THE

GASOLINE

ENGINE

ON

FARM

THE

Practical,Comprehensive Treatise

and

Construction, Repair, Management

Great

Farm

Power

the Farmer

and

BECAUSE

TREATISE,

THIS
OF

OF

PREVIOUS

BECOME

THE

CARE

OF

IS

A
ITS

COMPLETE
MANY

HOUSEHOLD,
AND

WORKER'S

HAND

SHOP

AND

INCLUDES

FIELD

TRANSMISSION,
POWER

By

Fnlhj lUtisirated by
interested

in the

USES
ON

AND

THE

PLANT

NORMAN

OF

THIS

TO

OPERATION

INTERNAL

COMBUSTION
CONSIDERS

TO

THE

THE

MOVER
POWER

OF

ARRANGEMENT

MOTOR
ALL

PRIME

UP-TO-DATE
INSTALLATION,

ENGINE

REFERENCE

XENO

THOSE

TRACTORS

LIFE.

FARM

BEST

WITH

THE

WORK.

PUTNAM

W.

CarefullySelected Engravingsof great value to

(ind economical
efficient
applictition
offarm power.
179

NEW

THE

THE

THE

ON

MODERN,

CHAPTERS

TO
WISH

DEVICES.

BOOK

IN

EXPOSITION

WHO

ENGINES,

AUXILIARY

Out

VALUABLE

WITH

GASOLINE

APPLICATIONS

and

KNOWLEDGE

FAMILIAR

AND

AND

ESPECIALLY

IS

Machinery

NOX-TECHNICAL

SIMPLE,

of this

Use

Farm

Indoors

MECHANICAL

THOROUGHLY
AND

THIS

Work

PRINCIPLES,

MECHANICAL
WITHOUT

to All

Applied

as

the

on

W.

YORK

HENLEY
132

PUBLISHING

NASSAU
19L3

STREET

COMPANY

all

r:4

Copyright,
THE

NORMAN

W.

1913,

by

PUBLISHING

HENLEY

COMPANY

I Xill

Composition, Electrotyping and Printing

By J. J. Little

"

Ives

Co., New

York.

PREFACE

It

inventions,

make

in

the

practical

of

philosophy

scientists

lightly,but,
the

theory
of

the

at

needed

the

in

field

results

mulae
forand

engineers
valued

or

too

who

the

apply
guage
lan-

every-day

exposition designed

an

that

The

workmen

practice require only

to

to

academic

value.

among

time, the

same

gested
sug-

workman

obtain

discredited

be

not

new

first

great

world-wide

of

are

should

and

only

thus

and

work

discovery

new

practical

have

may

develop

to

have

may

the

for

that

study

accident

It remains

something

interest

careful

though

even

them.

adapt

theorist's

the

requires

for

their

instruction.
The
it is
the

gasoline engine
now

result

the

upon

With

the
to

work,
the

of

peculiar

there

face

the

demand

those

problems
farmer
for their

incidental
live

facing

stock

him

now

to

and
and

it is

of

of

the

solution

the

that

is

the

most

out

to-day

and

for

of

that

ment.
achieve-

its management

with

the

now

obtains

to

an

plicable
ap-

er's
farm-

the

intelligent care

continue

really

trained

is

of

sion
mis-

men

same

and

agricultural machinery.
will

into

for

engine

future

place

surrounding

and

where.
every-

unfilled.

that

mover

making

the

the

been

to

over

work

taking

demand

dream

world's

heretofore

theory;

turned

just entering

conditions
a

of

the

prime

comes

yesterday

was

The

his

of

coming

been

it is

has

opportunity, capable

which

will

that

recently, but

has

doing

but

power,
farm

the

and

industries

many

forms

is

It

getter.

In

other

fact

completed

until

was,

confront

tive
imperaregarding
control

They
him

of
are

until

vi

Preface

he

them

solves

triumph

volume

this

is

all

purpose

and

possible
to

simpler

needing

the

for

meeting

technical

exact

for
those

intended

in

them

assist

to

human

for

condition

new

of

statements

science

have

language
the

been
and

1913.

the

of

workmen

the

discarded

expression

farm,
of

because

of

laws

losophy
phi-

wherever

ble
intelligi-

information.

The

January,

another

inteUigence

magnitude.

of

This

wins

and

Author.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Author

The

valuable
the

desires

by progressive
and

done

tractor,

of

and

The

to

following

Dept.

tries.
indus-

suggestions regarding

list of

complete

and

from
firms

of

literature

the

contributed

value

of

Products

Robert

Instrument

Mich.

Co., Detroit,

Ohio.
Sandusky,
Company,
Co., ]\Iinneapolis, Minn.
Austin
Mfg. Co., Chicago, Illinois.
]\Ionahan
Wis.
Termaat
"
Co., Oshkosh,
York
C. F. Splitdorf Co., New
City.
Electric
Ohio.
Packard
Co., Warren,
Electric
Storage Battery Co., Phila.
Bros.
Altorfer
Co., Chicago, 111.
Harvester
-International
Chicago, 111.
Company,
"The
Motor
"New
Co.,
Way"
Lansing, Mich.
The
Racine, Wis.
J. I. Case
Company,
"Sta-Rite"
Wis.
Co., LaCrosse,
Engine
Mich.
The
Bates
Tractor
Co., Lansing,
Clutch

Brown

Kinnard-Haines

"

"

New

Holland

Aultman

Bates
Reeves

The

Mch.

Co.,

New_

Holland,

Co., Detroit, Mich.

Taylor Co., Mansfield, Ohio.
Edmonds
Motor
Co., Lansing,
Ind.
Co.,
Pulley
Columbus,

Pa.

Lubricator

Detroit

"

Heald

Mch.

Co.,

Worcester,

Mich.

Mass.

Bosch

'

in

furnished

been

D.
Agriculture, Washington,
Ind.
Co., LaPorte,
]\Iinn.
Tractor
The
Gas
Co., Minneapolis,
The
Peoria, Illinois.
Avery Company,
The
Hart-Parr
Co., Charles
City, Iowa.
Machine
Pa.
Mfg. Co., Warren,
Jacobson
Ind.
S. F. Bowser
"
Co!, Ft. Wayne,
S.

Rumely

the

lent
publicity efforts and excelpopularize the gasoline farm

obtained

been

firms

associated

and

valuable

many

this work

making

U.

--

much

so

leading

the

part, have

most

whose

subject have

the

cheerfully supplied.
to

the

manufacturers

have

product

of

many

manufacture

illustrations,for

The

treatment

from

gasoline engine

of

field

engine

received

assistance

appreciation of

his

acknowledge

to

York
Co., New
City.
Magneto
Motor
Gray
Co., Detroit, Michigan.
Cushmann
Motor
Lincoln, Nebr.
Works,
Cream
Automatic
Co., Milwaukee.
Separator
The
Ohio.
Salem,
Deming
Company,
The
Coldwell
N.
Mower
Lawn
Co., Newburgh,
vii

Y.

terially
ma-

TABLE

(The

CONTENTS

OF

refer

figures

Paragraphs)

to

CHAPTER

THE

I.

Great

The

Fails"

Best

One

With

Boy"

Greatest

Man

The

Hired

of

13.

16.

First

The

21.

The

Complete

The

Two-Cycle

Excels
Parts

"

"

23.

Six

Cycle

The

25.

Conveniences

The

27.

28.

Functions
30.

Best

17.

"

the

Material

Eight-Cycle

The

31.

tempts
At-

Internal
of

26.

"

Engines

Power

"

"

Four-Cycle
24.

"

bustion
Com-

Engine

the

Engines

of

Types

Other

Four-Cycle

Trimmings

The

Vital

Necessary
42

...

III

CHAMBER

Cylinder
"

What

Where

22.

COMBUSTION

of

10.

"

12.

15.

Source

The

20.

"

CHAPTER

THE

Problem"

Engine"

Real

Necessary

"

Kitchen

the

ENGINE

First

Engine
and

Field

the

II

Success"

18.

"

in

33

The

14.

Includes
19.

In

The

6.

Engine

COMBUSTION

Principle"
"

Power"

Farm

All

INTERNAL

The

Farm

Man

CHAPTER

THE

4.

9.

"

Where

Farm"

Gasoline

Utility
II.

Mission

The

7.

"

the

Ideal

The

5.

General

the

of

Designer's

Machine

The

2.

"

Call

Answer

As

8.

"

The

3.

ANSWER

THE

Problem

Farm

Problem"
Power

AND

CALL

The

ix

"

29.

What

Foundry

It
Work

Determines
"

32.

"

Boring

Table
the

Cylinder

Compression

Is

the

It

Charge

Chamber

34.

"

in

AccompHshes
Compressed

Is

gine
En-

the
37.

"

What

pression
Com-

Is
Compression
Higher
38. Where
Gains
and
Losses
ance
ClearCompression
39.
40.
41. Faulty Compression
42. Testing Compression

Limits

Useful

"

"

"

"

"

Clearance

Through

and

Carbon

45.

"

Effects

Its

Increasing Power
Lubricating the Cylinder 46.

Clearance

Decreasing

43.

"

Combustion

35. What

"

36. How

"

As

33.

"

Contents

of

"

44.

"

"

Carbon

of

Symptoms

47.

the
Cleaning the Cylinder
Cylinder
49. Removing
Head
the
Re-assembling
Cylinder
Packing
51.
"

"

Material

Employ

to

Without

Cleaning

53.

"

48.

"

50.

"

52.

"

ing
Remov51

CHAPTER

PISTON

THE

54.

AND

of

Functions

Piston

Material

Best

Rings

the

Making

61.

and

Piston

AUXILIARY

55.

Construction
and

Construction

59. Their

"

ITS

Design

57.

"

"

IV

62.

Ring"

of

Piston

Workmanship
the

Their

and

for

Ring"

56.

"

58. The

"

60. Material

"

Truing

Diseases

Ring

PARTS

Rings

63. A

Remedy

"

Few

64. The

"

moving
66. Reand
Rings
65. Cleaning Piston
Piston
the Rings
67. Returning Rings" 68. The
and
Rod
Crank-shaft
Pin
Connecting
70.
69. The
Care
and
Lubrication
Repairs
Connecting-rod
71.
Dirt

Menace

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

72.

Troubles

Other

"

73.

74.

Subject
76.

The

AND

Rough

Treatment"

Port"

Intake

Troubles"
Bad

Air"

81.

79.

77.

Size

83.

The

System"

85.

Valve

Correct"

86.

The

82.

Timing"
of

Includes"

It

mon
78. Com-

Port"

Seating"

80.

How

Required in
84. Inspecting

Valve

to

Determine

Timing"

of

Effect

Fuel

Port"

Exhaust

Object

75. What
of Intake

Valve

Faulty

Leak-hunting"

Engine"

SYSTEM

VALVE

PORT

to

72

CHAPTER

THE

Suggestions

and

Hints

New
the
and

87. Testing

Table

"

the

Setting

and

Its

Muffler;

Valve

93.

Valve

Intake
Rules

General

89. Some

and

Use

Abuse

of

Heart

Alone

VI

the

Engine"
Real
Engine

Carburetor

"

Carburetor

"

109.

Size

in.

Adjusting

of Carburetor
the

105.

"

no.

"

Float

buretors"
Car-

ing
Misfir-

Priming

the

Adjusting

the

108.

"

"

Carburetor

103.

Barking

Flooding

107.

"

quirements
Re-

and

Automatic

Air"

104.

"

justment
Ad-

Vaporizes

loi.

Impure

Cure

Backfiring

106,

of

Fuel

of

"

Let

Unvarying

97.

"

Be

to

Carburetor

Gasoline

with

Their

and

Troubles

Fuel

the

Effect

102.

Carburetors

95.

98. Variation

"

How

Air

Mixing

"

"

CARBURETOR

99,

"

100.

Caution

85

96. The
Impossible

"

of

The

91.

"

Vagaries

THE

The

Word

92.

"

Valve

Exhaust

Valve-grinding

90.

"

The

88.

"

CHAPTER

94.

xi

Contents

of

Valve

cellaneous
Mis-

112.

"

Hints

99

VII

CHAPTER

IGNITION

THE

113.

Special Difficulties
Method

Flame

116.

"

Firing"

"

Electrical
121.

123.

What

125.

Life

127.

Their

Good

How

Charge
break

Dry

Hot

Tube

"

"

Ignition

Firing
"

Current

"

"

Care

of

The

137.

Jump

The

139.

Low

141.

Advantage

Magneto

Tension

Magneto
of

Double

Battery

Dry

Cells

Dry

"

"

Cells
Cells

"

"

"

129.

Connecting Battery to
The
Spark Plug"
132.

130.

"

Spark Coil"
the Spark Is Formed

135.

The

Processes

Connecting
Advantages of Dry

The

131.

Necessary

119.

124.

"

126.

128.

sion
Compres-

117.

"

Open

115.

"

Electrical

122.

"

Contains

Cells

Defects

120.

Failure

of

Four

Battery Arrangement

Engine"
133.

of

Effect

"

Cell

114.

Electrical

118.

Knowledge
the
Producing

SYSTEM

Spark
"

"

134.

"

"

How

136.

138.

How

140.

Care

System

"

It

The

142.

Fires

the

Make-andIt

of
The

Works

"

Magneto
Primary
"

xii

Table
Circuit

The

143.

"

Secondary

Ignition

145.

Timing

Circuit

CHAPTER

ON

148. Controlling
Governor
153.

Engine

Some

Rules

Fuel

The

Remember

"

"

"

"

155, The

"

Governors

of

166.

The

Pump

System

Water

to

freezing

"

Use

"

Systems

CHAPTER

173.

CRANK

The

Engine
and

Wheels
177.

Main

Bearings
Parts

"

Heat"

182.

Gear

180.

Casual

of

185. The

Crank

Shaft"

THE

Fly

Lining"

Best

Wheels

"

181.
.

of
.

"

Why

179.

Care
.

Fly

175.
Wheels

Minor
.

i49

ENGINE

Setting" 184. Stationary

Four-fold
Object of a Good

Proper

133

BEARINGS

Acquaintances

SETTING

Heat

176. Heavy

178. The

"

CHAPTER

183. Importance

The

Mission"

Bearings

Anti-

171.

"

ITS

AND

174.

Their

of

IX

SHAFT

Frame"

Circulating

System

Water

"

Amount

169.

"

Utilizing Waste

172.

"

Good

167. A

"

of

Care

170.

Method

Open-jacket

Other

168.

Mixtures

THE

Water-

"

165. The
Circulating System

The

162.

"

"

"

Pick-blade
158. The
160. Controlling by

"

"

ernor
Gov-

the

of the
Governor
Type
159. Care
Ignition 161. Controlling the Temperature
Methods
Usual
164. The
163. Air-cooling

System

Changing
Governing

System

Types

Governor

Centrifugal

cooling

"

151.

of

Hit-or-miss

156.

"

of

"

Methods

152.

154.

"

Mission

True

to

"

Governor

Throttling
157.

Mechanism

REGULATION

149.

"

Adjustment

Regulating

"

VIII

ENGINE-SPEED

an

150.

"

Up

11

CHAPTER

Wiring

144.

"

Irregular

146.

"

Follies

Spark

147.

Contexts

of

tions"
FoundaFounda-

Table

lion

Foundation
Material
Frame

Setting

Final

The

195.

Lining

197.

Up

205.

Storing

Oil

207.

The

Bench

"

in

Paint

Abominations
the

THE

Gasoline

161

XI

"

Foundation

The

223.

Joints
Exact

Danger

Tank

From

Natural

Kerosene

"

Gasoline

"

Dream.

237.
to

Its

241.

243.
"

Rules

Its
245.

Is

Kerosene

Fatal
Notes

"

231.

Rules

233.

Common

How

Advantages

Which

Advantages

"

239.

"

242.

"

Weakness
on

Best?

Fuels

236.

"

"

"

"

in

Danger
for

Safety
Them

"

Objections

240.

"

and

Risks

Peculiarities
The

The

229.

to

From

Changing

238.

244.

Gasoline

Handle

to

Distillate

Some

Small

230.

"

"

"

The

225.

227.

"

"

Tank

"

Inflammable

Fires;

Its

Kerosene;

235.

Causes

Good

Feed-pipe

Gasoline

Gasoline

234.

"

in

Point

ger
Dan-

Tests.

220.

"

Connections

Not

Fundamental

Two

Errors

Gasoline

228.

"

the

Grades

222.

"

The

224.

"

and

Non-inflammable

219.

"

System

Guarding

226.

"

Dangers

232.

Is Obtained

Value

True

Vapor

Storage

Good

Its

216.

"

Gasoline

Gasoline
A

221.

Nature

Pure

How

218.

SUPPLY

FUEL

Its

and

217.

"

ing
Eliminat-

214.

"

Risk

Danger

CHAPTER

215.

Mission

Engine-room

212.

Cautions

Few

"

Work

The

210.
"

Room

Ventilation

208.

"

"

Muffler

the

And

213.

"

Shaft

Line

gines
En-

The

206.

"

Floor

Engine-room

tion
Founda-

Engine

an

Room

Engine

the

Painting

211.

"

of

Fittings

204.

"

Engine-room

The

209.

of

Shelter

203.

"

Other

Mounted

202.

"

Place

199.

"

Unique

A
"

in

Bolts

Engine

200.

"

Foundations

Portable

201.

"

Failings

Their

Foundations;

the

198. Leveling

"

the

196. Locking

"

Engine

the

Placing

194.

"

Making

192.

"

to

Preparing

190.

"

Templet

Pit

Filling the

193.

"

the

Making

191.

Required

"

Engine

Tying

188.

"

Material

189.

"

"

Prints

Foundations

of

Nature

Blue

Foundation

187.

"

and

Depth

186.

"

xiii

Contents

of

Alcohol
of

"

hol
Alco-

Engine-user's
181

xiv

Table

Contents

of

CHAPTER

XII

LUBRICATION

246. Importance
What

249.

"

Needed

Their

and

Oils

Hydrocarbon
Viscosity

Cold

The

268.

"

Waste

Engine
Systems

The

System
275.
System

Positive

the

Lubricants

Other

283. Foolish

Economy

and

Waste

Lubricating
The

Splash
sure
Pres-

276. The
Feed

Force
"

Test

278.
Filtering

279.

"

"

"

"

284. Ten

"

Fire

Grease
282.
Graphite
CommandLubricating ments

281.

"

Oil

"

or

Carburetor

ing
265. Test-

"

274.

Method

Ring

The

277.

"

Through

Oiling
280.

Loose

The

"

or

ing
263. Test-

"

272.

"

System"

Gravity

Mineral

261.

270.

Oil

of

Quantity

271.

"

Lubricants

267. The
"

bon
Car-

254.

ings
258. Bearpose
Specific Pur-

Adulterants

Caibon

Fluidity

"

Acids

Point"

269.

Oil

"

for

for

Flash

Test"

273.

"

The

266.

Oils

Testing

264. Testing

"

Gum"

for

"

in

The

259.

"

Vegetable

262.

Test"

Cylinder

Work

^251.

"

256. Variety

"

Engine

and

Cold

The

253.

Lubricants

Viscosity

250.

"

Requirements

Animal

260.

"

Gasoline

257.

"

Is

Acids

and

Gum

How

248.

"

Point"

Flash

255.

"

Lubricant

The

"252.

Purpose

247.

"

201

.....

XIII

CHAPTER

Trouble"

285. Classified

Troubles

ENGINE

286.

Starting

Troubles
of

Source

295.

"

"

301.

the

"

The

Spark"

299.

Coil

Where

304.

Facts
Troubles"

302.

"

"

308.

306.
When

Spark
A
the
A

First
294.

Thing

Do"

to

v^rith

Test

The

291.

"

tem
Sys-

296. Protecting the Hands

System" 298. If the Spark

Electric

Poor

The

Comes"

Questions

Few

Testing

297.

Good

292.

"

Trouble

Real

When

293.

Trouble

Most

ergy
289. En-

"

Troubles

Irregular

290.

"

ating
287. Oper-

Troubles"
Troubles

Transmission

288.

"

TROUBLES

OF

ELIMINATION

"

"

300.

Faulty
Shock

the

Testing
Magneto
Is

Suspected
the
Engine

Felt"

"

Starts"

303.

305.

Timer"

Batteries

309.

"

Good

nition
Ig-

Few

307.

Is

Other

Lack

of

Table
Power

Causes

312.

Overheating"

310.

"

Engine

Knocking

320.

"

Knocking

"

"

"

Selecting

XIV

Ratings

Affecting
335.

Where

337.

The

the
Price
340.

342.

When

the

the

Load"

344.

The

350.
Wheel

"

Power

"

of

Outfit"

The

Cooling

System

Carburetor"

351.

355.

Down

"

the

357.

"

And

Things

359,

Engine

Switch"

All

the

Think

to

361. The

"

362. Its Message

"

the

364. The

Gasoline

the Farmer"
Not

the

Tractor

368. The

Satisfactory
"

370.

Is

"

Up
pel
Gos-

356. The
ting
358. Shut-

"

About

"

360.

"

Hazard

hauling
Over.

245

ENGINE

World

Second"

"

XV

TRACTION

to

Engine

Getting

Alone

Personal

CHAPTER

THE

Power

on

Spark
Starting the

354.

"

"

gine
En-

the

-352.

Letting

of

Turning

the

Retarding

Starting

After

Going

Attention

The

Fair

Second-hand

Oiling

349.

"

"

erations"
Consid-

Being

343.

"

The

347.

"

Other

341.

Come

345.

After

Just

353.

Not

Does

Weight

"

339.

"

Agent

of

as

336. Simplicity

"

338. Adaptability
Testing the Engine"
"

Buying

348. The

Wins

"

Overload

Question

Engine

Light

After

346.

"

The

334.

"

Power
Power"

The

333.

"

quired
Re-

Horse

"Horse

of
"

Power

329.

"

Size

Best

What

330.

"

Power

Horse

Purchasing

Engine

Kinds

Various

331.

"

Tasks^

The

327.

"

Small

Various

for

Needed

the

for

ENGINE

THE

OPERATING

Style

326.

"

Plea

332.

324.

"

223

AND

SELECTING

Means

Outside

Troubles

Common

Up

CHAPTER

328.

Lazy
firing
Back-

Advice

Parting

325.

316. A

"

"

Summing

323.

"

Governor

"

Speed

314.

"

318. Misfiring 319.

Pounding
322.
321.

Pre-ignition

317.

"

the

Overheating

of

Engine

Hot

Suspecting

315.

"

xv

Cause

311.

CooHng

313.

"

Variations

Contents

of

"

363.

365.
Doing

Small
Cost

And
"

Farm
of

Its
the

First
Third

ment
Accomplish-

366. What
367. Special Appeals to
Tractor

Tractor

"

"

369. Trailers

Farming

277

Table

^vi

Contents

of

XVI

CHAPTER

371.

Demand"

The

Construction-374.
Steam

375.

Best

379.
It

Differences"

Power
in

Needed

of

mission"
TransGear"

Gasoline

the

Plowing-383.

The

376

The

Works-381.

Power

-382.

Transmission"

of

Tractor

General

373.

Best
Clutch-378. The
or
Differential
Compensating

Engine-377.

380. How

Power"

Forms

Other

Gasoline

and

TRACTOR

Tractive

The

372.

IN

BEST

IS

WHAT

Tractor

Home-made

Tractors

290

XVII

CHAPTER

OPERATING
for

384. Preparing

Learning
phy-388.

to

First

the

Guide

Lots

THE

the

stacles-390. Speed

with

the

General

^^"93.

Care
303

XVIII

CHAPTER
POWER

Ob-

Other

and

Allowable-391. Hauling
^''''-

Philoso-

Mud-hole

389. Bridges

"rrT^!:^'''

394.

Start-385. Starting-386.

Tractor-387.

Sand"

of

TRACTOR

TRANSMISSION

An

Important

403.

Straight and Crown

Face-404. Use of PulleysSecured to Shaft
Covering Iron Pulleys_4o6. How
The
Deadly Set.screw-408. Other Pulley Dan

in
Problem_39S. Methods
Use-jofi
Shaftmg_397. Poor
Shafting Unprofitable-agSGen
eral
Shaftmg Wisdom-399.
Balancing Pulleys-40
PulleysSpeed of Shafts-4ox.Size of PulIeysl4o..

405.
-407.
gers"

for

409.

Tight

Trouble-4rr.

and

Cone

Loose

Pulleys"

^in

Th

"

\Z "heir^
u/eiT;

Pulleys.

Table
Pulleys

Home-made

Ball

415.

"

Bearings
Boxes

Preparing

417.

Babbitt

ings
Bear-

Roller

414.

"

Metal

Babbitt

416. What

"

Is

Babbitting"
the
Bearing

Babbitting

420.

"

Split Box

BELTS

for

Reasons

XIX

426.
Dressing
"

429.

"

"

Belt

434.

436. Belt
Lacing

Lacing

"

Splicing

441.

"

and

Laces

Gandy

Kink

Belt

Canvas

or

ing
Cement-

440.

"

of

"

Gear

Wheels

Gearing
Gears
Wheels

Power

of

Gearing
456.

"

THE

Feed

Grinding
Fresh

"

"

"

464.

Other

Gear

Ideal

Leather

Repairs

Gear

An

of

Care

453.

"

Gear

Wheel

Balanced

Special

"

455.
der
Or-

XXI

ROOM

Does

460. Convenient
A

451.

34^

FEED

Grinding

462. The

448.

Intermittent

"

"

Spur

446.

"

Care

CHAPTER

458. When

Gear

Governing

Wheels

General

457.

"

Gear

Gears

Worm

Hide

Finish

445.

"

Miter

450.

"

Rules

454.

"

and

Raw

452.

"

Pinions

Cams

449.

"

Material

Bevel

447.

"

TRANSMISSION

OF

444.

"

442.

XX

FORMS

OTHER

"

33"

CHAPTER

Plan

Belt

Transmission

Rope

443.

Rule

433.

"

Belt

438. Methods

"

Hooks

Belt

428.

"

Belt

Useful

Leathers

Lace

437.

"

Belts

of

435.

"

ing
Belt-

Convenient

430.

Speed

432.

"

Hints

Wire

439.

Belts

Belts

Belts

of

423.

"

Rubber

425.

"

Care

Belting 427.
Size Required
of

Drawbacks

Few

Belts

Leather
"

Slipping
"

422.

"

"

Length

431.

Belts

424.

"

Canvas

BELTING

AND

Using

Essentials

Belt

313

CHAPTER

421.

"

the

418. Preparing

for

Casting

419.

"

Bearings

413.

"

xvii

Contents

of

Not

Pay

Feeding
Ration

459.

"

Convenient

461. Feed

463. A

"

Appetizer

"

"

465.

Good

Always
Feeding

Grinding

Cob

xviii

Table

Meal

466. Grinding the

"

the

of

Feed

Supply

Room

Family Grist
468. Objections to

"

"

Automatic

Troughs

467. Accessories

"

Renewal
469. Constant
Engine a Necessity

"

Gasoline
472.

Contents

of

Necessary
The

471.
A

473.

"

Constant

of

Trough"

Home-made

Substitute

Advantages of Drinking System

475.
the Engine
the
Gutters
out
Flushing
476.

The

"

"

Arrangement

Sanitary Way

Required
Final

479.

"

478. Flushing

"

Disposal

CHAPTER

Mission

Equipment

Place

Proper
The

483.

"

in the

Engine
Ideal

Position

Engine's

Work"

The

Trouble-healer

485. An

"

the

Out,

More

356

XXII

As

481.

"

ble
Sta-

477.

"

WORKSHOP

THE

480. Its

Work

Fields

on

The

470.

"

Open

474.

"

Water

488. Locating

Workshop

484. Its

"

Shop

Arrangement
Engine
Connecting

487.

"

Good

482.

"

Machines

"

489.

"

Effect

367

Boy
XXIII

CHAPTER
THE
490.

Cost"

The

497.
Saw"

Pile"

Wood

Saw

Rig"

Rig"

Automatic

Complete

Why

It

lar"
Popu-

Required"

496. Power

Rig"

What

492.
494.

498. Setting Up"

Construction"
Operating
501.

Best

500.

"502.

Circle

Task"

Thankless

To-day's

493.

The

495.

491.

"

PILE

WOOD

FARM

Memories

Two

Really

The

499.

the

503.

Drag
Saw

Drag

ting
Split-

Wood
"

Is

for"

Method"
"

510.

512.

Results

Sprayed

The
of

Time"

Wasted

Spraying

Excels"

GARDEN

AND

ORCHARD

Slipshod

of

Causes

Hose"

Failure"

Pumping

Good

513.

Spraying"

505.

Method"

506. Nature's
508.

375

XXIV

CHAPTER

504.

to

and

Man

on

486.

Good

515.

What

509.

When

511.

Cheap
Trees

gine
En-

the

507.

Outfit"
and

Where

ing
SpraySuccessful
zles
Noz-

Good
Outfits"
Are

514.
Not

.387

Table

XX

Good

573.

