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OUTPUT SUMMARY
Wave Action in a Tank Per the AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE (API)
Standard 620 Tenth Edition, February 2002
tank_full
WT
W s tare

5753 k
5012 k
741 k

weight of full tank

weight of liquid
weight of empty tank, tare

H
D
G

66.70 ft
47.50 ft
0.83 unit

maximum design liquid height

tank diameter
specific gravity of stored product

density
circ
W tank
V

0.0518
149.23
4.97
118196

k/ft
ft
k/ft
ft

0.83 * 0.0624 density of stored product

47.50 * shell circumference
741 /149.23 tank shell per foot of circumference
* (47.50 /2) * 66.70 volume of tank
118,196 * 7.48052 = 884,168 gallons
Tank Movement

k1
k

0.71 unitless

0.57
0.59

diameter / height
47.50 /66.70

Ht, Height
of Tank
66.00'

CG of Effective
Contents Mass
Xs
H, Product
Height
44.00'
66.70'
X1
28.36'

OVERTURNING MOMENT
Not all of the liquid works to overturn the tank + contents. Much of the
potential force is taken out as wave action so that not all of the liquid
moves in the same direction of the tank but, instead, much of the liquid
moves vertically against the loaded wall.
D/H

CG of Tank

Seismic Motion

-0.0008 * 0.71 + 0.0122 * 0.71 - 0.0062 * 0.71+ 0.5699

IF(factor for D/H)

row 40
D, Tank Diameter 47.50'

4.07 sec

period of first mode sloshing

0.59 * 47.50

S
C2a

1.50
0.28

site amplification factor from API Table L-2

0.75 * 1.50 /4.07 for T 4.5 API L.3.3.2

C2b

0.31

3.375 * 1.50 /4.07 for T > 4.5 API L.3.3.2

C2

0.28

lateral seismic force coefficient

IF(4.07 4.5, 0.28, 0.31)

Figure 40-1 Tank elevation and forces.

W1 / WT

0.84

0.0183 * 0.59 - 0.251 * 0.59 + 0.9798

4200 k

weight of the effective mass of the tank contents

that moves with the tank, see figure API L-2
0.84 * 5,012 k

W2 / WT

0.14

0.001 * 0.71 - 0.0264 * 0.71 - 0.2481 * 0.71- 0.6

weight of the effective mass of the first mode
sloshing of tank contents, see API Figure L-2

686 k

weight of effective mass of the first mode sloshing

0.14 * 5,012 k

Site Coefficients
Rock, shear-wave velocity >2500 fps
Stiff or dense soil depth < 200 ft

S
1.00

Stiff or dense soil depth > 200 ft

1.20 row 50

Soil depth > 70 ft containing 20 ft or

more of soft to medium stiff clay but
not more than 40 ft of soft clay

1.50

More than 40 ft of soft clay where

shear-wave < 500 fps

2.00

row 60

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TANK SUPPORT

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row 70

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TANK SUPPORT

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OVERTURNING MOMENT -- Continued

X1 /H 1
0.43
D/H * -0.07692 + 0.48
0.71 * -0.07692 + 0.48
X1 /H
X1

0.43
28.36 ft

X2 / H
X2

0.80
53.32 ft

Z
I

0.30 unitless
1.25 unitless

Wr

0 k

Ht
Xs

66.00 ft
44.00 ft

C1

0.6 unitless

height to the centroid of lateral seismic force of tank

contents that move in unison with the tank, W 1

Seismic Zone Coefficients

1 0.075
2A
0.15
2B
0.2
3
0.3
4
0.4

0.0005 * D/H^4 - 0.0116 * D/H^3 + 0.0952 * D/H^2 - 0.3437 * D/H + 1

height to the centroid of the tank contents sloshing mass, W 2

seismic zone coefficient

importance factor
total weight of tank roof and insulation,
0 when included in Ws
total height of tank shell
height to the CG of the shell usually
taken as 2/3 Ht for flexible structures
arbitrary factor

row 80

Importance Factor
Generally the importance factor I = 1.00.
Use I = 1.25 for tanks containing toxic or explosive
chemicals.
Many building departments consider cryogenic materials
to be hazardous and I = 1.25.
The IBC (International Building Code) Table 1604.5 may
require I = 1.50.
row 90
0 Wr
686 W2

