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fMIyksek bu ,T;qds'ku
f}rh; o"kZ
i=kpkj ikB~;e
ek/;fed f'k{kk e.My] e/;izns'k] Hkksiky
}kjk lokZf/kdkj lqjf{kr
fMIyksek bu ,T;qds'ku
f}rh; o"kZ
ikB ;kstuk
tuk Lesson Plan
Hkwfedk%&
edk%&
f'k{k.k ,d dyk gS vkSj mls lQyrkiwoZd laiUu djus gsrq mudh iwoZ ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k
djuk furkar vko';d gSA
ikB; ;kstuk ds fuekZ.k dks Li"V le> ysus ds i'pkr f'k{kd vkSj fo|kFkhZ ds fy, f'k{k.k
dk;Z vf/kd lqxe] vkd"kZd ,oa mi;ksxh cu tkrk gSA
vkaXy Hkk"kk f'k{k.k gsrq ikB ;kstuk cukus ls tgka v/;kid f'k{kk ds fl)karksa] fo"k;oLrq ,oa
f'k{k.k izfof/k;ksa ls Hkyh&Hkkafr ifjfpr gks tkrk gS] ogh ckyd Hkh ekufld :i ls Hkk"kk ds rRoksa
,oa fofHkUu fo/kkvksa dks le>us ds fy;s vfHkizsfjr gks tkrk gSA vf/kxe ljy vkSj jkspd gks tkrk
gSA
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
Unit No. mibdkbZ ,d izdj.k le;kuqlkj fdruh mi bdkbZ;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS
Lesson Plan No. jpuk ;k O;kdj.k rRo vkidh fu/kkZfjr ikB ;kstuk esa dkSu lk uacj gS
3
1-
bl lksiku esa ge vius ikB dk y[; fu/kkZfjr djrs gSA tSls vaxzsth Hkk"kk i<+kus ds lkekU;
mn~ns'; D;k gS\
Expected competence : ftl ikB ;k ikB~;oLrq dks vki i<+kus tk jgs gS] mlds i<+kus ds
1.
ckn ckydksa esa visf{kr fdl Kku dh o`f) gksxh mldk mYys[k djuk pkfg,A ;g ckr
cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA vkids IkkB f'k{k.k dh lQyrk vFkok vlQyrk blh ckr ij fuHkZj
djsxh fd ckydksa esa tks Kku o`f) vki ikB ds ek/;e ls nsuk pkgrs gS] gqbZ vFkok ughaA
vaxzsth Hkk"kk i<+kus ds eq[; mn~ns'; dks ge fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls fy[k ldrs gS %&
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Dictation (v)
(vi)
(vii)
Poem (xi)
(xii)
To enable them to appreciate and evaluate the ideas and the sentiments of the
poet.
Compostion (xv)
(xvi)
(xviii) vki Hkk"kk ds ftl rRo ;k fo/kk :i dks i<+kus tk jgs gS] mldk fo'ks"k mn~ns';
Dictation
(i)
(ii)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Structures
(i)
(ii)
Grammatical items.
(iii)
To enable the pupils to learn the correct use of the various parts of speech
Translation
(i)
To make them understand the right use of tenses while doing translation.
(ii)
Prose
(i)
(v)
To make the pupil acquaint with the subject matter of the lessons
Poem
(i)
To enable them to appreciate the ideas and feelings of the poet expressed in
the poems
(ii)
To enable the students recite the poem with proper rhyme and rhythm.
fof'k"V mn~ns'; esa ikB&dfork rRo jpuk vkfn dks tks i<+kus tk jgs gS Li"V lanHkZ nsuk
pkfg,A
(vi)
Composition
(i)
2.
Learning Material ls rkRi;Z gS fd i<+krs le; vki D;k&D;k lgk;d f'k{kk lkexzh iz;qDr
djsaxs mudk Li"V mYys[k djuk pkfg,A tSls& Black-Board, Chalk, Chart, Flash Cards,
Picutre, Rolling Black-Board and other objects used by the teacher as teaching
material.
3.
bl 'kh"kZd ds vUrxZr vkidks tks ikB ;k ikB~;oLrq vki i<+kus tk jgs gS D;k mlls iwoZ
dk Kku gS\ D;k mlls cPps ifjfpr gS\ mYys[k djuk pkfg, cPps iwoZ ls D;k Kku vftZr
fd;s gq, gSaA vFkok ikB dks Bhd ls le>us ds fy, iwoZ Kku dh vko';drk gS mlls
ckyd D;k&D;k tkusaA le>us ds fy;s ikB ;kstuk dk uewuk nsf[k;s
5
4.
ftl ikB ;k ikB~;xr oLrq dks i<+kus tk jgs gSa mlds i<+kus ds ckn ikydksa esa visf{kr
fdl Kku dh o`f) djuk pkfg,A ;g ckr cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA vkids ikB f'k{k.k dh
lQyrk vFkok vlQyrk ckydksa esa tks Kku o`f) vki ikB ds ek/;e ls nsuk pkgrs Fks] gq,
vFkok ughaA
5.
ikB ;kstuk dk ;g egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gSA ;fn vki fofHkUu mi;qDr iz'uksa ds ek/;e ls ml
fo"k; ij vkuk pkg jgs gS] ftls vkius ikB ;kstuk esa i<+kus dk fuf'p; fd;k gS rks ,sls
iz'uksa dk ladyu cM+s pkrq;Z ls djuk pkfg, rkfd ckyd Lo;a tku tk,a fd vki D;k
i<+kuk pkgrs gS rFkk mUgas D;k i<+uk gSA fo"k; ;k fo"k; ds utnhd cPpksa dks ykdj vkidks
rc ml ikB dk iz;kstu fo"k; oLrq dh ?kks"k.kk djuh pkfg,A
6.