Time
and

575.

"

Hoist

Cultivator

Fruit

Uniaue

Saw

Barn

Auto

577.

Harvester

the

Fighting

"

Work

The

"

Time

Hay

Field"

Short

tower

the

582. In
584.

592.

Shearing

and

594.

The

Road

to

Dipping
Market

The

Farm

the

"

Crop
What

589.

"

Roller

Yard

Poultry

Building

595.

"

Corn

Highways

In

593.

"

Wagon

Machine;

"

"

ing
583. Mak-

the

586. Harvesting

"

Road
588. The
by Cable"
for
Our
Is
Country
Doing
Weeds
591.
590. Ditching

Gasoline

Power

APPLICATIONS

Hauling

"587.

"

Home-made

XXVIII

Binder"

Threshing

578.

452

POWER

Spreader

585. At

Boys

Contrivances

MODERN
the

"

579.

"

ing
Thresh-

at

576. Two
Energy

"

Wheelbarrow

CHAPTER

581. Helping

Tender

Grain

574.

"

Home-made
"

Minor

580.

"

Contents

of

Home

ories
Mem470

XXIX

CHAPTER
IDEAL

THE

596.

Look
Farm

and

To-morrow

Into

Possible"

"

598.

-599.

the

How

When

Come

Dreams

RULES

600.

Tables,

in

Useful

Application

the

Barns

It

Makes

Engine
True

and

Hints
of

the

Suggestions
Farm

Modern

Power
601.

Mutual

602.

The

603.

Fire

497

Relations
Fire

of

These

Hazard

Horse

Fragments

607. The
608.

The

Brake

Prony

499

502
502
503

Formulae

Power

Measurements

500

Values
604. Heat
Efficiency
605. Thermal
606.

493

FORMULA

AND

Calculations,

Rules,

plete
Com-

XXX

CHAPTER
USEFUL

Garden,

Household,
Gasoline

the

of

Summary

597.

"

Including

Home,

Fields

FARM

Test
Brake

503
504

Test

504

LIST

OF

ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

Fig.

Frontispiece

"

Forty

Gas

"

Horses

Tractor

Doing

Twenty

and

The

"

Portable

Practical

Fig.

The

"

Modern

Fig.

"

Farm
Call

Solves

Engine

the

Field

for

Hoe

of

Power

Met

Best

by

Tractor
with

Man

2"7

the

Action

Showing

"

of

Problem

the

35

To-day

CHAPTER

Fig.

2
....

Power
of

Gas

The

Gas

of

Work

Men

CHAPTER

Fig.

the

.40

II

of

Inlet

Valve

Suction

on

Stroke

Fig.

45

Piston

"

End

Nearing

Position

Prior

Just

of

Stroke.

Compression

Ignition

to

Fig.

Fig. 8

Descending

Piston

"

Depicting

"

Action

Power

on

of

-45

Stroke

Exhaust

Valve

on

.46

ing
Scaveng-

Stroke

Fig.

46

Sectional

"

of

View
All

Illustrating

Reeves

Important

Horizontal

Parts

of

Engine,
Gas

Modern

Motor

48

CHAPTER

Fig.

10

Sectional

"

View

of

III

Vertical

Engine

Showing

portant
Im-

Components

Fig.

II

"

Perfect

Defective
Wall

Liable

Defects

Illustrating

Compare

49

at

Spots

Shown

in

Boring
at

Cylinder.
and

with
54

xxi

xxii

List

Illustrations

of

PAGE

Fig.

12

Sectional

"

Showing
Fig.

13

View

Water

Denote

I.H.C.

Jacket

Sectional

"

of

View

and

of

Valve

12

19

Valve

Valve
21
Spring Key.
Inlet Valve
Spring. 23

for

Petcock

25

Valve

"

28

Porcelain.
Valve

Seat.

30

Valve

Stem.

"

45

"

"

Rod.

Screw.

Z7

Lever.

41

"

"

Cock.

Drain

35

42

"

50

"

46

Oil

14

Vital

"

Parts

of

Timer

"

vance
Ad-

Gear.

Cam

"

Oil

Level.
for

haust.
Ex-

.65

IV

Horizontal

Jacobson*

haust
Ex-

"

Timer

"

Camshaft

"

haust
Ex-

"

Groove

CHAPTER

Fig.

36

Regulating

Shaft.

Exhaust

"

34

Pinion.

Pipe

plug
Spark-

"

Spring.

Timing
"

Intake

"

31

Roller.

"

Inlet

"

Guide.

38

44

27
29

Spring.

Piston.

48

Cam

"

24

Contact

Operating

Gear

Valve

20

22

Valve.

Z'^^ Exhaust

Oil

"

Release.

Guide.

Exhaust

"

14

Sparkplug.

"

Exhaust

"

Operating
Cover

26

Cage.

Figures

Washer.

"

Valve.

43

Motor.

Compression
"

Valve

62
.

Crankshaft.

"

Pipe.

"

Cylinder

System

Air-Cooled

Parts:

Following

Engine

Gas
68

Engine

Fig.
Fig.

15
16

of I.H.C.

Piston

"

Rings

Section

Cross

and

Longitudinal

"

and

Engine

of

IZ

ton
Pis-

Typical

74

Fig.

17

18

Fig.

19

Fig.

20

Concentric

"

Eccentric

"

with

Ring
Pin

Piston

"

with

Ring
Oil

Diagonal

Stepped

Device

Simple

Lapped

Joint

Feed
.

"

or

Joint. Fig.

Cut

for

Removing

and

yy

Replacing

Rings
Fig.

21

79

Marine

"

of

Type

Bushed

Cross

22

Fig.

22^

"

"

Section

Sectional

24

Fig.

25

"

"

Typical
Sectional

Valve

Chamber

.86

View

Arrangement
Fig.

of

80

Rod

Connecting

CHAPTER

Fig.

74

of
of

Combustion

Valves

in

Valve

Mechanical

Chamber,
Cylinder Head

ing
Show-

Gear
.

Views

of

Conventional

87

.95

Mufflers
.

97

List

xxiii

Illustrations

of

VI

CHAPTER

PAGE

Fig. 26

View

Exterior

"

Model

One

of

buretor
Car-

Kingston

100

Fig.

2^

Fig.

28

29

Device

Breeze

of

View

Sectional

"

30

Shows

Fig.

31

Parts
Krice

of

Parts

102

buretor
Car104

VII

Igniter

Tube

of

Views

Sectional

"

Sectional

Important

Showing

100

Hot

Bent

"

Vaporizes.

CHAPTER

Fig.

Carburetor

Kingston

of

Carburetor

the

How

"

View

Fig.

View

Sectional

"

112

Standard

Cells.

Dry

American
B
Construction.
Design
European
in Series
Showing
Dry Cell Battery Wired
Fig. 32
Spark Wiring System
Simple Jump
Fig"-ZZ

"

115

"

116

"

.118

"

Fig.

34

Vibrator

Spark

Jump

"

Coil

One

for

Cylinder

Ignition
Fig-

35

Bosch

"

Z7

39

Spark Plug
Exterior

Magneto,
View

Rear

"

Breaker

Fig.

of

View

Bosch

View

of Bosch

Magneto

123

tact
Con-

Showing

Magneto,

122

Distributor

and

124
in

Ignition Magneto

Showing

"

of

120

....

Longitudinal Sectional

"

Fig. 38

View

Sectional

"

Fig. 36
Fig.

119

Place

Engine

on

Base

Fig.

40

127

Simple

"

Batteries

Fig.

Fig.

41

and

System

Using

Source

of

42

High

"

43

or

Make-and-Break
with

Magneto

Fig.

44

Fig.

45

"

"

Fig. 46

"

Batteries

Wiring

Auxiliary

as

129

Low-Tension

Current

Conductors

130

of

Speed

VIII

Regulation

Centrifugal Governor

Attached

Pick-blade

Showing

Side

Spark

Current
and

Method

"

Using
128

CHAPTER

Fig.

System,

Magneto

Low-Tension

"

Wiring

High-Tension

View

Cam

to

Carburetor
.

Governor,
of

Valves

through

Action

on

Cam

Action

Lever
.

136
138
139

140

xxiv

List

Illustrations

of

PAGE

Fig.

47

Flow

49

Sectional

"

Showing
Jacket

of

Through

Water

50

of

View

Bearings

Explosion
51

52

53

Fig.

54

Main

"

55

IX

Cap and
Bearings

Bolts

of

Crankshaft,

Approved
Bearing, Showing
.

Gasoline

"

59

and

Space
Method

"

Holes
of

153

Grooves

Factory

Made

Possible

Note

Wood

Saw

Trough

Engine

152

Engine.

Watering

and

of

Fig.

Farm

Oil

Plugs

Gasoline

Design

of

Flywheel

New

Modern

Fig. 58

Counterpoise

or

151

Engine

The

End

150
151

with

CHAPTER

"

Stress

Crankshaft

Retaining

and

150

"

Typical Engine

Strain

Twisting

Weights

Gas

"

so

Every Impulse
All
Correctly Placed
Engine

Throw

Three

"

"

57

Open
144

Bearings

Single Throw

"

Fig. 56

Fig.

in

Used

Hopper

Placed

Bed

by

Balance

Fig-

Engine,

149

on

Taken

Fig-

I.H.C.

Strain
of
Incorrectly Placed.
Exerted
Directly Against Cap

Impulse

Main

"

Comes

Fig.

Jackets

Bolts

and

Fig.

of

Cylinder

Integrally Cast
Cooling System

Main

"

of
143

CHAPTER

Fig.

on

Engine

Water-Cooled

Fig.

Cylinder

"New
141

Depicting

"

Used

Engines

Way"
Fig. 48

Air-Cooled

of

Type

"

Base
Needed

Securing

One

at

160

Other

the

at

by

Plan

Amount

Show

to

162

for Installation

Engine

Heavy

Concrete

to

163

Foundation

Fig.

60

Fig.

61

Fig.

62

for

Template

"

Engine

"

Method

"

Fig. 63
Fig. 64
Fig. 65

"

"

"

on

of

Gasoline

Gasoline

Wheeled

Engine

Locating

Holes

Bolt

Foundation,

Bolted

Re-inforcing

Wooden

Engine-Driven
Engine-Driven
Foundation

in

165
168

Place
Floors

170

Mixer

Concrete

Stone

Crusher
.

Needed

for

171
172

Tractor
I73

List

Illustrations

of

xxv

XI

CHAPTER

PAGE

Fig. 66

"

Fig. 67
"

Bowser

Gasoline

Storage

Gasoline

Bowser

System

with

Tank

Storage

venient
Con-

Fittings
Fig. 68

"

Bowser

Simple

"

Fig.

70

"

Tank

Underground

71

"

with

Measuring

189

Typical

Gasoline

Tank

lO-H.P.

Gauge

Polished

196

XII

Looks

Steel. Rod

193

....

Engine

Kerosene

CHAPTER

Fig.

185

Attached

Pump

Fig. 69

184

if Magnified

Rough

Greatly
Fig.

Fig-

72

"

73

"

202

Section

Four-Cylinder
Through
Lubricating System
Exterior

Interior

and

Gravity Lubricator
Fig. 74
Explaining the
75

"

Fig. 76

"

Loose

Splash

for

Ring

Mechanically
Force

Views

77

"

Pocket

Either

Volts

Sight

of

Feed

Bearing

215

Lubrication

216
.

Plunger

Operated

Lubrication

of

System

Oil

Pump

sures
In-

Feed

217

XIII

CHAPTER

Fig-

209

214

"

Fig-

ing
Show-

Motor,

Size

Battery

Testing

Gauge

Indicates

Amperes

or

229

CHAPTER

XIV

Gasoline
Fig. 78 A Typical Horizontal
Engine
for One
and
One-half
Fig. 79
Easy Work
Horsepower
Gray Engine
Sheller
Corn
power
HorseFig. 80
Easily Operated
by One
"

246

"

248

"

249

Fig.

81

Fig. 82

"

"

Simple
Another

Prony
Type

Brake
of

Test

Prony

250
Brake
....

251

xxvi

List

Illustrations

of

PAGE

Fig. 83

and

Correct

"

Correct

Engine.
of

Case
the

Incorrect

Which

Incorrect

Either

Hand

in

Drive
Crank

Right

Used.

In

Hand.

Circle.
Kick

Back

Hand

Leave

or

Broken

Result,

From

Away
Crank

of

Against

Circle.

an

Jerked

Outside

Handle

Cranking

Hand

Is

Left

Uses

Method,

Will

Handle

Is

of

Left

Method,

Pre-ignition

Hand,

Method

Arm

or

Wrist

274

CHAPTER

Fig. 84

View

Assembly
Working

"

XV

Oil

of

Parts

Gas

Pull

Their

and

ing
Tractor, Show-

Relation

'

Each

to

Other

Fig. 85

"

276
Gas

Tractor

Production

Fig.

86

"

The

Carries

Fig. 87

"

The

Plows

Broad

Wheels

Cultivated

Add

Greatly

Part

as

to

of

Fields
Life

Plowing

of

Machine

The

Many

Smooth

"

Fig.

Bevel

92

Gear

"

"

Bevel

I.H.C.

93

"

Stand

the

Gear
of

Heart

of

Floors

and

288

Train

the
Are

Engines

Tractor.
of

the

....

292

....

293

Tractor

Gas

Steering

Gear,

Front

Truck

Differential

and

Spur

Driving

Gears

of

Tractor

Simple

294

295

299

CHAPTER

Fig-

Should

....

Cycle Type

Tractor

Typical
Showing
91

Four

286
.

XVI

Traction

Reversing

Reversing

"

Fig.

Cylinder

as

284

Tractor

Tractor

Machinery

Is

Plant

Present-day

Four

Fig. 89
Fig. 90

Power

of Soil

Gas

the

CHAPTER

Fig. 88"

the

in

Gain

Tillage

Farm

as

of

Cent.

Thorough

Small

Hackney

Per

100

More

Through

the

Make

Insures

Home

Made

XVII

Tractor

and

Circular

Saw
303

xxviii

List

Illustr.' vnoNS

of

CHAPTER

Fig,

III

Fig

112

Fig

113

Fig

114

Fig

115

Fig

116

Fig

117

Fig,

118

"

Internal

Spur

External

"

Bevel

"

"

"

"

"

Gear

Spur

Gearing

347

348

Gears

Action

of

Worm

Gearing

348

Outlined

Cam

Used

Illustrating

Terms

349

in Tractor

Used

Spiral Gear

Gear

347

Gearing

Intermittent

"

XX

Cam

for

119

"

120

Feed

Fig.

121

and

with

XXI

Direct

Shaft

122

Drive

from

New

356

Grinding

for

Driven

Two

Kinds

of

Grain
.

Mill

for

Grinding

Grain, Cob
360

"

Handy

Shop

XXII

Engine,

Three

and

Equipped

Different

Sizes

with
of

tershaft
Coun-

Driving

Pulleys

Fig.
Fig.

123
124

"

369

The

Most

Gray

"

Important

Engine

Farm

Implement

Bandsaw

Driving

in

125

General

"

Good
of

Engine

371
Farm

Workshop

Floor

of Machines
Arrangement
in Separate Compartment

Plan,

Housing

and
to

ing
Show-

Fire

Reduce

Risk

372

CHAPTER

Fig.

126

"

Task

370

working
Wood-

shop

Fig.

359

Husk

CHAPTER

Fig.

Spur

Engine

Power

"

Ordering

350

352

Mill

Mill

"

in

Operation

350

Wheels

Holland

Fig.

Shaft

Used

CHAPTER

Fig.

Steering Gears

Sawing

Wood

XXIII

by

Gas

Power

Not
.

Irksome

an
.

.374

List

xxix

Illustrations

of

PAGE

Fig

12/

Gasoline

"

Portable

Fig.

128

Fig.

129

"

Engine

Works

378
Saw

Drag

Worked

in Combination

Well

130

Fruit

"

Same

Fig.

with

Gasoline

"

Basket.

Fruit

of

Was

386

Saw

in

Fruit

Pile,

On

Adjacent

Not

Sprayed, Only

Tree

of
42

Sound

Was

with

Engine

389

Triplex Pump

Outfits

Capacity Spraying

381

Power

Circular

Sound

Trees.

which

Variety,
Cent,

131

in

Engine

by

XXIV

Sprayed

Fruit

Wormy
Per

of

Power

Engine

by
Splitter Operated

CHAPTER

Fig.

in

Outfit

Saw

Form

Wood

"

Circular

and

or

Water

Typical
Spraying Outfit
Portable
Fig- 133
Spraying Outfit
Showing
Utility of Platform

Gas

for

Large
poses
Pur-

Supply

390

Fig.

132

Animal

"

Drawn

Engine

ated
Oper392

"

in Orchard,

at

Work

in

Reaching

Top

of

Trees

Fig.

134

Fig.

135

393
A

"

Fig. 136

Perfect

Spraying
of Spraying

Basket

137

"

Drought

Has

Outfits
Good

Centrifugal Pump

"

Fruit

Plenty

of

Terrors

Are

Fig.

140

Upturned

on

where

Driven

Power

Used

400

Irrigating

Water

Contains

Plant

Here

Directly Coupled

to

line
Gaso405

.........

141

"

Small

Diaphragm
Fig.

142

Fig.

143

Fig.

144

"

"

"

Garden
Power

Deming

Gasoline

Power

Plant

Two

Operating

406

Pumps

Irrigation by
Pumping

401
403

Motor

Fig.

395

Baskets

XXV

No

What

"

394

397

Fig. 138
Fig. 139

"

Left

at

Pumping

Nine

Illustrated.

CHAPTER

Fig.

Work

at

Unsound

Peaches,

Nozzles

Spraying

Outfit

Results

"

of

Examples

Power

"

of

Few

Outfit

Horizontal

Flowing
for

Power

Deep
Pump

Method
.

Well
.

409
410

.411

List

XXX

Illustrations

of

PAGE

Fig.

145

Air

"

Cooled

Common

Fig. 146

Water

Fig.

Water

"

Distribution
Distribution

Fig. 148

The

Woman's

Fig.

The

New

"

"

Household

Fig.

150

151

Fig.

152

by

Seepage

Method

by

Flooding

Method

Fig.

Engine

No

"

417

Lightens

418
Outfit

Washing

Lifting Except
Electric
A

for

Adapted

W^asher

"

"

Gives

Pulley.

for

Use

Tap

on

Wringer

"

Switch.

Snap

"

Lever

421

Pneumatic

Complete

Supply

Water

Important

City

Convenience

Portable

Vacuum

Cleaner

System

in

Country

Homes

Fig.

154

"

423
A

Farm

Cushman

Fig.

155

"

Creating

Operated

by

Motor
the

427

for

Vacuum

Milking

by Gasoline

Power

Fig. 156
"

429

Milking
and

Sanitary
Fig.

157

"

The

Power

"

Cows

Not

The

Dairy

Day

Note

Advantage.

Separator

Steady

by Vacuum
Injurious to

Present
to

Cream

Fig. 158

Animals
Maid

Cleanly,
.

Uses

Engine

on

159

of

Base

432
Governor

Speed
Drive

Pulley

Gas

Intermittent

Even

from

Secures

Fig.

160

Fig.

161

433
Parker

How

"

430

Gasoline

Parker

Separator

Process

Power

Fig.

420

Pulley.
Pulley.

Motor

Countershaft.

on

Motor.

Operate

to

Wringer

"

Electric

"

Pulley

Electric

Release

Power
153

"

Is

Pulley.

Driving
I

Fold

to

Power

Washer

"

Countershaft

"

414

419

When

"

413

Former

Power

Hangers.
"

XXVI

Washerwoman

Complete

Washer.

on

Burden

"

with

Fig.

Pump

412

CHAPTER

149

Mounted

Base

"

147

Engine

and

Speed

Pulley

Governor

ployed
Em-

Is

434

Fig.

162

"

"

"

Churning
Gasoline
A

Well
Lawn

by
Motor

Kept
Mower

of

Power
Driven
Lawn

Gray
Ice

Insured

Motor
.

435

436

Cutter
.

with

Motor

pelled
Pro-

438

List

xxxi

Illustrations

of

PAGE

Fig. 163
"

Light

Dynamo

"

Electric

Fig. 165
"

into

the

Engine
.

Turns

Outfit

Night

Farmer

443

Residence

for

Outfit

Lighting

try
Coun-

Use

Fig.

444

House

Storage Battery Employed

Lighting Outfit

168

Electric

Fig. 167
"

"

Using

Lamp

"

Tractor

Goes

Fig.

170

"

of

Outfit
Work

to

Leslie

Under

Filament

446

Made

452

Own

Power

Apparatus

Home

Double

Drum

Hoist

for

Use

Made

by

Brown

Engine

wood,
Cotton-

Reed,

Its

Ingenious

Gasoline

with

445

an

Is

and

with

Connection

XXVIT

Sawing

Idaho,

in

Incandescent

CHAPTER

Fig. 169

440

Convenience

City

Another

Provides

Complete

"

Gas

vides
Pro-

Current

Lighting

Farm

and

Day

for
166

439
Small

Operated by
Inexhaustible
Lighting

Fig. 164

Fig.

Use

Household

for

Suitable

Engine

I.H.C.

Air-Cooled

Horizontal

in

Connection
Clutch

pany
Com459

Fig.

171

"

Unloading

Brown

Fig.

172

"

Hay

Double

Gasoline

Hoist

Drum
Outfit

Engine
of

by

Easily

Wheelbarrow

Utilizing

Power

461

.....

by One

Moved

cause
Be-

Man

465

Truck
.....

Fig.

173

"

Small

Gray

174
175

"

"

Truck

The

Motor

The

Modern

Binder
.

in

the

Connecting

Hay
Link

Field

473

Farm

Between

Market

and

475

Fig. 176 The Gasoline

ing Time
Better
Roads
Fig. 177
"

"

Gas

Tractor

Fig. 178
"

The

Engine Indispensable in Thresh

476
Possible

Made

Outfits

Gas

470

XXVIII

CHAPTER

Fig.
Fig.

the

Helping

Motor

Tractor

at

Small

Cost

by
480

......

Shortens

the

Road

to

ket
Mar-

487
Fig.

179

"

Home

Memories

490

THE

GASOLINE

THE

ON

ENGINE
FARM

CHAPTER

THE

The

1.

for

CALL

Great

bread

AND

Farm

the

and

farmer

he

cultivates

farmer

is for

efficient

which

required
the

is

50,000

meager

of

demands

alone
on

which

mechanic

time

little

while

the

done

w^th

costly

more

that

2.

intellectual

the

more

He

part

of

levers.

Hand

labor

the

and

factory

in

mill

expensive

more

and
farm

adhered

has

performed

power

to

might

ter
betextra

must

be
have

it be

long

was

wdierever

the

the

ture
cul-

be

of

more

than

has

acting
ex-

soil-tilling,

and

and

than

must

will

will

more

for

future

the

It

and

labor

farmer

method

less

men

laborer.

day

of

but

call

with

farmer

The

it is

adequate

some

and

with

The

answered

the

of

supply

to

work

and

the

Intensive

; more

acre,

of

turn.

figured,

supply

that

scarcity

every

to-day.

demand

be

the

wheels

afford.

can

but

because

possible

the

For

savage,

to

citizen

than

manual

dispensed

ago

each

cannot

rather

for

single

available

every

by machinery.

met
a

meet

can

work

helpers

of

has

one

at

asking

call

is

him

available

are

The

There

hampering

necessities
acres

lands.

is

it.

supply

helpers.

some

world

The

"

must

his

acres,

twenty-five

ANSWER.

THE

Problem.

purpose

workmen

factory

harder

and

work

manually

have

done

ter
bet-

cheaper.
The

Machine

Designer's
33

Problem.

"

]\Iany

de-

Gasoline

The

34
vices

that

have

never

Engine

have

might

on

reduced

the

been

farm
limits

of

the

horse

farm

the

in

than

Without

restricted

speed.
designer has
other

any

the

to

In

and

power

implement

seriouslyhampered

be

all

because

market,

to

farmet

of the

labor

the

placed upon
machinery formerly had

Fx\rm

the

this

been

spect
re-

more

of inventors.

class

factories
our
electricity
much
still be in their infancy. How
the world
would
has lost through its most
ture,
important industry,agriculthe

aid

be

made

order

only

be

have

been

abandoned

light or
they might

farm

Call

of the

for power;

some

means

single man

can

The

work

as

work, in

the

ordinary

or

of

hundred

four

and

bushel

of

this to

forty-one

corn

Forms

Various

forms

failed.

The

clumsy

means

animal.

some

became

is hard

upon

to

exposure

of

work

the

power
was

their

with

do

that

much

as

from

of

great

shelling, it

to
to

raise

one

reduce

commercial

ments
argurender

factories

it

farm.

Fail.

and

Where

They

have

been

tried and

not

transmitting

is

power

and

same

do

advanced

livingto
plowing

in the

of Power

tread-mill

indeed

The

power

of farm

will

Machinery

minutes.

necessary

Other

4.

farm

intelligenceof

could

men

hours'

hand.

demand

which
more

by

that

has

one-half

takes

the

force

call of the

which

Farming
simply making
project. From

commercial

the

able
Many valubecause
they had
at.

by

The

"

by

hands.

plane

"ven

Farm.

direct

dozen

unaided

soon

her

upon

for effective

handled

be

placed

team.

3.

the

guessed
slow

too

too

that

limit

can

appliances
inventions

to

and

of this unfortunate

because
field

of steam

the

real

power,

limited

"

"

have
but

energy

of

unsteady, hard to operate, and

for drudgery. Sweep power
a
synonym
and
cumbersome,
usually requires
move,
It

of

was

its operators

to

every

storm.

The

Gasoline

Engine

is of very

restricted

The

36

wheel

water

easily fail

in

about.

moved

Wind

motive

competitor of
is not
by any
The

His

places.
in

wdiile

It

at

of steam

different

at

moment's

maintain

to

safe, reliable,easy

for all of this

to

operate
tions
condiElec-

out.

or

excepting portability,

obtained

be

except

weather

by

indoors

place,

farmer's

the

many

ready

anything

be

any

farm.

the

upon

produced by the borrowed

gasoline engine at a good deal
in transforming mechanical
or

unless

is not,

usually

or

in transmission

waste

be

generally to

more

energy

must

of

at

easily disturbed

not

avail

might
tricit}^

and

it

; still

work

power.

Much

"

runs

cost

It must

use.

; available

it

power
not

must

portable;

were

short

in
ideal

and

notice

and

done

farm

serious

only

general farm

Power.

Farm

the

the

of their

nature

been

ideal

the

means

be

cannot

objectionablefor

has

in

horse

Ideal

is

work

the

best,

at

unreliable

the

It may

application.

are

alone

Steam

force.

5.

from

also

reason;

same

mills

Farm

the

and,

weather

dry

on

of

electrical energy.

to

The

6.

the

only

all

of

Best

One

at

pow^er

Answer.

the

flexible power,

adapting

the

being

teams

is free
as

day's

upon

are

to

go

is the

back

than

properly

run

pick
the

the

to

operate

engine

farthest

the farm

up

and

No

fuel

is

operator

being used,

conveyed

machine

lot

there

is

steam

mechanical
to

necessary

it there.

wood

started

in

is needed

power

take
the

the

greater

no

washing

and
of

corner

w^agon

the

While

be

may

boiler, while

If

binder.

wonderfully

all conditions.

considered

be

answ^ered

has

mill ; then

needs

should
a

feed

steam

is

engine

the

breakfast.

operator

training
kitchen

to

with

case

The

raised.

the

at

run

itself to

fed

that

It

demands.

is

gasoline engine

time

present

various

these

The

"

it

two

the
can

men

If w^anted
can

without

be
the

set
neces-

in
on

Gasoline

The

sity of
neither

driest

second

or

is there

and

it break

wand.

It

obtained
five

successful

in

weather

zero

Fig.

3."

or

the

Avhat

The

from

Call

most

What

It

in

of

the

is

to

horse

The

it, nor

the

fiercest
sizes

power

if

engines
properly in

power

works

and

fuel;

erect.

in

moorings
^ horse

heat

and

disturb

not

It

37

functions

ter
mat-

no

registers.
.

Field
Gas

7.

its

operation.

mercury

tank

water

does

thousand

excessive

Farm

the

feed-wires

weather

be

can

on

trip for

trail of

away

required, while
are

third

calmest

does

Engine

for

Power

Actually Doing

convincing argument

Best

Met

by

Modern

Tractor.

in

the

in

the

world

Field.

