacto na tecnologia usada para o desenvolvimento dos
computadores.
f) Antes da inveno do baco, o dispositivo de clculo eram os dedos das mos.
g) O primeiro computador digital a vlvula foi o ENIAC.
h) A era moderna do computador nasce em 1930 com o primeiro computador digital, de Vannevar
Bush, usado para fins militares na 2 Guerra Mundial.
i) O tear programado, inventado por Jacquard em 1804, tem o mesmo princpio dos cartes
perfurados dos primeiros computadores.
j) O computador atual o resultado de vrias pesquisas e invenes do passado.
k) A Revoluo Cientfica (1540-1687) levou a inveno de vrios dispositivos de clculo.
5) A partir do exerccio anterior, como voc definiria o que deve ser a idia principal de um texto?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
LEITURA E INTERPRETAO SKIMMING
a) Utilizando essa tcnica, procure no texto What is a Computer? as seguintes informaes. Nos espaos
em branco, escreva os nmeros das linhas em que elas se encontram:
1) ________ O computador processa dados e fornece os resultados em forma de informao.
2) ________ um erro acreditar que todo mundo hoje em dia saiba usar o computador.
3) ________ O processo de computao envolve trs etapas bsicas.
4) ________ O mundo da computao criou uma linguagem prpria.
5) ________ Hoje em dia quase todo mundo tem uma idia do que seja um computador.
30
6) ________ Algumas dessas palavras vm sendo usadas pelo mundo afora, pois foram tomadas de
emprstimo da lngua inglesa por vrias outras lnguas.
7) ________ Algumas sociedades contemporneas desconhecem o computador.
8) ________ A etapa final permite ao usurio ver os resultados do processamento.
9) ________ Mesmo nos pases ditos desenvolvidos, existem pessoas que no sabem o que um
computador e no se importam em saber.
WHATS IS A COMPUTER?
1 Nowadays, in most modern societies, almost everybody has an idea about what a computer is.
We depend on computers in every aspect of our lives whether we know how to use one or not.
But does everyone really know how a computer works inside?
A computer is an electronic machine which processes data and provides the results of the
5 processing as information. There are three basic steps in the computing process. The first one is
input, which consists of feeding data into the computers memory. Then comes the processing:
the program is run and the computer processes the data by performing a set of instructions. The
third and final step is the output furnished by the computer, which allows the user to see the
results either in printed from or on the screen.
10 The world of computers has created a specific language of its own. English words such as
software and hardware are used worldwide and have been borrowed by many different
languages. Software is information in the form of data and programs, and hardware refers to
the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system.
Despite the constant presence of computers in most modern societies, it is a great mistake to
15 believe that everybody in the world is computer-literate, i.e., is familiar with computers and
knows how to use them properly. In some contemporary societies, many people still have no
idea about the existence of computers, and even in the so-called developed countries, there are
lots of people who do not know or do not care about what a computer is.
b) O autor conclui o texto afirmando que algumas sociedades contemporneas e muitas pessoas dos
pases desenvolvidos desconhecem o computador ou no ligam para ele, sem dar exemplos. Em sua
opinio, quais seriam essas sociedades e essas pessoas?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
c) Escreva na primeira coluna os nmeros correspondentes s palavras definidas na segunda.
a) ________ computer
b)_________ input
c) _________ processing
d) _________ output
e) _________ screen
f) _________ software
g) _________ hardware
h) _________ data
Palavras cuja formao composta por ING podem apresentar diferentes classes gramaticais:
LEARNING = Pode significar aprendendo; aprender ou aprendizagem, dependendo de como
apresentada na sentena.
(gerndio)
They are learning how to get more information. = (aps o verbo to be)
31
__________________________.
32
We have received the VB100% in the test of Virus Bulletin in June 2004 on Windows XP platform.
100% detection rate of AVG Anti-Virus System is continuously certified by independent ICSA laboratories.
(www.avg.com)
EXERCCIOS
Grife todas as palavras cognatas encontradas no texto, circule as familiares e responda:
1) Sobre o que trata o texto? __________________________________________________________
2) Qual o produto em questo? _____________________________________________________
3) Aps baixar o arquivo com sucesso, o que acontecer com seu Nmero de Licena?
_________________________________________________________________________
4) Qual produto oferecido caso voc esteja procurando mais caractersticas, funcionalidade e
flexibilidade?____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5) Quando a empresa recebeu o Boletim de Vrus?__________________________________
6) Em qual programa o Boletim foi recebido? _____________________________________
7) Qual o percentual do padro de deteco do Sistema anti-vrus?___________________
MARCADORES DE SUBSTANTIVOS
Substantivo a palavra que designa pessoa, lugar, objeto, evento, substncia.
possvel localiza-la no texto prestando ateno em certas palavras que acompanham substantivo.
Emprega-se antes de substantivo:
Artigos:
a, an = um, uma
the = o, a, os, as
Pronomes Possessivos adjetivos
MY
Your
His
33
Her
Its
Our
estes, estas
That
Those
QUANTIDADES
Many
muitos, muitas
(a) few
poucos, poucas
much
muito, muita
(a) little
pouco, pouca
some
any
qualquer, quaisquer
every
a lot of
REFERNCIA CONTEXTUAL
A referncia contextual tambm representa um recurso auxiliar na compreenso das idias de um texto.
As chamadas palavras de referncia substituem palavras que esto no texto (ou fora dele) e podem
classificar-se da seguinte maneira:
numerais ordinais;
Quando queremos nos referir a alguma coisa (ou idia) que j foi mencionada, ou ainda vai ser
mencionada numa determinada sentena, geralmente utilizamos recursos lingsticos para no tornar a
sentena repetitiva.
Exemplos:
The magazine which is on the desk is old.
A revista que est sobre a mesa velha.
Paul and Sue are good friends. They always help us.
Paul and Sue so bons amigos. Eles sempre nos ajudam.
34
Pode-se observar que podemos nos referir a uma idia anterior ou posterior utilizando diferentes
PRONOMES;
Exerccios
John works in my office. We like him very much.
John trabalha em meu escritrio. Ns gostamos muito dele.
Pode-se observar que podemos nos referir a uma idia anterior ou posterior utilizando diferentes
PRONOMES.
Subject Pronouns
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
Object Pronouns
Me
You
Him
Her
It
Us
You
Them
Subject
Possessive
My
Your
His
Her
Its
Our
Your
Their
Adjectives
Mine
Yours
His
Hers
Its
Ours
Yours
Theirs
Object
I know Ann.
You know Ann.
He knows Ann.
She knows Ann.
We know Ann.
They know Ann.
Possessive Adjectives
Possessive
Its my money.
Its your money.
Its his money.
Its her money.
Its our money.
Its their money.