Announcement of the topic or the statement of the air f'k{kdh; dFku &
bl 'kh"kZd esa Li"V :i ls mYys[k djuk pkfg, fd vkids izLrqr ikB ;kstuk esa ikB~;
lkexzh D;k gS] tSls& vkt ge "The Postman" uked dfork vFkok ikB "William Tell"
i<saxsA
The lesson/poem that we are going to read is.."
Step 3 Planning during teaching- cky dsfUnzr f'k{kk esa Lohd`r ^^ikB ;kstuk izk:i** ds vuqlkj
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Learing
Learing method
Teacher's
Student's
Learing material
outcome
vf/kxe fof/k
activity
activity
vf/kxe lkexzh
f'k{kd ds
f'k{kkFkhZ ds
f;kdyki
f;kdyki
vf/kxe izfrQy
(a)
izFke 'kh"kZd vFkok ikB ;kstuk ds bl Hkkx esa i<+kus ls cPps D;k lh[k ldasxs] mu fcUnqvksa
dk mYys[k gksuk pkfg,A
(b)
Teacher's activity ds vUrxZr f'k{kd fdu f;kdykiksa ds ek/;e ls vf/kxe gsrq lkexzh
Students' activity esa f'k{kd }kjk iwNs x;s iz'uksa ds mRrj ,oa os O;olkf;d f;kdyki
lfEefyr jgsaxs ftudk iz;ksx fo|kFkhZ funsZ'kkuqlkj f'k{kd ds fdlh fu"d"kZ ij igqapus ds
fy;s djrk gSA
(d)
Learing material ds vUrxZr os difficult words tks cPpksa dh Vocabulary esa Add djus ds
n`f"Vdks.k ls lanfHkZr ikB ls p;u fd;s x;s gSa vFkok fcUnq ;k lkexzh ls lacaf/kr gksrh gS]
dk mYys[k fd;k tkosxkA
(e)
Black-board work Nk=ksa }kjk fn;s x;s mRrj ;k fcUnqvksa dks ';keiV ij fy[kk tkosxkA
(i)
ikB ;kstuk ds vuqlkj i<+kus dh f;k lekIr dj ysus ds cn vkids ikB esa fdruk
vf/kxe gks pqdk gS tkuus ds fy;s bl [k.M esa iz'uksa vkfn dk fu/kkZj.k ikB~;lkexzh ij
fd;k tkrk gSA blds vUrxZr fuEufyf[kr rhu f;k,a vkrh gSA
(ii)
Recapitulation
tks dqN i<+k;k x;k mlds izeq[k fcUnqvksa dks iqu% nksgjkus ds fy; o vf/kxe dh lQyrk
;k vlQyrk tkuus ds fy;s ;k rks f'k{k.k lkjka'k dk mYys[k djrk gS ;k iz'uksa }kjk iqu%
vf/kxe djrk gSA
(iii)
cPpksa us ikB ls D;k lh[kk ;g tkuus ds fy;s dqN vH;kl iz'u oLrqfu"B :i ls bles
fy[ks tkrs gS rFkk cPpksa ls mRrj izkIr dj muds vf/kxe dk ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA
Stap 4. Home assignment x`g dk;Z It should be based on the topic taught. Question and
their expected answers should be short.
izkIr vf/kxe dks n`<+ djus ds mn~ns'; ls vf/kxe fo"k; ls lacaf/kr lkexzh] vaxzsth ikB
fuekZ.k ds fl)kar ;kstuk ds <kaps rFkk ckydksa ds euksoSKkfud ls Hkyh&Hkkafr voxr gksuk vko';d
gSA
fdruk i<+uk gS] fdrus le; esa] D;k i<+uk gS vf/kxe dks izHkko'kkyh vkSj fu;ksftr cukus
ds fy;s ikB ;kstuk cukdj i<+uk furkar vko';d gSA
&&&&
Subject
English
Class -
Topic
Period
"that"
School
Activity
Oral activity
Expected Competencies:
(1)
To enable students to understand English sounds and to speak correctly the sentence
pattern.
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
To help them discriminate the English sounds with Hindi equivalent sounds.
Acquired Competencies :
(1)
Students are well acquainted with Hindi names of the objects and things.
(2)
Learners can speak, communicate and express their thoughts correctly in Hindi.
(3)
Pictures of different objects and things that are very well known to the students but
are not present in the school e.g. motor car, postman, garden, shop etc.
This
is
house
This
is
boy
This
is
girl
This
is
tree
This
is
lamp
This
is
bullock-cart
(2)
Teacher's Presentation :
There will be two groups. Let us see which group wins more marks.