"

The

is achievement.

gasoline engine has

In
doing on the farm.
actuallydone ; what it is now
where
best known,
it is driving the
parts of the West
from
the field; is plowing, harrowing
steam
tractor
mile
and
operation,by the square
seeding all in one
instead
of by the acre,
and is doing the work
better,
well as quicker and
as
can
cheaper, than horse power
do it. It is harvesting the grain when
the fields are
the
the ordinary binder
and
when
soft to carry
too
Let

us

see

what

the

The

Gasoline

tractor

would

38
steam

it is

is

barns

of

fear

and

thirst, it

or

water

requires
follow

to

wagons

and

converting

form

placing it

for

feeding

then

and

loading
un-

out
With-

in stacks.

from

its

procession of

fuel

turns
no

ing,
thresh-

after

fields

the

in

or

supplies and

of

source

hunger

market

to

available

most

loading hay

it in the

the-Farm

on

helpless; then,

part

the

into

It

cattle.

be

conveying

balance

the

Engine

away

its trail.

upon

the

If

threatening,it turns
its own
the night into day with
headlight and lives
fully
cheerits working life in twenty-four-hour days as
Where
in periods of eight or ten.
as
necessary
without
it has
^Monday morning
run
stopping from
is short

season

weather

the

or

Saturday night with hardly an hour's attention

during the entire time.
As
General
gasoline engine
8.
Utility Man." The
the finishingtouches
fields and putting on
is irrigating
It
where
of success
drought and failure threatened.
until

is

annually saving

It is

wood

of

life much
life

human

more

energy.

fungus

post-holes;

dollars

and

insect.

Perhaps

its greatest

destroys

through

than

dreariness

occupations,

cutting his
taking out

Avhich

drudgery

that

it is
It is

sheds.

the

through

every-day, humble

value

is in

from

these

and

pended
ex-

the
it

shirks.

never

9.

of

ravages

digging the farmer's

and
hauling it to

farm

of

the

of fruit from

worth

of

thousands

world

the

to

In

the
implements]

labor-saving

engine
washer
pumps

is

completed

not

and
the

water

been

and

has

clean

the

carpet, wash
In

numberless

the

ways,

the

field.

It

housewife
the

known
the

general
of

work

the

her, does

for
even

in

for

wringer

milk,

dishes.

the

Unlike

Kitchen."

the

run

gasoline
the

runs

with

ease,

churning, skims
to

windows
after

sweep

and

doing

of

the

the
the

the

floor,
dinner

heavy

Gasoline

The
field

leisure
the

of

or

With

10.

beauty

of the

heart

Boy
the

engine and
special bond

latter

those

drove

his

the

his

terrors

of

away

11.

house

or

Farm.

that

lawn

touch

of

dear

so

to

Between

"

the

line
gaso-

to be
boy of the farm there seems
from
the
sympathy that removes
of wood-pile and
grindstone that

from

the

farm.

it.

which
The

love

with

out

his ambition
his

of

and

It silences

is based
Hired

the

is the

The

Man

the

hard

boy's

that

world's

Problem.

"

work.

farm
or

progress

engine
develops in him

friend, for it
upon

of the

is crushed

with

from

added

tired

some

girl.

brother

life feeds
up

for

39

city by rendering farm life the more

The
the two.
boy is progressive unless

ambition

keep

burden

and

the

Farm

the

the

call of

school

of

older

attractive

to

farm

the

on

lightened the
housewife

semi-invalid

or

it has

work,

Engine

love

either

must

he

His

will

confidant
of

grow

and

machinery

achievements.
Modern

farm

work

capacitiesof a singlepair of hands.

hired man
is a necessity;but where
The
the number
is so greatly in excess
of places needing him
of the
the
it is but
that
natural
supply of desirable
men,
is best
of
farm
which
equipped for the elimination
the most
attractive
to
progressive
drudgery is most
desirable
ing
The
men.
by makengine is making it more
it more
efficient ; by shifting the
drudgery of
gence;
of applied intellithe alertness
to
physical routine
for drudgery always dulls
the intellect and
produces the lowest form of efficiency.
Mission
of All.
The
Greatest
The
gine
12.
gasolineenhas done
all this ; it is doing still more.
Many
of to-day's important industrial
problems originate
and depend upon
its productiveness,its
the farm
upon

has

the

outgrown

"

extension, and
of

its life for

workers

their

remaining

solution.
on

the

As
farm

the

portion
pro-

becomes

Gasoline

The

40

less, their

Engine

importance

on

those

to

Farm

the

who

have

left

comes
it be-

greater, and

the

cost

of civilization
nothing raises the standard
in any
in
community so quickly as a decrease
life by surof power
rounding
; a conserving of human

robbed

been

have

intellectual

her

Fig.

and

it

the

demand.

human

world's

The

is

times
at

the

machine

intelligence
and

too

as

With

that
fast.

true

machine

The

do

controllinglever, where
action
rules

is

supreme.

flexible

power

This
is

up

with

the

w^ell

the

than

matic
auto-

human

wonderfully
the

and
self
him-

man

where

placing

of

use

tive
produc-

as

more

and

needed

slow

more

some

place for

true

too

keep
in

can

to

To-day.

economy

it to

than

become

of

Hoe

the

conservation
more

has

the

putting
a

of

little ; it cannot

only

lies in

than

work

twenty

Alan

accomplishes
energy

longer dwarf

women

labor

Manual

The

4."

and

men

which

conditions,

drudgery and no
The
highest form

material.

raw

better

of

man.

the

applies to

with

workers

its

versal
uni-

modern

Gasoline

The

work

farmer's

on

its

It

life

which,

and

and
and
farm

by

environments

and

to

it
the

The

farm
and

that
home

no

springs
makes

life

an

the
from

which

man

of

reach

last

at

the

with

of

most

they
ideals

new

its

becomes

influence

actual

an

of

boy

better
received

of

atmosphere
home
of

Out

impossible.

the

best

the

enjoyment

of

stripped

live

both

among

surrounded
made

sponsible
re-

life.

of

longer

try
coun-

been

within

it, but

to

toil,

grinding
is

leisure

added

itself,

house

culture

where

loyal

and

To-day

has

appreciation

broader

drudgery

still

social

life

intellectual

of

hour

farm

farm

placed

craved,

world.

have

youth,

country

given

social

town

people.
are

has

undesirable

measure,

of

halls

and

the

great

unpopularity

lecture

After

and

the

between

young

door

the

return

in

country

schools

them.

the

false

existed

formerly

for

city

the

science.

it

in

former

definite

place

41

turning

automobile,

rightful

down

that

barriers

the

its

is

and
into

the

expression,

one

broken

has

plane

Farm

the

on

farming

of

intelligence

farm

higher

methods

hit-or-miss
In

Engine

and

affection
life

the

spect
re-

because
his

training.

of

CHAPTER

THE

INTERNAL

The

13.

against

distance
have

we

from

the

minute

would

or

power

in

one

that

of

its

engine

in

the

destruction

peaceful

years

of

to

this

for

it

in

First
the

ago

began

sort

some

gun,
bustion
com-

Such

made

but

powerful

so

aid

to

structive
de-

machinery,

to

required

idea

the

and
and

chamber,
put

Other

than

powder,

until

i860

that

this

out

Attempts.

explosive

gas

were

hundred

and,

in

more

built.

It

"

that

at

regular

the
of

grease,

working

Other

experimented
practical working
42

be

solid

success,

powder

intervals

to

and

soot

the

sticky

condition.

attempts,

could

engine

an

not

feed

fifty

chemist,

1680,

was

to

and

French

about

mechanism

delicate

amounts

soon

Two

"

d'Hautefeuille,

actually

was

combustion

15.

be

the

internal

use.

energy

that

principle

might

Engine.

Abbe

develop

suitable

residue

life

the

deliver

working

first

"

occupations.

The

14.

of

the

exerted

impulses

probable

applied

that

thinking

such
of

is, by

can

gun

practical

be

not

is

was

to

put

could

to

men

It

that
is

the

teen
four-

multiply

"

pressure

amount

types,

ever

force
it set

the

about

we

barrel

hundred

amount.

earlier

the

that

Three

If

the

at

gun,
of

it.

the

energy

multiply

by

of

which

working

shot

pressure

before

length

impulse.

one

load

through

ENGINE.

ordinary

dehvers

the
the

by

pressure

the

An

"

discharge,

tons

this

COMBUSTION

Principle.

of

moment

11.

more

usually
readily
it

w^ith, but

engine

was

was

with
fed
not

brought

Gasoline

The

44

Engine

on

Farm

the

expansion of gases under the intense heat generated

the
sudden
the
at
combustion,
by
temperature
that instant risingto between
2,000" and 3,000" Fahr.,
not
or
enough to melt the iron walls if provision was
for quickly cooling them.
made
Only about twenty to
twenty-fiveper cent, of this heat or thermal energy can
into useful channels, the rest being
as
yet be directed
to

the

In

wasted.
a

the

of

use

while

greater waste,

however,

steam,
animal

there

is

even

muscle, though it makes

nearly fiftyper cent, of its entire thermal

energy
during its working period, represents a continuous
loss during idleness which
brings the total waste
up
to
even
higher figures.
the
The
Complete Cycle Explained. Unlike
19.
working energy of the horse, the gasoline engine produces
in a series of sudden
its power
impulses and,
for each
impulse, must
accomplish four things: First
the combustible
be drawn
into the cylinder
must
vapor
use

of

"

or

combustion
;

chamber

third, the

and, last, the

second,

compressed charge

burned

others

with

engines

in

this with

use

upon

next

the

the

be

must

be

per

of

fired ;
the

vapor.

Some

of the
cent,

gines
en-

crank,
of

all

class, the

of the latter

are

pressed
com-

from

charge
cycle.

revolution

one

farm

must

driven

perhaps eighty

As

two.

be

must

gases

cylinder in preparation for the

The
is called
complete process
accomplish

this

working operations of the two-revolution, or

four-cycle,engine will be first described.
The
20.
Four-Cycle Engine. In the illustration
the closed end or head
(Fig. 5), the piston, P, is near
of the cylinder,S ; the exhaust
valve, B, which
opens
actual

"

inward,
stroke

is shown
is held

shut

cylinder.Fig 10.)
vacuum

behind

closed, and

as

by
As

it; in other

the

suction

spring.

(See top

piston descends

it leaves

heavy

the

during

words,

creates

of
a

suction

The
which

Gasoline
intake

the

causes

Engine

valve, A,

Farm

the

to

open

45
and

admit

through the intake pipe.

second
stroke
of the piston compresses
The
return
or
the air and
already admitted, closing the valve,
gas
A, and keeping it closed against the escape of the gas
and
so
compressing or condensing the fuel mixture
a

of the

charge

the

to

its

fuel

on

mixture

chamber

small

the

between

highest point and

by Fig. 6.

the

of the

end

cylinder head.

"

Fig. 6.

Piston

"

When

(or a

Nearing
Just

the
little

piston

upon

of

Inlet
of

End
Prior

has

is fired
the

and

Valve

on

Compression
to
Ignition.

returned

before, in actual

fuel
loose

Action

Showing

5.

at

is illustrated

This

Fig.

piston

to

Stroke.

Stroke.

Position

point

its outermost

practice),the highly
the

intense

heat

expanding the
against the piston, now

task

Suction

of

pressed
com-

is turned

confined

gases

just entering
its third or real power
stroke, illustrated at Fig,
upon
this carries the engine
from
impetus received
7. The
ing
or
through the return
discharge stroke (Fig. 8), durand

hurling them

which
means.

the

crank

engine.

the

exhaust

These
shaft

four

cal
valve, 3, is opened by mechanistrokes

complete

the

or

two

cycle

of

revolutions
the

of

four-cycle

Gasoline

The

46

Engine

on

the

Farm

Two-Cycle and Four-Cycle Engines Compared.

In the two-cycle engine all of these
operations are
revolution
of the crank
shaft
accomplished with one
of the
strokes
two
or
piston. Theoretically it has
the four-cycle,and
several
important advantages over
in time
become
the more
popular engine of the
may
tion
As
two.
it gets a power
impulse with every revoluit
and
there is less tendency to speed variation
does
wheels
not
to
require such heavy balance
carry
21.

"

Fig.
Fig.

8.
"

Piston

7.
"

Depicting

Descending

Action

of

Stroke.

Power

on

Vahe

Exhaust

Scavenging

on

Stroke.

it

the

through
the

of the

power

intervening periods. For

is considerably increased

engine.
with

and

The
a

valves

long chapter

fouling or warping
two-cycle engine has
for

wear

and

in part

are

with

the

fewer
is easier

moving

same

son
rea-

for the
or

of trouble

heat

to

the

weight
pensed
wdiolly disfrom

is avoided.

their
The

parts, less opportunity

understand.

Because

frequency of explosions it is smioother

ber
numrunning than a four-cycleengine having the same
of cylinders.
Is Preferred.
the Four-Cycle Engine
22.
Why
In practice,however,
been
found
it has
not
possible
of

the

greater

"

to

Engine

Gasoline

The

stroke

Farm

the

of burned

chamber

combustion

rid the

on

47
in the

gases

the

two-cycle engine devotes

does
to that work
it,in the hurried
blending
; neither
in a proper
of operations, take
supply of fuel and,
though it takes up a charge twice as often, it does not
make
sults.
as
good use of it or give out proportional reSo, while the two-cycle engine gives out more
of pounds of engine, the
for a given number
power
from
a certain
four-cycledelivers greater power
tity
quanpart of

small

fuel, of

of fuel ; and

continuous

The

expense.

represents

course,

crank

definite,
the

of

too,

case,

has to be gas tight and

siderable
consimpler two-cycle motors
in keeping it tight after
obtains
difficulty
around
the
shaft
which
the bearings become
worn
velopmen
At
the present stage of deextends
through them.
the two-cycle engine has
a
great number
of the fourcycle
of theoretical advantages, but the features
plant are of greater importance in practical
power

field work.
Six-

23.

have
two

and

Eight-cycle Engines.

been

manufactured

strokes

extra

all burnt

gases

Six-cycle

"

and

being

devoted

the

admission

scale, the

small

on

the

to

of

gines
en-

discharge

Even

air.

pure

of

Their
recently announced.
eight-cycleengine was
advantages, however, are so questionableand their use
of an
much
so
experiment that at the present time
be
of a curiosity than
regarded as more
they may
anything of practicalimportance.
Parts.
The
Vital
Every gasoline engine of
24.
an

"

form, in order

whatever

into
for

the

working

confinement

to

convert

energy,
and

must

the

have

explosion

of

energy

of

the

receptacle
gases

introducing the fuel to its place in

quantities; a system of firingthe charge, and
plunger to receive the impulse and convert

means

of

bustion
com-

proper
a

able
mov-

it into

Gasoline

The

48

vital parts of the

for

Then

and

for

their

Other

parts which
of
continuous
convert

Fig. 9.
"

the

the
a

timing

the

essary
nec-

other

There

"

the

none

are

parts

tain
cer-

are

the

less

tions
opera-

essential

to

form

some

operation

with

Which

of the

necessary,

is

retain

the

are

each
Are

so

engine

gases,

although

and

of

the

Some

of

other.

Necessities.

essential
that

necting
con-

necessity;
to regulate

regulate the operation

to

too,

shaft

it.

of governor
and

admit

to

Motor.

transmit

and

ing
Illustrat-

Engine,
Gas

Modern

to

piston

mechanism

conveniences,

of

Parts

is needed

between

; valves

Horizontal

Reeves

of

Conveniences

considered

frame

directlyinto

enter

parts in unison

various

the

not

Important

piston pin ;

speed

26.

View

substitute
rod

Components.

cycle, that

Sectional

some

also

is the

there

the

to
operation. A crank shaft is necessary
and
belt pulley
a
sliding into rotary motion

All

or

do

considered

be

keeping
positions.

relative

Necessary

Farm

the

may

engine.

its support

together in

on

These

motion.

mechanical

25.

Engine

they
they

to

"

ous
continu-

the

may
take

almost
no

be

direct

Engine

Ti-iE Gasoline

EXHAUST

VALVE

SPRING

Farm

the

on

EXHAUST

m5HfR'W

VALVE

49

VALVE LEVER
ROD HEAD

16NIT0R TRIP ROLLER

IQNITOR TRIP CLAMP

Fig.

10.

"

Sectional

part in the

tank, without
be

View

of Vertical

Engine, Showing
Components.

operations.
which

the

Chief
time

among
of

the

these

Important

is

operator

fuel

would

constantly taken up in introducing liquid to

intake system.
be made
Cooling provisionsmust

the
un-

Gasoline

The

50
less

is

willing

the

engine

one

beside

but

the

will

be

with

with
become

engines

actual

necessities
General

special

which

purposes

distinct
and

designed

the

motor

the

solid

that

base

and
two

give

to

exercised

might

engine
light

also

baseless

and

point

of

types

some

the

opposite
be

lightness

is

of which

have

possible exception
engines,

place

upon

of

none

the

as

the

farm.

spoken

per
of

the
above

been
3

by

and

factory

act
counter-

to

impulse,
in

impulse
The
an

one

being

motor-cycle

extreme

the

last

the

aviator's
w^ith

and
to

type

of

of

all

word

motor,

capacity
With

weight.

entitled

the
is

compression

automobile
are

of

lacking

power

created

pounds

base

cylinder principle

side.

engine, though

horse-power

one

included

as

also

farm

the

an

classed

requirements

arranged

are

of

resistance

the

from

the

acteristics
char-

some

without

engine,

imder
shaft

crank

the

direction, while

the

meet

for

made

be

may

made

and

vertical

in

opposed

vibration

other's

each

engine,

cylinders

four

or

they

the

work,

kinds

characterizes

introducing

of

several

automobile

; the

lines

the

that

to

ies
luxur-

Besides

constant

marine

be

circumstances.

other

so

are

particularly

boat

in which

and

; the

types

are

all makers

with

engine

there

cups.

may

which

certain

are

operator

lubricating

of

under
"

for

bearings,

and

engine

use

in

Types.

engines,

horizontal

both

or

the

over

trimmings,

or

stand

oiling provisions

the

by

some

Other

27.

other

else

or

pail. Except

oil-holes

extended

attachments

and

dipper
no

Farm

the

frequently

efficiency of

life and

greatly

Other

on

down

occasional

than

necessary

of

shut

to

piston lubricator,

the

in

Engine

the

motor-cycle
a

legitimate

The

52

Engine

Material.

Best

The

30.

is

Gasoline

favored

for

on

The

"

Farm

the

best

iron

cast

gray

is an
iron
cyHnder. This
contains
sufficient graphiticcarbon, that is uniwhich
form
is reasonably free from
of texture,
and
which
of light and
dark
phosphorus and sulphur. Patches
serious
defects, as they indicate a difference
are
grav
now

wdiich

in texture

the

result in

may

An

high temperatures.
stand
to

varies

from

about

same

well

as

normal

well

of the

In

walls

be

to

such

permit,and
smaller

of

stream

the

weak

places
developed in

insure

the

as

Engine cylinders

"

blow-holes

prompt
stress

of the

mould

well.

of

engine building the little defects must

guarded against, the air bubble, the

corners

matter,

the

sand

the

best

of

with

Even

cylindersthat come
seemingly perfect must
that

are

this

at

man

inclined
32.

who
to

be

Boring

will

later

disclosed

stage, and

be

the

by

At

this stage
be

larly
particu-

bit

of

scale, the unfilled

the

mould

unner.
cor-

good

smooth

and

rejected because
lathe.

the extra

occasions, should

it sometimes

them

foundry work,

from

many

defects

the

castingshave to be poured much

pieces in order to prevent the
metal
from
getting too sluggish

fill out

foreign

cooling

upon

to

fusible

not

are

thin

heavier

than

hotter

Foundry.

to

thin

as

pressure

pockets or

order

permissible.
have

Dirt

cast.

and

contain

find.

to

sure

Work

The
be

must

of heat

extremes

cylinderare

31.

it will

other, but

any

the

which

the

must

melting point of iron and, in

be of absolutely the
to
expand evenly, must
material
in all its parts.
look
Cheap iron may

order

the

engine cylinder

der
un-

the

little below

very

as

which

temperature

expansion

uneven

not

cost

be

The
in

lost

care

quired
re-

production
sight

of

good engine, but who

unduly influenced by a low price.

wants

the

to

buy

Cylinder.
"

Even

of

greater

care,

by
is

if

Gasoline

The

Engine

on

Farm

the

53

in the boring and

finishingof the
anything, is needed
inferior
engines originate
casting and a good many
through a cheapening of this process, either to meet
for a low-priced article or
the demand
through the
have
of buymachinists
amateur
ing
practicewhich some
the castings and
finishingthem up themselves.
have
The
absolutelyrigid
casting to be bored must
bore must
also
be no spring. The
support : there must
that all of
circle and
be a true
so
perfectlycentered

wall

the

will be

surface
is made

first cut

of

allowed
all

out."

Then
the

by

wheel

emerv

the

obtain

the

full
vary

of the

by

the

work

in size

vibration

high speed
must

be

held

springing away

no

it is very
far

in

excess

inch

of cut

precision. This accuracy

length of the cylinder and the

mathematical

not

an

set

and

from

the

that

its circular

from
up
the

against

necessary
of

or

drill
this

follow

makers

of

last one-thousandth

almost

must

Some

lighter
the

remove

to

"season

to

exceedingly fine. The

in most
of the best engines with a
revolving at a very high speed and

is followed

cut

to

lathe

; this

much

very

made

the

days

stresses

made,

best

from
60

The

is

cut, which

third

to

mainly

tool.

coarser

30

and

is

cut

intended

first and

of the

marks

second

removed

from

strains

molecular

allow

than

''rest" for

to

in the

then

quite heavy;

engine cylindersthe casting is

and

thickness.

uniform

final
fine
moving
re-

with
must

bore

form.

cause
Be-

grinding machine
the
soliditywith which
in the

the

tool

there

spot in the

any

hard

the

machine

requirements

that

so

for

frame
such

is

metal,

be

rigid
seemingly

lightwork.
manufacturers

the

grinding
the heavy
and
of its cost
method, partly on account
of the possibility
machinery required,and partly because
and
that
abrading powder
particlesof emery
A

few

argue

against

Gasoline

The

54

remain

may

in the

Engine

is

process

free of tool

or

]\Iost of
finished

to

best

in this

marks,

or

the

grade engine
ever
What-

manner.

should
and

them

score

the

used, the walls

chatter

Farm

the

walls

cylinder

in use.
piston when
cylinders,though, are

on

left

be

with

entirely

mirror

face.
sur-

Fig. II illustrates a smooth, absolutelystraight

wall
(indicatedat c), as it should be. At a and b are
shown
respectivelyhigh and low spots caused by the
springing of the thin cylinderwalls as the boring tool

Fig.

II.

Liable
IllustratingDefects
Defective
Spots Shown

"

Wall

at

passed

over

In
at

Boring
a

and

Cylinder.
b

pare
ComPerfect

With

c.

hard

compression

and
can

soft

places in
be

never

the

obtained

metal.
in

fect
Per-

cylinder

like that.

ground cylinder,if properly finished, gives as

can
hope to attain and
nearly perfect results as we
time
the
the
small
at
same
sharp particlesof the
A

vitrified
so

grinding
and

many

wheel

such

left smooth

walls

are

since

there

is

do

their

work

rapidly moving
as

practicallyno

mirror

and

pressure

of
by means
points that the
absolutelytrue,

put upon

them.

The

Lapping
glass or

Gasoline

and

Engine

all forms

of

on

Farai

the

smoothing

55

with

powdered
other
abrasing material, while fairlyeffective
if well done, require very
careful
cleaning,as any of
left in the
the cutting material
cylinder w^ould be
of scoring upon
its work
both
likely to continue
cylinder and piston.
Severe
Chamber.
Of its
Duty as Combustion
33.
out

"

several

functions, that

exacting than
the

other

any

the

While

pressure.

initial pressure

it is

of

chamber
the

excessive

neither

accurately determined,
an

which

to

of both

account

on

of combustion

of

is

cylinder is

these

be

can

ject
suband

temperature

generally considered
350 pounds per

around

more

very
that

square

economical
results, while it is
gives the most
of discharge the temperaprobable that at the moment
ture
developed inside the cylindervaries between
2,000
and
3,000 degrees Fahrenheit, depending a great deal
of spark, correctness
of
compression, hotness
upon

inch

mixture,

the

What

34.

fluffed into
on

etc.

the

in the

of

palm
barrel

of

the

muzzle

the

expansive

other

is the

the

in

compression.

gun

barrel

into

the

all the

same

space

much

as

gun

is fired

gas

expanding

and

the

we

under

charge
In

to

escape

force

is

Let

us

in the

have

several

through

the

case

one

drance.
hin-

without

The

but

the

because

of

the

into

the

ram

now
can

be

pansion
ex-

crowded

probably several
first charge. When
the
the
times
quantity of

pressure

was

confined

out

cases

that

danger

confined.

its results

cotton

gun

in both

same

cotton,

gun

mass,

force.

free

violent

same

hurl

would

are

gases

more

momentary

as

gun,

of

ignitedwithout

The

considerable

the

of gas
is

times

bit

"

be

hand.

the

with

In
amount

Is.

Compression
lightmass, may

suddenly in the
firing charge is either

same

hurled

fixed

space

out

w^th

The

56

Gasoline

tremendous

Engine
else

or

energy

on

Farm

the

the

barrel

itself

must

burst.

Compression in the Gasoline

Engine. When
the piston of the gasolineengine has reached
its highest
inner point there is a short air space
between
or
it and
the end of the cylinder,usually about
one-fifth
of the entire cylindervolume.
If we
now
opened the
35.

"

inlet

valve

w^ould
that

and

allow^ed

fillthis space

of the

air

inch

square

; then

fuel

until the

the

on

the

internal

no

fuel

more

equaled

14.7 lbs.

would

it

enter,

pressure

about

outside, or

to

vapor

the

to

ing
fir-

By

enter.

this

charge, that is, raisingthe temperature to the

combustion
be expanded
until
point, the gas would
it occupied several
times
its originalvolume
and
the
be,

Avill say,

we

inch

forward

or

pressure

of surface.

valve
of

still open,

its stroke

dimensions

its inner

the

turn

we

the

fuel

the

to

five

point

end

outer

its first

This

piston back

intake

the

times

of

mospheric
at-

75 lbs.

us

the

gas.

square

normal

with

now,

to

per

leave

piston to

increase

other, fills

the

Charge Is Compressed.
cylinder and is pressed

fills the

returning piston
escape

the

us

would

piston

greater

atmospheric

to

the

end

of

stroke.

How

gas

so

let

receptaclefor

; then

pressure

36.

and

the

the

14.7 lbs.,would

advance

the

like

area,

of

working energy.
firingthe charge

Before

against

something like 90 lbs.

This, working against the

pressure
of active

thrust

in

between

that

it closes

way.

The

intake

the

As

"

by

upon

valve.

rings prevent

soon

as

the

It cannot
its

slipping

cylinder walls and the piston. It is

simply forced or pressed together as the gun cotton
the piston is at the end
of
was
pressed, until, when
out

its inner
about

the

stroke, the

one-fifth

gas

of its normal

has

been

volume

compacted
and

into

consequently

Gasoline

The

Engine

on

struggling to escape with

than
or
atmospheric pressure
is

inch.

square

We

call for

gases
than

fire

now

nearly

Farm

the

force

57

five times

nearly 80
the
charge
five times

greater

pounds
and

the

greater

per
panding
ex-

space

before, bringing the theoretical

w^orking pressure
hurled
inch
of the piston head
against each square
pheric
400 pounds. Deducting the originalatmosup to over
from
have a working energy
this, we
pressure
of about
inch
of piston head
pounds per square
400
surface.

of

the

by a
might
in

Limits.

Compression

37.

fuel

be

may

moderate

rendered

our

power

the

clearance

practice it

is found

compression
becomes

so

been

has

that

great

working

available

more

it would

energy

that

seem

we

almost

minishin
indefinitely
by divolume
of the cylinder,but
be
done
that
this can
only

limits.

moderate

the
much

so

compression

increase

within

If

"

After
the

done
it

uses

certain

resistance
up

of

much

as

of

amount

the

gas
in

power

gain by the higher compressed

compressing it as we
charge. Of still greater importance is the fact that
heat
introduces
considerable
the compression of gas
this process
and the moment
tain
we
beyond a cercarry
heat is generated that the fuel is
point so much
fired before
its proper
the piston reaches
position. In
the compression of gasoline
other w^ords, if we
carry
much
beyond 100 pounds, the charge is liable to be
fired against the ascending piston b}^ the developed
ing
heat, thus reducing instead of increasing the workof the
impulse
engine by hurling one
energy
against
38.

another.