Exerccios
Its mine.
Its yours.
Its his.
Its hers.
Its ours.
Its theirs.
35
_________________________________________________________________________.
3) Where are the tickets? I cant find them.
_________________________________________________________________________.
4) We are going out. You can come with us.
_________________________________________________________________________.
5) Margaret likes music. She plays the piano.
_________________________________________________________________________.
6) Ann is going out with her friends tonight.
_________________________________________________________________________.
7) I like tennis. It is my favorite sport.
_________________________________________________________________________.
8) I am talking to you. Please, listen to me.
_________________________________________________________________________.
PRONOMES RELATIVOS
Portanto, temos:
(Para pessoas)
Who
He is the system analyst who/that prepares instructions.
That
(pessoa)
(Para coisas)
Which
This is the manual which/that you need.
That
(coisa)
EXERCCIOS
36
b.
c.
Whats the name of the river ________ flows through the town?
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
2. Volte ao texto Virtual Reality e retire 1 pronome relativo do 1 pargrafo, 1 pronome relativo do 2
pargrafo e 3 pronomes do 3 pargrafo, e indique as respectivas palavras a que eles se referem:
1 pargrafo: pronome: _____________
refere-se a: _______________
2 pargrafo: pronome: _____________
refere-se a: _______________
3 pargrafo: pronome
_________
_________
_________
refere-se a
_____________
_____________
_____________
37
Friends or Friends :
A casa do meu amigo = My friends house.
A casa dos meus amigos = My friends house.
Portanto, temos: My mothers car
My fathers car
My parents car
HARDWARE
38
The central processing unit, or CPU, is the heart of a computer. In addition to performing arithmetic and
logic operations on data, it controls the rest of the system.
Most CPU chips and microprocessors have four functional sections:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Input devices let the users enter commands, data, or programs. Computer keyboards are the most
common input devices. Another common input device, the mouse, is a mechanical device with buttons on
the top and a rolling ball in its base. Other input devices include joysticks and trackballs. Light pens can
be used to draw or to point to items or areas on the display screen. A digitizer pad translates images
drawn on it with an electronic pen. Touch screens allow users to point to items or areas on the screen.
Optical scanners read characters on a printed page and translate them into binary numbers that the
CPU can use. Voice-recognition circuitry digitizes spoken words and enters them into the computer.
Memory-storage devices. Most digital computers store data both internally (main memory) and
externally (auxiliary storage units). A computer temporarily stores information internally on silicon randomaccess memory, or RAM, chips. Another type of internal memory consists of a series of read-only
memory, or ROM, chips. Some auxiliary storage devices floppy disks, hard disks and magnetic tape store
data by magnetically rearranging metal particles on disks and tapes.
Output devices let the user see the results of the computers data processing. The most common output
device is the video display terminal (VDT), or monitor, which uses a cathode-ray tube (CRT) to display
characters and graphics on a screen. Modems (modulator-demodulators) and disk drives are input/output
devices. Printers generate hard copy, a printedversion of information stored in one of the computers
memory systems.
Excerpted from Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia 1993, 1994.
SCANNING
CPU
____________________
____________________
Funes
____________________
ARMAZENAMENTO
DE MEMRIA
_____________________
Interno
_____________________
DISPOSITIVO DE ENTRADA
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
I/O
_______________
_______________
DISPOSITIVO DE SADA
HARDWARE
Externo
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
__________ou_______
___________________
39
A group of two or more computer systems linked together. There are many types of computer
networks, including:
local-area networks (LANs) : The computers are geographically close together (that is, in the
same building).
wide-area networks (WANs) : The computers are farther apart and are connected by telephone
lines or radio waves.
campus-area networks (CANs): The computers are within a limited geographic area, such as a
campus or military base.
metropolitan-area networks MANs): A data network designed for a town or city.
home-area networks (HANs): A network contained within a user's home that connects a person's
digital devices.
In addition to these types, the following characteristics are also used to categorize different types of
networks:
topology : The geometric arrangement of a computer system. Common topologies include a bus,
star, and ring. See the Network topology diagrams in the Quick Reference section of Webopedia.
protocol : The protocol defines a common set of rules and signals that computers on the network
use to communicate. One of the most popular protocols for LANs is called Ethernet. Another popular
LAN protocol for PCs is the IBM token-ring network .
architecture : Networks can be broadly classified as using either a peer-to-peer or client/server
architecture.
Computers on a network are sometimes called nodes. Computers and devices that allocate
resources for a network are called servers.
Questes sobre o texto e estudo do vocabulrio:
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
40
2.
a.
b.
Retire do texto as duas expresses que esto no Caso Genitivo e d as suas tradues:
__________________________ - _________________________
__________________________ - _________________________
3.
De acordo com o texto, o que Network e quais so os tipos de redes de computadores?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
4.
O que a Local-area Network e Campus-area Network?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
5. Cite as trs caractersticas que categorizam diferentes tipos de Rede?
___________________ - ____________________ - __________________
6. Em que consiste o Protocol?
____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7. Traduza: Computers and devices that allocate resources for a network are called servers.
___________________________________________________________________________________
41
PESQUISA DE VOCABULRIO
use
to
give
the
computer
its
basic
instructions:
4. A step-by-step series of instructions that tells the computer how to perform a task:
________________________.
5. The object that prints out the paper copies of documents: ________________________.
6. It is an input device similar to a typewriter: _________________________.
7. It is similar to a TV and displays information: _______________________________,
__________________________ or ___________________________.
8. Consist of monitors, keyboards
________________________.
and
printer
divided
by
two
or
more
people:
9. Collective term for hard disk, floopy disk, tapes, cards on which computers store information:
_________________________.
10. A thin flexible disk that stores data magnetically: ______________________________.
11. Storage midia located into the CPU: _____________________or _________________.
12. A person who writes the software programs: ____________________________.
13. An automated means of creating and editing texts: _____________________________.
14. Refers to printed copies on paper: ____________________________.
15. The information that appears on the screen before it is printed out: ________________.
16. The place where you insert the floopy disk or CD-ROM: ________________________.
PRINTING CONCEPTS
When users print, the computer completes several steps that involve a set of components including
executable files, drivers, device interfaces, and dynamic-link libraries, which work together to create the
printed output. Understanding how this process works helps you understand what happens when you print
a document and how to solve printing problems. Printing has two parts: printing process and the print
components. The two parts make the printing process possible. When printing to an Internet print server,
the print server adds to the standard print process by creating an interface for users.
