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Q.) Write a note on Inductor and their Networks.

Ans. An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a
passive
two - terminal
electrical component which resists changes
in electric current passing through it. It consists of a conductor
such as a wire, usually wound into a coil. When a current
flows
through it, energy is stored temporarily in a magnetic
field in the coil. When the current flowing through an inductor
changes, the time-varying magnetic field induces a voltage in the
conductor, according to Faradays law of electromagnetic
induction, which opposes the change in current that created it. As
a result, inductors always oppose a change in current, inthe same
way that a flywheel oppose a change in rotational velocity. Care
should be taken not to confuse this with the resistance provided
by a resistor.

Inductors in a parallel configuration each have the same potential

difference (voltage). To find their total equivalent inductance (Leq):

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The current through inductors in series stays the same, but

the voltage across each inductor can be different. The sum
of the potential differences (voltage) is equal to the total
voltage. To find their total inductance:

Q.) Write about Series and Parallel networks of Capacitors.

Ans. Capacitors follow the same law using the reciprocals. The
total capacitance of capacitors in series is equal to the reciprocal
of the sum of the reciprocals of their individual capacitances:

.
The total capacitance of capacitors in parallel is equal to the sum
of their individual capacitances:

.
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The working voltage of a parallel combination of capacitors is

always limited by the smallest working voltage of an individual
capacitor.

Q.) What do you mean by Instantaneous Value of Voltage?

Ans. The instantaneous value of an AC signal is the value of
voltage or current at one particular instant. The value may be zero
if the particular instant is the time in the cycle at which the polarity
of the voltage is changing. It may also be the same as the peak
value, if the selected instant is the time in the cycle at which the
voltage or current stops increasing and starts decreasing. There
are actually an infinite number of instantaneous values between
zero and the peak value.

Q.) Explain the relation between Period & Frequency.

Ans. The period of a waveform is the time required for completing
one full cycle. It is measured in seconds. In Figure 15-1, the
sinusoidal waveform is plotted as a function of the argument t,
and the periodic nature of the sine wave is evident. The function
repeats itself every 2 radians, and its period is therefore 2
radians. The relationship between time (T) and frequency (f) is
indicated by the T = 1/f.
If the signal in the Figure makes one complete revolution each
second, the generator produces one complete cycle of AC during
each second (1 Hz). Increasing the number of revolutions to two
per second will produce two complete cycles of ac per second (2
Hz). The number of complete cycles of alternating current or
voltage completed each second is referred to as the frequency, f
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or event frequency. Event frequency is always measured and

expressed in hertz. Because there are 2 radians in a full circle, a
cycle, the relationship between , f, and period, T, can be
expressed as
f = 1/T Hz.