Higher Compression

Where

alcohol

is used

may

ignition;

be

as

run

in fact,

fuel

much
an

it is found

higher

alcohol

Is Useful.
that

without

engine

to

the

Where

"

sion
compres-

danger
work

of

pre-

efficiently

requires

Engine

Gasoline

The

58

compression

of

on

Farai

the

something

like

lbs. per

140

inch.

square

suggested, too, and has been a dream

that some
of shifting
with
means
gasoline engine men,
whereby an ignition
adjustment might be introduced
would
just be generated at the point
temperature
This
would
do
the charge ought to be fired.
where
with the necessityof batteries,magneto,
or
any
away
other firingdevice.
Promising experiments have been
conducted
along these lines,but as yet the promises
have
only been realized in part.
nal
interSince
Compression Gains and Losses.
39.
combustion
engines are heat engines,and the heat
we
are
obliged to dissipatein order to protect the
It has

been

"

cylinder and
that

the

is wasted

its associates
smaller

surface

the

the

sacrifice of temperature

without

forced

are

we

lows
it fol-

energy,

cool

to

gain in
compression
we

more

reason
why
efficiency.This is another
tion
of the engine, the real combusadds
to the efficiency
chamber
being practicallyconfined to that small
the fuel is compressed
portion of the cylinder into which
the charge is fired.
at the moment

'Tt

has

per

cent,

per

cent,

for

38

for 66

greater

lbs.

the

43

other

explosive

efficiencyof

ideal

an

will increase

compression

lbs.,and

On
means

that

shown

been

for 88

cent,

per

hand,

greater

pressure

and

lbs.

to

33
40

pression.
com-

compression
greater

strain

wall probably retain,

engine structure, which
the limits
future
practice,the compression between
the

on

in

of 40

and

'Tn

with

80

lbs.

experiments
a

combustion

made

by Dugald

chamber

by the piston, with

consumption of gas was

swept
the

horse-power

per

hour.

Clerk

in

England,

equal to 0.6 of the space

a
compression of 38 lbs.,
24

cubic

With

0.4

feet

per

cated
indi-

compression

6o

The

Gasoline

Engine

on

Farm

the

its motion.
During this
piston reverses
period the ring touches neither side and permits a brief
but many
times repeated leakage of highly compressed
livered
degas or of the explosive force w^hich has just been
rings cause
against the piston. Dirty, gummy
work
A
similar
trouble.
ring must
absolutely free,
but without
reciprocatingor end motion, in order
any
to do its work
properly.
compression of a
Testing Compression. The
42.
rule be too
P. engine should
five H.
as
a
great to
out
by hand withpermit of the wheel being turned. over
opening the relief cock in the cylinder,while even
horse
and
two
a
one
engine should put vip stiff opposition.
By holding the piston of the engine at the end
the
of the
compression stroke for a few moments
critical
of compression leakage at the
most
amount
be remembered
but it must
point may be determined
that

stant

the

"

this

that

compression
which

do
at

not

appear
other

some

does

alone

test

of

not

determine

the

ating
oper-

the

engine, as many
at this point may
cause
place or while the parts

leaks
ble
trouare

in

motion.
of a leak somewhere
is indication
hissing sound
end, the leak
and, by listeningat the inner and outer
If it comes
from
can
frequentl}^be located at once.
fault is
end
of the cylinder the
the lower
or
open
the piston, its rings or the castings;
about
somewhere
scored
or
or
cylinderwall, or one that
perhaps a worn
A

is not

true.

If

the

sound

seems

to

come

from

the

valve
and
cylinder,test the exhaust
works
that it seats
see
properly; also, that the stem
this test while the engine
easilyin the guide. Make
valve.
A little
is at running heat, then try the intake
sometimes
water
help in determining the
may
soapy
Sometimes
leak, the escaping gas creating bubbles.
other

end

of the

The

broken

Gasoline

thread

the

on

the

If

cylinder

Farm

the

will

spark plug

should

them

6i

cause

leak

troublesome

it should

of

internal

an

leak

jacket,a muffler
the
engine, it sometimes
problem, but the search

water

is found,

trouble

be

not

as

into
or

difficult

to

enclosed

an

other

some

two-

bearings

leakage as
four-cycle engine. Where

is external

In

of

avenues

in

rings

shaft

two

between

packing

examined.

crank

worn

in

cast

are

and

joint
carefully

be

cycle engine

head

and

the

pieces

separate

the

on

its base.

around

case

Engine

are

the

as

piston

the

leak

locate,but
crank

in
a

case,

hidden

part of

becomes

quite a puzzling
be persisted in until
serious
damage may

should

otherwise

result.
Leaks

difficult
multi-cylinderengines are more
in a single cylinder,the compression
to locate than
strokes
frequently overlapping or blending together.
This difficulty
be overcome
by removing the spark
may
plugs of all but one cylinder; then turn the wheel over
and
the compression in that.
If satisfactory,
note
remove
the remaining plug and
of the
place it in one
then
be tested, until all
other cylinders,which
may
tried.
The
of leak once
source
are
located,the remedy
in

is self-evident.
crank
shaft
The
Decreasing the Clearance.
most
bearings always wear
rapidly on the side
away
the
opposite the cylinder and through wear
piston
43.

may

Metal

the

"

be

drawn

or

compression
disks

farther

have

piston in

order

objectionable, as
bolts
is to

out

and

space

and

sometimes
to
are

all other

into the combustion

lengthen

the

weaken

been

overcome

increase

so

bolted
this but

remedies
chamber.

connecting rod,

but

the
to

the

the

ance
clear-

pressure.
the

end

of

remedy

is

wdiich

duce
intro-

Another

way

it would

seem

62

The

that

the

restore

necessary
be

made

Gasoline

Engine

on

the

Farm

would
be to
simplest and cheapest method
the worn
bearings to the condition
thought
by the designer. Changes of this sort should
with
a
good deal of caution by the amateur

engine operator,
EXHAUST

but

when

is certain

one

the

compres-

PORT

Fig.

12.

Sectional

"

View

I. H.
Jacket and

Water

sion

of

C.
Vahe

Engine Cylinder, Showing

System.

is

reallydefective one should not hesitate to adopt

remedy.
any
necessary
Increasing Power
by Decreasing Clearance.
44.
less clearance
While
means
greater compression and
"

more

power

within

certain

will

limits, there

come

generated will be more

absorbed
in making the extra
than
compression, even
the
limit the point to which
if the fuel used does not
be carried.
Up to this limit, however,
process
may
time

or

to

when

the

the

extra

point

wdiere

power

the

increased

temperature

this resistance
against the ascent
pre-ignition,
piston,or negative stroke, as it is termed, is not
its
allowed

use.

to

mechanism,
more

Were

power

its force

exert

the

the

strain

pronounced

than

and
it

stroke

of

the

causes

of the
out
with-

engine

entirelyagainst the solid

jerky effect w^ould be far
is when
finallycaught in

Gasoline

The

Engine

on

Farm

the

63

of compressed gas.
against this elastic cushion
Lubricating the Cylinder. The
requirements
45.
ferent
difwhich
meet
are
so
engine cylinder oil must
gas
from
those
of the steam
engine cylinder that
best oil suitable for the latter might
the very
to use
for a gas
])e worse
all.
at
none
engine than to use
In the first place,the temperature
of the combustion
chamber
is so great that ordinary oil is burned
up at

part

"

it has

before

once,

lubricant.

Then

carbon

dirt which

and

chance

combustion

the

do

to

its work

leaves

in themselves

do

as

residue

of

Steam

harm.

be used
in the gasoline
not
engine cylinder oil must
for a short
To
this rule
run.
engine cylinder,even
is positivelyno
there
exception; at least not for the
novice.
The
and
subject of proper
improper oil is
here
is
fully discussed in another
chapter. A word
the
be
sufficient in explanation of how
oil should

introduced.
All

parts of the

cylinder requiring oil

usually
reached
oils the piston
through the lubricator which
and its rings,the oil dropping or being forced
through
and
the piston rings which
its channel
upon
scrape
the surrounding surface
of the cylinder
spread it over
No
other part of the surface
against which they press.
needs
The

oil.

oilingthe cylinder through the fuel

and
is becoming more
more
popular,

of

system

mixture, wdiich
is

fully described under

46. Carbonizing, Its

of

oil, under

the

test

though
had

time

oil contains
process

to

not,

in

Cause

and

which

is

the

accomplish

some

of combustion

head.

its proper

gasoline engine temperatures,

has

are

case

"

The

best

it by
placed upon
is very
sumed,
quickly conof good oil, until it

its mission.

carbon, w^hich
and

Effects.

is

spreads

The

released

itself

over

best

by
all

of
the

sur-

The

64
faces
the
and

Gasoline

which

to

it has

cylinderwalls
the

Engine

access,

and

muffler.

on

the

Farm

the

piston head,

combustion

chamber,

the
the

rings,
valves

gine
glance into the muffler of an enwdiich
has been
the
long in operation will show
and nature
of this deposit. Inside the cylinder,
extent
it is subject to the alternate
influence
of
however,
and baking heat, and eventually a hard, slaty
moisture

shell may

be

depositw^ll
of

formed
be

of

the

gas

free

receive

the

with

action

of
with.

and

pressure

leaks.

detached

this
and

the

coating
to

so

are

stand

heat

liable

this

sions
occa-

to

that

being

the

or

alone

out

the

In either

valves

This

impulse without
In
cooling influence.

entire
any

tarry, stickynature.

interfered

Scaly projectionsof
in part

in others

parts while

some

be

rings is likelyto
many

in

more

forms

these

in

come
be-

they
tact
con-

condition

heated
dull red and, after
to
a
they quickly become
the fuel charge is inhaled by the down
stroke
of the
creases
inpiston,as compression begins and the temperature
the upstroke, these
fire
on
living coals may
the
charge against the ascending piston, not only
wasting the power
impulse, but extending it directly
against the proper working of the engine. This is one
of pre-ignition.
of the most
causes
common
This
heavy scale of hard carbon, too, may interfere
seriouslywith the cooling of the cylinder walls and
in the
cause
heating of piston or cylinder. Carbon
with
of the
most
frequent troubles
cylinder is one
has to contend.
which
the gasoline engine man
of these
The
lubricatingoil is not the only source
of oil may
them,
cause
cylinder deposits. An excess
much
too
or
gasoline. All the gasoline vapor wdiich
from
the air supply to
fails to find sufficient oxygen
oxide
and
will
water
acid, carbonic
produce carbonic
depositfree carbon, providing the heat is great enough

The

Fig.

Gasoline

13." Sectional

View

Following
Petcock

for

12

22

65

Motor.
note
Cooled
Figures DeCrankshaft.
Oil
Pipe. 19
14"
Release.
Valve
20
Spring Key.
"

"

Compression

"

Farm

the

on

Air

of

Parts

Valve
Washer.
Valve
Guide.
24"

21

Engine

"

Spring.

Valve

Inlet

"

Intake

23

Inlet

"

Valve
Valve.
Cage. 26
25
Exhaust
Porcelain.
28
Valve.
Sparkplug. 27
Sparkplug
Exhaust
Exhaust
Seat.
Valve
Valve
Guide.
29"
31"
30
Exhaust
Exhaust
Stem.
Exhaust
Valve
Spring. 34
2"^
"

"

"

"

"

"

Operating
Zl

"

Rod.

Contact
Pinion.

35

"

Spring. 38
"

42

"

Cam

"

Roller.

Cam

Timer
Gear.

Regulating Oil Level. 45 Gear

sliaft for Exhaust.
48" Piston.
"

36
"

Timer

Advance
Drain
43
"

Cover
Screw.
Lever.
ing
Tim41
Cock.
Pipe
44
"

"

Operating Shaft.
50

"

Oil

Groove.

46--Cam-

66

The
break

to

and

Gasoline
the

up

Engine

on

Farm

the

gasoline formation.

To

this silicon

various

impuritiesof the air are added.

Symptoms of Carbon
Deposit. Pre-ignitionis

47.

"

of

carbon.

It

is

by the
the spark
when
as
knocking of the engine the same
is advanced
much.
too
Back-firing is frequently
caused
firing
by carbon holding the valve from closing. Misbe occasioned
by carbon
short-circuiting
may
the pointsbeing entirely
spark plugs or by the gap between
closed.
is
Usually only a part of the current
and
the ignishort-circuited;then the spark is weak
tion
characteristic
irregular. One of the most
toms
sympof carbon
of plenty of
deposit is the presence
at
duced
high speeds but little when
speed is repower
symptom

one

load

and

thrown

This

on.

announced

is due

the

to

fact

the speed is
pre-ignitionwhen
of the
slow
while
at
firing
high' speed an advance
instant
is not
ing
great enough to catch the rapidly movpiston on the up-stroke with an}^ retarding force.
twice
or
48. Cleaning the Cylinder. At least once
from
the cylinder
be taken
the piston should
a
year
If the
all carbon
and
deposits thoroughly removed.
matter
is removable
it is a comparatively easy
head
that

the

carbon

causes

"

thoroughly clean
best liquid cleansers.
to

walls

surface

porous
or

break

good
harsh

iron.

new

use

Do

of the

one

carbon

as

stroys
it de-

gasoline,as
with

the

which
the

leaves

nothing

kerosene,

iron

original

to

glaze. Besides, gasoline is

of

solvent

which

destroy
not

as

is less

in action.
the

When
have

of
this

up

not

glaze
polished and

become

have

Do

is

Kerosene

mirror

smooth

the

all parts.

to

be
but

cylinder or

deposits
resorted

with
to

care

scratch

are

to.
not

the

very
This

hard, scraping may

should

be

done

oughly
thor-

injure the surface of the

walls.
Particularlyshould

to

68

The

Gasoline

Engine

on

the

Farm

Oh

"

The

which

Gasoline

Engine

on

Farm

the

69

This
much
saves
readilyremoved.
in compressing
and
trouble
holding in place several
unruly and delicate rings.
Blown-out
or
Packing the Cylinder Head.
51.
defective
of as
cylinder packing has been the cause
much
profanity among
probably as
gas engine users
of trouble, not
one
source
even
barring the ignition
any

they

be

may

"

The

system.
the

factory,in

begin

at

if not

there, then

joints are
and

that

held
the

the

of

this

trouble

construction

of the

in its selection.

with
studs

and

off

avoidance

studs

and

ample

are

See

not

in

size.

ordinary monkey wrench

^^-inch stud quite easily,although
of by a good many
builders
use
A
^-inch stud is quite likelyto

made

engine;
all packed

that

with

should

screws

cap
A

little

an

lessness
care-

twist

may
that

is

of

small

take

size

gines.
en-

care

of

itself.
Material

52.

Employ.

to

packing injured by
the

combustion

heat

end

of

"

All

is barred

rubber
from

or

use

other
around

the

gasoline engine cylinder.

Ordinary asbestos mill board is as good as anything
if applied right, and
is much
cheaper than the wire
and other
One
sheet of i/32-in.
wove
specialbrands.
mill board
is usually enough and
if a thicker
ing
packis
than

needed,

one

of

in which

two

sheets

heavier

of this

thickness

are

better

ings,
grade. Copper-asbestos pack-

piece of asbestos board is sandwiched

between
two
layers of copper
sheeting,are the best.
As
the head
is removed
the C3dinder
from
soon
as
the old packing should
be
scraped and cleaned off
thoroughly before it has time to dry. The surface
be perfectly smooth
must
and
level if a tight joint
is

expected.
Do

the

not

sheet

mark
material

out

the

packing by hammering
lightlyagainst the face of the cylnew

The

70
inder
to

Gasoline

head.
the

send

few

such
back

head

Engine

on

treatments

the

to

Farm

the

almost

are

lathe

for

certain

refacing. By

laying the sheet upon the faced side of the head and
rubbing along all edges with the finger a sufficiently
distinct
will be made;
then
mark
a
lay sheet upon
clean board
with a sharp knife.
and
cut
out
Dip the
sheet

long

in boiled

If

separate.
of

flake

when

asbestos

the

or

linseed

fibres

side

one

plumbago

it

removed

and

next

oil but

do
will

allow

not

have

it to

soak

tendency to
with
is coated
a
good quality
will detach
head
readily from
will be fit to use
again. In case
a

is

times
speciallydifficult to hold, shellac is someAllow
added.
no
ing
fragments or edges of packchamber
to
or
they
project into the combustion
heat and cause
pre-ignitionand be careful that no
may
ports or gas openings.
ragged edges projectinto water
Removing Head.
Cleaning Cylinder Without
53.
for a complete cleaning
If not
down
convenient
to shut
method
effective temporary
of the cylinder a very
a

packing

"

which

has

been

known

to

answer

for

time

some

is

disulphide
equal parts of alcohol and carbon
This
acts
into the cylinder through the lubricator.
be
quicker without oil but enough of the latter must
included
to keep the
cylinder from cutting while the
other
is being applied.
in equal quantities
By pouring alcohol and kerosene
into the top of the cylinderslowly when
shutting down
also be loosened
do not
at night the carbon
; then
may
be deceived
into thinking the oil bad the next
day on

to

work

account

of

the

dense

smoke

which

rolls

out

of

the

muffler.
be done
be resorted
to it may
scraping must
through any small opening in the top of the cylinder
ducing
reflect the light,or
of a mirror
to
by introby use
The
bulb.
small
incandescent
scraping can
a

Where

The

then

be

done
have

which
hoes

Gasoline

bent

at

and

leave

of

means

been

for

material

by

Engine

soft

purpose,

fragments

steel
into

fashioned

different
this

on

in

wires

sharp

Never

angles.
or

Farm

the

any

the

metal

cylinder.

use

that

71

the

of

ends

scrapers

hard,

might

or

brittle
ture
frac-

CHAPTER

54.

PISTON

The

Piston's

fit of

of

in

required

to

cylinder

and

of

secure

cylinder

rings

walls

than

full

described

head,

the

the

at

head

around

cut

of

enough

with

possibly

open

end

56.

The

to

by

one

assist
Best

closed

three

for

small

in

the

Material.

72

would

be

by

the

necting
con-

tween
Be-

grooves
the

for

number

with

ception
re-

ferent
dif-

usually

medium

size

engines,

lubrication
"

will

being

the

between

but

four

or

and

of

piston
in

vary

quently
fre-

may

to

number

the

will

piston-pin.

or

at

structed
con-

end

one

attached

of

These

at

gine,
en-

place.

piston

pivot

the

they

as

The

"

piston-pin

builders,

Use

first

the

and

outside

rings.

engine
considered

other

the

the

the

Piston.

center

and

in

cylinder

the

at

open

rod

are

of

short

as

efficient

fitted

properly

if

of

carefully

most

the

efficiency

developed.

as

in

against

poorly fitting rings

them

Construction

55.

flat

make

ever

of

set

of

is

care

and

part

the

out

piston

degree
the

be

never

other

highest

convert-

More

grooves

any

pressing
com-

vapor,
and

the

four

the

scavenging

fit for

of

fuel

cycle.

their

in

power

can

improve

the

impulse

next

in

the

engine

been

the

the

the

point,

have

the

perfect

for, without

if

in

the

Upon

"

rings depend

action, and

advance

cyHnder

seldom

its

drawing

mechanical

it into

this

and

piston

PARTS.

Functions.

charge, receiving

the

the

the

AUXILIARY

Several

functions

important

ting

AND

THE

smooth

IV.

Pistons

piston-pin

and

the

process.
should

be

made

from

to

then

Gasoline

close

grained

that

the

in each.
or

The

other

to

from

expansion
serious

on

cast

heat

iron, of

which

will be
no

Farm

the

cylindersin

contain

must

more

sand

troublesome

/^3

texture

holes, blow

leak

ilar
sim-

they work;
nearly alike

foundry imperfections,else

likely to develop
hard

gray

in the

used

They

Engine

which

holes

there
may

is
be

locate.

^Piston

ring

grooves

.^^up

joint

piston

rincs

'^0000
Fig. 15.
"

Piston

of

I. H.

C.

and

Engine

Rings.

Gasoline
Design and
Workmanship.
engine
be longer than
the pistons of steam
gines
enpistons must
the
because
not
steadied
piston rods are
by
guides but are united to the crank shaft through a
the
This, without
single connecting rod.
greater
From
length, would
give a tendency to tilt or rock.
times
the diameter
is the length
to one-and-a-half
one
favored
in the United
most
States, though in Europe
much
rings. Flat
longer pistons are used, and more
surface
best because
piston heads are generall}^considered
surface.
they cool more
evenly than a curved
Deflectinglipsand all projectionsare defects, as they
are
apt to over-heat, often to the point of causing preignition. Built-up pistons are usually objectionable,
heat.
the bolt heads
retain too much
The one-piece
as
piston is best.
It would
not
Purpose.
58. Piston
Rings; Their
be possible to fit a solid block of iron so closelywithin
tween
bethe walls of the cylinder that no gas could escape
time keep it loose enough
them
and at the same
57.

"

"

Gasoline

The

74

Engine

on

Farm

the

a
high speed under
This
is not attempted.
of temperature.
great variation
of the finished
Instead, the diameter
piston is made
slightly less than the bore of the cylinder and the

to

work

Fig.

easily back

i6.

Longitudinal

"

of

escape

gases

forth

and

and

Section

Cross

of

Typical

Piston.

prevented by introducing

it is

past

at

in the surface
of the
cut
expansive rings into grooves
piston. The
rings should fit closely but smoothly in

their grooves

and, by their tendency

expand,

to

should

ii^-iiiimi^^
iiiiiii:r^^iii-iiiiiiipaiiiiiiiiiiii"^
17

Fig.
Fig.

press
At
to

the

the

17.
"

18.
"

18

Concentric
Eccentric

time

minimum.

With

Ring With

lightlyagainst
same

Ring

the

their

Diagonal

Stepped

or

Joint.

Cut

Lapped

cylinder walls
reduces
elasticity

at

Joint.

all
the

points.
friction

'j^

The

Gasoline

Engine

on

Farm

the

Truing the Ring. In some

cheap engines the
gether.
rings, after being cut or spHt, are merely forced toSuch
a
ring is not a true circle but assumes
It
to the eye.
a
slightlyoval shape, hardly noticeable
bears
against the cylinder walls at two
points only
62.

and

"

there

oval, while

them

wears

is

because

leak

ring ought
or
ground

to

be

to

outward

in

the

desirable

glass or
is

be

completed

to

cut

63.

to

or

w^ill be

Piston

up

piston.

It will

give

against
hard

are

high
so

fore
be-

finished

and

tension,

uneven

and

the
and

form
uni-

inder
cylsoft

low

it is

places
specially

for

it will

walls

the

the

around

split

piston rings be of uniform

manufacturers
give their rings a specially
surface
by a light lapping with powdered
sive
abraThe
grinding with a hard wheel.
ofif after the lapping
carefullycleaned

Some

must

clear

The

lathe, returned

groove

around

way

touch.

then, if there

metal

that

texture.

of the

then

upon

in the

metal, there

ring, due

necessary

not

place

evenly

Even

in the

spots

into

pressure

walls.

it does

circle, and

true

itself

seat

rest

clamped together in

it is sprung
then

the

of the

and

Ring

adhere

to

the

cylinder to
Defects

and

surface

some

Their

and

tend

extent.

Remedy.

"

be relied upon
to prevent
specialremedies
may
nearly ever}^ defect of piston and rings; cleanliness and
Two

lubrication.

Unlike

other

machine

bearings,

the

perature
tem-

high that ordinary lubricatingoil, if

before
its mission
the piston, is carbonized
used
on
flash of the fuel in the
is accomplished, while
every
of poor
oil deposits a new
layer of carbon,
presence
best of gasoThe
and trouble-breedingresidue.
line
gum
be used
at this point or
engine cylinder oil must
trouble.
All modern
is sure
there
gines
to be
gasoline enhave some
provision (see Fig. 19) for feeding the
oil in a small but continuous
supply against the piston
is

so

The

walls.

Even

account

of

the

a
a

piston or
; or

necessary
as

the

the

engine may
complaint

and

dry

continue
while

after

each
for

v^ork

to

flash.

Since

time

some

the

without

being ruined, this point, of

watched
most
closely.

Fig. 19.

"

Dirt

The

the

cylinder
supply, on

it is
be

others, should

64.

the

over

of

17

set
clogged oil tube or empty cup, may
cylinder to cutting and render reboring
stead;
disaster may
to the pistonrings income
oil is very
quickly burned
up, leaving

hot

surface

it

failure

brief

very

Farm

the

on

spreading

then

rings and

the

and

Engine

Gasoline

Pin

Piston

Menace.

Oil Feed.

Cleanliness

"

all

depends

great

lubricatingoil used, but,

with
the best of oil, the rings will become
so
even
residue
that they
coated
with sticky or baked
in time
no
longer close or expand freely in the groove ; then
of the power
compression will be incomplete and much
past the rings and piston into the
impulse will blow

deal

upon

crank

65.
year

the

of
cjuality

the

case.

Cleaning
the

piston

thoroughly

Piston
and

cleaned

and

Rings.
"

At

be
rings should
by scraping, after

least

twice

inspected and
the deposit has

The

78

Gasoline

softened

been

with

used, is
the

Engine

kerosene.

powerful
particleswhich

minute

on

too

Farm

the

Gasoline, though
dissolvent,for

it

times
some-

removes

have

face
lodged in the surgrain of the metal and so destroys the mirror or
glaze finish which use puts on the rings and cylinder
and
which
renders
less satmotor
an
isfactory
absolutely new
this point than
at
that has
erate
modone
seen
This
use.
high glaze surface, once
acquired,
should
neither
be removed
nor
severe
by chemicals
scraping.
66.
for a
Removing the Rings. It is a mistake
novice
the rings from
to
the cylinder every
remove
time the piston is cleaned, although some
books
engine textthat.
A well tempered ring is
freely advocate
brittle aftair and
it requires more
a
springing of the
metal
than
to
to
one
remove
replace it; hence it is
liable to break
in the hands
of the inexperienced.
very
to
remove
Occasionally though it will be necessary
them
in order
to correct
a
roughened edge; then each
its own
to
always be returned
ring should
groove.
"

The

of

best

machine

characteristic
each

ring

better

in

for slides

individual

than

likely that

in which

groove

the

Replacing
replace if three

used

more

some

been

it has

run

other.

any

67.
to

it is

and

use

will fit the

than

develop

parts

"

four

or

and

Rings.

Rings

metal

thin, narrow

expanders

until

the

difficult

not

are

stripsare

ring

is

slipped

stripsmay be
that joints in
Rings should be so turned
pulled out.
successive
two
opposite each other
rings do not come
and, if either edge of a ring presses more
firmlyagainst
its

directlyover

the

own

cylinder than

toward
68.

should

the
The
be

groove

the

made

the

other, let it be

combustion
Piston

; then

the

one

turned

end.
Pin.

of hi^h

"

The

piston

.o^radecase

or

gudgeon

hardened

pin

steel and

heavy enough

be

must

this

As
of 450

Fig.

of

20.

"

about

three

for

inches, might deliver

sure
pres-

piston face it
a
piston area

of

and

Removing

of
pulse.
im-

power

maximum

4-inch cylinder,with

Simple Device
12.5

over

every

inch

square

per

at

reaches

79

jerking thrust

the

stand

Farm

the

on

against it

sometimes

pounds
that

is evident

to

delivered

full load

the

Engine

Gasoline

The

Replacing Rings.

sudden

of

strains

piston-pin. With the factor

of safety figured in, the tensile
strength of steel is
inch
about
of projected surface,
2,500 pounds per square
and
the piston-pin of a four-inch
bore
engine,
with
something like a two-inch
bearing, should be not
tons

far from

one

used

good

in
are

point, as
be

inch

the

upon

in

diameter,

which

is about

engine practice. Even

usually provided with good

the

diiTerence

in cost

of

so

the

the

cheap

material

small

while
the certaintyof at
insignificant,
punched through the piston head in case

at

size
gines
en-

this

part would
least
of

hole

broken

Gasoline

The

8o

pin

would

the

pin

be

is

into

Fig.

other

needed

^larine

distance
rod

hand,

Some
use

"

All

the

between

heavier

short

rod

tends

opinion, too, about

piston-pin. Some

times
some-

veloped
de-

power
the

necting
con-

engine is
heavy, long-stroke

the

favor

is

relatively

proportion. On

to

iron, semi-steel
is

the

of

in

the

increases

There

is

and

bearings

be

malleable

engines

Connecting Rod,

Bushed

must

and

best

through

strength
In

of

the

of

is delivered

engine builders

castings.

In

pressure.

Rod.

here.

Type

Farm

the

piston bosses

under

full

the

cylinder

thrust.

type

"

the

great and
the

21.

the

engines

others

place

and

consequently

in

fit the

to

Connecting
by the engine
rod

on

absolute.