42
VOCABULARY
To print = imprimir
Print = impresso
Printer = impressora
Set = jogo, conjunto, grupo,
To set up = iniciar, instalar, estabelecer-se
Drive = unidade de disco
Standar = padro
Device = dispositivo
1) Leia o texto PRINTING CONCEPTS e responda as questes a seguir:
a) Sobre o que trata o texto? ________________________________________________________
b) Quais so as duas partes da impressora?____________________________________________
c) O que estas partes possibilitam? ___________________________________________________
d) Qual e o conjunto de componentes citados no texto? ___________________________________
e)
Internet?
____________________________________________________________________________________
2) Localize as palavras familiares no texto acima e d a traduo.
____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3) Circule todas as palavras cognatas.
Whats an Algorithm?
An algorithm is a sequence of instructions that tells how to solve a particular problem. Once the problem
has been identified, the next step is to select the best method for solving it. If the problem is a familiar
one, standardized algorithms may be available from program libraries. But if standard algorithms are not
available or suitable, a new algorithm must be written and then added to the program library. An algorithm
must be specified exactly, so there can be no doubt about what to do next, and it must have a finite
number of steps. A computer program is an algorithm that is written in a language that a computer can
understand, but the same algorithm could be written in several different languages.
Observe a sentena: Once the problem has been identified, the next step is to select the best
method for solving it.
substantivo (soluo)
gerndio (resolvendo)
particpio (resolvido)
verbo/infinitivo (resolver)
43
c) select
d) method
3) Observando o uso do verbo modal must a traduo apropriada da sentena a seguir : it must
have a finite number of steps.
a) ele (algoritmo) poderia ter um nmero finito de passos.
b) ele (algoritmo) no precisa ter um nmero finito de passos.
c) ele (algoritmo) deve ter um nmero finito de passos.
d) ele (algoritmo) no pode ter um nmero finito de passos.
e) ele (algoritmo) talvez tenha um nmero finito de passos.
Mainframe, Minicomputer and Microcomputer
A mainframe is a large computer system comprised of a large central processing unit, separate memory
banks, multiple data-storage devices and peripherals. It is found in computer installations which process
immense amounts of data. This powerful machine has a larger repertoire of more complex instructions
which can be executed more quickly.
A minicomputer is much smaller than the mainframe computer. It was developed to perform limited
functions in scientific environments with less computing capacity. It became possible to reduce the size of
the computer with the replacement of vacuum tubes by transistors and the development of multicircuit
`chips.
A microcomputer is the smallest of the three sizes of computers. The central processor of a micro, called
the microprocessor, is built as a single semiconductor device, that is, the elements necessary to perform
all the logical and arithmetic functions are manufactured as a single chip. The microprocessor literally
contains a computer on a chip that can pass through the eye of a needle.
4) Complete as sentences com mainframe/minicomputer/microcomputer:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
5) Retire do texto dois pronomes relativos (um da definio de mainframe, e outro da definio de
microcomputer) e indique as respectivas palavras a que se referem:
a) ______________ -- ________________________
b) ______________ -- ________________________
6) Assinale a alternativa em que h um Grupo Nominal:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
44
(
(
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
)
11) Indique os dois erros do Presente Simples com crculos e d as formas verbais corretas:
Some mail systems uses a large disk space, but they doesnt determine any amount before its use.
Formas corretas: a) _________________
b) ___________________
12) Destaque das frases abaixo, os verbos na Voz Passiva:
Disks may be permanently attached to the drive unit and they may be made up as removable disk
packs.
_____________________________ - _____________________________
45
13) Circule na sentena a palavra que se encontra no Comparativo e d o seu significado em Portugus:
It is much cheaper to store information on tapes than in the computer main memory
_________________ = ____________________________
14) Observe o segmento abaixo:
Magnetic Tape is mainly used for storing(1) intermediate results of computations and for compact
storing(2) of large amounts of data.
A palavra storing (1) significa:
a)
b)
c)
d)
armazenar
armazenando
armazenamento
armazenado
Third-Generation-1964-1971:Integrated-Circuits
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.
Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically
increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through
keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many
different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the
first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their
predecessors.
Fourth-Generation-1971-Present:Microprocessors
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were
built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of
the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer - from the
central processing unit and memory to input/output controls - on a single chip.
In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh.
Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more
and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.
As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which
eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development
of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.
Exerccios sobre o texto
1) Na 3 gerao de computadores; o que aconteceu com os Transistors?
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2) O que o Sistema Operacional permitia fazer nos computadores da 3 gerao?
____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3) Na sentena: Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were
smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.; destaque as palavras que esto no Comparativo e d os
seus significados na frase: ____________________ = _____________________
____________________ = _____________________
46
A collection of programs that enables you to store, modify, and extract information from a database.
There are many different types of DBMSs, ranging from small systems that run on personal
computers to huge systems that run on mainframes. The following are examples of database
applications:
From a technical standpoint, DBMSs can differ widely. The terms relational, network, flat, and
hierarchical all refer to the way a DBMS organizes information internally. The internal organization
can affect how quickly and flexibly you can extract information.
Requests for information from a database are made in the form of a query, which is a stylized
question. For example, the query
SELECT ALL WHERE NAME = "SMITH" AND AGE > 35
requests all records in which the NAME field is SMITH and the AGE field is greater than 35.
The set of rules for constructing queries is known as a query language. Different DBMSs support
different query languages, although there is a semi-standardized query language called SQL
(structured query language). Sophisticated languages for managing database systems are called
fourth-generation languages, or 4GLs for short.
The information from a database can be presented in a variety of formats. Most DBMSs include a
report writer program that enables you to output data in the form of a report. Many DBMSs also
include a graphics component that enables you to output information in the form of graphs and charts.
Exerccios sobre o texto
1) De acordo com o texto, o que o Sistema de Gerenciamento de Banco de Dados ?
____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________.
2) Cite, em Portugus, os 4 exemplos de Aplicativos de Banco de Dados mencionados no texto:
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
47
____________________________________________
3) No trecho abaixo:
From a technical standpoint, DBMSs can differ widely. The terms relational, network, flat, and
hierarchical all refer to the way a DBMS organizes information internally. The internal organization can
affect how quickly and flexibly you can extract information.;
Identifique o verbo modal que aparece 3 vezes e d os seus respectivos sujeitos.
________ = ____________________
________ = ____________________
________ = ____________________
4) O que a query language e qual o significado em Portugus?
___________________________________________________________________________________
5) No segmento Sophisticated languages for managing database systems are called fourth-generation
languages; a palavra managing significa:
a) gerenciando
b) gerenciar
c) gerenciamento
d) gerenciado
6) Passe a sentena do exerccio acima para o Portugus:
____________________________________________________________________________________
ABOUT CHIPS
Does anybody here know anything about chips?
Nobody expected such a question during an art class. Not from an old teacher of music. And he added, I
must confess that I know nothing about chips. I really dont know anything at all. Sometimes I feel like a
Jurassic teacher.