Introduction (Presentation):
The teacher will ask every student to hold his pen in his hand.
The teacher will hold a pen in his hand and showing it to the class he will speak.
This is a pen.
He will ask the learners to speak the same sentence showing their pen. This group
practice will help even the shy students to speak the sentences.
Practice
The teacher will divide the class in two groups. A and B.
The teacher will hold a book in his hands and call a student from 'B'. He will ask him
to point to words the book and speak the sentence. "This is a book". Now he will organize the
practice in the following way.
Group 'A' One student of this group will hold a thing in his hand.
Group 'B' One of the students of the group 'B' will go near it, touch the thing and speak the
sentence.
This is a .
Step 1
Learing
Learing
outcome
Gropup 'A'
Material
Group 'B'
The pupils will learn Turn by trun every One of the students of the Things
and
to speak the sentence, pupil of the group group will go near the objects that are
point at it, and speak will hold a thing in student
showing
the present
1.
them.
in
the
class.
10
3. pencil
2.
This is a bag.
4. button
3.
This is a Pencil.
5. ..shoe
4.
This is a button.
6. ..scale
5.
This ia a Shoe.
to
6.
This is a scale.
7.
7. ..will
go
the room
8. will
touch
and pointing to it
the
black board.
door.
8.
This
is
black-
board.
Step 2
The teacher will now go near are black board and point to the door of the room and
say That is a door.
Likewise, he will go about into the class room and, pointing to the black board from a
distance, will speak.
That is the black board.
Learing
Activities material
Outcome
Group 'B'
Group 'A'
1.
1. Will
speak
the
sentence
object.
the use of that for
distant objects
This is a picture.
Pattern of sentence
2.
That is
3.
11
Step 3
Class Room Activities
Learing
Teacher's
Learning activities
Outcome
Guidenace
Group 'A'
Material
Aids
Group 'B'
Pictures of
objects.
a point to it and
Picutre which is at a
dog
or
objects
2. This
is
motor car
3. This
is
distant
corner
and
speak.
1. This is a dog
shop
4. This
is
a 4. This is a garden
garden
Establishment
The rolling black board will be unrolled in the class and the students (one by one) be
asked to read a sentence from it.
The students will be asked to write five sentence on the pattern that is taught.
Note
The lesson plan is suggestive and is meant for oral-aural practice in order to develop
the basic skill of listening, speaking and reading.
The lesson plan must vary according to the ability, competency and performance of
the learners. It is for elementary stage (1st year of learing English). At this stag emphasis
should be given to encourage the pupils to speak correct English.
Evaluation goes side by side and serves the purpose the feed back which leads to
reorganize the learing activities a per need.
------
12
13
1.
2. Subject English
2.
Class D.Ed.
3. Unit
3.
Period : I
4. Sub unit
4.
Expected Competencies:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
To enable the students to recite the poem "The Postman" with proper rhyme and
rhythm.
(iv)
Learnt Competencies:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
14
(ii)
A chart showing the postman having letters and parcels in his hand.
Motivation :
(The teacher recites two lines of a poem, which the students have read in class D.Ed.
and ask them to complete it)
"Little drops of water,
Little grains of sand.
Make the mighty ocean,
And"
(ii)
Showing the picture of the "Postman" he asks, "Whose picture is this"? Statement of
the teacher i.e. the announcement. Of the topic.
The poem we are going to study is "The Postman" composed by E. Bioletti the
students will be divided into two groups.
(i)
The students will be divided into two group. Each group will be responsible for
practicing one skill of language namely listening and reciting.
Learning
Learning Activies
Learning
Outcome
Teacher's guidance
Pupil's activity
Material
First Step
(i)
read
poem
proper
the
with
rhyme
and rhythm
Model
reading
(i)
poem
written on the
once or twice by
model
rolling
the teacher
presentation
of
the poem.
board.
(ii) The poem is in
black
will
15
reproduce
poem
the
line by
line.
(iii) Group 'B' the
reciting
will
group
copy the
recitation
done
read
the
in
chorus with a
proper rhythum.
Second Step (ii) They will learn Understanding
the
meaning
the Expected
of poem by illustration
response
Difficult words
Collecting
to be Collected
(ii) Some
students
Accumulating
collecting
stamps or coins.
(iii) Do you have the Yes, we do
hobby
of
Van :Carriage
in
which
collecting
stamps?
carried
(iv) Name
the Bus
carriage in which
xkM+h
you travel.
(v) Name
the Van
carriage in which
16
(vi) Where
is
the It is a Bada
impressed
Letters
words:
stamped
sorted
Sorted:
(ii) They
are Separated
classes
and
and Groups
NkaVuk
sorting.
(iii) We travel by
bus or railways
on road or rail
road on how do
we travel in the
sky?
(iv) When
some
body
says
There
is
We feel happy
He gives
We travel
In
naeroplane
cheery knock.
your
friend. How do
you feel?
(v)
What
does
postman do at
our
doors
before
delivering
our
letters?
17
are
able
to
(i)
Who
delivers
Expected response
our Postman delivers letters to
us.
letters to us?
(ii)
from boxes?
in
the
post
the postman.