The

69.

the

almost

ground

forced

Engine

the

cramp

piston

friction

by
drop forged
or

considerable

bronze

sidesteel ;

I-beam

difference

the

of

bearings, especiallyfor the

still prefer the two-piece box, adjustable
for wear,
and
secured
by a bolt at each side
(see Fig. 21) ; others adjust with a wedge, held in
A
also holds
the box.
place by a single bolt, which
few
have
discarded
all attempts
at wear
adjustment
at

the

piston

end

further

than

to

furnish

removable

The
which

bushing

replaced when

be

can

Farm

the

on

danger

use

Babbitt

is too

soft

is less

reason

cheaper

accident

8i

out

w^orn

; this

by bolts
justable
All makers
provide adwedges working loose.
bearings at the crank shaft, though not all
has the advantage
material.
the same
Phosphor bronze
of cutand the drawback
ting
of being unwearable
is neglected.
the shaft A'ery rapidly if lubrication

and

is

Engine

the

avoid

to

Gasoline

from

durable, but

be

to

for

shaft, and

the

to

menace

caused

that

the

very

material

replace.

to

tion.
LubricaConnecting Rod
The
engine designer usualh^ provides for the
that oils
oiling of the piston-pinfrom the same
cup
the cylinderand piston,so the operator has little more
this than to keep the lubricator filled. The
to do with
of any
nary
ordioiled
be
shaft
crank
by means
may
be
lubricatingdevice ; or the splash system may
adopted where an enclosed crank case is used. Enough
the revolving shaft
to reach
oil is poured into the case
or
splashed
dip and is thrown
nicely at its lowest
Shaft

Crank

70.

and

"

and
efficient
bearings. This is a very sure
system so long as the oil supply is kept at the proper
and
is not
level in the case
permitted to go too longwithout
renewing. The system requires the occasional
of the
but
not
the frequent attention
operator; in
that
of oilingyet discovered
fact, there is no
system
unless
will do its work
a supply of oil is furnished
by
the

over

watchful

the

attended
to

be

days

to

operator.
once

forgotten

the

shaft

under

around

with

it

than

however

day
that

one

that

is self

has

to

be

is Jess

likely
regulating for

weeks.

or

Sometimes
upon

twice

or

method

The

wire

ring or

and,
the

quantitv

as

constant

chain

this

is

suspended loosely
its way
slowly works

vibration, it carries

of oil continuallv

(see Fig. 27).

up
In

82

The

Gasoline

Engine

engines without

open

end

some

similar

devices

on

crank

have

be

to

Farm

the

oil

case

cups

or

used.

Repairs and Care.

Considering the excessive
strain placed upon
its parts the piston and
correlated
wonderfully free from accident or from the
parts seem
make.
sionally
Occacan
necessityof repairsthat an amateur
the bearings need
adjusting; the lubricating
watchfulness
an
sional
occasystem
always merits
; then
the
carbon
clean-up when
deposits begin to
the rings is about
all
cation.
cleanliness,care and lubrigum
Occasionally a ring will break and have to
be replaced with a new
then
all of the broken
one;
be removed, even
the smallest; otherwise
pieces must
they are liable to be ground into an abrading powder
the cylinder.
and will score
cut
or
Sometimes
in its outward
a
ring may becomie weak
and cause
leakage of compression and power
pressure
this soon
a
means
new
impulse. While
ring, a little
be
secured
from
the
sometimes
longer service may
least through the emergency
of the job
old one,
at
in hand, by insertinga piece of clock spring or other
under
the ring or by
light steel spring in the groove
connecting rods have been
peening the ring. Broken
of riveted
united
welded
or
plates; but this
by means
for the shop and not for the novice ; work, too,
is work
71.

"

"

that

should

break

here
also.

broken,

and

be

done

with

the

easilywreck
Piston-pins may

may

new

ones

the

fact

engine
be

substituted.

mind

in

and

driven
Leaks

that
the

out

and

ator
oper-

when
blow

pistons by the autogenous

welding process or tapped out and closed with
plugs, although a projecting plug or bolt is always
a menace,
owing to its tendency to over-heat and cause
pre-ignition.
as
smoothly
engine will not run
Frequently a new

holes

have

been

closed

up

in

Gasoline

The

84

is

serious

thing

each

stroke

Don't
is

good

possible

be

cooled

off

retain

still

load

all

in

turned

fit

been

in

possible,
all

to

the
of

other

cation
lubri-

and

once

be

caused
of

that

case,

to

disturb

hot

too

it

and
of

an

them.

have

they

groove
work

well

as

where

best,

always

is

that

only

Xot

engine

in

around

them

to

rings

directly

are

turn

is

the

by
all

refuse

may

whims

accident,
itself
about

piston-pin,
these

Of

result.

may

particular

way,
the

favor

can

ing
work-

right.

piston

Nothing

the

in

is

joints

not

they

any

Barring
the

best

occupying;

turned

in

and,

careful

be

they

the

that

so

things

w^ay.

piston

leaky

Investigate

will

usual

the

at

the
much

as

may

walls

the

that

until

off

turned

be

there

seen

down

piston

at

failed.

granted

it is

motion

seized

though

otherwise

together

for

If

scraping

has

slow

up

or

must

Sometimes

line.

it

better

keep

little

it

getting

take
down.

hard,

attempted,
to

rubbing
lubrication

why;
shut

happen."

"

but

the

course

the

out

drawing

as

that

and

reason

is

piston

find

to

metals

Farm

the

to

dry

of

means

wait

on

certain

pretty

noise

grating

or

Engine

may

if
it

the
have

there
it

is
made

was

wears

it

connecting
to

little

be

to

right
is

get
in

protected
rod

replaced

and

with

wrong

the

first

from
the

place.

that

rings.

occasionally.

by
All

CHAPTER

THE

Subject

engine

troubles

than

AND

PORT

74.

V.

Treatment.

Rough
probably

to

While

"

from

come

all other

from

SYSTEM.

VALVE

the

more

ignitionsystem
there

combined,

sources

is

much

rough physical
and
for its regular heritage as the
chemical
treatment
it is of special
exhaust
port and valve system ; hence
just
importance for the engine operator to understand
for and
how
what
the valves
are
they ought to work ;
troubles
what
commonly afflicted with
they are most
and

how

to

System Contains.
engines require two
openings
port

method

exact

differ

may

using

for

the

In

"

or

general way,
inder,
ports in the cyla

admission

of

expulsion of burned
of accomplishing these
two
little in different engines, some

exhaust

two

of

instead

ports

fuel

the

port for the

exhaust

an

The

the

intake

an

and

as

them.

remove

What

75.
all

receives

part which

other

no

one

gases.
esses
procgines
en-

; but

accomplish and a
variation
different
in design represents, not
principles,
but a difference
for getting
in the ideas of individuals
at the same
effectively.
thing most
Port.
Intake
76. The
Through the intake
port,
which
is situated
in or near
end of the cylthe closed
inder,
a
discharges
pipe leading from the carburetor
they

all have

the

results

same

to

"

the

fuel

is the

for

the

into

mixture

work

of

the

admission

the

valve
of

this

chamber,

combustion
at

this

charge

85

point
and

to

then

open

and

it

freely

close

ab-

Gasoline

The

86

Engine

on

the

Farm

solutelyagainst any back leakage under the pressure

work
This
valve must
of compression or combustion.
its fit
close promptly, and
opening, must
easily when
in the seat
be perfect.
must
The
size or capacity
Port.
Size of the Intake
77.
"

of the

intake

Fig.

svstem

22.

"

Cross

fixes in

some

Section

of

measure

Valve

the

amount

Chamber.

from
an
gine
enspeed variation obtainable
through varying the charge, and is of course
parture
defixed by the designer in the shop.
While
some
be
allowable
through a change in the
may
frequency of the charges, the valve area
provided by
the maker
of the engine is a fixed condition
designed
for a certain
capacity, and is usually not so well
adapted to any other.
in
Approximately, the size of the intake passage
usual
engine practiceis about as follows :
Diameter
of passage
plied
equals that of piston multiby .316;

of

power

or

The
Area

Gasoline

of passage

.1

of

equals area

Farm

the

87

piston multipliedby

minute

While,

the

speed of
then
divided
by 6,000.
question of size is one

for

the

designer

operator, it is referred

to

here

in order

the

than

rather

the

emphasize

Fig. 23.

"

to

the

their

Sectional

passage

full intended

View

Some

suffers

are

pitted valve

Valves

Common

dirt,leaks
faces.

In

from

in

Chamber, Showing
Cylinder Head.
Troubles.

Valve

dangers

common

of

Combustion

of
of

78.

struction
keeping dirt and oband of keeping the valves
capacity.

importance

of the

out

opening

of piston
equal area
the piston in feet per

should

area

passage

multipliedby

most

on

; or,

Intake

to

Engine

v^hich

joints or

very

small

the

"

The

intake

pipe, and

rangement
Ar-

three

system
worn

or

obstruction, though

against the fuel, may

be a nucleus
for the accumulation
of other
particles
until the supply of
and
the charge
is reduced
vapor
not
of its power
sufficient ; then the engine loses most

not

enough

to

close

the

passage

88

The

Gasoline
it may

though

even

particleof
valve

of

and

the

against which
loss during the

serious

combustion
A

power.

bad

leaks

bad

by
follow

back

carburetor.
that

The

it would

of both

be

prone

to

part

of

the

valve

and

the

engine

to

the

to

the

is then

compression
of

decrease

rather

difficult
though
al-

multi-cylinderengine,

rather

result

be

rest; there

may

smaller

current

corresponding

permitting a
through the

much

trifle from

up

pressure

of this kind

are

the air

valve

locate, especially in

to

Farm

the

run.

it should

and

leak

to

along by

hold

may

on

continue

dirt carried

seat

surface

Engine

selves
them-

announce

firing flash
intake
pipe to
is much

the

to

the

same

if the

was
firingchamber
left partly open
and
to
a
part of the charge allowed
sile.
without
exerting any pressure against the misescape
A singlescale from
in this way
a rusty pipe may
of the engine as
far reduce
the power
render
to
so
it incapable of accomplishing work
under
for which
favorable
have
conditions
it would
ample power.
Causes
of
Common
Trouble.
Other
Faulty
79.
result
from
weak
a
compression
valve-seating may
spring or from the stem
rubbing too heavily against
side of the guide, or
one
by becoming warped from
latter condition
The
over-heat.
only appear after
may
heated
when
the engine has become
running; or it may

to

gun

"

defect.

become

is often

speciallydifficult
The

80.

laden

This

Effect
drawn

In

Air.

through

the

wheel

can

the

former

"

The

danger

carburetor

hardly
where

case

be
the

from

into

dust-

of wood

deposited

are

overestimated.

engine

around

or

almost
the

certain

valve.

to

Any

be

take
in-

the

is

wood-working machinery,
fine, lightshavings and
turning lathe, where
emery

it

case

locate.

to

of Bad

pipe and valve

is specially the
an

near
as

air

"permanent

drawn

considerable

set

such
ticles
par-

in and

ob-

The

is likely

struction

power

the

at

dust-laden

engine

so

Farm

the

89

but

once

air may

the

settle and

gradually that

is not

fine

noticed

ing
fail-

the

until

it has

useless.

all but

become

on

noticed

valve

the

about

of

be

to

in from

particlescarried
accumulate

Engine

Gasoline

Leak-Hunting. It is a curious fact that in a

work
multi-cylinderengine the guilty cylinder may
and cause
of its neighbors to do all the
one
faultlessly
missing. A small leak is speciallyhard to find in slow
ever,
in the intake
system are, howspeed engines. Leaks
81.

"

much

serious

more

since

in their

effect

than

in

wdien

only permit the escape

the charge with
of pressure
but may
adulterate
an
so
to
as
destroy in a
improperly proportioned mixture
the efficiency
of the fuel that is used.
measure
great
this, followed, perhaps
Mis-firingoften results from
tion
the accumulareport which announces
by a cannonlike
it
of two
or
more
charges in the muffler, where
More
often
though
finallyignite all at once.
may
the unfired charge is merely expelledthrough the exhaust

the

exhaust,

and
A

leak

they

not

wasted.

should

be

tendency to back-fire
it ignitesslowly and

strongly suspected
or

if the

mixture

is still afire when

is

if there
so

the

weak
valve

is

that
next

succeeding charge. Often it can

be located
near
by holding a bit of flaming paper
the manifold), while
the valve
(having first removed
the engine. Even
hand-cranks
a
someone
slightleak
under
will be enough to flare the flame ; or,
pressure
if the engine is standing too near
stack or mow
some
from
to permit of this method,
the smoke
a
recently
air
to
extinguished stick is about
ecjuallysensitive
be located by covering
the leak can
currents.
Often
the pipe with
then
the issuing gas will
water;
soapy
opens

appear

to

receive

in the

the

form

of minute

bubbles

or

"soap-suds."

The

90

Gasoline

Note

82.

Fuel

Engine

Required

on

in

Farm

the

New

Engine. Every
of
engine purchaser should note carefullythe amount
fuel consumed
by his purchase, both running empty
and

under

load, then

make

decided

change from these

operator leak-hunting and
for carbon

seats

of

its power
The

83.
ilar to

the

all the
so

valve

and

of

the

leaks

set

besides

more

exhaust

the

the

ing
reduc-

port is simi-

entire

particle of

whom

engine

likelyto

most

are

should

straw-carrier,upon

of

occasional

an

The

"

residue

is where

instead

Port.

behind

man

soot

here

deposits or

Exhaust

same.

examining the valves and

lessness
pittedfaces. A little carethe running exincrease
pense

point may
engine a fourth or
by an equal amount.

the

of the

record

first results

this

at

"

pours,

Here,

occur.

rust

dirt,the

or

is

with
of
all sorts
being constantly bombarded
deposits which, owing to bad fuel, bad lubrication,
bad
the engine has occasion
to
or
ject.
remanagement,
It is the

charge

is

heated

air from

brief

fired, to

of the

chemical
valve
No

be

or

chamber

firingof
is

burned

actions
warp

part of the

abuse

the

to

burned

all the

sure

the
to

than

the

on.

which

it

so

that

entire
exhaust

in almost

of the

The

as

hot

extreme

gases,

quickly pit the

it does

engine

and

gases

charge requires.
be deposited with

and, in the presence

it touches

heat, is liable
up

the

as

valve, after the

exhaust

combustion

less of this refuse

or

all that

set

of the

conduct

the

interval

an

More

mission

is

not

given

port and

seat
more

too,

surface
erly.
proptinual
con-

valve, and, in

mysterious compression leak, no

other
be more
quickly suspected.
part should
Usually the diameter of the exhaust port equals that
of the piston multipliedby thirty-five
hundredths, and
of the piston multipliedby .12; or,
the area
its area
should
of the exhaust
the area
equal that of
passage
presence

of

The

92

ity

will

instant

Gasoline

fuel

cause

after

the

filled,the

if

given

those

words, for

worked
the

valves

by

suction
which

cams

the
be

thus

have

and
open

has

after the

gas

space

"pile up"

to

ically
mechan-

that

seen

distinct

advantage

over

compression alone,
and

an

menced.
actuallycom-

instant

an

for

entering

stroke

cause

It will

chance.

Farm

the

continue

to

will
velocit}^

operated

on

compression

In other
is

Engine

close

them

viding
proset

are

properly.
In

engines the intake valve is opened by

suction
closed
is hastened
and
by compression, which
by a compression spring; then, so long as the valves
time
of
work
The
freely,the timing is automatic.
opening for the intake valve is rather less important
afifects
than
for the exhaust, though its closing time
both
and
speed.
power
be confused
Valve
with
not
ignition
timing must
in harmony
the
work
with
timing. The spark must
timing
opening and closing of the valves but the two
movements
are
distinctlyseparate and should each be
of the piston rather than
compared with the movement
with
A

most

small

each

other,

great deal

w^ell defined
upon
is in

as

both

of trouble
and

permanent

the

and
fly wheel
first-class working
are

from

now

sometimes

may

marked

be

guide

marks

gear

when

valve

condition
in

that.

co-operate with

must

this

; in
manner

avoided
are

the

if

placed
engine

fact, many

gines
en-

before

being

the

factory.
volve
ReValve.
87. Testing and
Setting the Intake
rection
-the engine fly wheel
slowly by hand in the ditmtil the intake valve cam
it should
run
barely
begins to lift; then stop engine and note position of
reached
and
should
have
passed by
piston, which
about
ten
inner, or (in the case
degrees its extreme
If much
of vertical engines) upward, stroke.
beyond

sent

"

The

Gasoline

position the
full charge
a

this

Engine
is

valve
of fuel

on

opening

and

Farm

the

the

93

late

too

ing
insur-

for

of the

engine
reduced.
This
be due
to improper setting or
may
bent rod or to wear
off the cam
a
operating valve.
determine
which, again revolve the engine, always
the same
direction,and note the positionof piston

is
to

To
in

the

at

permits

it to

traveled

has

difference

the

cams

the

error

setting of
advanced

be

to

the

late.

Both

intake

valve

should

and

the

The

Exhaust

three

where

the

past the

the

open

and

beyond
should

close

the
open

centers, its

of

exact

the

valve

should

should

begins

spectively,
re-

full

to

This

"

and

five to

stroke

ten

center.

early and close

departure from

of its outward

from

point
is, barely

stroke.

allows

us

valve

late
formu-

to

tw^o

degrees late,
The

center

valves

both

should

that

to

is,

valve

exhaust

late in relation
the

the

that

open,

until

open

closing the

intake

the

when

open

remain

return

fore,
be-

engine, as

travel

of the

opening
from

Turn

crank

Rule.

follows

as

during

open

four-fifths

and

valve

General

somewhat

"

about

center

of

center

extreme

remain

exhaust

degrees

time

outer

Valve.

stroke

extreme

The

89.

and

covered

inlet

should

and

revolution.

The

downward

within

rule ; if

the

as

it should

of the

by hand.
piston has

and

inner

degrees

88.

as

the

opening is too early

the opening and
the closing of the
take place with
the piston 5 to 10

the

degrees past
180

rod

is wrong

wheels

gear

retarded,

or

too

or

bent

crank

the

point of opening

the

or

wear

before

occur

closing points are 180 degrees apart

all right and
in relation to the
error
any
valve
closing w^ill be accompanied by a
in the time
of opening; that means
that

the

similar

this

and

valve

and

are

of

If

the

releases

degrees from

is due

opening

roller

cam

close.
180

the

time

the

instant

power

the

dead

being greater

in

Gasoline

The

94
relation

Some

time.
the

time, while

same

in

used
open

for

an

may

add

is
One

of

otherwise

and

wear

and

the

in its limited

valve

bar

of

time

be

to

move

to

open

course

valve

and

bar

the

in

be

may

and

the

afitect the

work

stant
con-

closing fully.
increased
by
farther

open

to

gine,
en-

slight clearance
for expansion of

from

begins

movement,

W'Ould

stem

in

the

when

kept

so

may

high speed
speed.

allow

the

this, wdiile it

stem

be

to

hot

bar

compel

so

before

This

wdien

however,

space,

should

inch

an

with

contact

This

of

that

at

time

top of the

it there

valves

to

affect the

the

Betw^een

1-32

efficiencyof

may

the

time, but

same

sacrifice of fuel

fault

depresses

the

time

its closing

to

exactly the
gines
high speed racing envalves
are
actually

both

the

at

regard

opens

of the

some

Farm

the

so

intake

the

automobiles

distinct

1-64 to

metal

in

little to

operates.
wdiich

and

instant

other

makers

engine

closes

exhaust

on

less with

and

opening

its

to

Engine

ward
down-

unable,

be

passage

wdde.

done

by the
engine

of the
the
might reduce
power
of fuel or
either by curtailingthe inflow
by preventing
from
the burned
being properly discharged.
gases

valves

The

and

of

amount

clearance

this

space

the engine is cold

occasionallyboth when
it is at operating heat.
How.
and
Valve
Grinding; When
90.
each
ought to be reground at least once
chemical

the

pit
sometimes
to

valve

removes

its seat
be

and

necessary,

than

them
to

remember

needed.

of the

action
more

be

that, like
a

so

The

saw

part of the

advances

they

oftener, but

much

gromid

the

Valves

"

will

when

should

inlet valves

not

do

be

new

ground

not

as

tainly
cer-

have

it is well

filing,the grinding
metal, drops it deeper

time

as

season,

valves

Burned

less.

or

when

and

the heat

and

gases

noted

be

should

of

valve
any
rule

into

wall

oftener
need

to

reground
not
pit as

be
do

Fig.

for

month

from

often

as

them

24.

Typical Alechanical

"

with

examined

to

once

Gear.

Vah^e

carbon

the

pittingand

be

they

inclined

much

so

should

Valves

heat.

95

valves, since

not

are

Farm

the

on

exhaust

the

as

quickly and

the

with

warp

Engine

Gasoline

The

removed

be

should

kerosene.

grades of powdered
into a paste with
lubricatingoil are genglass made
erally
used, though many
object to even
engine men
Fine

the

finest

tends

to

remain

the

of the

be

taken

grains

that

chamber.

no

cuts

in

embedded

once

least, cheap emery

cylinder. Emery
looks
glass,which
perfect finish.
To
grind, remove
valve

finest

the

continue

and

At

also

as,

emery

engine.
size

and

dust

emery

varies

emery
the

like the

the

be

not

greatly.

so

is allowed

to

used,

Care

stem

and

paste

must

powdered

flour, gives the

spring from
Apply semi-fluid

as

get into the

fastest, while
finest

it

in the

action

erosive

should

metal,

the

cap
of

oil

most

from
and

The

96

Gasoline

or

screw

driver

Do

not

to

remove

there

much

balls.

examine

it turns

When

insures

This

well.

Wash

in

all

remove

part of the

block, called

plug.

Test

valve

and

is the

and

release

few

every

best

both

When

seconds.

valve

valves

Polish

the

Where

powdered

good mixture,
The

is used

metal

but

in
be

machines

are

in
one

exact

Its Use
so

are

in

are
a

spark

valve

is

volved
re-

job
a

use

slow

heating; also,

should

be

not

the

above

garded
re-

test

bright ring clear

seat.

whether
hard

the

spindlehas
against the guide.

cloth.

emery

thoroughly

MufHer;

class

drill press

show

by rubbing

emery

seats

like

the

will pass

notice

out

are

better

avoid

to

The

the

spindle w^ith
emery

clean 'the

and

smooth

worn

In

pressure,

complete until it
gasoline or at least will

around

carefully

valve

when

reversed.

much

not

the

wear

grinding,
perfect. Hand
method, though some
use
hand
grinding, motion

as

made

when

Avill

then

is removable

is

Wlien

frequentlybe

speed

but

its seat

lathe.

or

Some

cage.

grinding job

press

should

are

and

though slower,

91.

much

grinding by invertingcage after

with
replaced,and filling
line.
gasotween
even
a
sweating of gasoline be-

is not

valve

which

wipe dr}';

which

after

spring

the

the

cage,

these

the

and

gasoline

cylinderhead

If there

of

without

discontinue

face

smooth

grit from

been

frequently

water.

with

with
hands.

the

lift valve

frequently and

seat

valve

bright ring clear around, indicatingthat the

is touching evenly its entire
circumference.
finished
with
give the final touch
tripoliand

surface

drill

revolve
between

but

When

Farm

the

; then

seat

pressure,

dirt

is

on

by twirling stem

or

use

friction

valve

glass on

emery

Engine

grinding,two teaspoonfuls
a
pound of vaseline make
with
after
and

the

measurement

and

grinding.
Abuse.

perfectthat they

"

do

Few
not

human
include

The

some

Gasoline

Jonah, yet
soon

cracks

of

running

made

revolutions

air, became

pipes

Mufflers

of

should

lost

and

be

not

length

down

of

with

power

least

the

diameter

are

destroyers.
hampered by long
straightestcourse

power
or

The

Conventional

of

Views

so

that

Mufflers.

be

should

obstruction

compressed
of the

it would

obstructed

mufflers

it resembles
air the

not

muffler

plateshave

of

that

is

been

run

must

is desired.

greatest power
from

some

P.

the

using a muffler or an
exhaust
an
or
high,
pipe high in air. Some
shut the
to
pipes have actually been known

Dirty and
if the

H.

cent,

least

and

turns.

exhausts, whether

engine

them

33

per

and

"

rule

all

to

destroy
P. engine
a 36 H.
minute, exhausting

30

small

too

many

Sectional

25."

nearly

with

narrow

of

size

relative evil,

little over

possible and
exhaust

of cannon-like

only

per

silencers

pipes with

with

gine's
en-

muffler.

greatest

effective

Fig.

be

may

pipes, and

exhaust

gasoline

sufficient

and

design

correct

1,500

open

Vv^ith both

They

97

neighborhood

fusillade

likely that the best

By actual experiment

at

the

most

entire

it the

constant

pressure

power.

exhaust

is the

it is

although

into

Farm

the

public nuisance.

back

some

on

muffler

without
the

vote

muffler

avoid

The

evil.

necessary

would

Engine

When
a

at

all.
be

not

the

continuous

tolerated
sound
stream

clogged with dirt

displaced. Remove

or

suing
isof

else
muf-

98
fler

The

Gasoline

note

result

and

clean

and

engine

in

are

gases
human

or

beings

exhaust

valves

plug

spark

lacks

exhaust

speed

the

plugs

the

engine

steel
of

Black
too

much

and

dirt
Blue

and

smoke

in
"

adjustment;
that

is,

steam.

out

stock

live
the

to

ous
poisonthe

carry

small

pipe

issuing
and
with

goes

too

mxans

be

also
or,

it

throttle
resist
do

uses

carbon

the

the

all

steel

from

head

the

the

engine

loses
is

consumption

valves

to

late

too

early

not

exhaust

cleaner.

open
too

and

cylinder

much

practice

gasoline,
which

and

inlet
the

steel, but

welded

smoke

does

common

it should

AVhite

remain

exhaust

smoke

closed

burned

through

the

gasoline

automobile

electrically

The

well

is

not

of

close

they

heats

those

Latest

if

If

"

valves

foul, the

Nickel
than

but

sides

will

points

the

When

other

any

turns.

opposite

on

it

air,

Vagaries.

are

or

gasoline

outright by

reason

the

many

Valve

93.

in

up

with

one

this

allow

poison

killed

better,

returning.

life.

active
be

may

For

well

animal

is

much

runs

Never

stable

cases

many

fumes.

or

there

where

it

before

"

inside

Farm

the

If

muffler

Caution.

exhaust

to

building

the
of

Word

on

engine.

on

overhaul

92.

Engine

power,

high,

too

down.
heat

better

much

not

wear

nickel

so

well.
head

steel

stem.

indicates

exhaust

extravagance

in

fuel

it.
much

oil.

Though

less

jurious,
in-

corrected.
means

it may

too
mean

much
water

oil

"

in

and
the

laziness

gasoline

100

The

Gasoline

alone.

All

require

mixture, and

quantity

Fig. 26.

"

effective
be

used

two.

Exterior

View

It

is the

best

to

all until

27.

mix

the

chamber.

alone

Model

it is converted

the

View

of

amount

pipe

to

and

much

be

largest
quite as

Kingston Carburetor.
and

gasoline cannot

of air
the

air-like

an

to

Kingston

from

the

would

into

deliver

combustible

the

of

carburetor

the

Farm

the

supplied in

of One

; then

intake

part

gasoline alone,
of

it with

on

Air

Sectional

"

combustion
to

as

mission

Fig.

and

fuel

as

be

the

at

air

it must

of

Engine

convert

so

gas.

it

Carburetor.

required for the

ture
completed mix-

thence

to

the

bustion
com-

The

Engine

Gasoline

Farm

the

on

lor

Why an Unvarying Adjustment Is Not Possible.

that the exact
Theoretically,it would seem
tion
proporof air and
which
gives the greatest power
vapor
could
be determined
buretor
by experiment, and then a carways
made
that would
deliver this proportion al97.

"

and

no

Mechanical

other.

mixtures, however,

ical
proportion as are chemall petroleum vapors
in
are
combinations, and
mechanical
measure
some
blendings. Water
vapor,
less
carbonic
acid
or
nitrogen and other more
gas,
incombustible
are
always present, but by no
vapors
of the
means
proportion. Some
always in the same
from
the
burned
main
previous explosion, too, regases
in the C3dinder,and
delivered
the mixture
to the
dififerent chemically from
spark is sometimes
very
that
by the carburetor, while the exact
passed over
are

never

constant

so

conditions

which

under

in any

in their

it is

fired

may

not

be

the

consecutive

charges.
Fuel
and
Its
98. How
Requirements Vary. If
in the proportion of air
there was
not
some
range
and
that
be ignited the gasoline
can
gasoline vapor
engine would
hardly be possible. Air mixed with 1.25
of gasoline will barely igniteat atmospheric
per cent,
increases
the vigor of the combustion
; then
pressure
duced,
steadilyuntil about 2.5 per cent, of gasoline is introit diminishes
when
again until at about
5.5
non-inflammable.
Greater
per cent, it again becomes
heat permits the use
of a somewhat
weaker
mixture,
and it sometimes
happens that the fuel which is right
for starting the
cold becomes
too
engine up when
rich after the metal
heated.
has become
pression
High comsame

two

"

also makes
so

that

compression
amount

part

is made

of fuel.

The

the
of
up

use

the

of

energy

in the

mixture

weaker
lost

increased

which

mixture
in

sible,
pos-

the

extra

economy

is correct

at

in
nor-

Gasoline

The

102

How

AMien

"

leaves

Fig.

How

"

responding
a

behind

Device

back

the

to

of

supply

Shows

air.