A quiet girl with curly hair asked shyly, What do you want to know, professor? I have some information
about it.
Lucy was her name. Everybody remained silent. No one sang. Nobody played. Lucy stood up and spoke
up; A computer consists of hundreds of parts, including a monitor, a mouse, disk drives and a keyboard.
Inside the computer is a circuit board. It houses all sorts of microchips, including those for ROM (read-only
memory) and RAM (random-access memory). Mounted on the circuit board is a microprocessor, which is
housed n a protective container and connected to rows of gold-plated pins. Inside the microprocessor
package is the chip itself. This tiny square of silicon is packed with transistors that process instructions
and data for the computer. A chip can process 500 million instructions every second and it has the size of
a fingernail.
After this explanation everybody clapped their hands. The teacher said. Where have you learned all this,
Lucy, my dear?
Well, she said, Ive read it from an old magazine at the library.
VOCABULARY
to remain = permanecer
to house = conter/armazenar
gold-plated = coberto com ouro
48
Questes
1) Assinale a alternativa correta:
a) Os alunos ficaram surpresos com a pergunta da menina.
b) O professor no sabia nada sobre tecnologia.
c) A menina ficou decepcionada com o professor.
d) O antigo professor gostaria de deixar a escola.
2) O professor se considera:
a) ignorante sobre computao
b) um especialista em computao
c) muito antiquado sobre msica
d) um grande leitor de revista de informtica
3) Lucy ensinou seu professor sobre chips provavelmente porque ela:
a) L muito livros na biblioteca
b) Tem algum interesse em computadores
c) studou o assunto em outra escola
d) queria se aparecer
4) O material bsico do chip :
a) silicone
b) transistor
c) silicon
d) gold-plated pin
e) data
5) Na sentena: A chip can process 500 million instructions every second and it has the size of a
fingernail.; o pronome it refere-se a:
a) million
b) second
c) instructions
d) chip
e) fingernail
6) Na sentena: Does anybody here lnow anything about chips?
destaque os pronomes indefinidos e d os seus significados:
________________________ = __________________________________
________________________ = __________________________________
7) Destaque os verbos modais das sentenas abaixo e passe-as para o Portugus:
I must confess that I know nothing about chips.
_______________________________________________________________
A chip can processo 500 million instructions every second.
_______________________________________________________________
8) Relacione as informaes numerando as colunas:
a) The list on the screen which shows the
49
( ) virus
( ) menu
computer
d) A number of computers connected together
( ) cursor
in a larger system
e) Instructions that are put into a computer in
( ) network
TO HEAR
TO SMELL
TO
TO FEEL
TO REMEMBER
TO UNDERSTAND
TASTE
Exemplo: My grandfather could speak five languages.
MUST / MUSTNT: Usamos MUST para dizer que ns temos certeza que alguma coisa certa.
Exemplos: 1. Fish must live in water. (necessidade)
2. Everybody must uphold laws. (obrigao)
3. He must be your father. (Deduo forte)
4. You mustnt tell anyone what I said. (proibio)
MAY: Usamos MAY e MIGHT para dizer que alguma coisa possvel ou seja, com 50% de certeza..
Tambm usamos para pedir permisso (de algo incerto, com baixa probabilidade ou mais formal). No
existe diferena importante entre MAY e MIGHT. Podemos dizer, por exemplo:
Paul may be in his office. OU Paul might be in his office. (probabilidade)
May I dance with your girlfriend? No, you may not. (permisso com baixa probabilidade)
50
SHOULD / SHOULDNT: Geralmente usamos SHOULD quando pedimos ou damos uma opinio sobre
alguma coisa. (frequentemente usamos I think/I dont think/do you think).
Exemplos:
I dont think you should work so hard.
Mike shouldnt drive really. He is too tired.
EXERCISES:
Traduza as seguintes sentenas para o portugus e escreva nos parnteses a idia expressada
pelos verbos modais em destaque.
1. We might have several problems in case inflation rises sharply. (_________________)
_______________________________________________________________________
2.They can manufacturer high-tech equipment, but they may have problems to ship it.
(_________________) (___________________)
__________________________________________________________________________
3.How much should we purchase from that supplier?
(_________________)
__________________________________________________________________________
4.A foreign company can encourage its employments to study languages.
(_________________)
__________________________________________________________________________
5.We mustn`t do this because it`s against the laws.
(_________________)
__________________________________________________________________________
6.Some terms may be included in such exemptions.
(_________________)
__________________________________________________________________________
7.She must be in trouble in the traffic because she never comes to work late.
(_________________)__________________________________________________________________
________
8.People should be in contact with a foreign language more often, otherwise they won`t memorize new
vocabulary and structures.
(_________________) ____________________________________________________
9.Companies should develop equipment, processes and goods that are ecologically clean.
(_________________)
__________________________________________________________________________
51
PUZZLE
Existem dezessete palavras no quadro abaixo. Encontre-as e indique a traduo de cada uma delas,
relacionando as colunas (as que no souber deixe em branco).
Comece localizando os cognatos.
E
52
VOCABULARY
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
COMPUTER
DATA
FEATURE
TO STORE
TO PERFORM
BEADS
RODS
DEVICES
TOOTHED WHEELS
TO HANDLE
CARRIES
DIGIT
ENGINE
PROGRAM
SINCE THEN
DEVELOPED
VERY MUCH
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
53
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
7) Retire do texto um (01) falso cognato e sua traduo.___________________________
8) Assinale abaixo, o nico facilitador e/ou estratgia que NO foi utilizada na leitura do texto. Justifique sua resposta.
Dicas tipogrficas;
Cognatos e palavras familiares;
Scanning;
Skimming;
Conhecimento de mundo.
9) D a traduo da sigla ENIAC.
__________________________________________________________
1) Relacione os cognatos e falsos cognatos encontrados no texto:
COGNATOS
FALSOS
IMPERATIVO
A forma imperativa, utilizada para ordenar ou pedir algo, possui a mesma forma do infinitivo do verbo,
sem to:
To repair: consertar
54
1) DRAG
INCLUA
2) PRESS
MUDE
3) CLICK
PRESSIONE
4) CLOSE
APAGUE
5) MOVE
ARRASTE
6) GRAB
PUXE
7) SELECT
) ABRA
8) OPEN
CLIQUE
9) PUSH
EXECUTE
10) PULL
CANCELE
11) DELETE
FECHE
12) RUN
MOVA
13) INSTALL
INSIRA
14) INSERT
EMPURRE
15) INCLUDE
SELECIONE
16) CHANGE
PEGUE
17) CANCEL
INSTALE
WHAT IS DESKLOOP?
Imagine yourself at the center of a virtual loop where all the windows you use are spread out around you.
Whichever window you need to view can be centered in front of you with a click of a button.