Overturning Moment Applied to Bottom of Tank

C1 W s Xs 0.60 * 741 * 44.00
19562
C1 W r Ht 0.60 * 0 * 66.00
0
C1 W 1 X1 0.60 * 4,200 * 28.36
71481
C2 W 2 X2 0.60 * 686 * 53.32
10115
Mot
Z I (C1 W s Xs + C1 W r Ht + C1 W 1 X1 + C2 W 2 X2)
37934 k-ft

W sum

445 k
0
2520
190
1183 k

C1 W s
0.60 * 741
C1 W r
0.60 * 0
C1 W 1
0.60 * 4,200
C2 W 2
0.28 * 686
for lateral forces

W arm

32.1 ft

37,934 /1,183 vertical arm to lateral forces

741 Ws
4,200 W1

66.00
53.32

44.00
28.36

Mot
Figure 40-2 Tank overturning forces.
Wave Vertical Motion

row 110

Ratio loads for midline frame

midline
5 columns
total
21 columns
0.238095 ratio
E

Tank and
Liquid Motion

282 k-ft
row 120

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CELERITY: WAVE ACTION

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TANK SUPPORT

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Seismic Motion
Figure 40-3 Tank in overturning and deformation.
row 130

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RIGHTING MOMENT
tb
0.25 in
ts
0.25 in
Fby
36.0 k/in2

thickness of bottom of tank

shell thickness
minimum yield strength of the bottom shell

WL 1

7.9 * tb *

9659 lbs/ft

Tank Edge
CL Tank
23.75

Fby * G * H

7.9 * 0.25 * 36.0 * 1000 * 0.83 * 66.70 * 12 in/ft

W L max

3287 lbs/ft

Contributing Liquid
Shell
Roof and Insulation

1.25 * G * H * D
1.25 * 0.83 * 66.70 * 47.50

WL

3287 lbs/ft

weight of contents to resist tank shell overturning

W shell

4576 lbs/ft

weight of shell and insulation

W rt

491 k
683
0
1173 k

3,287 * 47.50 PI()/1000 contributing liquid

4,576 * 47.50 * PI()/1000 shell
total weight of tank roof and insulation,

row 140

Mrt
Figure 40-4 Tank righting moments.

W rt

row 150
Mrt

27866 k-ft
0 logic

For Anchored Tank

b
4597 lbs/ft

1532 lbs/in2
factor

1998532
0 logic

47.50 /2 * 1,173
!!! 27,866 < 37,934 k-ft Mot

4,576 + 1.273 * 37,934 /47.50 of shell circumference

4,597 /(12 * 0.25) longitudinal stress at bottom of the shell

row 160

0.83 * 66.70 * 47.50 /0.25

factor > 106

Fa

4386 lbs/in2

10,000,000 * 0.25 /(47.50* 12) shell longitudinal stress

Fa

6219 lbs/in2

10,000,000 * 0.25 /(2.5 * 47.50 * 12) + 600*

Fa

6219 lbs/in2

IF(0, 4,386, 6,219)

0.83 * 66.70

row 170
1 logic

Wave Height
dwave

1.93 ft

OK 6,219 4,386

1.124 * Z *

I *

C2 * T2 * tanh(4.77 *

1.124 * 0.30 * 1.25 * 0.28 * 4.07 * tanh(4.77 *

H /D

66.70 /47.50

)
row 180

1.93' Wave Height

Liquid Motion
Seismic Motion

Page 40 - 6

CELERITY: WAVE ACTION

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Figure 40-5 Wave height during motion.

row 190

Page 40 - 7

CELERITY: WAVE ACTION

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TANK SUPPORT

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APPROXIMATIONS of API TABLES

The Trendline command with the Display equation and R-squared Values on chart
were used to approximate the API table values so that the chart values can be
automaticaly calculated. This does, in fact, reduce errors. The Trendline values
closely approximate chart values.