Not

into

the

only does
cylinder and

the

across

surface

carburetor, it
carries
air

it

turns

along

evaporate

of

as

a
we

saticer

pool

portion

of

air

seen

of

in

to

poses.
purrush

passing

vapor

in

the
and

of heated

current

gasoline

admits

gasoline in
into

of

the

two

begin
but

this

View

from

serves

vacuum,

shallow

it

valve,

opening

an

of

current

of

intake

current

action

This

have

the

where

fill the
a

Gasoline.

Vaporizes. Sectional
Important Parts.

carburetor,

outside

the

low

inhaling stroke

it,and

suction, admits

the

to

its

upon

for

weak

too

Vaporizes

Carburetor

the
Breeze

pipe

starts

partialvacuum

28.

piston

Farm

the

hand,

Carburetor

the

the

on

other

the

speed is, on
speed.
mal

99.

Engine

the

sunlight

The
when

the

Gasoline

wind

Engine

Farm

the

on

103

it. It is this propblowing across

erty
of ready evaporation that
makes
gasoline specially
adaptable to use as an engine fuel.
Some
100.
gines
enVapor.
Mixing Air and Gasoline
ing
act of drawaccomplish the mixture by the mere
the air current
the surface
of gasoline,while
across
others
depend upon spraying the liquidthrough a fine
is

"

nozzle

the

into

in the

form

of mist
be

gasoline to
the

midst

admission

of the

connection

off

or

admits

known

area

for

of

combustion
of

gasoline as

more
a

made

the

possesses
cork

most

or

the inlet valve, which

certain

Automatic
are

speed

the

with

falls belovv^
loi.

flow

the

of

area

be so
gasoline may
resultingmixture will approximate

valve

float

by
or

present

so

light metal
and
hollow
air-tight,regulates the
can,
liquidinto the float or receiving chamber

cylinder or
flow

and

current

With

upon.

air the

regulated that the

that point at which
energy.

the

relativelylarge surface

acted
of

of

to

cuts

rises above

supply

level.

Carburetors.

intended

the

in turn

"

Automatic

partiallyclose

retors
carbu-

low

at

engine

and

the
as
gradually open
speed increases.
the load thrown
on
They are speciallyessential when
the engine is likelyto vary
considerably,as it does in
much
farm
work
such
as
hay pressing. Formerly
it was
the one
was
thought that the best carburetor
which
did its work
with
the least possible variation,
but it is known
that where
the load varies the supply
"

of fuel

should

fit the

work

it is intended

to

do.

importance of
keeping dirt out of the pipes and valves by keeping
the gasoline free from
dirt particles. That
the air
be
to
supply needs
equally well guarded does not
If the engine gets its air supply from
appeal to some.
a
dusty barn or workshop and there is no trouble
102.

Bad

Air.

"

It is easy

to

see

the

104

The

Gasoline

Engine

on

the

Farm

Gasoline

The

that
heard

from

breathes

later

or

sooner

be

should

is from

dirt ;
of

saving

The

seats.

free from

as

and, in cold
if the

energy

Farm

the

105
be

pipe, we
may
gradual accumulation

the

valve

in the

on

intake

the

place along

some

Engine

be

gasoline
will

there

warmed

be

engine

an

the

as

weather,
air

will

air that

dust

sure

be

somewhat

cylinder. This is imperative in

of kerosene
the case
requires a
engines, as kerosene
does
for vaporizing than
higher temperature
gasoline,
kerosene
engines,for that reason, are generally started
on
gasoline until the metal has time to warm
up ; or
be warmed
the carburetor
by direct heat, and the
may
fuels avoided.
trouble of using the two
it reaches

before

Carburetor

103.

Nearly

"

all

Temperature
that

Troubles

faults ;
troubles

and

troubles

carburetor

avoidable

two

the

incorrect

may

Cure

to

come

from

mixtures,

arise,but

is little mystery

there

How

are

about

so

Them.
one

and
well

them.

of
dirt.

stood
underways,
Al-

dealing with gases in pipes open to the

will
outside
air, atmospheric pressure
keep a full
If one
supply of something constantly coming over.
of the gasolinepipes happens to get half clogged with
is taken
dirt, the place of the gasoline vapor
by a
of
the same
amount
greater proportion of air, and
mixture
to be
seems
coming into the cylinder. The
fuel will be too poor or weak, though ; the explosions
fire entirelyuntil an
will lack force, or possibly miss
accumulation
of the unexploded charges may
lodge in
and
make
the muffler
a
startlingreport to the man
when

outside.
ing,
barking or after firand
be confused, though it often
should
not
is,
be due
back
too
to either
firing. Barking may
It always indicates
firing
misfuel.
weak
too
or
a
The
or
remedy is obincomplete combustion.

104.

with
rich

Barking.
"

This

is called

io6
vioiis

find

rich

caused

by

of

with

the

muffler.

and

mixture

is not
until

Sometimes

of
misfiringby the admission
correctly proportioned mixture

is
roll

to

seen

gradually
appears,
misfiring dis-

the

visible.

is not

leaky

mixture

If the

becomes

misfire

also

is

present,

smoke

first the

occurs

trouble.

black

the

It

will be

smoke

If this

it.

causing

gasoline supply
else

or

latter

less black

or

the

often

ignitionvagaries.

various

the

increase

mixture

rich, more

the

Farm

the

"

too

out

is wrong

what

out

on

Misfiring. Misfiringmay be the result of anything

which
renders
ignitiondifficult;either too weak

105.

too

Engine

it.

correct

or

Gasoline

The

due

retor
carbu-

to

intake

pipe

which

dilutes

air

delivered

by

If

causes

the

the
buretor.
car-

Back-firing. This rather startlingaccident is

rule more
as
a
exciting than dangerous, and is often
mixture
which
does
caused
not
a
ignite
by too weak
so
readily and burns
slowly that the cylinder holds
106.

the

"

fire until the valve

the

combustion

charge

toward

faults, the

remedy

Flooding.

107.

"

shut

to

ceases

on

the

is to

Like

sure

for

the

float

gasoline at

the

right

The

imperfect seating of the

of a grain of dirt or an
account
latter, a light grinding of the
the

to

with
overcome

or

without

even

the

abrasive

difficulty.If

Occasionally
breaks

down

and

until

inclined

to

the

permits
sink

too

the
low

failure
float

may

is

in

will

wash

the

of

its

If

seat

probably

out
a

fit.

the

under

lodged

float to
in

valve, either

valve

coating

be

may

imperfect

paste

dirt

float,depressing it repeatedly

mixture

reason

result.

to

the

charge ;
incoming

defect.

any
of

supply

next

all other

the

correct

When

the

along

carburetor.

off the

time, flooding is
due

back

flashes

the

admit

to

opens

cork

the

struction
ob-

valve

become

soaked

liquid.

In

the

io8

The

the

Gasoline

result.

for
with

will

area

to

be

carburetor
no.

best

rules

types

speed

and

valve

allowed

passing through

at

course,

There

that

by degrees

to

apply

air valves
lowest

at

until

to

gine
en-

mum
maxi-

The
and

speed

justable
is ad-

stop, which

of

maximum

the

size

the

flutteringand

prevent

would

highest speed.

depends upon
is usually

many
to

close

to

so

it is difficult

The

one.

any

the

With

"

market

intended

are

is reached

to

to

cases

open

engine.

the

adjustment

to

lift, of
the

the

than

being

in

fuel

carburetor

the

excess

Carburetor.

on

for

in all

even

automatic

of

the

of

pipe.
Adjusting the

opening

and

area,

formula

the

given

and

down

all,or

is

size, a little

dift'erent carburetors

lay

Farm

the

slighth^larger

friction

overcome

valve

diameter

the

on

chapter

effective

outlet

an

another

In

findingthe

Engine

control

the

maxi-

This
should be carefully
opening of the valve.
sort
adjusted. Usually a needle valve of some
lates
reguThis
the liquid entering the spraying nozzle.
should
be adjusted until the engine runs
best
at its
lowest
speed with throttle as nearly shut as possible.
should
throttle
The
then
be gradually opened and the
diminished
tension
of auxiliaryair valve increased
or
is
running condition
slowly until the best average
found; then at high speed a slight readjustment of
mumi

the

needle

valve

speed
for

economy
start.

The

only to
to
keep
movements

be

desired,

some
a

If maximum

improvement.

little wider

of

opening

both

auxiliaryair valve should be given

ordinary running; but this is a sacrifice to
and
the
of fuel
to
engine will be harder

valve

needle
than

is

may

and

auxiliary air

hold

valve

it there
should

seat

on

under

lowest

be

spring, either through

valve

with

be

enough

throttle.

controlled

change

should

screw

by

in the

pressure
valve

The
size

size

used

or

of

the

number

The

Gasoline

coils, and

Engine

on

Farm

the

109

by tightening or loosening the screw.

With
the
float
111.
Adjusting the Float Valve.
filled to the point where
shut off by the
valve chamber
there
is a continuous
float, notice whether
dripping
of

not

"

the

from

and

shut
valve

does

high

in the
to

shut

not

it off

shut

Carburetor
both

needs

be

the

and

chamber

valve

If it does

liquid is

the

float valve

the

should

be

too

justed
ad-

sooner.

is

adjustment
and

care

the

is, press

dripping continues.
properly; if not,

if the

see

and, if there

nozzle

spray

little skill.

some

the

delicate

which

thing

It should

not

unless

novice

sary.
absolutely necesWhen
it must
be done, attempt but one
ment
adjustthe points are
at a time
and, when
finallyfound
in all the adjustments where
the engine runs
the best,
in some
mark
the places so as to save
complete
way
should
arranged.
be disever
re-adjustment if the carburetor
be the means
A
small, simple mark
may
difficult task.
of avoiding a very

attempted by

system
the

by

of

case

there
the

trapped. The
pitch toward
flow
that

slow
rather

all the

more

leaking.

point

the

of

be

engine
the

the

in

tank

line
gasocaused

are

while

ning.
run-

overflow

have

in

except

gasoline

should

pipe

in the

and

the

wherein

overflow

pipe

will

be

distinct

tank.

the

gasoline through
has

carried

chance

to

along.

the

settle to

This

renders

pipes
the

is

so

bottom

straining

necessary.

Occasionally
other

is

tank

all dust

than

the

of

develop near
injury or accident.

direct

than

The

carburetor

seldom

Sometimes
lower

leaks

Most

"

vibration

continuous

the

near

occur

They

no

Hints.

Miscellaneous

112.

set

purpose

drip
than

pan
to

under
see

for

carburetor, if for
certain

it is not

The

no

Gasoline

have

Always

and

carburetor

the

which

the
then

it

valve,

prime

of

discard

not,

at

the

low,

release

weak,

increase

spring

too

enlarge

upon
is

engine

intake

is

and

less
lifestituted
sub-

will

readily.

start

by

too

close

needle

in

the

gasoline
of

supply
poor

in

line
gasobe

may

the

fire.

for

pipe
a

is

spray

the

new

inlet

air

from

thrown

the
this

remedy

may

one.

mixture

at

normal

valve

auxiliary

opening

too

carburetor

gasoline

new

the

reduces

continuous

for

and

dirt

or

tension
stiff

the
stale

engine

mixture

for

correct

the

water

back

larger

off

so

fuel

the

by

in

caused

which

cause

inlet.

If

the

become

drawn
before

as

Occasionally

if

when

long

may

sometimes

is

anything
that

idle

be

priming

well

as

stood

is

must

firing

Back

has

engine

by

fact,

somewhere

depend

not

flow

the

line

idle.

Gasoline

the

Do

off

shut

Farm

the

on

carburetor.

to

standing

while

on

stopcock

good

tank

between

Engine

on

ordinary

speed
spring

spring.
speeds,

slightly.

If

reduce

is

rich

too

little

this

if

too

makes
needle

or

CHAPTER

THE

IGNITION

Difficulties

113.

of fuel

charge

VII.

of

SYSTEM.

the

Problem.

is

mixture

extinguish from

and

flames

separate

for

used

simple

fire

minute

to

into

single

To

matter.

hundred

one

per

To

"

duce
intro-

fifteen hundred

the

ceptacle
re-

same

receiving and

compressing the gas

at
just the right instant to ignite the charge at the
of complete compression, without
momicnt
missing a
of
charge, is entirelybeyond the working possibilities
but
the
electric
to
man
igniting agent known
any
spark.
of

charge

which

power
size

of

missed

to
to

and
of

power

115.

first met

Failure.

The

by

to

form

entails

more

and

accumulate
rich

too

Open
the

occasional
waste

in
a

the

active

ing
miss-

fuel
as

and
the

portion of the
cylinder to prea

mixture

in the

of

serious

more

; it leaves

increases

ignitelater
making an
the

The

"

only

becomes

charge

pressure

of

not

engine

our

ignite or
charge, or
the

Effect

The

114.

with

the

next

muffler, creating back

working

force

against

engine.
Flame
of

Method.

"

continuous

The

problem

was

igniting agent
shut
from
which
the cylinder excepting at
was
away
certain
idea
points in the cycle of the engine. The
has been fairlysuccessful, though more
less trouble
or
from
the
fact
that
arises
no
separating device has
been
obtained
that is absolutely instantaneous
in its
the
with
the
action, and
operating delay increases
use

III

The

112

with

aid

the

of this
made

were

on

that

Farm

the

of actual

system

to

is referred

This

Engine

dirt accumulation

and

soot

Gasoline

use.

the

first

Still it

was

gines
gasoline en-

run.

merely

to

as

matter

of

history;

importance, as the
longer of mechanical
abandoned.
It was
method
has long ago been
found
that the exploding impulse of the engine, as well
as
outside
likely at any time
disturbing elements, was
the
to
required
extinguish the flame ; hence
system
it

is

constant
ii6.

no

attention
Hot

Tube

and

even

Ignition.

FiG. 30."

cessful

was
"

Bent

Hot

This

Tube

then
has

hot

tube

engines

been

fairlysuc-

Igniter.

and, though nearly discarded

spark, enough

unreliable.

are

for

the

still in

electric
vise

to

Gasoline

The

attention.

merit
heated
heat

by

As
of

means

conducted

by

chamber.

In
the

from
heat

and

from

down

first
a

this

on

iron

the

of

the

however,

tube

flame
tube

flame

the

was

The

tubes

was

and
the

to

itself

explosion.
caused

113

iron

an

burner

of the
way

Farm

the

produced,

Bunsen

means

blast

pressure,

Engine

the

ing
ignittected
pro-

intense
to

break

brief service, and

porcelain has been

do not oxidize
substituted for iron. These
and, though
somewhat
in *the setting or through accident,
easilybroken
when
in place,they frequently last for a
once
than
for a single cell of
at a less cost
or
more
year
dry battery.
the favorite with hot tube
Nickel-alloyrods are now
their life is even
as
engine men,
greater than
lain
porceand they are
not
so
apt to be broken
by accident.
is confined
The
hot tube system
almost
wholly to
elsewhere,
stationary engines in the oil fields and
the speed irregularities
fuel is cheap and
where
due
to missed
charges are not important.
Firing by Compression. The compressing of
117.
and
have
some
hoped to
gas raises its temperature,
very

"

use

this

very

feature, which

limits

the

compression

possible to give gasoline without

danger
of firingthe charge
tion, for the purpose
This
would
do away
with
right moment.
electrical ignitionsystem
and
at the
same
greater
line

have

compression.
been

of
at

pre-ignijust the

the

entire

time

allow

While

experiments along this

quite successful, the device as yet is

in

general use.
118.
Firing by Electricity. Nearly all gasoline engines
of the farm
fired by electricity,
the
type are
only known
igniting agent that is quick enough and
dependable enough to fire every charge of an engine
at high speed.
Perhaps the greatest objection to it
is the specialelectrical knowledge which
the operator

not

"

Gasoline

The

114

which

needs, and

always

not

may

arise
and

on

Farm

the

trained
For

possess.

combined
the

the

even

electrical troubles

engine

Engine

general

this

reason,

very

in all other

than

they

more

parts of the

harder

are

mechanic

locate

to

cause
be-

itself is invisible.

current

Gasoline

Electrical
Engine
Knowledge.
Without
tricity,
attempting to go into the details of electhe
electrical appliances in common
in
use
engine ignitionwill be named, brieflydescribed, and
their exact
to
uses
designated, always with a view
in
accurate
being practicallyrather than scientifically
1

19.

"

terms.

The

120.

Electrical

Four

Processes

Their

and

tery
Producing the current.
Agencies, batof cells, wet
or
process), or
dry (the chemical
the magneto
or
dynamo (mechanical process).
of the spark coil
2nd.
Intensifying,either by means

Agents.

"

in the

or

or

ist.

magneto

itself

3rd. Conveying the

cable of both high and

low

includes

wires

ing
tension, the switch, binddistributor.

breakers, which

current

change the
intenselyhot spark.

visible
in-

point of
miliar
The
general meaning of all of these should be fato all engine men.
ods
methTwo
121.
Producing the Electric Current.
for the production of the electric curin use
rent
are
a
battery (usually composed of dry cells)
; from
latter is practically
of a magneto.
The
and
by means
small
at high speed by being
a
dynamo, which is run
belted
or
geared to the engine, either with tooth or
current

into

made.

This

current.

terminals, and

posts, and

4th. The

sometimes

as

"

friction

The

122.

two

gear.

or

more

engine),

Dry Battery. A dry battery

dry cells (usually four to six
"

connected

bv

wires

so

that

consists
in

all the

of

line
gasocells

ii6
the

of

end

top

Engine

Gasoline

The

carbon

the

on

form

Farm

the

the

the

poles of

two

cell.

Connecting the Cells in a Battery. Unscrew

rod and
the cap from
binding post of a carbon
wrap
short
wire, with the end
a
piece of insulated
copper
it in the direction
scraped bare and bright,tightly around
the
turns
to
tighten; then return
cap,
cap
good contact.
firmly to insure
screwing it down
124.

"

Fasten

the

other

to

32.

Showing

"

zinc

the

same

w^ire in this

of the

cup

Cell

Dry

Battery
cell.

next

wire

same

for

Connect

(though
or

the

way,

this
No.

10

through
125.

uncertain

Life
with

of

the

to

of

Cells.:

best

to

open
"

of

The

care.

of

number
correct

battery.
be

must

pipes, would

The
14

insulated

w^ater,

as

to

No.

least

at

cells
This

carbon.

is not
a

Series.

all the

whole

short-circuit, just

was

Dry

be

better) and

network

that

course

is

12

or

w^ill

current

shortest

should

connection

in

Wired

always joining zinc

is called connecting in series,and the
form
the battery. It
cells connected
cell as
or
speak of a single element

in the

manner

COIL^

SPARK

Fig.

of the

end

take

culating
cirthe

it.
life of
One

dry

cell may

cell is
become

The

Gasoline
in

exhausted
make

last

them,

such

for

few

as

Engine
weeks

and

another

Abuse

months.

many

Farm

the

on

of

117
the

same

exhausts

soon

a
connecting them
spark coil
up with
down
display of electric sparks. One runinteresting
cell in the battery weakens
the rest and should be

an

as

Under

removed.

cell is

fresh

though

fair treatment

the

between

three

and

time

and

probably

that

fail before

many

life of

average
six

months,
have

some

much

longer.
126.
Advantages of Dry Cells. Their first cost is
from
They are simple
25 cents
per cell up.
very light,
and
and, if let alone, do not get out
easilyconnected
be obtained
of any
trical
elecof order
easily. They may
supply store and may be installed by any one.
lution
They are ready to produce a spark with the first revoof the flywheel ; are
clean, reliable when
fresh,
and not easilybroken.
Their
Defects.
of life and
They are uncertain
127.
reliable after a month
though
not
old, algenerally counted
the writer has secured
good results from cells
that had been in the engine (though not in steady use)
gone

"

"

for

over

with

even

the

Care

128.
box

Often

cell will become

engine standing
because

expensive

are

in

year.

of

Dry

of

the

Cells.

"

idle.

In

the

end

they

renewals.

constant

Dry

worthless

cells should

be

kept

things kept out of

it. Pieces
of wire
tools may
metal
or
easily form a
short circuit and
the cells down
run
rapidly; so
very
be kept dry and
cool.
dampness ; they must
may
Where
in constant
wired
that they
sets
two
so
use,
be used
alternatelywill greatly increase the life
may
of both.
For instance, by placing two
of six each
sets
a

wired

by themselves,

as

up

two

runs,

both

Good

129.

separate
will

and

other

batteries

and

used

on

last much

longer.
A plan
Battery Arrangement.

sets

nate
alter-

"

in

use

ii8

The

of the

some

en

service
iron

in their

set

are

of

inches

Farm

the

of the

paper

cases,

paraffinepoured

around

then

connected,

used

alternatelyan

laid in the

in

six

will

box

United

hour

at

absorb

service

ocean

the

for

all moisture.

the
space

Connecting Battery to Engine

battery of six cells ought to give about

Fig.

33.

"

Simple Jump

electric energy.
the

terminal

spark
which
The
the

or

Connection

carbon

induction

carries

the

to

On

cells

this the

two

three

or

They

are

batteries

two

lump

of

in this
of

kind

lime

tinuous
con-

of six months.

130.

GROUND

twelve

Used

hardest

sea

galvanized

them.

time.

States

of

and

series, and

frequently stand

cells

way,

boats

motor

on

giving. A battery box

made
just large enough to hold
paraffinepoured into the bottom.

hot

cells

Engine

is worth

is

and

Gasoline

for

Spark.
"

volts

nine

A
of

WJRE

Spark Wiring
is made

System.

with

wire

from

positivebinding post of the

through the primary circuit,

the

coil
direct

current

from

negative post in this coil leads to

positivepole of the battery connects

the
the
with

batteries.
timer

and

the

iron

The

Gasoline

Engine

on

Farm

the

119

engine frame, which, being a conductor, forms

From
the
a
part of the circuit through the timer.
negative pole of the secondary circuit,the high tension
the spark phig, which
is
to
wire, the current
goes
usually located in the end of the cylinder.
The
Spark Coil. This is really an induction
131.
coil placed in the path of the current
Ruhmkorff
or
and
store
to
intensifyit. It consists of a magnetic
of insulated
wire
wound
turns
core
containing many
The
like a spool of thread.
secondary or high tension
than
the primary, and
intense
is much
current
more
of the

"

Fig. 34.

gives
a

Jump

"

much

delicate

those

Spark

Coil

Vibrator

hotter

This

spark.

affair, which

for

should

One

Cylinder Ignition.

spark

only

be

coil is rather
disturbed

by

who

it. Though
it contains
fully understand
little that is likelyto get out
of order, a break
in any
coils of wire
part of the insulation
along its many
would
short
circuit and
make
a
cause
essary.
rewinding necAbout

all the

care

novice

is called

upon

to

and
give it is to see that water
abrading substances
are
ing
kept away from it and that the connections, sparkpoints,etc., are kept clean and bright. The system
of connecting here given is speciallyintended
for
the jump spark or
of tiring.
high tension method

The

120

Engine

end

other

cut

with

and

off from

electrical

the

of the

rest

is attached

top with

the

with

How

133.

electric

the

current

to

will try to
broken
forms

break

leap

such
near

an

and

over

with

the
a

when

of

w^e

the

is in direct

other

"

Spark Plug.

wire, it is silent

obstruct

its passage

path that
opposition,just as a
in

dam

layer

current

at

engine frame.
So long as
an
interruptionalong

Formed.

that
of

its

stops its

air

If the

obstruction.
the

tion,
insula-

like copper

the

down

plug by the
binding post

; the

View

medium

only

with

Avithout

non-conductor

circuit

Is

Sectional

"

connection

cylinderand

pass

It is

invisible.

cable

Spark

good conducting

by throwing

the

can

Fig. zS-

and

of the

by means
high tension

communication

ablv

Farm

the

"

wires,

of these

on

the
to
tion
illustraSpark Plug. Reference
will show
two
platinum wire points at the inner
of the spark plug which, together with
the insulating
One
substance, comprise the essential
parts.
The

132.

the

Gasoline

is

creek

course.

the

ends

between
ends

it attempts

are

reason-

strong, it will undertake

The

jump

to

Gasoline
the

across

the metal

This

is the
How

134.

air to

we

the

is not

cause

long

the

that

tube

the

as

current

floating,heated
only difl'erence

is heated

much

more

intense

timer

closes

between

gap

is strong

other;
and

the

circuit

wire

it is

enough
of

and
as

all floating

proof

jumping

the

No

of

gap.

of electricity

amount

of sufficient

the

is.

break

and

an

The

ignitionis
and the floating
in the one
case
but the heat from
the spark is
the
easier to regulate. When
this

and

and

hot

allows

the

tube

current

suddenly interrupted by
platinum points and, if the

the

1-16

to

1-32

"

wire

between

the

the

Charge.

particles where

particlesin

through

particlesof

pacity
carrying caan
explosion in a keg of gunpowder
it was
not
interrupted; in fact, it
itself that does the ignitingbut the

passing along
so

of in

use

121

see.

It Fires

would

heat

white

made

spark

Farm

the

carrying minute
and heating these

it

the

it has

energy

on

gap,

with

along
particlesin

the

Engine

there

is

space

the

between

inch

of

to

pass

this air
current

only

about

points, it leaps

heating the particlesin the air to a white heat.

This
heat
is sufficient to ignite the fuel vapor.
The
Jump Spark. This is the so-called jump
135.
of its
account
spark or high tension
system, and on
of operation, it has
rather
the
simplicity and ease
lead
work.
enginemen, especially for farm
among
across,

"

There
the
the
for

is little about

points

become

it to
worn,

out

get

of order

and, when

they finallywill, under

spark plug may be renewed
as

repeated heating, the

something like a dollar.

136.
make
of two
which

These

The

and

Make

break

metal

or

and

Break.

low

tension

"

Some

system.

engines
This

use

the

consists

points inside the engine cylinder,one

is movable
and is operated by mechanical
means.
points are usually in contact, and a current

of

of

The

122

Engine

Gasoline

by

the

the

when

system

the

between

the

and

accumulation

The

points are
broken
a
spark

frequently been
jump spark system.
liable
the

heat, and

and

make

has

intense

moment

spark, and

hottest

substitutingit for the

and
more
are
slidingmechanism
order than stationarypoints,in

the

at

contact

is

contact

points.

two

engine

an

fired,the

the

rather

furnishes
of

be

when

and

interruptedas

spark plug ; then,

is to

charge

pulled apart
leaps

in the

air gap

is not

them

electricity
passing through

Farm

the

on

break
the

ficiency
ef-

increased
The

by
points

get

out

to

of

of carbon

presence

less accessible

are

screws
cleaning or repairingthan the plug, which
these
into the cylinder at the top. For
reasons
cipally,
printhe call
the jump spark method
to have
seems
while
the non-professionalengine owners,
very
among

for

of the

many
because

of the

Fig.

the

experts favor

hotter

mixtures,

"

spark
and

by firingthe
moment

Bosch

Magneto,

in the

the

presence

increased

charge
and

make

dependable

more

36.

the

more

and

service

the

from

obtained

of variable

given

promptly

system

View.

Exterior

power

condensing

break

at

time

or

the

the
of

faulty
engine

most

ficient
ef-

impulse.

124

The

wound

with

magneto
may

with

Gasoline

may

wire.

Because

be

at

run

of

handful

which

magnet

of

38."

becomes

of

Bosch

Breaker

objects.

If

to

have

strength
the
iron

of

strength
were

and

stant.
con-

contact

separate
metallic

be

become

loosely around

wound

all these
of the

substituted

Contact

Showing

Magneto,
Distributor.

touching it, each

without
said

wire

small

up

speed

be

in

brought

pick

to

the

view

View

Rear

difference, the

this

Rear

Fig.