Take this idea and zoom into your pc environment. With Deskloops, all the windows you have open are
aligned side by side in a loop-like order. No more countless windows arranged one on top of the other in
a confusing manner. You can access all the information you need and navigate through it easily.
The loop can be rotated clockwise and counterclockwise simply by moving the cursor to the edge of the
screen and using right click.
Think of the loop as a dynamic rubber band; with each newly opened window the loop automatically
grows. With every closed or minimized window, the loop becomes smaller.
Anytime you want to return to the desktop, double click on Deskloops tray icon and the windows will shift
aside in one swift motion.
http://www.xilokit.com/deskloops/deskloops.html
http://www.xilokit.com/deskloops/Deskloops_UserGuide.pdf
55
EXERCISE
Leia o texto acima e faa os exerccios a seguir:
a) Circule todos os verbos na forma imperativa.
b) De a traduo de todas as palavras em negrito, inclusive o titulo.
SOFTWARE
SOFTWARE (Computer), computer program; instructions that cause the hardware (machine) to do work.
Software can be divided into a number of categories based on the types of work done by programs. The
two primary software categories are operating system which control the workings of the computer, and
application software which addresses the multitude of tasks for which people use computers. Operating
System includes programming languages and utility programs. Application Software includes software that
executes accounting, word processing, data management, communications and graphics. Two additional
categories are network software which enable groups of computers to communicate and language
software which provide programmers the tools they need to write programs. See also OPERATING
SYSTEM; PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE.
SOFTWARE
CATEGORIAS
SISTEMA
SOFTWARE DE
LINGUAGEM
OPERACIONAL
56
CARACTERSTICAS
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
COMUNICAO
_____________
SOFTWARE PIRACY
Software piracy is the unauthorized and illegal duplication of copyrighted computer software. The most
common forms include copying for personal use, for use among employees of a company, and for resale.
The latter includes manufacturing of counterfeit packages that pretend to be originals.
Piracy is the most widespread computer crime. The Software Publishers Association (SPA), the principal
trade group of the personal computing software industry, estimated that in 1994 the industry lost $8.08
billion worldwide due to illegal copying of operating systems, education, entertainment, or personal
productivity software.
Excerpted from The 1996 Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia.
1995 Grolier Incorporated. All rights reserved.
Questes sobre o texto:
1. Quais foram todos os tipos de pirataria mencionados no texto? _______________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. De acordo com o texto, a pirataria considerada um crime? Retire do texto a sentena que afirma ou
nega isso? ___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3) O que a SPA? O que esta sigla significa? _______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
4) Observe a palavra grifada: The latter includes the manufacturing of counterfeit packages that pretend
to be originals. Ela um cognato ou um falso-cognato? Qual o seu real significado? ________________
______________________________________________________________.
Text:
VIRTUAL REALITY
Researchers in computer imaging technology are developing systems by which users can experience
a simulated three-dimensional reality (3D). This simulated reality is known as virtual reality (VR).
Sometimes the term cyberspace is used as synonym with VR.
Since the 1970s, technologists have learned how to produce animated computer images of objects
that exhibit colors, textures and special changings. The images can also be subjected to changing light
conditions and to simulated effects of gravity and other forces. The results can look as real as actual
motion pictures.
The further aim of technologists is to make it for person t enter and actually manipulate VR. This is
being achieved by having an observer who wears a headgear through which computer images are
57
displayed on small screens in front of the eyes. At the same time, gloves that are equipped with sensors
are transmitting apparent changes of body orientation in VR. A simpler form of these VR techniques is
seen in the flight simulators used for training pilots.
Adapted from: Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc., 1996
_____________________________________
58
OPERATING SYSTEM
The most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an
operating system to run other programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing
input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on
the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
For large systems, the operating system has even greater responsibilities and powers. It is like a
traffic cop -- it makes sure that different programs and users running at the same time do not interfere
with each other. The operating system is also responsible for security, ensuring that unauthorized
users do not access the system.
Operating systems can be classified as follows:
multi-user : Allows two or more users to run programs at the same time. Some operating systems
permit hundreds or even thousands of concurrent users.
multiprocessing : Supports running a program on more than one CPU.
multitasking : Allows more than one program to run concurrently.
multithreading : Allows different parts of a single program to run concurrently.
real time: Responds to input instantly. General-purpose operating systems, such as DOS and
UNIX, are not real-time.
Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which other programs, called application
programs, can run. The application programs must be written to run on top of a particular operating
system. Your choice of operating system, therefore, determines to a great extent the applications you
can run. For PCs, the most popular operating systems are DOS, OS/2, and Windows, but others are
available, such as Linux. As a user, you normally interact with the operating system through a set of
commands. For example, the DOS operating system contains commands such as COPY and
RENAME for copying files and changing the names of files, respectively. The commands are
accepted and executed by a part of the operating system called the command processor or command
line interpreter. Graphical user interfaces allow you to enter commands by pointing and clicking at
objects that appear on the screen.
Vocabulrio
1.
Passe para o Portugus as expresses abaixo retiradas do texto:
a. General-purpose computer - ___________________________________
b. Operating system - __________________________________________
c. Basic tasks - ________________________________________________
d. Peripheral devices - __________________________________________
e. Different programs and users - _________________________________
2.
a. Teclado - _______________
b. Tela - __________________
c. Usurios - _______________
d. Diretrios - ______________
59
e. Segurana - ______________
f. Acessar - ________________
g. Aplicativos - _____________
h. Processador - _____________
60
3.
O que um Sistema Operacional, de acordo com a definio do texto?
____________________________________________________________________________________
4.
Quais so as funes do Sistema Operacional?
- ___________________________________________________________
- ___________________________________________________________
- ___________________________________________________________
- ___________________________________________________________
5.
-
6.
O que faz o multi-user?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________.
7.
Quais so os mais populares Sistemas Operacionais para PCs?
8.
Como so aceitos e executados os comandos do Sistema Operacional?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
9. Passe a seguinte sentena do texto para o Portugus: The Operating System is also responsible for
security, ensuring that unauthorized users do not access the system.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
10) O que possui o Sistema Operacional DOS e para que serve?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
de infncia (Noah Wyle) e do Steve Wozniak (Joey Slotnick), que daria forma ao computador da Apple, o
do amigo Paul Allen (Josh Hopkins), que iniciaria a Microsoft.
Na primeira cena, Steve Jobs e Steve Wosniak aparecem nos preparativos da produo de um
comercial que ficou muito famoso nos EUA. Trata-se do lanamento do Machintosh. Esse comercial foi
exibido uma nica vez, num evento de visibilidade muito grande (uma final de campeonato esportivo); o
equivalente no Brasil seria uma final de campeonato nacional de futebol.