D/H
W 1/W T
W2/WT

0
1
0.0

1
0.74
0.22

2
0.53
0.4

2.8
0.41
0.51

3
0.38
0.53

4
0.28
0.63

5
0.2
0.7

1
0.9
f(x) = 0.0183190425x^2 - 0.2510062578x + 0.9798336833
0.8
R = 0.9973010637
0.7
f(x) = 0.0009661295x^3 - 0.0264061975x^2 + 0.2481074143x - 0.0005991081
0.6
R = 0.999919946
0.5
0.4
W1, W2/WT
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
1
2
3
4

6
0.15
0.75

7
0.12
0.77

8
0.13
0.79

row 200

W1/WT
Polynomial
(W1/WT)
W2/WT

row 210
5

D/H
Figure 40-6 Diameter/Height versus W1, W2/WT, the effective
mass of the first mode sloshing of tank contents API L-2.

D/H
X2/H
X1/H

0
1
0.48

1
0.74
0.41

2
0.61
0.38

3
0.55
0.38

4
0.54
0.38

5
0.53
0.38

6
0.52
0.38

7
0.51
0.38

8
0.50
0.38

row 220

f(x) = 0.0005123412x^4 - 0.0115974588x^3 + 0.0951501288x^2 - 0.3437325683x + 0.9999860855

R = 0.9998432755
X2/H
Polynomial (X2/H)
X1/H

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
X1, X2/H

1.3
0.69
0.38

row 230

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

D/H

Figure 40-7 Diameter/Height versus X1, X2/H, the height to

the centroid of the tank contents sloshing mass, W 2 API L-3.

row 240

Page 40 - 8

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row 250

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APPROXIMATIONS of API TABLES -- Continued

D/H
1.7
2
k
0.59
0.6

3
0.64

4
0.69

5
0.74

6
0.8

7
0.85

8
0.89

f(x) = - 0.0007995913x^3 + 0.0121853952x^2 - 0.0062205514x + 0.5698552932

0.95
R = 0.9998067195
0.9
0.85
0.8

row 260

0.75

0.7

0.65
0.6
0.55
0.5

D/H

8
row 270

Figure 40-8 Diameter/Height versus factor k API L-4.

Mot /(D2 * (W L + W shell)) *1000
(b + wL) / (wt +wL)

0.7
2

0.9
2.2

1
2.2

1.1
2.5

1.2
3

1.3
3.8

1.4
5.5

1.49
7.7

9
8
row 280

f(x) = 27.4155335441x^3 - 74.5652047182x^2 + 67.5981651x - 18.1978487269

R = 0.9990899567

7
6
5
4
3

b factor
Polynomial (b factor)

2
1
0.7

0.8

0.9

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

row 290

Figure 40-9 Maximum longitudinal compressive force

at the bottom of the shell API L-5.

row 300

Page 40 - 10

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row 310
Unanchored Tanks for Reference
Mot /(D2 * (W L + W shell)) *1000
limit
2.138
37,934 /(47.50 * (4,576 + 3,287)) * 1000
b

4597 lbs/ft
1532 lbs/in2
0 logic

4,576 + 1.273 * 37,934 /47.50 of shell circumference

4,597 /(12 * 0.25) longitudinal stress at bottom of the shell
2.138 < 0.785

4629 lbs/ft
1 logic
0 logic

4,576 + 27.416*limit3 - 74.565 * limit2 + 67.598 * limit - 18.198

2.138 > 0.785
2.138 < 1.5

#VALUE! lbs/ft
1 logic
0 logic

4,576 + 1.490 /
2.138 > 1.5
2.138 < 1.57

#VALUE! lbs/ft
1 logic

Unanchored tank may be unstable

#VALUE! lbs/in2

row 320

1 - (0.637 * Mot * 1000 /(D2 * (Wshell + WL))

row 330

#VALUE!

Note: #NUM indicates the square root of a negative number, in this case.

row 340

row 350