Black board Summary :The teacher will write all the questions and answers given by the students.
Recapitulation :(The students will be asked to look over the poem silently and rapidly and then the
following questions will be asked by the teacher to recapitulate the ideas contained in the
poem).
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
18
(v)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Final Reading :The teacher reads out the whole poem once again and the pupils imitate the teacher
with proper rhythm and rhyme in a chorus form.
Assignment : (i)
(ii)
-------
19
fo"k;
fo"k; & foKku
ikB ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k
,d f'k{kd vius fo"k; dh Bhd ls iwjh rS;kjh djrk gS rFkk og iwjs mRlkg ds lkFk d{kk
esa izos'k djrk gS] ysfdu T;ks gh Nk=ksa ls ckrphr vkSj muds }kjk mBk, x;s iz'uksa ls mldk /;ku
caVrk gS] mldh ikB~;oLrq dk e fc[kj tkrk gSA mlds fl[kkus esa vO;oLFkk vk tkrh gS og ckrsa
vuko';d :i ls nksgjkrk gS rFkk dbZ vko';d fcUnq NksM+ nsrk gSA
ikB ;kstuk f'k{kd ds ,slh fLFkfr ls cpus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA vr% lQy f'k{kd ds fy;s
ikB ;kstuk rS;kj djuk vfuok;Z gS] ;fn f'k{kd ds ikl igys ls gh rS;kj dh xbZ ikB ;kstuk gS
rks og vPNs <ax ls f'k{k.k dj ldrk gSA D;ksafd mls ;g ekywe gS fd veqd LFkku ij veqd ckr
dguh gS rFkk og iz'u djus esa lQy gks tkrk gSA
yxkrkj ikB ;kstuk cukrs jgus ls f'k{kd vius f'k{k.k ds xq.k nks"kksa dks Hkh /khjs&/khjs
xgjkbZ ls le>us yxrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i og f'k{k.k esa vf/kdkf/kd dq'kyrk izkIr djrk pyk tkrk
gSA ikB ;kstuk d{kk ds vanj gksus okys f;kdykiksa dks ys[kc) :i gS ftldk lgk;rk ls f'k{kd
dk /;ku b/kj&m/kj caVus dh laHkkouk izk;% lekIr gks tkrh gSA bl izdkj ikB ;kstuk ls f'k{k.k es
lQyrk izkIr djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
fiNys dqN n'kdksa esa ikB dh /kkj.kk esa ,d kafrdkjh ifjorZu vk;k gSA igys f'k{kd
izf;k dk dsUnz fcUnq Kku gksrk Fkk vkSj mls izlkj.k dk ,dek= ek/;e ekuk tkrk Fkk ijarq vc
f'k{k.k izf;k esa Nk= vkSj mldh {kerkvksa dks Hkh mruk gh egRoiw.kZ LFkku gS] ftruk f'k{kd dkA
blls Hkh ,d dne vkxs c<+dj dqN f'k{kk 'kkfL=;ksa us rks vc ;g ekuuk izkjaHk dj fn;k gS
fd ikB lh[kus dh ifjfLFkfr gS] ;gka Nk= Lo;a gh lh[kus dh igy djrk gS vkSj f'k{kd mldh
lgk;rk vkSj funsZ'ku ek= djrs gSA vc ikB ;kstuk ,slh cukuk pkfg, rkfd fo|ky;hu fo"k; dks
f'k{kd] Nk= dsfUnzr] vf/kxe dsfUnzr ,oa f;k vk/kkfjr fof/k;ksa }kjk f'k{k.k dj ldsA
ikB ;kstuk }kjk Nk=ksa esa fuEu dq'kyrk,a iSnk dh tk ldrh gS%&
1- iz'u djus dh dykA
2- fujh{k.k dj dkS'ky izkIr djukA
3- Kku dh [kkstA
4- lkekU;hdj.k] laxBu rFkk fu"d"kZA
5- Kku dk uohu ifjfLFkfr esa iz;ksx djukA
6- ,d oLrq dk nwljh oLrq ea iz;ksx djukA
7- iwoZ Kku dk uohu Kku ls laca/k LFkkfir djukA
20
fo"k;&
dky[k.M&
izdj.k
vf/kxe lkexzh
n{krk,a
f'k{kd f;k
Nk= f;k
1
2
3
21
f}rh; pj.k
ikB fodkl &
-
f'k{k.k fcUnq
fof/k
f'k{kd f;k
Nk= f;kdyki
';keiV dk;Z
1
2
3
r`rh; pj.k
iqujkoyksdu &
-
f'k{kd f;k
Nk= f;k
';keiV dk;Z
1
2
3
22
x`g dk;Z
izdj.k &
lkekU; :i ls ;gka ij ikB~;iqLrd dk uke fy[kk tkrk gSA fdUrq ;g lnSo vko';d Hkh