Steve Jobs , vivido pelo ator Noah Wyle, olha para a cmera com um ar manaco e diz: No quero que
voc pense nisso s como um filme. Ns estamos reescrevendo a histria da humanidade.
Pirates of Silicon Valley, de 1999, conta a histria do computador pessoal de um jeito muito divertido,
apesar de conter exageros. Retrata com preciso as diferenas entre os grandes inventores do
computador pessoal: Jobs, Bill Gates e a IBM.
Assista agora ao filme e anote os aspectos relevantes da histria. Posteriormente, voc responder
algumas questes sobre ele; portanto, fique atento!
1) Qual foi o primeiro microcomputador comercialmente lanado?Por qual empresa? Esse computador teve
sucesso? Por qu?
2) Cite uma cena empreendedora do filme que para ser descrita use-se o termo
capitalismo de risco.
3) Cite duas cenas em que empresas grandes observaram tecnologias inovadoras e no lhes deram valor
(cite a empresa e a tecnologia). Por que essas empresas foram incapazes de
reconhecer o potencial dessas tecnologias?
4) Quem disse a frase O lucro est no hardware, e no no software? Descreva a cena em que isso foi
dito.Comente essa frase.
5) Por que a mudana de percepo de valor que o mercado dava para hardware e software mudou tanto
do momento em que essa frase foi dita para o momento atual?
6) Cite cenas do filme que para serem descritas use-se o termo
inteligncia competitiva.
7) Cite alguns comentrios feitos por Bill Gates sobre estratgias comerciais. O que voc acha delas?
8) Descreva as expectativas de Paul Alen e do dono da Seatle Computers no momento em que ele
pretendia comprar DOS dele.
9)Qual era o risco de Paul Alen no caso de no conseguir comprar o produto? Qual era a percepo de
valor que o dono da Seatle Computers tinha sobre o DOS?
10) Quem era o autor da frase:Bons artistas copiam, grandes artistas roubam? Comente essa frase.
11) Com relao Direito e tica, o que podemos concluir sobre o filme?
12) No decorrer do filme apareceram vrios grupos nominais, escreva cinco deles.
13) Justifique a frase: O grande sucesso de Bill Gates e Steve Jobs se deu atravs de suas habilidades
comunicativas.
Programming Languages
Just as there are many human languages, so there are many computer languages. In the early days,
people programmed using the computers binary code, or what we call `machine language. When this
became difficult, mnemonics were used to make life easier. This is called `assembly language
programming. Finally, there are the high-level languages like BASIC, FORTRAN, and ALGOL. These are
much more similar to everyday language, and are translated directly or indirectly into the computers
machine code using the computers firmware.
BASIC is the language most often used to introduce programming.
Some help
a) _________________________________________________.
b) _________________________________________________.
Machine Language
This is the language which the computer actually understands inside itself. Machine language
statements are written in a binary code, and each statement corresponds to one machine action.
A program written in high-level language is often called a `source program, and it cannot be directly
processed by the computer until it has been compiled, which means interpreted into machine code. Usually
a single instruction written in a high-level language, when transformed into machine code, results in several
instructions. But some computers can be programmed directly in machine code.
Some help
para o
machine code
machine language
source program
several instructions
Assinale a alternativa que preenche a afirmao de acordo com o texto:
Assembly Languages
Assembly language is a programming language that talks fairly directly to the computer. Unlike machine
language, which is what the computer understands, assembly language is mnemonic, so that it can be
understood and remembered more easily by a human being; in fact, assembly language is really just
machine language in mnemonic form.
Assembly languages are specific to a given CPU chip and are named after it (8080 assembly language,
6809 assembly language, etc.) They are harder to program than a high-level language, but they produce
programs that are more efficient and run faster.
Some help
fairly = quase
are named = recebem o nome
unlike = ao contrrio de, diferente de
after it de acordo com ele (chip
just = apenas, justamente
CPU = Central Processing Unit
5)
Na sentena do texto que est sublinhada, o pronome They refere-se palavra:
a) languages
b) CPU
6)
c) programs
d) chip
c) more easily
d) the computer understand
7)
a)
a)
b)
c)
d)
High-Level Languages
A high-level languages is a computer programming language designed to allow people to write programs
without having to understand the inner workings of the computer.
They are fairly close to natural languages like English and most have been written for one particular type
of application or another. For example, ALGOL has been written for general applications, COBOL for
business applications, FORTRAN for mathematics work and BASIC for general purpose introductory
programming.
High-level languages are easier to program than assembly languages, but generally produce programs
that are less efficient and run slower.
Some help
Internet
Internet started in 1969, in a military project in which 21 computers were linked. This means that a person in
one oh those computers could read the files of any other computer in the same network. This project was
called ARPANET. During the 70s and 80s, computer technology developed vary fast. Networks were
developed, like the ARPANET.You will do everything through Internet: shopping, electronic forums, debates
etc. The Internet will be the necessary basis for our everyday life. (Adapted from Sun, Amos)
Questions
Leia o texto acima, aplique as estratgias de leitura e responda:
1) O que o texto afirma sobre a Internet? Escolha apenas uma alternativa correta e traduza na linha
abaixo.
a) will be a military reality in the future
b) will be important for everyone
c) is made of 21 computers
d) can be used to develop technology very fast
e) teachers computer skills
traduo:
_______________________________________________________________________________
2) Explique o que ARPANET. Resposta em portugus.
____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3) De acordo com o texto a frase computers were linked pode ser traduzida como:
a) computadores esto ligados
b) computadores eram desligados
c) computadores no eram conectados
d) computadores esto conectados
e) computadores estavam conectados
4) Explique o que aconteceu entre os anos 70 e 80? ________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5) traduza a frase: a person in one of those computers could read the files of any other computer in the
same network. _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
JAVA
Who is the champion in the world about plataforms! If you said windows, youre wrong. The
champion in technology is Java. It was created by sun to work in receptors of cable TV, adapted for
Internet and later to PDAs, cell phones and similars.
Java is a program language. Softwares that are writen in this language can be executed in any
dispositive, since it has the operational system.
This independence is possible due to the fact that this technology is based in a complex software
that permits to execute any order.
The name arose from a conversation among programmers in a coffee shop Java is one kind of
coffee from Java island. From the name, others have arisen at the same time: Java beans Hot Java- only
to exemplify. The stylistic cup is the famous reference. And there is one thing that only programmers know.
The first four bytes of any file class are in hexadecimal, OXCAFEBABE.
Finally, about micro Edition, we have Java me, more known as Jame.
Java logo (created by sun)
(adapted from Internet Magazine, by Niuza Barone Peres, June, 2006)
Comprehension questions.