Farm

the

speed or
dynamo must

magnet,

used

be

may

of

nails, each

wire

horseshoe

common

on

desired

any

that

varied, while

be

Engine

coil of the

may

magnets

will

make

magnetic

field.

magnet

magnet

and

be
total

the

separate
for the

wire

net
mag-

and

separate

so-called

the

up

soft

current

of

If

electricity
passed through, the magnetic action of the
be much
intense, but
more
surrounding coil would
while
the
current
would
was
passing,
only remain
while
the magnetism set up by the steel, though less

The

Gasoline

intense, remains

set

in the

up

instead

because,
with

some

been

influenced

This

coil

second

induced

By increasing the
coil and
revolving

it has

which

on

magnetic

electric

or

induced

an

current

by direct contact
magnetic fluid,it has

or

into

number
it

125

created

being

of electrical
or

Farm

the

coil is called

of

source

electrical

on

in all parts of the

its influence.

exerted
action

Engine

existence.

of

rapidly

fields,this induced

wire

of

turns

between

current

in the

magnetic

or

be

greatly
magnetic

may

strengthened until what began as a feeble

electric curan
rent
impulse in the magnet finallybecomes
of considerable
which
on
intensity.The armature
this

coil

is carried

consistingof
of many

length.

of

turns

of fine

turns

with

few

is wound

in

all of which

wire,

The

influence

electrical

has

to

be

its
electricity

of

nonconductor

some

the second

wire, and

coarse

first

parts, the

two

or

current

set

sulated
intire
en-

up

primary winding, as it is called, is

frequently interrupted by a mechanically operated
in this

coarse

or

circuit-breaker,so

only by

short

jerks.
set

current

secondary
it is by
as
intense

or

the

that

the

These

up

large coil
hundreds

an

to

interruptionsto
induced

current

of fine wire
of turns

the
in

flow

mary
-prithe

which, intensified

of

wire, becomes

so

the high
presently passes over
cable
the
finds
tension
there
to
a
spark plug and
break
between
the firingpoints, it promptly leaps the
intenselyhot spark.
gap, forming an
this spark is only produced by the breaking of
As
the primary circuit it is necessary
for the magneto
to
be

set

that, when

is allowed

current

in definite
so

that

the

it

relation
break

to

will

the
occur

crank
at

shaft
the

of the
instant

gine,
en-

the

engine piston is at the right point for the firingof the

tion
charge. This calls for positive drive, and belt or fricin
be used
drive, possible with dynamo, cannot

Engine

Gasoline

The

126

with

connection

high

on

tension

Farm

the

Just why this

primary current

magneto.

is induced
when
the
secondary current
is interrupted would
of explanation.
require pages
is a lazy fellow
however,
so
Electricity,
long as things
with
that he
he is interfered
run
smoothly. It is when
his

puts forth

energies and does work

above
description is

of

useful

exerts

or

alternating
suitable
for the jump
current, high tension
magneto,
spark system of firing with spark plug. They^ are
the
driven
by suitable worm,
spur or bevel gears from
shaft of the engine and, once
crank
installed,need no
attention
for years
oilingof the
beyond an occasional
of them, like the one
described, have
bearings. Some
is staIn others
the armature
tionary,
a
revolving armature.
The

energy.

while
Low

139.

the

is for

magneto

in which

the

the

revolve.

magnets

Tension

an

Magnetos.
make

and
does

current

The

"

break

low^

of

system
have

not

to

tension

be

tion,
igni-

intense

the
out
enough to jump a gap, but simply follows
is broken,
moving point for an instant as the contact
for the
It is also used
forming a short electric arc.
is installed
high tension or jump spark system in which
a
separate intensifier or spark coil. It works
like the high tension
excepting that there is
magneto
sists
no
secondary winding, while the one coil of wire conof moderate-sized
Care

140.

the

attention
for

of

be

let alone.

where

it

was

the

coil

the

winding.

are

In

"

x\ll the

the

expert

understands

easilyaccessible;
little oil should

the
A\^ater

oil

insulation
may

cause

terms

amateur

be

the

less

the

ter,
bet-

how

to

ordinarilyneed

parts which

intended, but

softens

general

gets from

electrical

them.

readjustment

Magneto.

magneto

onl}^an

reassemble

wire.

the
used

rest
on

should
the

all

parts

dropped carelesslyon
and
easily ruin
may
short

circuits

also.

Gasoline

The
While

most

is

term

magnetos

Rust

weather.

the

for

not

properly cared for

be good for three

Fig. 39.

should
be

Showing

"

last

renewed

is not

sending

the

certain that

to

five years

dollar
the
may

to
or

of

and

In

of

less.

the

If

Even

Base.

Engine

on

then

it

can

If the
may

broken

spark becomes
need
remagnetiz-

down

at

the

amateivr,

back

to

the

works

the

to

ought to
magnetic field

for

is where

exposure

magneto

repair job

magneto

emergency

connections.

Place

fifteen.

magnets
be

for

the

attacks

winding

eight

uniformly Aveak
ing or a winding
This

also

127

water-proof, the

as

months

or

Ignition Magneto

from
for

weeks

Farm

the

intended

and

the

on

regarded

are

relative

only

safety only,

Engine

trouble

some

but

for

is located.

point.
before

repairsbe
]\Ianu-

128

The

facturers

say

the

that

right and
engine.

that

Where

141.

of

the

sparking

least

back
the

the

all under

40.

"

Simple High

TO

is

engine

the

spark

Tension

turned

is not

Wiring
Magneto.

the

magneto,

without

the

spark.

system.
start

the
used

engine
the

until

while
Some

battery
; then

balance

Best.

are

part of

other

Not

"

all

first

tion
revolu-

reluctant

about

available

while

System, Using

hand.

by

produced

runs

so

speed

netos
mag-

rewinding

the

even

the

CTiClNZ FRAME

and

the

low

the

for

Is

with
are

of

cent,

some

System

some

Farm

the

is in

spark

CPCyNO

Fig.

to

trouble

fly-wheel;

at

on

fiftyper
the shop

Double

produce

magnetos

Engine

at

coils sent

and
all

Gasoline

In

dry
time.

though
on

use

cells

it is switched

satisfactorycombination,
better
now
grade magnetos

words,
and

engine starts
engine will not

operators

of the

other

the

the

of

Batteries

the

double

with

tion
igni-

is installed

of" and
This

start

the

makes

market

neto
magvery

of

some

the

to

the

spark

The

Gasoline

is

produced

not

needed.

so

What

142.

Engine

on

that

the

promptly

Primary

the

Farm

the

129

auxiliarybattery

Circuit

Includes.

is

The

"

jump spark or high tension system has both a primary

break
and
and
a
secondary circuit; the make
usually
The
the battery,
but
one.
primary circuit includes
coil of the induction
the primary or
inner
wire
coil,
the

contact

Its

timer.
coil
the

breaker

object is

and, after the

induced

current

magnetize

current

breaker

contact

to

or

by

and

buzzer

or

the

been

has

vibrator

the

the

and

commutator

of the

core

set
set

or

to

up,
up

interruption of

spark

operate

secondary
the
primary
a

circuit.

Secondary Circuit.
secondary coil of the induction
The

143.
or

Fig. 41.

Using

plug,

"

Low

Tension
Magneto With

and

"

This

includes

coil, and

the
the

fine

spark

and Break
Make
Spark Wiring System,
Batteries as Auxiliary Source of Current.
or

cable.
Its mission
tensify
is to inhigh tension
the primary current
vey
by induction, and to conit to the engine cylinder,where
the spark gap that
fires the charge is located.

The

130

The

144.
should

be

wire

Gasoline

Wiring
short

on

System.

The

best

high

of

twisted

twenty,

Fig.

tinned

42.

tension

and

and

Low

carbon

pole

The

fine

terminal

wound.

are

from

by

It

second

wire

of the

the

the
of

"

with
It

is

the

nuts

that

on

the
for

the

to

that

see

connected

with

binding posts

connections
the

as

many
successive

wire

nects
con-

same

terial
ma-

battery to a
the engine.

third

wire

nects
con-

timer.

important

thoroughly

Conductors.

tension

negative pole of
ground connection
usually the frame
the negative pole of the coil a
From
runs

as

of

battery with the positive

usually consists of several
which
several
sulation
layers of in-

wires, around

copper

consists

Current

low

larger

of the

coil.

the

on

and

in

used

coil is much

covered

Tension

layers of insulatingtape.
the

cable

wires, often

copper

together

High

"

wiring system
heavily insulated

of

connecting the spark plug with the

than
the lower-powered conductor
number

Farm

the

The

"

and

possible

as

cable.

or

Engine

terminals

are

all of

clean

may

contacts,

screwed

free from
be

these

down
rust.

made

of

wires
and

are

the

tightly,and
A good varnish
sealing wax

enough linseed oil to prevent

Short
its being brittle.
circuitingis sometimes
caused
in damp
or
by a drop of water
foggy weather
getting in below the fly nut holding the high tension
dissolved

in

gasoline, with

The

132

Gasoline

break

system
of

trip
spark,

the

and

of

Avould

be

weaker

from

great

danger

the

piston,

and

Do

not

engine

is

good
is

of

run

it

Advance

of

ascending
all

any

place

behind

escaping

to

the

gases.

them

has

in

the

length,

springs
tion
condi-

new

is

engine

retarding

speed
almost

be

to

is

it

is

far

too

Aside

impulse

this

strain

is

cranking,

certainty.

arm,
a

spark

the

hand

of
a

broken

one,

result.

conditions,

is

to

governor

the

lag

advanced.

be

piston

bearings,

upon

connections.

its

of

length

gradually

developed,

If

crank

this

vary

may

meet

to

slow

kick

back

or

of

one

the

ber
num-

adjusted

the

change

normal
the

for

alike

cylinder

without

for

pound

against

lag

spark

engine

by

once

one

should

spark

advanced
a

To

the

Set

worse.

much

in

measured

If

foolishness.

the

start

the

of

greater

were

tween
be-

lag

the

runs

step.

spring

Follies."

the

faster
To

into

and

formation

the

covers,

explosion

wasteful

is

the

stififer

changing

without

fall

and

make

the

perceptible

all, and,

for

would

has

cylinders

the

same

Spark

147.

lag

all

In

engine

the

this

weaker

and

sparker

faster

the

or

still

the

If

others

run

igniter

degrees

revolution.

and

the

Farm

the

on

Mechanism."

Irregular

146.

the

Engine

time

until

but
learn

exhaust,

not

full

the

enough

useful

retarded

on

lessons

studying

of

power

to

the

pound.
on

the

spark.

spark
character

ing
timof

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

VIII.

ENGINE

ON

REGULATION.

distinct
two
Controlling an
Engine. The
ment
phases of engine regulationthat require separate treatsuch
control.
Of
as
are
speed and temperature

148.

these

"

The

149.
A

good
hunting
in the

former

the

two

True

first considered.

be

Mission

of the

the

around

world

the

When

when

governor

matter

Speed
have

engine operators

many

mission.

will

except

Controller.

nothing

was

mistaken

trouble-

gone

there

"

idea

of its

engine operates for any length of

time at greater than
its normal
speed without
being
there is something wrong
with
automatically checked
the governor.
it drops below
When
normal
the governor
fails to act
because
there
is nothing for it to
do.
The
fault is in the load, the fuel, or the engine.
The
is intended
only to control speed when
governor
it attempts
when

an

rise above

to

normal,

it has

people

many

the

keep

normal.

of overload

account

on

the

think

to

the

to

up

poor

fuel

whatever

nothing

seem

speed

or

With

the

standard

to

the
it

low
drops bedo, although

should

governor
as

speed,

well

as

down

it.

to

Governors
is

are

preventing

standard
we

and

their

fixed in the

the

the

we

as

This
a

wrong

133

Their

sole

sion
mis-

from

risingabove a certain
change their adjustment,

standard

mission.

mind,

creators.

speed

and, when

merely change
not

speed

not

which

they operate,
idea should
be firmly
conception of it has
at

The

134
been

the

Gasoline

Engine

Farm

the

confusion

of endless

cause

on

with

engine

many

operators.
A

150.

Rules

Few

normal

at

speed

If the
fall
be

load

is increased

trifle below

the

the

load

full load

the

the

gine
en-

governor

in action.
few

normal

is decreased

is inclined

engine

When

"

pounds

the

; still the

speed

may
will

governor

inactive.

and

unnecessary
If the

is under

is not

and

is unnecessary,

Remember.

to

little

rise

to

that

so

above

the

speed
the

normal,

of

ernor,
gov-

if in
and

act, and

to

to

In

only

is the

dency
working order, promptly checks the tenbrings it back to normal ; then it ceases
is no
until the speed attempts
longer necessary
rise again.

with

the

is

three

fault ; in

no

load

the

conditions

cited, the

if it remains

fault

at

governor

first there

the

of

one

the

is

inactive.

last,

In

the

trouble

second, the

is

heavy for the engine,

or
some
part of the latter is out of adjustment. In
the speed is quickly brought back
the last, unless
to
It
normal, the fault is certainlywith the governor.
be remembered,
must
however, that regulating a rise
follow
the sudden
of speed such as may
throwing off
of

full load

151.

We

to

requires

set

may
below

run

the
its

continually below
under

variable

full power.
We
may
order
not

to

it for

increase

is

the

; it has
no

too

moment

load

no

its work

for

two

or

the

ernor
gov-

regain control.
Governor
Adjustment Does.
the engine
to allow
as
so
governor
normal
speed; then it will keep it
hold
it steady at that
and
speed

loads, but

set

respond

If there

adjust itself to
What
Changing

to

"

fuel, or

the

engine

higher

power;

and

than

then

will

not

normal
the

speed of its own

the engine itself

develop

speed

governor
to

may

in

will

contribute.
have

suf-

The

Gasoline

when

ficient power,
the

steam

engine might
be

would

due

engine

the

to

and

not

to

run

released
to

the

above

up

or

inclination

higher

runaway

normal.

This

the

contribution

any

natural

of

powers

135
the

to

up

horse

runaway

climb

It is the

governor.

trolled
uncon-

from

of any

the

engine

its surplus energy

running light to exhaust
speed. It will do this always unless
load
that just consumes
or
a
by a governor

when
extreme

its entire
it and

Either

capacity.

the

just as good as
helplessas the other
of its

energy

Methods

152.

is sufhcient

one

is

one

quite as
any

as

Farm

the

on

unchecked,

speed

same

Engine

to

the

to

strained
re-

control

to

other, while

add

in

is

one

from

speed

own.

of

The

Governing.
"

speed

of

an

over-

industrious

in either
be
moderated
of
engine may
three
by retarding the spark, by limiting the
ways:
complish
supply of fuel, and by changing its quality. To acone

more

or

which

of

these

we

use

of

one

three

designate as Ignition Control, the

Hit-and-Miss
As
system, and the Throttling method.
considerable
has already been
said with regard to the
first in Chapter VII, we
will now
ourselves
concern
methods,

with

the

153.

valve

other

we

methods.

two

Regulating the Fuel.

through the valves.
is kept from
opening;
in

and

possession

engine misses
speed returns
interfere.

fire and
to

normal

Sometimes

The

"

and

so,

fuel

that

supply

Sometimes
then
fuel

new^

loses

power

and

the

it is the

regulated, either by reducing

and

fuel

the

the

the

burned

cannot

enter,

so

valve

main
re-

the

until the
ceases

governor

volume

exhaust
gases

impulses
intake

is regulated

that

of vapor

to

is
mitted
ad-

plosion
reducing both the compression and exor
by cutting ofif the gasoline only,
pressure,
without
reducing compression, introducing a

so

will

not

explode

at

all

; or,

if it

does, with

Gasoline

The

136

greatly diminished
the fuel supply is
to
speed responses
rather

Method

The

154.

varietyof
from

energy.
cut

out

this

on

In

Farm

the

smaller

many

entirelyand

method

are

engines
engine's

the

but

quite prompt

wasteful.

Fig. 43."

in the

Engine

of

Speed

Hit-or-Miss

mechanical

fuel, most

System. There
devices
for making

of which

Valves.

Regulation Through

"

may

best

be

are

these
studied

great

changes
direct

the

engine. None of them involve any mysterious

or
new
principles. In general,a push rod presses
against the valve stem at properly timed intervals and
it. When
the speed increases
the engine govopens
ernor
operates

some

chain

of mechanical

contrivances

The

this

deflect

to

it does

not

closed.

In

the

Gasoline

governor

than

in

once

little interval

suddenly

the

; then

137

course,

the

of

its full

that

so

valve

suitable

while

for

load, would
very

remains

engines

reduced

be

economical
intended

separators, electric generators

cream

Farm

the

its usual

stem

this system,

is not

on

four-cycleengine there is no chance for

to
change the valve operation oftener
two
revolutions, so it may
require some
before
the speed of an
of time
engine,

released

and

much,

from

rod

push

touch

Engine

or

and

for
any

liable,
re-

driving

such

chinery
ma-

of steadiness.
requiring the maximum
Like the hit-or-miss
Throttling Governor.
155. The
is almost
type, the throttlingsystem of government
varied as the different makes
of engines. They vary
as
the size of the charge instead
of cutting it out
entirely,
and are
the best for close regulation.
considered
Either
of these forms
of
156. Types of Governors.
speed control may be secured by one of several types
"

"

of

controllers, the

most

the pick blade

centrifugal,

has

of

common

and

inertia

which

are

governors.

the

Each

its limitations.
The

centrifugal
all depend upon
the principlethat a weight
governors
tends
to swing out
center
a
revolving rapidly around
from
the center.
fitted with
Two
each
a weight
arms,
at the outer
end, are
hinged at opposite sides of a
The

157.

shaft

To
a

to

Centrifugal

sleeve

which

is free

regulate the results

spring is attached to

toward

feed

the
of the

center.

Governor.

to

"

slide upon

the

shaft.

of this

tendency to swing out

each weight, tending to hold it
mechanism
The
controlling the

engine gets

its initial movement

from

the

of these
swinging outward
weights beyond a certain
point. The springs try to restrain the weights within
that point,but when
the latter are whirled
by the speed
of the engine up to a certain
velocity their tendency

The

138

Gasoline

Exgine

on

Farm

the

from
the center
the power
overcomes
swing away
of the spring and the restrainingmechanism
; then
as
the speed decreases
the centrifugalpull is reduced
so
that the springs again overcome
it. This
type of governor
take the form
of two
familiar
to
fly-balls,
may
all as a part of the steam
engine ; or they may consist
of weights in any
form
and
be attached
the
to
may
cam
shaft, the crank shaft, the fly-wheelor any other
rapidly revolving part of the engine. Xearly all farm
to

Fig.

44.

engines

"

are

Centrifugal

Governor

fitted w^ith

Attached

form

some

to

Carburetor.

of governor

of this

type.
158.

The

Pick-Blade

device, which

Type.
receives

"

swinging

its motion

or

from

dulum
pensome

to a push rod
moving part of the engine, is attached
at ordinary speed swings into a
or
"pick-blade"which
in a rod or lever operating the valve.
notch
the
AVhen
speed of the engine increases
beyond a certain point
this blade
too
swings outward
quickly and misses the

valve

lever; hence

operating speed

of

the
this

valve

type

remains
of

closed.

governor

may

The
be

Gasoline

The

140

one

little

area,

and

Engine
the

to

nearer

spark timing

the

time

on

Farm

the

when

will

be

valve

governor,

of harmonious

out

adjustment.

e
o
Fig, 46.
"

Side

View

of

Cam

Action

Lever.

on

can
Governing by Ignition. Spark control
only be applied within very restricted limits, as all of
lie between
the point where
its possibilities
a
reverse
impulse is fired against the piston and that w^here the
of the pressure
spark is so late that the full volume
reaches
the piston at all. These
limits may
be
never
stroke
30" of the outward
approximated at about
before
and
much
dead
center
as
perhaps one-fourth

160.

"

To

after.

retard

the

spark, too,
this

is very

when

with

throttlingalso. In fact, the

obtained
with
throttling alone
for retarding,as
specialreasons

results
aside

form
be

may
from

such

is

unite

it is customary,
some

method

wasteful, and

used,

to

of

it

same

and,
when

engine, it seems
starting the
hand-cranking and
out
preferableto depend upon governing the speed withinterferingwith the spark.
161.
Although the
Controlling the Temperature.
heat
internal
combustion
gine
ena
engine is essentiall}^
the conservation
of all heat
and
produced would
"

seem

to

be

of fuel economy,

matter

why it is necessary
destroy a part of

to
our

introduce

there

are

reasons

cooling system

high temperature

after

we

and
have

The
obtained

Gasoline
First

it.

pre-ignition.If
to

remain

would
before

the

141

is the

reasons

combustion

the

metal

extreme

chamber

in the

FiG. 47."

For

to

the

cylinderit

be
162.

temperatures,

hot

too

of business.

used

these

Farm

the

of

danger

allowed

was

the

at

Such

out

of

on

it attained
at the
high temperature
of ignition all subsequent charges of fuel
be fired the instant
they entered the chamber,
the latter could
be filled or
the charge compressed.

moment

heat

Engine

operate

is also

put

the

piston

lubricants

the
that

necessary

soon

the

perature
tem-

controlled.
Usual

Systems.

Type

of

Cooled

Oil cooled

and

protectionof

The

gines are

too, would

cooled

Air

by

engines

"

Practicallyall

Cylinder Used
Engines.

one

have

of two
been

methods

built, and

On

farm

"New

air and
some

en-

Way"

water.

of them

Gasoline

The

142

conditions

such

under

but

good work,

done

have

Engine

they
the

as

Farm

on

the

are

not

in

common

farm

average

use

would

have

meet.

to

air
the

Air

The

163.

is not

engine

than

few

at

the

house.

under

they
forgetfulnessdoes

not

cooled

and

gines
en-

is

more

quite

small

are

portant
im-

engine,

work

about

simpler, have
less

are

for

engines

hand
also

are

reasons

In

costly.

decided

advantage ; a bit of
burst water
jacket. The

mean

parts, too, of the

size

especiallywhere

quality that
especiallythe

They

have

weather

small

full load

Air

chores

these

for

parts and

extra

method,

time.

motor,
do

to

and

barn

cold

favorite

usually run

farm

is used

fewer

"

easily moved,

in the

the

hours

light and
wdiich

is

cooling

For

Engine.

Cooled

cooled

water

engine

all have

to

occasionally,kept supplied with

water, and in correct
operation.
164. The
Water-Cooling System. For long jobs
under
full
the engine has to work
a
though, or where
cooled
is the best, especially
load, the water
system
far more
for heavy engines. Water
are
temperatures
than
air and
the
stable
danger of overheating and
fronts
warping some
part of the engine, that always conbe

for, cleaned

cared

"

with

air cooled

the

absent

cooling also

when
has

alone

the

power.
be

may

less, is

cooling is adopted.
advantage of keeping a more
after it is once
regulated.

cooling system, too,

increase
and
working

decreases

or

more

water

temperature,
losses

system

from

energy,

to

35

per

while
from
cent,

Water
stant
con-

An

ficient
ef-

radiation

decrease

variation

The

15

will

tirely
en-

ing
cool-

poor
this
of

source

the

heat

generated.
165.

The

Open

jacket is a part

being

cast

of the

double

Usually the water

engine casting,the cylinderwalls

Jacket
and

the

Method.

space

"

between

filled in with

water.

then
the

Fig.

of

The

Gasoline

The

water,

as

it has

course

advantage

of

Engine

to

be

48. Depicting Flow

"

small

and

method
of

amount

of Water
Through
Cooled
Engine.

143

evaporates;

This

renewed.
a

Farm

the

heats, boils

it

using

on

Jackets

has

water,

of

Water

easilyreplaced; so there is no objection

drain pipe at night and
to opening the
allowing the
jacket to empty in freezing weather.
The
166.
CirculatingSystem. Frequentlya tank of
is located
beside the
greater height than its diameter
of which
connection
is made
engine, from the bottom
with
the bottom
of the water
nection
jacket. A similar conis made
between
the top of the
a
point near

which

can

be

"

jacket
the

and

water

jacket and

the
is

tank.

Once

filled,the

automatic, the heated

flowing from

the

upper

circulation

of

risingin

the

water

outlet

over

to

the

The

144

tank

Gasoline
cooler

the

while

Engine

on

of the

water

connection

through the lower

jacket. Sometimes

tank

in
is

pump

Farm

the

is

the

replacing it

bottom

of

this

with

connected

the

TAPPET
ARM
INLET
VALVE
SPRING

VAL

INLET

CHECK
GASOLINE
FEED

CUR

of Cylinder of I. H. C. Engine, Showing

Sectional View
Integrally Cast Hopper Used in Open Jacket Cooling System.

Fig. 49.

"

the

system

and

action

of the

in

the

allows

cone

large

thin

This

makes

and

water

surface

as

quite

168.

of
the

an

is needed

to

spread

so

an

little water
pump

by

"

engines

through

engine.
A Good
CirculatingPump System.
quite general use in the cooling of

167.
now

forced

water

to

out

fall at
to

by

its

efficient cooler

in

is

required.

elevate

the

Systems. While
of water-cooling designs
all of them
depend upon

diversion

pump,
of

some

of

small

size

an

verted
in-

relatively
weight.
paratively
com-

this system,

water.

upon

the

difference

running

plan

which

With

there

"

own

One

of

top

air in

the

it descends

Other

engine

the

positive

are

the

riety
great vamarket, practically
a

action
in

stream.

of

gravity,

temperature,
Of

or

all these

The

Gasoline
last is the

systems

the

wasteful

of

nothing

goes

danger of
it is the

engine

Water

that

will

that

so

having

deviation

than

intervals
results

be

will

is the

tity
quanof

the

with

190" and

200", or

Water

System.

the

only a
quantity to

best

such

this

is, the

the

as

ence
differ-

An

ing
engine workgreater tendency

rule

obtained

between

least

what

have

As

rest.

the

The

might require.

of

though
beginning,

best.

only partiallyloaded

one

of which

temperature

be

will

constant

itself remains

water

it should

full load

steadilyat
heat

the

if

; so,

is the
"

more

right

is

overcome

determined

once

all

resistance

Use.

to

keep

the

from

145
the

there

costly in

boiling point

the

of conditions

to

to

circulation

of

down

and,

only

force

water

little below
use

it, but

obstruction, the

Amount

of

with

of forced

Farm

the

costly because
Gravity feed is

enough
complicated and

more

169.

on

most

units.

wrong

have

form

some

heat

some

it will not

Engine

that

or

the

has

quent
fre-

efficient

most

where
somecooling water
just a littlebelow the

boiling point.
170.

Care

of

"

In

cold

weather

the

full

advantage of an air cooled engine is realized if

freeze up.
to
one
ever
forgets and allows the water
Modern
engines are now
generally constructed
very
with
of cooling which
is claimed
be exto
a
empt
system
from frost dangers, and to a limited extent
this
is true.

weather
that

Wherever
it is

is used,

water

part of the

care

of

connections
pipes and water
secured
from danger.
the circulatingsystem
Where
is
water
really circulates,and clean
occasionally.If the scale is hard use

acid

the

to

from

four

to

condition

to

ten

times

however,
an

are

used
out
one

its volume

of the scale.

Be

sure

in

engine
in

to

some

see

the

cold
see

way

that

the

sediment

pint muriatic
of water,

and

add

cording
ac-

the

Gasoline

The

146

acid to the

the

not

water,

remain

mixture

Engine

from

is almost

sort

all of them

depend

certain

and

this

flush

then

ways
nearly al-

result.

vised

be

not

chemical

as

form

Let

are

should

to

some

upon

acid.

These

"

some

the

48 hours,

thoroughly.
Anti-freezing Mixtures.
171.
injurious to the metal and
except where
absolutely necessary,
of

Farm

the

to

water
to

12

on

action

Practically

oil, alcohol

of

or

salt.
Where

with
circulatingsystem is not in contact
cium
or
galvanized iron, 3^ to 4 lbs. caleach
is cheap and
to
gallon of water

the

zinc, aluminum
chloride

effective,but
similar

electric

to

inclined

before

stand

and

will

solution

loses

exposed

to

zero,

not

has

no

Twenty

to

in

water

reached, and

is

will

not

55%

will
is

This, however,

below.

will stand

water

the

15" below
gradually

will

alcohol

be

cent,

for

the

and

raises

also

jurious
is in-

higher point. Glycerine

Where

air.

to

sediment

10"

above

and

alcohol

any

originalproportions gradually when

met,

less than

per

alcohol, 15 of glycerine and

tubing, though,

open

mixture

is suitable
When

freeze

not

its

the

must

in

is also

acid.

and

rubber

to

used

10"

15 parts

boiling point

15"

sediment

trouble.

harmful, but

of

of water

as

action

out.

mixture

the

destructive

salt

The

zero

of

alcohol

glycerine

contains

is not

evaporate

70

of

above

15"

and

One-third

make

temperature

expensive
zero

and

cent,

per

it starts

battery.

settle

to

Thirty
freeze

zinc

with

much

as

30%

should

and

does
wood

ordinary

temperature

temperature

25%

as

them

render

of

be
not

alcohol

effective.
used.

must

and

low
be

If below
alcohol

AYood

corrode

alcohol

as

machinery.
80% water

weather.
falls to

40"

draw

the

water

Gasoline

The

148

extending
of

tank
be

it

in

through

so

and

water

be
allow^
back

water

to

of

the

water

by

or

hot

tank
air

there

to

engine

run

the

is

with
utilized

no

down

cylinder.

leak

into

the

by

in
the

of

air

pipes

both

heating.
the

ing
boil-

providing

ends
in

will
there

to

series

open

engine.

and

minutes,

be

greater

brought

be

and

can

the

from

passing

through

up

interference

less

can

60

pipe
pipe

blast

to

30

that

taken

the

and

the

across

must

will

from

circulation

its

this

Farm

the

larger

exhaust

tank

gallon
point

hot

the

on

larger

surface

with

twenty

for

The

water.

be

of

means

heating

the

will

by

Engine

pipe
exhaust

the
Care
which
and

CHAPTER

THE

The

that

frame

Fig. 50.

"

we

definite

any

BEARINGS.

seems

possible
utterly im-

so

of

the

provides

and

engine
to

It also

any

holds

correct

in
and

attained

It

use.

has,

of

independent foundation
the

various

relation

line with

gives
unless

to

with
the
all

these

the

none

Explosion

of

Bolts.