ugha gS] D;ksafd foKku fo"k; esa fdlh ikB dks NksVh&NksVh bdkbZ;ksa esa ckaVk tkrk gSA
vr% izdj.k ds vUrxZr ikB dh ,d bdkbZ dks Hkh fy;k tk ldrk gSA
iwoZ {kerk,a &
bldk laca/k mu {kerkvks ls gS tks dfFkr izdj.k dk lh[kus ls igys Nk= esa ekStwn gSA
bl lksiku ds vUrxZr ikB ls lacaf/kr Kku tks Nk= tkurs gS la{ksi esa fn;k tkrk gSA ;g iwoZ Kku
vius ls ;k viuh ikB;oLrq ds fiNys ikB ls izkIr djrs gSA
n{krk,a &
fn;s x;s izdj.k ds ek/;e ls vki Nk=ksa esa fdu&fdu {kerkvksa ds fodkl dh vis{kk gS] ;g
vkids le{k fcydqy Li"V gksuk pkfg,A vki Lo;a vius ls iz'u djsa fd bldk f'k{k.k djus ls
Nk= D;k lh[ksaxs\ muesa dkSu&dkSu ls ewY; fodflr gksaxs\ fdu&fdu oSKkfud {kerkvksa dh o`f)
gksxh\ buds mRrj gh bl in ds vUrxZr fy[ks tk;sxsA la{ksi esa vkidk mn~ns'; Nk= esa mu
{kerkvksa dk fodkl djuk gS tks vki ;gh fu/kkZfjr djsaxsA blfy, ;s vkids mn~ns'; Hkh gSA ikB
;kstuk dh ;g lcls egRoiw.kZ dM+h gSA visf{kr {kerk,a mruh gh fu/kkZfjr dh tk;s ftruh dh ,d
dky[k.M esa iw.kZ dh tk ldsA
leL;k ds :i esa izdj.k dk izLrqrhdj.k &
bl lksiku ds vUrxZr Nk=ksa ds le{k izdj.k dks ,d leL;k ds :i es izLrqr djuk pkfg,
rkfd lh[kus esa vf/kd :fp ysdj vkrqj cus jgsA lkekU;rk iz'u ds :i esa gksrh gS rFkk bls ^^D;k**
'kCn ls izkjaHk dh tkuk pkfg,A
vf/kxe izfrQy &
blh in ls okLrfod f'k{k.k izkjaHk gksxkA blds iwoZ ds lHkh in f'k{k.k dh fn'kk fu/kkZfjr
djus vkSj iwoZ rS;kjh ds gSA bl lksiku ds vUrxZr vkids }kjk fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ visf{kr n{krkvksa esa
ls ,d n{krk yh tkrh gS rFkk mlh ds vuq:i lh[kus dh izf;k r; dh tkrh gSA
23
rks f'k{k.k f;k esa dqN deh gS ;k Nk=ksa dks lh[kus esa dqN ck/kk,a gSA vkidks bu nksuksa i{kksa ij
fopkj djuk pkfg,] bl izdkj ls f'k{k.k ds ckjs es vki Lo;a dqN lh[k ldrs gSA
ewY;kadu &
bl lksiku ds vUrxZr NksVs&NksVs iz'uksa y?kq mRrjh;] fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ }kjk Nk= dk
ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gS] rkfd bldk ewY;kadu fd;k tk lds ikB lekfIr ij mlds O;ogkj esa
fdruk ifjorZu gSA
fufnZ"V dk;Z x`g dk;Z &
bl in dk mn~ns'; lh[kh xbZ ckr dks foLrkj nsus vkSj dbZ fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mlds
vuqiz;ksx ls lacaf/kr gSA Nk=ksa dks fufnZ"V dk;Z nsrs le; fofHkUu dfBukbZ Lrj ,oa l`tukRed dk
/;ku j[kk tkuk pkfg,A fufnZ"V dk;Z tks fn;k tk;s bls vxys fnu vo'; ns[kk tk;s rFkk ml ij
ppkZ dh tk,A ckydksa esa foKku fo"k; ds izfr :fp tkx`r djus ds fy;s vfuok;Z gS fd nSfud
thou esa foKku] O;ogkfjd mi;ksx ij vk/kkfjr gksA
foKku f'k{k.k ds fy;s O;ogkfjd lq>ko &
1- cky dsfUnzr mikxe ds fy;s ,sls iz;ksxksa] midj.k rFkk vU; vf/kxe lkexzh dk p;u djuk
pkfg, ftlls ckydksa esa ftKklk cuh jgs rFkk Nk= d{kk esa lf; jgsA
2- nSfud thou ls lacaf/kr ?kVukvksa dks foKku fo"k; ls tksM+uk vfuok;Z gSA tgka rd laHko
gks lds vf/kxe lkexzh dk p;u i;kZoj.k ls gh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
3- dHkh&dHkh Nk=ksa dks ';keiV ij iz'u gy djus dks Hkh dgk tk,A blls mudk
vkRefo'okl c<+sxkA
4- dHkh&dHkh Nk=ksa dks viuh ftKklk 'kkar djus dk iwjk&iwjk ekSdk fn;k tk;sA
5- fdlh u fdlh :i esa Nk=ksa dh iz'kalk vo'; djuk pkfg,] blls buesa vf/kd :fp ls