1. Who is the champion in technology? ___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is Java? ______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Como surgiu a marca e aonde?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Em que esta tecnologia baseada?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. Circule os Cognatos e relacione as familiares encontradas no texto.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6. Qual empresa criou a tecnologia mencionada no texto?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
VOCABULARY
Accurate = careful and exact = precisas, certeiras.
Quick = speedy, rapid = velozes, rpidas.
Huge = immense, enormous = enormes, colossais, imenso, vasto.
Decision-making = tomada de posio / tomada de deciso.
Available = acessible = disponveis, acessveis.
Networks = redes (de comunicao).
Adding up = achar a soma de
Charge account statements = relatrios de contas de crdito e dbito.
Vacation schedule = escala ou programao de frias.
Aid = auxiliar.
Major = principal
To handle = manipular
EXERCISES
1) Escreva abaixo os principais usos de um computador.
First as___________________________________________________________________
Second as_________________________________________________________________
Third as__________________________________________________________________
Finally as_________________________________________________________________
2) Ligue os exemplos e os usos.
(a) planning a vacation schedule
( ) data processing
(b) printing the charge account statements
( ) number processing
(c) projecting sales for an industrial manufacturer
( ) knowledge processing
(d) Adding up the daily transactions at a bank
( ) information analyzing
3) Escreva as palavras familiares encontradas no texto e suas tradues.
FAMILIAR
TRADUO
How to remove malicious software from your computer? Published: August 30, 2005
Finding and extracting unwanted program
Despite your best efforts, you may occasionally download a program you don't want.
Here are some ways to remove it. (Note that you may not be able to remove some programs.)
Run the Malicious Software Removal Tool
Make sure your anti-spyware software is current, and then scan your system, following the instructions on
your screen.
If you've downloaded something that's wreaking havoc on your systemslowing it to a crawl, causing it to
crash frequently, etc.try using the Malicious Software Removal Tool. This tool checks computers using
Windows XP, Windows 2000, and Windows Server 2003 for specific malicious software and helps you
remove it.
Disable a program by using Add-On Manager (Windows XP Service Pack 2 only)
If your anti-spyware program and the Malicious Software Removal Tool don't solve the problem, you may be
able to disable the troublemaker through Add-On Manager.
1.Open Internet Explorer.
2.On the Tools menu, click Manage Add-ons.
3.In the list of add-ons, click to select the one you want to disable, and then click Disable in the Settings
section in the bottom half of the Manage Add-ons box. Look for add-ons you didn't accept or don't
recognize.
4.Click OK.
Tip: Add-ons are programs that extend the capabilities of Internet Explorer, for example, toolbars or
programs that let you accomplish tasks such as making hotel reservations or searching the Internet. But
there are also add-ons you wouldn't want, such as those that redirect your search to their own Web site or
change your homepage.
2005 Microsoft Corporation. All
rights reserved
1) Aplicando a tcnica de skimming responda sobre que o texto trata?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
COBOL
COBOL is a third-generation programming language, and one of the oldest programming languages
still in active use. Its name is an acronym for COmmon Business-Oriented Language, its defining its
primary domain in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and governments. The
COBOL 2002 standard includes support for object-oriented programming and other modern language
features.
History and specification
In a meeting held at the Pentagon on May 28 and 29, 1959, organized by Charles Phillips, COBOL was
initially created in 1947 by The Short Range Committee, that was formed to recommend a short range
approach to a common business language.
It was made up of members representing six computer manufacturers and three government agencies.
In particular, the six computer manufacturers were Burroughs Corporation, IBM, Minneapolis-Honeywell
(Honeywell Labs), RCA, Sperry Rand, and Sylvania Electric Products. The three government agencies
were the US Air Force, the David Taylor Model Basin, and the National Bureau of Standards (Now NIST).
This committee was chaired by a member of the NBS. An Intermediate-Range Committee and a LongRange Committee were proposed at the Pentagon meeting as well. However although the Intermediate
Range Committee was formed, it was never operational; and the Long-Range Committee was never even
formed. In the end a sub-committee of the Short Range Committee developed the specifications of the
COBOL language.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL
Leia o texto acima, aplique as estratgias de leitura e responda:
1) Segundo o texto, qual o conceito de COBOL? Responda em portugus.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2) Observe a frase: recommend a short range approach to a common business language.
Qual traduo de common business language?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3)
O
que
ocorreu
em
28
e
29
________________________________________________________
de
maio
de
1959:
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3) O que inclui o Padro COBOL 2002? Responda em portugus.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5) A que se define o domnio primrio do COBOL?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6) Quais so os seis fabricantes de computadores mencionados no texto?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
If you need to send or copy more than 20 pages, place the additional pages gently and carefully in
the feeder just before the last page is scanned. Do not try to force them in, as this may cause
double-feeding or jamming.
If your document consists of several large or thick pages which must be loaded one at a time,
insert each page into the feeder as the previous page is being scanned. Insert gently to prevent
double-feeding.
Adjust the document guide on the
right side of the feeder to the width
of your document.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2
Place the document face down and
push it gently into the document
feeder. The top edge of the document should enter the fax first.
Important
If you need to remove the document from the feeder before the transmission or copying, first open the
operation panel by pulling the front edge up and then remove the document. If you try to pull out the
document without opening the operation panel, you may damage the feeder mechanism.
Source: FACSIMILE OPERATION MANUAL / SHARP
_____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________.
5) Grife no texto a seguir 5 verbos modais e os seus verbos principais.
Wireless Networking
The term wireless networking refers to technology that enables two or more computers to communicate
using standard network protocols, but without network cabling. Strictly speaking, any technology that does
this could be called wireless networking. The current buzzword however generally refers to wireless LANs.
This technology, fuelled by the emergence of cross-vendor industry standards such as IEEE 802.11, has
produced a number of affordable wireless solutions that are growing in popularity with business and schools
as well as sophisticated applications where network wiring is impossible, such as in warehousing or pointof-sale handheld equipment.
There are two kinds of wireless networks:
a.
An Hoc or Peer-to Peer wireless network consists of a number of computers each equipped
with a wireless networking interface card. Each computer can communicate directly with all of the other
wireless enabled computers. They can share files and printers this way, but may not be able to access
wired LAN resources, unless one of the computers acts as a bridge to the wired LAN using special
software. (This is called "bridging")
Figure 1: Ad-Hoc or Peer-to Peer Networking.
Each computer with a wireless interface can communicate directly with all of the others.
b.
A wireless network can also use an access point, or base station. In this type of network the
access point works like a hub, providing connectivity for the wireless computers. It can connect (or "bridge")
the wireless LAN to a wired LAN, allowing wireless computer access to LAN resources, such as file servers
or existing Internet Connectivity.
There are two types of access points:
i.