fo"k; dks lh[kus dh ftKklk cuh jgrh gSA
6- d{kk esa detksj Nk=ksa ds fy;s mudh vksj fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
7- iz;ksx ds le; f'k{kd dks Nk=ksa ds lkFk gh jguk pkfg, vkSjviuk ekxZn'kZu cPpksa dks nsrs
jguk pkfg,A iz;ksx ds le; f'k{kd dh vuqifLFkfr nq?kZVuk dk dkj.k cu ldrh gSA
8- ewY;kadu ds iz'uksa ls Nk=ksa dh miyfC/k ds ekiu dj vius f'k{k.k ls rn~uqlkj lq/kkj fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
25
fo"k;
dky [k.M
izdj.k
foKku
ikuh ,d peRdkjh nzo
fof/k
f'k{kd f;k
Nk= f;k
';keiV dk;Z
f;k
ikuh
esa
fQj
izR;sd
lewg
dks
fd
,d&,d
ij[kuyh
26
ftlls f'k{kd
?kksy dh
27
fooj.k
inkFkZ dk uke
?kqy x;k@ugha ?kqyk
fialh 'kDdj
lewg dk
uke
jke
?kqy x;k
inkFkZ ikuh
ikuh esa gS
?kqyu'khy@v?kqyu'khy
?kqyu'khy
jghe
dks;yk
ugha ?kqyk
v?kqyu'khy
';ke
jsr
ugha ?kqyk
v?kqyu'khy
tkWu
filk ued
?kqy x;k
?kqyu'khy
euthr
laxejej
ugha ?kqyk
v?kqyu'khy
y{eh
iksVsf'k;e ijeSxusV
?kqy x;k
?kqyu'khy
tc inkFkZ ikuh esa xk;c gks tkrk gS rc bls Bksl inkFkZ dk ikuh esa ?kksy dgrs gSA
lkj.kh iz;ksx&2
-
inkFkZ dk uke
lewg dk
uke
jke
fialh 'kDdj
fu"d"kZ
;fn inkFkZ jos :i esa gks
jghe
ued ds jos
nsj ls ?kqyk
';ke
filk ued
'kh?kz ?kqyk
?kqyrk gSA
tkWu
'kDdj ds jos
nsj ls ?kqyk
euthr
filh fQVdjh
'kh?kz ?kqyk
y{eh
fQVdjh ds jos
nsj ls ?kqyk
r`rh; pj.k
1- Nk= esa ;kaf=d {kerk] l`tukRed {kerk ,oa iz;ksx djus ds dkS'ky dk izknqHkkZo gqvk gSA
2- Nk= ?kksy] ?kqyu'khy ,oa v?kqyu'khy inkFkksZa dks tku x;s gSA
3- Nk= tku x;s gS fd josnkj Bksl ikuh esa 'kh?kz ugha ?kqyrs gSA
28
fufnZ"V
"V dk;Z%&
1- dkap ds nks fxykl ysdj ,d esa BaMk ikuh rFkk nwljs esa xeZ ikuh cjkcj ek=k esa Mkyksa
muesa cjkcj ek=k esa filk ued feykvksA ns[kksa fd fdl fxykl esa ued tYnh ?kqykA
2- nks dkap ds fxykl esa cjkcj ek=k esa ikuh rFkk 'kDdj ysdj ,d fxykl ds ikuh dk
pEep ls fgykvks rFkk nwljs dks er fgykvksaA ns[kks fd fdl fxykl esa 'kDdj 'kh?kz ?kqyrh
gSA
29
ikB ;kstuk
lkekftd foKku
vo/kkj.k f'k{k.k i)fr ,oa lgk;d lkexzh
euq"; ,d ,slk izk.kh gS ftlesa ifjos'k ds lkFk vius vki dks<kyus o mls vius vuqdwy
cuk ysus dh {kerk gSA bfrgkl bl ckr dk lk{kh gS fd fujh{k.k vuqdj.k dYiuk'khyrk o
l`tukRed {kerkvksa ds lgkjs vius ifjos'k dks vf/kd vuqdwy cuk;k gSA okrkoj.k lkSj tkZ ty
fo|qr vkfn bud dqy mnkgj.k gSA
izkFkfed ,oa iwoZ ek/;fed Lrj ij lkekftd foKku f'k{k.k dk mn~ns'; ckydksa dks muds
uSfrd lkekftd ,oa LkkaLd`frd ifjos'k ls ifjfpr djkuk gSA
lkekftd foKku] bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] ukxfjd 'kkL= o vFkZ'kkL= dk lfEeJ.k ek= ugha gSA
oLrqr% ;g ,sfrgkfld HkkSxksfyd] jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd o lkaLd`frd laca/kksa o var% laca/kks
dk v/;;u gSA blds v/;kiu ls ekuo dks dsUnz ekudj fo"k; oLrq dh tkudkjh nsuk lcls
egRoiw.kZ ckr gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s unh dk ikB i<+krs le; unh ds mn~xe mldh yackbZ mlls
feyus okyh lgk;d ufn;ka o og fdl leqnz esa fxjrh gS] ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsuk i;kZIr ugha
gksxkA ;g tkudkjh ds lkFk ekuo ds fodkl esa unh ds ;ksxnku tSls& mitk eSnku dk fuekZ.k]
flapkbZ ty fo|qr o ukSdk pkyu ds fy;s mudh mi;ksfxrk mldk /kkfeZd o lkaLd`frd egRo
mlds fduk cls /kkfeZd ,sfrgkfld o vkS|ksfxd uxj vkfn ckrksa dk o.kZu djuk vf/kd vko';d o
egRoiw.kZ gSA
lkekftd foKku fo"k; ds v/;kiu }kjk ckyd ds eu esa lkekftd laosnuk lkekftd U;k;
jk"Vh; ,drk lfg".kqrk /keZ fujis{k o iztkra= ds izfr vkLFkk ds Hkko tkxzr djus d iz;kl fd;s
tkus pkfg, vkSj bl gsrq fo|ky; vkSj LFkkuh; lekt dks lkekftd iz;ksx'kkyk le>dj lkekftd
foKku dks lkFkZd :i ls i<+k;k tkuk pkfg,A
fo"k; dh f'k{k.k fof/k ds :i esa voyksdu [kkst fo'ys"k.k o Lok/;k; fof/k ij tksj fn;k
tkuk pkfg,A blls ckyd esa rdZ 'kfDr dk fodkl gksdj fo'ys"k.kkRed ,oa la'ys"k.kkRed n`f"V dk
fodkl gksxkA
lkekftd foKku ds f'k{k.k esa lgk;d lkexzh dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA v/;kiu dks :fpiw.kZ
vkSj izHkkoh cukus ds fy;s ekufp=] ekWMYl vkfn dk mi;ksx vko';d gSA buds vHkko esa f'k{kd
';keiV ij js[kkadu }kjk fp= cukdj vius f'k{k.k dk ltho jkspd cuk ldrk gSA
lkekftd foKku dh ikB ;kstuk cukrs le; buds lkekU; fof'k"V mn~ns'; dk /;ku
j[kuk vko';d gSA vr% mldk lekos'k cM+h dq'kyrk ls gksuk pkfg,A
30
lkekftd foKku f'k{k.k dk egRoiw.kZ mn~ns'; ckydksa dks viuh HkkSxksfyd] ,sfrgkfld
lkekftd vkfFkZd rFkk lkaLd`frd ifjos'k d vrhr vkSj orZeku dk Kku djkuk gSA
2-
izHkkodkjh f'k{k.k }kjk ckydksa dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkk jktuSfrd laLFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls
tuthou dh xfrfof/k;ksa ls ifjfpr djkukA
3-
euq"; ds lkekftd laca/kksa o lkekftd ewY;ksa ds izfr ckydksa esa LoLFk n`f"Vkdks.k fodflr
djukA
4-
ckydks dks Hkkjr dh laLd`fr ls ifjfpr djkdj lekt esa O;kIr vokafNr n`f"Vdks.k
va/kfo'oklksa rFkk gkfudkjd :f<+;ks dks R;kxus dh eukso`fRr mRiUu djukA
5-
/keZ&fujis{k ekuorkokn lektoknh lekt dh jpuk rkfd iztkrkaf=d ewY;ksa o vkn'kksZa dks
viukus dh o`fRr tkx`r djukA
6-
vrhr dh ?kVukvksa ls ifjizs{; esa ckyd orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa o leL;kvksa dks le> lds
,slh n`f"V fodflr djukA
7-
iztkrkaf=d iz.kkyh dh lQyrk ds fy;s muesa vPNs ukxfjd ds xq.kksa dk fodkl djukA
8-
iwoZxzLrrk ls ijs j[kdj 'kkafriw.kZ <ax ls leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus dh vfHko`fRr fodflr
djukA
9-
lkekftd fodkl ds dk;ksZa esa feytqydj lf; ;ksxnku nsus ds volj iznku djukA
10-
11-
12-
izd`fr esa fuR; izfr gksus okyh ?kVukvksa dks tkuus o muds izfr oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k viukus
dh :fp mRiUu djukA
13-
14-
31
{kerk,%&
bl pj.k esa Nk=ksa dh izLrqr izdj.k ls lacf/kr gksus okyh iw.kZ tkudkfj;ka] f;kdykiksa]
dkS'kyksa rFkk :fp;ksa vkfn dks e'k% ys[kkc) fd;k tkrk gSA fof'k"V mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr gsrq muls
izLrkouk ds vUrxZr iz'u iwNs Hkh tk lds o mUgsa mRiszfjr fd;k tk ldsA
v/;kid f;k
Nk= f;k
';keiV dk;Z
'kh"kZd mi 'kh"kZd esa fof'k"V mn~ns';ksa dh Nk=ksa }kjk nh tkus 1 fo"k; oLrq dks Li"V
foHkkftr gksA
okys
f;kdyki
o varxZr fy[ksaA
eokj fy[ksaA
32
Nk=ksa ls izkIr mRrjksa dks ';keiV ij lkjka'k ds :i esa fy[kdj Nk=ksa dks uksVcqd esa mrkjus gsrq
funsZf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA bl lksiku esa fuEu fcUnqvksa dk /;ku j[kuk vko';d gSA