Dedicated hardware access points (HAP) such as Lucent's WaveLAN, Apple's
Airport Base Station or WebGear's AviatorPRO. (See Figure 2). Hardware access points offer
comprehensive support of most wireless features, but check your requirements carefully.
ii.
Software Access Points which run on a computer equipped with a wireless network
interface card as used in an ad-hoc or peer-to-peer wireless network. (See Figure 3) The Vicomsoft
InterGate suites are software routers that can be used as a basic Software Access Point, and include
features not commonly found in hardware solutions, such as Direct PPPoE support and extensive
configuration flexibility, but may not offer the full range of wireless features defined in the 802.11 standard.
With appropriate networking software support, users on the wireless LAN can share files and printers
located on the wired LAN and vice versa. Vicomsoft's solutions support file sharing using TCP/IP.
Figure 2: Hardware Access Point.
Wireless connected computers using a Hardware Access Point.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5) Escreva o que as figuras 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente representam?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
6) Retire do texto dez 10 cognatas e 10 familiares.
7) Circule abaixo todos os facilitadores e/ou estratgias utilizados na anlise e interpretao do texto.
a) Dicas tipogrficas
d) Skimming
b) Cognatos e palavras familiares
e) Conhecimento de mundo
c) Scanning
9) Com base no texto, circule a alternativa em que todas as palavras so falsos cognatos.
a) refers, term
b) more, file
c) using, interface
a) directly, generally
e) business, wireless
10) Retire do texto cinco (05) afixos (prefixos ou sufixos) com traduo.
AFIXO
TRADUO
TRADUO
10. To run
_______________________________
12. To set up
_____________________________
13. To supply
____________________________
15. User
________________________________
17. Way
________________________________
19. Wizard
______________________________
Photo
Your CV
Example:
NAME: Gavin H Alvarez
_____________________________________________________________________________________
ADDRESS: 26 Dryfield Road
Cambridge CB2 2DS
_____________________________________________________________________________________
TELEPHONE NUMBER: 01223 3268452
_____________________________________________________________________________________
E-MAIL ADDRESS: gavinhalvarez@btinternet.com
_____________________________________________________________________________________
DATE OF BIRTH: 14 June 1984
_____________________________________________________________________________________
EDUCATION
1995 2000
WORK EXPERIENCE
AUGUST SEPTEMBER 2000
INTERESTS
Reading
2- Read the curriculum vitae (CV) quickly and choose the correct answers to the questions below.
1 What is a CV?
a) A description of someones family, education, likes and dislikes.
b) A description of someones education, work experience, and skills.
2 How is a CV arranged?
a) under headings
b) like a letter
3 Read the CV again and decide if the sentences (1-7) below are true (T) or false (F).
1 Gavin Alvarez lives in Cambridge. ( )
2 He is a student at Cam College.
( )
3 He passed his GCSEs in 2001.
( )
4 He has had Saturday and holiday jobs since 2000. ( )
5 He left Cam College in 2000. ( )
6 He is quite good at languages. ( )
7 He isnt interested in technology. ( )
Writing
4 Write your own CV in English using qualifications you already have, or ones that you think you might get
in the future. Use Gavins CV as a model for your writing.
Name
Address
Telephone number
e-mail address
Date of birth
Education
Qualifications
Work experience
Other information
Interests
Referee
A) Look at the keys across the top of the computer keyboard and complete the sentences.
1. ~ This is called a ______________________________________
2. ` This is called a ______________________________________
3. ! This is called an ______________________________________
4. @ This symbol means a______________________________________
5. # This symbol means ______________________________________
6. $ This is called a ______________________________________
7. % This symbol means ______________________________________
8. ^ This symbol is called a ______________________________________
9. & This symbol is called an _____________________ and means _______________
10. * This symbol is called an ______________________________________
11. ( ) These two marks are called ______________________________________
12. - This is called a ______________________________________
13. + This symbol is called a ______________________________________
14. = This symbol is called an ______________________________________
B) Look around the computer keyboard and complete the sentences.
15. { } These marks are called ______________________________________
16. [ ] These marks are called ______________________________________
17. : This is called a ______________________________________
18. ; This is called a ______________________________________
19. " " These marks are called ______________________________________
20. " " In British English, these marks are called ______________________________________
21. ' This is called an ______________________________________
22. , This is called a ______________________________________
23. . This is called a period ______________________________________
24. . In British English, this is called a ______________________________________
25. ... Three periods together are called an ______________________________________
26. ? This is called a ______________________________________
27. / This is called a ______________________________________
28. \ This is called a ______________________________________
29. < > These marks are called ______________________________________
CROSSWORD
VERTICAIS
HORIZONTAIS
1) ampersand
2) and
3) angle brackets
4) apostrophe
5) asterisks
6) at
7) back slash
8) braces
9) brackets
10) circumflex
11) colon
12) comma
13) dollar sign
14) ellipsis
15) equal sign
16) exclamation mark
17) forward slash or virgule
18) full stop
19) grave or grave accent
20) hyphen
21) inverted commas
22) number
23) parentheses
24) per cent
25) period
26) plus sign
27) question mark
28) quotation marks or quotes
29) semicolon
30) tilde
Complete com as palavras da tabela acima(1/5/11/21/23/29 e 4/8/10/15/28)
A _______________ is a website in which items are posted on a regular basis and displayed in reverse
chronological order. This term is a shortened form of weblog. It comprises text, hypertext, images, and links
(to other web pages and to video, audio and other files). It uses a conversational style of documentation. A
person who posts these entries is called a ___________.
_____________is a real-time communication between two users via computer. Once has been initiated,
either user can enter text by typing on the keyboard and the entered text will appear on the other user's
monitor. Most networks and online services offer its feature.
___________ is an individual who uses a computer. This includes expert programmers as well as novices.
An _________is any individual who runs na application program.
A programmable machine. The two principal characteristics of a ___________________ are:
Referncias
BOECKNER, Keith & BROWN, P. Charles. Oxford English for Computing.Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1996.
CASTLEMAN, R. K. Digital Image Processing. USA: Prentice Hall, 2000.
CRUZ, Dcio Torres & SILVA, Alba Valria & ROSAS, Marta. Ingls.com.textos para informtica. Salvador: O Autor ,
2001.
GALANTE, T. P. Ingls para Processamento de Dados. So Paulo: Atlas, 1996.
MARTINS, Elisabeth P. & PASQUALIN, Ernesto & AMOS, Eduardo. Graded English. So Paulo: Moderna,1993.
MUNHOZ, Rosngela. Ingls Instrumental Estratgias de Leitura. Mdulo I. So Paulo: TEXTO NOVO, 2000.
________.Ingls Instrumental Estratgias de Leitura. Mdulo II. So Paulo: TEXTO NOVO, 2001.
Internet: sites diversos