1-
Pin Pointed uqdyh iz'u ds ek/;eksa ls laf{kIr ,oa fcUnqokj :i esa Hkh laiw.kZ fo"k; oLrq
3-
4-
ikB ;kstuk cukrs le; iqujko`fRr esa igys ';keiV lkjka'k ec) :i esa fy[ksA rRi'pkr
ml fo"k;oLrq dks Nk=ksa ls fudkyokus gsrq fof/k ;k iz'u fuf'pr fd;s tkos ,oa ikB i<+krs
le; igys iz'u iwNs tkos rRi'pkr Nk=ksa ls izkIr mRrjksa ds vk/kkj ij mijksDr
funsZ'kkuqlkj lkjka'k rS;kj fd;k tkosA
cgqr foLr`r u gks] laf{kIr gks rkfd mlh dky[k.M esa 5&7 fefuV esa iw.kZ gks ldsA x`g
dk;Z dqN foLr`r gks ldrk gSA
2-
O;ogkfjd gksA
3-
4-
uksV%& /;ku j[ks mijksDr izk:i esa 1 ls 4 rd ds lksiku rd ikB ;kstuk fuekZ.k esa mYys[k dj
ikB i<+krs le; mi;ksx o mn~ns'; dks izkIr djuk gS] fdUrq ikB i<+krs le; mijksDr mn~ns';ksa dks
izkIr djus gsrq vfHkizsj.k izLrkouk ls ikB izkjaHk djuk gSA
33
45
mn~ns; %&
bfrgkl fo"k; ds izfr okLrfod :fp tkx`r djukA
,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa] rF;ksa] fopkjksa] O;fDr;ksa rFkk lkexzh dk Kku djkukA
Nk=ksa esa ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa dh rqyuk djus dh ;ksX;rk rFkk {kerk fodflr
djukA
Nk=ksa esa ekWMy] pkVZ] le; js[kk ?kVukjs[kk vkfn cukus ds dkSky fodflr
djukA
vrhr ds vk/kkj ij orZeku dks tkuus dh {kerk dk fodkl djukA
jk"Vh;rk rFkk vUrjkZ"Vh;rk ds izfr Lo:i n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl djukA
vkykspukRed fparu fodflr djukA
mn~ns; %&
lezkV vkksd ds thou ls lacaf/kr ?kVukvksa ds ckjsa esa crk ldsaxsA
Nk=] vkksd ds lkezkT; foLrkj ds {ks=ksa dks Li"V dj ldsaxsA
Nk= vkksd ds vfHkys[kks dh tkudkjh ns ldaasxsA
Nk=] vkksd ds egku 'kkld D;ksa dgk tkrk gS] crkbZ;saA
';keiV~V dk;Z
v'kksd panxqIr ekS;Z
dk ikS= rFkk fcanqlkj
dk iq= FkkA
34
v'kksd
dk
lkezkT;
foLrkj
mRrj& 99 HkkbZ;ks dh
mRrj& pkj o"kZ
mRrj& 269 bZ-iw-
mRrj&
[kksrku
dehj ,oa
35
v'kksd us euq"; dh
uSfrd mUufr gsrq
ftu vknkksZ dk
izfriknu fd;k mUgsa
/kEe dgk x;kA
36
v'kksd ds vf/kHkys[kksa
dk
foHkktu
fuEufyf[kr oxksZ esa
fd;k tk ldtk gS
%&
1- fkykys[k
2- y?kqfkykys[k
3- LrEHk ys[k
4- y?kqLRkaHkys[k
37
3- LrEHk
ys[k
4y?kq
LraHk ys[k
v'kksd
dks egku
'kkld
D;ksa dgk
tkrk gSA
mRrj&
'kkgoktx<h]
ekulsgjk dkylh fxlkj]
/kkSyh vkfnA
1- LrEHk ys[kks dh
Nk= /;kuiwoZd lqudj la[;k lkr gSA
fy[ksaxsA
2vkksd
dh
jktdh;
?kks"kk.kk;sa
ftu
LraHkks
ij
mRdh.kZ
gS
mUgsa
y?kqLraHk ys[k dgk
mRrj& lkRkA
x;k gSA
mRrj& fnYyh] esjB]
ykSfj;k] vjjkt] jkeiq[kk
vkfn LFkkuksa ls izkIr gq,
gSaA
mRrj& y?kqLrEHk ys[k
v'kksd us ,d foKfIr
ds ek/;e ls i'kqvksa
dk o/k djus ij
izfrca/k yxk fn;kA
38
39
40
ewY;kadu izu%&
fuEufyf[kr fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft;s %&
1loZizFke 1837 bZ- esa ---------uked fo}ku us vkksd ds vfHkys[kksa dks i<+us esa
lQyrk gkfly dh FkhA
2vkksd ds vfHkys[k vf/kdkkar%------------fyfi esa fy[ks x;s gSA
3vkksd us ;q) fot; uhfr dks R;kxdj---------------dks viuk;kA
4------------esa vkksd us dfyax ij vke.k fd;kA
v'kksd dk okLrfod jkT;kfHk"ksd ------------esa gqvk FkkA
56jkT;kfHk"ksd ds lkr o"kZ ckn vkksd us -----------rFkk-------------ds vuasd {ks=ksa dks
vius lkezkT; esa feyk fy;kA
x`g dk;Z %&
izu& vkksd }kjk dh xbZ dfyax fot; ij laf{kIr fVi..kh fy[kdj ykbZ;sA
41