First, it supports

uses.

means

forced

its presence

Strain
Bearings Incorrectly Placed.
Impulse Exerted
Directly Against Cap and

important

without

sort

any

Main

of

shaft

It

consider

to

less, a number

in

"

engine

an

apt

are

without

us

upon

construct

ITS

AND

Frame.

Engine

to
a

SHAFT

CRANK

173.

IX.

anchoring
wish

we

to

it

curely
se-

erect.

parts of the
each

engine rigid and

other; keeps the crank

piston stroke
a
stabilitythat

various
149

parts

were

and

its

could

tions,
connec-

never

be

securely tied

The

I50

Gasoline
all

together by

Engine

being

on

fastened

Farm

the

this

rigidlyto

common

base.

Gasoline

Fig. 51.

not

only
of

Fig. 52.

"

to

Bearings
Cap and
resist

them

to

come
case

Main

"

frames

engine

Placed

Main

absorb

vibration

afifect the
horizontal

more

engines

the

which
delicate
bed

Comes

Strain

On

Impulse.
which

shocks

or

impulse, but, in the

in their body in some

Bearings Correctly Placed

Bed
of Engine.

the

measure

speciallystrong.

of blows

power

large engines, to

be

Twisting

Every

series
each

so

Bolts

the

with

should

"

All

Stress

Taken

would

otherwise

parts.

In

design

should

the
be

by

ously
sericase

such

of
that

the

the

the

between

union

bolted

Farm

the

151

impulse impinges against a portion

provided to receive it rather than against

frame

of the

on

the

of

force

Engine

Gasoline

The

and

cap

bed

main

of the

(See Figs. 50 to 52.) The base plate of a

horizontal
engine should always be so set that the
shaft
crank
the
cylinder is inclined slightlytoward
from
rather
the lubricatingoil away
to drain
in order

bearings.

than

the

toward

Shaft.

Crank

The

174.

It

gine.

deliver

must

receive

must

it to

strong enough
a

to

twisting strain

Fig. 54.

"

Three

the

the

not

the

en-

Crankshaft.

full

of

powder

the

engine,

driven

give and
instead

Throw

has

of

backbone

the

Single Throw

"

shaft

crank

The

"

called

inappropriatelybeen

FiG. 53.

chamber.

part of the combustion

inner

be
machinery, and must
the impulse under
to receive
of a straightpull. It should

Crankshaft,

With

Counterpoise

or

ance
Bal-

Weights.
be

made

be

cut

The
of 400

of
out

the
of

crank-pin
pounds

best

of

mass

should
per

mild

be

square

steel
metal

and
rather

the

should

crank

than

forged

designed to stand
inch of piston area,

on.

strain

and

the

The

152

of the

diameter

length
times

of the

in the

the

diameter

the

main

of the

projection depends
bolted

to

the

fly wheel

latter, which

is

long enough
there

will

wheel

out

be

order

to

the

the

shaft

should

175.
mission

"

Fly

Gas

of the

the

be

only

pulley; then

operator

so

increase

shaft

engine

or

Flywheel

Engine

and

flywheel

speed arisingfrom
from

is

to

set

the

ing
twist-

the

shaft.

make

Wheels

If the

run

smoothly

more

to the crank, to
weights are fastened
compensate
its weight beyond the center
of shaft revolution.

Fig, 55.

The

of the

wheel

shaft.

the

and

gearing

belt

of the

be

1.75 to

length

the

to

full hub
to

from

the

keyed

temptation
the

be

whether
or

engage

the

on

should

preferable, the

no

from

stress

In

to

bearings should
the crank-pin.

shaft, and

upon

Farm

the

of

bearings

diameter

on

main

shaft

1.25 times

about

Engine

Gasoline

of

Their
to

correct

the intermittent

varying

crank

Design.

Approved
Mission.
any

"

It

is

unevenness

poAvers

for

of the

positionsby

the
of

line
gasostor-

up

out

again

In

when

in that

the

they

sense

one

also

they

of

bursts

excessive

ing

Engine

Gasoline

The

tends

as

store

Farm

the

and

energy

speed

act

on

to

then

but

Fig. 56.
"

is

they

it

normal.
do

more

energy.
Needed.

greater

"

The

that

carry

the

the

its full
the

instead

Typical Engine Bearing, Showing

Retaining Plugs A.

It is necessary

the

capacity for
given by
energy

being consumed

out.

heavier

is its

equalizingthe variable speeds. The

a
gasolineengine fluctuates rapidly from
to the point where, during
power
enero^v

giving

fall below

governor,

176. Heavy Fly Wheels

rim
of the fly wheel, the

stroke,

153

Oil

imum
max-

sion
compresof

Grooves

given

and

rim be heavy
fly wheel
all excess
given out at the
enough to absorb
energy
of the power
instant
impulse and then without
any
sudden
change of velocity,give enough of it back to

engine

however,

energy,
to
a

leave

its curved

straight one

stronger

over

in
at

the

compression

inclines

path

tangent

around
to

the
a

it; and

stroke.

swiftlymoving
and

center

this

heavy wheel than in a

equal speed. For this reason
a

ugal
Centrif-

take

rim
up

tendency is
volving
relighterone
the point is

The

154

Gasoline

reached

soon

the

the

the

unbalancing

why

so

There

wheels.

divide

we

wheels

tw^o

and

there

the

place

will

be

the

That

is

fly

two

distinct

several

however,

carry

vantages
ad-

singlewheel of greater weight, of which

are
important :
perhaps the most
side of the engine more
single wheel leaves one
in

these

to

twisting of the shaft.

gasoline engines have

and

are,

its velocity,

necessary

shaft, where

modern

many

increase

reduce

we

power

between

of the

least

further

to

compression stroke,

strain

end

each

at

its

Farm

the

safe

unless

provide

to

engine past
and

wheel

the

in order

weight
one

of

on

it is not

when

weight
so,

Engine

accessible.

sets

in the

variation

Any

serious

up

the

With

is

strain

third

the

bearing

has

the

engines,
moderate

of

small

the

price nearly

low

or

and

power

all have

shaft.

the

upon

wheels

two

single wheel is supported on

usually provided though only with

and
This

twisting
wheel

one

between

inertia

the

be

to

each

vided
proside.

pensive
large, ex-

engines

of

wheel

two

system.
At

dinary
engines of orsize requireflywheel
weight of about 100
horse-power of engine, the weight being

about

250

farm

pounds

per

divided

between

revolutions

the

two

engines require
than

throttled, while

load

can

inclined

use

to

on

Hit-and-miss
heavier

somewhat

engine used upon

advantage greater weight

of itself to

run

with

steadier

heavier

erned
gov-

fly wheels
variable

than

cycle
Four-

motion.

fly wheels
impulse only comes

one

than

two-

at

every

revolution.

Fly wheels
spokes. When
put

wheels.

an

engines require
the power
cycle,because
second

minute

per

the

shaft

straightand curved
latter, they should
invariably be
they will revolve with the advance

made

are

the
so

with

both

The

156
be

Gasoline
circle.

accurate

an

Engine

suitable

material, and

well

the

The

should

lining,too,
includes

this

Farm

the

on

be

of

lubrication,as

the

lining.
of
is a good deal
Best
178. The
Lining. There
be
should
difference
of opinion as
what
material
to
The
softer alloys,as
used
for babbitting the boxes.
babbitt
true
metal, have the advantage of being first
as

permanent

"

suffer

to

in

is

lubrication

of

case

to

break

wear

down

their

very

close

to

of

instead

crank

The

babbitt

shaft

being
the fault of not
only being too
well ; under
heavy loads they tend to
loads
moderate
and spread, though under
fitted
best
keeps them
pliancy sometimes
been
shaft that may
have
wearing out of

out
simply melted
ruined.
They have

soft

failure.
a

form.

Phosphor bronze,
under

almost

on

load

any

the
and

hand, will stand

other

almost

seems

up

unwearable

forgotten it begins to cut

and
the shaft
at
once
quite ruin it before the
may
hard
of the
been
noticed.
Some
failure has
alloys
is not
if their surface
and
liable to crack
are
perfect
low
the high and
unevenly and establish
spots wear
decided
a
tendency to cut.
of alloys often develop a tendency to
Linings made
account
separate into the original metals, either on
ing.
of careless
heat, or too rapid coolmixing, too much
into
there is a tendency to crystallize
Sometimes

but

should

be

lubrication

grains which
bearings.
is perhaps
Lead

are

coarse

known,
with
under

but

the

pressure,

loses

certain

on

the

conditions.

best

soft to stand

it is too

antimony,
but,

the

brittle

and

for

worthless

wear-resisting
the

metal

IMixed

pressure.

resultingalloy stands up better

of its wear-resistingqualsome
ities,

whole,
An

is

quite satisfactory under

alloy made

up

of but

two

sub-

Engine

Gasoline

The

Farai

the

on

157

hence, three or
pliability;
are
generally preferred.
important
lining the boxes for heavy usage one

more

In

should

difference

so-called

white

copper.

If

part of the

acts

the

alloys and

bronze

is used

as

is

melt

the

on

and

revolving shaft

the

The

friction.
the

instead, and

softened
and

friction

lubricant, reducing the

contain

tendency

increases

course

the

between

bronzes, which

there

cling to

to

copper

remembered

be

always

roughen it. This of

white
alloys begin to
metal

in

lacks

however,

stances,

of the
protecting the shaft, though at the expense
lining.
Heating may be caused
Why
Bearings Heat.
179.
by insufficient or poor lubricants, or by being too
tight or too loose, or by the shaft or bearing being
be a fit unless the journals
There
cannot
out of true.
true
are
cylinders,and there is a tendency with gasoline
engines to flatten at the points of highest
"

pressure.
In

the latter

grinding; the
not
a
job for
the

shaft
the

careless

As

let all interference

with

strictlyalone
doing what can be
of

fully in
180.

the

or

accuracy.

machinist's

better

be trued
bearings must
by grinding or filing;and
the

case

and

should

the

novice

the

shape

content

engines will

be

"

On

noticed

had
ings
bear-

himself

with

The

done

Wheels.

is

of the

of oil.
by means
hot
boxes, also babbitting, will
another
chapter.

Gear

this

It needs

amateur.

rule

by

up

almost

all makes

various

small

be

gear

ment
treat-

treated

of gasoline

wheels,

connecting rods. Most of these

belong to the valve, ignition,and governing systems,
and
set
to mesh
are
accurately with regard to each
other and the main
shaft.
To
change the set of any
cams,

of them

push levers

is to

court

and

trouble

unless

the

exact

purpose

The

158
of

wheel

the

made

to

the

he

the

which

of

tooth

they

and

without

with

no

one

reason

any
wheels

from

fail to

first

the

afford

to

that

the

positivelyknowing

is

change

depression into
Most
engines are so
the factory; but some

from

can

If for

of these

and

its mate.

come

the

circumstances

no

wdieel

and

any

under

Farm

the

fault.

remove

should

when

not,

are

to

on

understood

previous

it meshes

marked

Engine

fully

occasion

shaft

mark

is

correct

has

one

Gasoline

take

chances

any

marks

already

are

there.
To
detail

would

be

about

every

make

keeping
given, a

in

disclose

the

all

describing

attempt

of

mind

little

make

to

it

these

describe

to

the

on

in

trimmings

necessary

engine

the

market.

By

principles already
engine itself will soon

general

of

study

of

the
of

purpose

and

each

how

it

is

attained.

Care

181.

strain

no

but

that

Minor

of

the

Parts.

They

"

friction.

usual

under

are

the

All

tention
at-

they require as a rule is enough oil to keep

and
always easy to operate, and free from gum
For the slides an
occasional
dressing of graphite
benefit.
sene
Occasionally a w^ashing off with kero-

them
dirt.
is of

turpentine

or

of

of These

graphite

renders

relieve

and

then

smoother

and

now

them

will

of gum,

for

the

and

wheel

gear
them

causes

dressing

to

teeth
with

mesh

less friction.
Casual

182.

outfit, after

fittingsof
or

more

whim

much
are

its

more

needed

by

heavier

no

"

it has

of

and

Acquaintances.

means

been

which

own

the

use

for

represent

and, while

common

engines less than

a
necessity,even

rating, they

few

the

are,

of

course,

years,

has

needs, wisdom
are

becoming

they

are

5 H.

or

for

engine

every

Self-starters

owmer.

for

in

Almost

not

very

P., and

considerably

always

conve-

Engine

Gasoline

Tpie

they

providing

nience,

on

not

are

Farm

the

159

and

complicated

too

costly.
Gasoline

and

stationary

with

pumped

is

from

or

back

overflow

level

in

there

is

of

fuel.

purchasing

or

supply
A\nien

to

it

all, whether

intake
that

of

is

or

the

doing

and

care

the

exhaust

manufacturers

satisfactory

the

work
the

and,

attention
that

or

any

by
other

installed,
service.

most

taking
that

tuating
fluc-

to

tachment
at-

what
if

or

the

it

part

really

will

extra

do

is

expense,
of

important

of

that,

is

it

latter,
it

is

it

the

with

obstructing

and

the
and

due

interfere

may

either

engine,

sell
If

warrant

to

the

uncommon

filled.

whether

something

is

the

be

tity
quan-

for

well
to

gine
en-

constant

any

just

to

importance

extra

working

needs

the

to

insures

consider

created

consider

next

enough

the

was

that

place

wise
of

it

whether

fills

first

such

variations

engine

considering

should

one

for;

of

possibility

no

in

always

remains

carburetor

the

This

tank.

of

provided

is

pipe

base

line
gaso-

delivered

excess

the

to

below

tank

return

the

in

constant

then

carburetor;
the

is

The

engines.

tank

stationary

there

that

from

feed

gravity

of

place

portable

even

up

the

taking

are

pumps

the
the
left

air

system

alone,

i6o

The

Gasoline

Engine

on

the

Farm

CHAPTER

SETTING

X.

THE

ENGINE.

Proper Setting Important. Gasoline engines

when
are
practically automatic
properly installed.
less favorable
Under
conditions
they are only partially
the best
so
; hence, it is important to give them
surroundings possible.
tions
184. Stationary Foundations.
Stationary foundathe
in their
most
constant
are
requirements.
for meeting the requirements,
They also afiford the best chance
183.

"

"

include

and

they

which

all foundations

should

have

The

185.

and

absorb

four-fold

purpose
as

same

the dreaded
or

to

of

purposes

certain

the

engine,
its

to

of other

ideal

tions
condi-

include, that

better

than

Good

tion.
Founda-

foundation

are

maintain

to

work,

it

at

protect it

to

vibration

probably

any

to

moving machinery,

of the

amount

stiff,solid clay bed

engine.

the

aim

study.
Object of a

vibration,as

outside
to

should

weight of the
position in relation

fixed

from

the

the

support
a

several

of

closest

Four-fold

The

"

our

many

so

other

of the

serves

this
stance,
sub-

common

it is firm

and
at
enough to do the work
contains
time
enough elasticityto retard
which
crystallization
always sets up more

less in metals

whenever

an

irresistible force

is made

batter

persistentlyagainst a rigidobject.
of Foundation.
Surface
186.
Depth and Nature
disturbances, so
clay,however, is subject to its own

to

"

the foundation

should

be carried
161

well below

the

surface

62

The

Gasoline

by a wall
depending
the

and

three

of

stone

an
a

the

upon

the

concrete,

or

of

size

depth

the

engine

ground. Ordinarily a depth

ample for engines of six H. P.

will be

less ; 4 feet for up

heavy
large

deal

Farm

the

of

of the

nature

feet

on

brick

or

great

Engine

to

H.

twelve

or

five feet for

P. and

as

engine as twenty-five horse-power, or

needs.
stationary engine as a farm ever

as

Id'-

-/6'

-/6-

nu

-=M

C|/l
IB

=iJ

t"i
f"V-^t^

3f"-

t?
-fO'-

^S4"-

-/(T-

-56"
Fig. 58.
"

Gasoline

Engine

and

187.

engine
always
follows

sale

the

right angles

to

the

foundation.

Blue

Print.

include

off from

two

base

of

the

crank

lines

of

lines,one
shaft

the

horizontal

engine

each

and

other

blue

of this

and

crank
these

Space

ary
station-

Every

"

foundation

lines

center

In

cylinder.

for

of

Show
Amount
Installation.

The

center

the

to

factory.

measured

represents

of

should

the

at

Plan

Needed

Foundation

The

prepared

Holes

Base

are

print
nearly

of which
other

the

and

shaft

lines

parallelto

the

are

at

plane

The

164

Gasoline

Engine

on

Farm

the

The
operative
Tying Engine to Foundation.
is only as
strength of the best foundation
great in
188.

"

relation
them

the

to

engine
But

together.
an
engine

loosen

be

must

possible to

as

of the

ties which

be

ings
fasten-

the

least

making it
firmly as possible

as

This

to

time

same

engine

the

with

released

the

at

is desired.

bind

occasionally necessary

foundation, and

may

the

secure

that

whenever

its

labor, while

of

amount

it is

from

such

that

as

double

consideration

is

of long bolts set in

usually attained by means
and
concrete
extending through the engine bed
almost
foundation,
through the entire concrete
which
they are virtuallya part.
Material

189.

the

to

bolt

rods

for

sand, gravel and

pit,the

foundation

the

Needed

there

as

Foundation.

requires

engine, two
heavy cast washers
nuts
; a length of gas pipe for
of

in

put

Each

should

bolt

two

nuts

end

and

besides

all but

is to

bolt

holes, have

one

end

the

other

obtain

threaded

merely

of

inches

it cut
for

rod

into

will

two
at

through
size, and

or

each

at

required),

be

tion.
founda-

size
a

are

engine.

long bolts,

lengths by

sharply

small

concrete

of proper

and

nut

tity
quan-

we

threaded

the

such

get

iron

reach

to

rod

few

an

the

bolt, with

of suitable

nuts

to

of

suppose

for

head, three

turned

end

is

bed

bolt, and

us

washers

cast

it is hard

way

Let

"

foundation

bolt

each

filling
long

many

each

justlong enough

two

without

for

of

templet.

Material.

be

(ifthe

As

the

three-foot

engine bed,

the

for

Preparing

190.
to

boards

inch

as

and

tion
addi-

for

in the

holes

bolt

are

needed

cement

work

In

"

the

to

good
fit the

blacksmith,

three

inches

right angles

for

of
a

head.
For

each
diameter

bolt

provide

of which

is at

gas

pipe covering, the

least

one-half

inch

side
in-

larger

The

than

the

head

of

bolt.

These

bolt

the

used),

is

Engine

Gasoline

the

to

(or

on

should

pipes
the

surface

washer

of the

Farm

the

reach
the

at
concrete

i6s
from

the

head, if

one

only.

foundation
plet
temMaking the Templet. The
of one-inch
is usually made
boards, and in the
four inches
of a rectangularparallelogram,about
form
This
wider and longer than the size of the engine bed.
and
represents the surface of the completed foundation
projectionall around
beyond
provides for a two-inch
the iron frame.
(see Fig.
Lay off on this the line AB
igi.

"

6o.

Fig.

"

Templet

for

Locating Bolt Holes.

58), along the center, corresponding with the center

of the engine cylinderas on
the blue print. Measure
off
bolt

this

on

hole

line from

and

end

each

end

the

distance

between

in blue

print,then add the two-inch

allowance
for projection. That
is, if the bolt holes
four inches
the
end
in the blue print lay
from
are
them
off six inches
from
the end of the templet,measuring
along the line AB ; and at these points on that
line draw
lines at right angles to the AB
base line.
or
Locate

bolt

templet
down

to

holes

trifle

head

threaded

on

these

larger

of
end

than

bolt, then

lines

and

the

bolts.

put

on

through templet

bore

holes

in

Slip washer
sert
length of pipe, infrom

under

side,

The

Gasoline

upper

washer

i66

put

on

between

Making

192.

raise

it is best

to

build

the

floor, but
this form

have

above

inches

few

The

to

usually thick

the

the

fly wheel

the

of

clear

tion
founda-

concrete

surface

frame

square,

draw

templet tight
by pipe.
frame
of small engines

made
"

Farm

the

and

nut

Frame.

on

enough

is

and

shoulder

and

nut

Engine

and, in order

is necessary.

to

Some

side pieces
by 4-inch stuff is about right,the two
for convenience
longer than the foundation
being somewhat
in lifting.The
will be on
top of this frame
2

it

we

will

lay

into

the

until

shifted

top of the foundation

the

level with

exact

an

templet, the
The
pit below.

the

with

square

the

bolts

and

upon

extending

ward
down-

frame
lines

then

must

the

on

be

templet,

being placed to exactly conform

Vv^ith the positionto be occupied by the engine.
the frame
Filling the Pit. Having fastened
193.
of stakes, remove
the templet and
in place by means
foot with
from
about
made
fill the pit up
concrete
a
about
seven
parts of clean sharp gravel (crushed stone
this firmly
of good cement.
is better) to one
Tamp
and then replace templet, squaring the lines carefully
again with shafting,sides of building or any other
latter,of

the

course,

"

lines in relation
also

that

see

templet
as

within

three

careful

not

Fill to

the

the

five

to

disturb

top of frame

the

the

square

Fasten

moved.

left to

Continue

one.

from

this

until
; then

top of frame

lift off

templet, being
pipes encasing the bolts.

with

proportion of

Placing

be

tamping down
filling,
top change proportion of

and

washers

be

been

not

inches

four

now

should

engine

continue

near

and

the

should

has

and

or

to

the

frame

about

to

nuts

194.

which

When

remove

in about

the

frame

on

needed.

concrete

to

two

to

harden

Engine.
"

sand

clean

To

and
The

one.

cement

tion
founda-

thoroughly.
set

heavy

engine

The

fresh

upon

Gasoline

of

block

Raise

care.

foundation

Farm

the

two

both

and

engine
be

six

167

blocks

inches

above

at

foundation.

one

it,the

planks long enough

the

chief,
mis-

doing

upon

engine

about

and

being topped by
the

on

foundation, without

cement

requires
end

Engine

to

clude
in-

Holes

or

planks to avoid
the bolt ends.
Slip small rollers under engine, across
the plank, and
work
the engine slowly over
its place
lers
the foundation.
on
Keep blocking in front of the rolgine
constantly to prevent any possibilityof the enroller comes
As one
to a bolt end,
getting away.
in ahead
of the bolt and
the first.
remove
slipanother
Final
the engine is apThe
Setting. When
195.
proximate
in position,
lower
the
bolts
gradually until
all engaged in their respectiveholes in the engine
are
frame, then the engine should be carefullylined up
with
it is expected to work
to
shafting which
any
bolts will now
The
when
of the pipes around
set.
use
be appreciated, as they give far greater latitude in
could
than
this shiftingor in correctingslight errors
possibly be had with bolts set rigidly in concrete.
in Place.
the enWhen
gine
196. Locking the Bolts
is finally
and pure
placed,flow a mixture of water
notches

may

have

to

in these

made

"

"

into

cement

each

pipe

shiftingit, lower
lines
a

final test

couple

around

of

the

days

until

engine
and

upon

leave

the

the

cement

until

bolts.

it is

The

result

the

full, then, without

concrete,

engine
be

in the
a

job

the
for

undisturbed

hardens

will

give

pipes

that

is

perfect,mechanically, as the skill

and
fit to produce.
have
of the workman
care
seen
made
of lining
has been
Lining Up. Mention
197.
the engine is installed in
line shaft.
Where
a
up with
some
buildingin which machinery has been previously
this may
be necessary,
run
though it is usually best
then
the engine first and
line the shafting to
to
set
permanent,

and

as

"

68

The

Gasoline

Engine

on

the

Far

The

Gasoline

the

it. To

and

methods

is tacked

edge, at

shifted

then
the

shaft

say

one

other

in

fasten

them

the

to

extent

second

Measure

between

the

the

line

ends

these

no

the

head
over-

edge
straight-

from
each

one

other,

straightedge is
the

side

shaft,

as

of

the

or

one

slightlydeflected by

the

is all guesswork.

much

the

above

shaft

crank

the

tances
ceilingequal disof these
two
straightedges;
two
plumb bobs clear crank
on

If
shaft
If

the
will

the

them
their

"

work
be

exactly parallel

at

the

taking
This

foundation

been

has

plumb lines trouble

bobs
swing into pails
and

Engine.

their

would
was

made

time

same

not

proper

be

ficult
dif-

perfectly

engine frame, but neither

be absolutely true.
be level ; the
always that must

in the

variation

conditions

may
shaft

gine's
engine has been built to that. In the enportance,
longitudinaldirection, the setting is of less imend
the preferencebeing that the combustion
cylinder in a horizontal engine be a trifle the

of the

of the

with

top of the

It is the crank
rest

be

wind, let the

interfere

if the

of

from

The

the

off

steadies

positions.
198. Leveling
level and

and

lines clears

located

shaft.

in the
This

water.
not

shaft

just how

"

shift

does

former,

eight feet

with

contact

certain

to

by swaying
of

the

use,

distance,
by exactly the same
undertake
to
drop the lines so

engine.

with

the

or

engine until the

shaft
amount.
b}'^the same
accurately done the crank

then

the

little

prove

engine into approximately its correct

tion
posiplumb bobs from first straightedge and

; remove

of

in

some

Slide the

In

may

169

it

Never

is almost
to

common

of these

each

passing

inch.

contact

in

suspended.

are

until

will be

they

of six

bobs

plumb

two

shaft

lightly over

distance

are

Farm

the

floor method.

the

on

liningto

amateur

difficult. Two

Engine

Gasoline

The

170

highest in
the

other

crank

end.

shaft
In

room.

order

the
such

Engine
incline

to

Farm

the

lubricatingoils

the

is

If there

on

to

room

work

is

simple, but

cases

it is sometimes

use

level

is

there

toward
the

on

always

not

take

to

necessary

applied to the rim of the fly

in different
turned
wheel
positions. If all correspond,
is true, and, by bringing it to a
the face of the wheel
vertical line, the shaft will be level,the engine
correct
serted
of thin wedges inbeing held in position by means
before
the nuts
are
fullytightened.
and Their
Other
Foundations
Failings. Many
199.
foundations
in use, and
less substantial
are
giving fair
readings

level

the

from

"

Fig.

to

excellent

used,

is

so

the

even
are

62.

almost

Alethod

"

of

Reinforcing

iron

girders,reinforced

earth, scraped smooth.

sure

to

develop

are

wooden

when

often

floors,
troubles

Vibration
time

some

Floors,

timbers

Wooden

satisfaction.

are

Wooden

an

engine

floor of ordinary strength.

a
directly upon
Girders are rather expensive for small engines and too
troduced
danger being inrigidfor large ones, the crystallization
set

Direct
vibration

absorbers

dampness

for the

foundations

earth
but

good

are

of the

apt

are

to

unexcelled

collect

machinery,

too

besides

as

much

being

172

The

carried

by

Gasoline

two

secured

with

down.

Even

market

Engine
When

men.

floor

on

hooks

there

should

running, they
form
by some

or

wheelbarrow

; then

Farm

the

foundations

of

are

be

staking
the

on

lightengines designed for using

binder
and
for such
a
on
auxiliarywork, that may be
almost
fastened
of hooks
bolts
anywhere by means
or
For
the larger sizes
or
some
special form of frame.
sills are
often
is shaped
provided, each end of which
like

horse

are

sled-runner

either

to

it is little trouble

; then

end

and

the

move

hitch

to

engine

about

at

will.

Fig.

64.
"

Mounted

202.

add

course

about,

Gasoline

to

they

as

No

Driven

Engine

IMounted

Engines.
"

the

convenience

also

add

engines

moving

of

both

to

Crusher.

Stone

the

cost

should

be

the

and

the

of

engine
tion.
vibra-

it is available

purchased for
first findingout whether
mounting without
for such a purpose.
Some
engines would

produce

much

this

stationary engine

style of

would

support

so

be

vibration
Others

destroyed.

upon

an

that

half

may

be

set

barrel, without

empty

of

their

without
any

power
other

display of

unsteadiness.
Where
should

the
be

engine

hinged

at

place while
coupling is long

the

into

the

is

each

mounted
end

wheels,
trucks

and

braces
forced

If the
running empty.
should
be very
heavy or a

engine
sills

of the

on

is

jack-screw
the

Often
least

Fig.

65.
"

foundation

of

power

the

engine

rigid.
traction

the

Shelter.

"

There

For

middle.

increased

be

for

173

the

making

Needed

at

vibrating

Tractor

hngi

foundations

tractor

see

engine.
is

nothing

engine except the ignitionsystem

than
protectionfrom the weather
Shelter

will

and

up

Foundation

Wheeled

Farm

the

on

cross-piecenear

by jacking

more

chapters on
203.

under

set

third

Engine

Gasoline

The

with

about

that
a

steam

gasoline

requires greater
engine ought

engine and, where

of
is allowed
free access
to the ignitionsystem
water
is almost
the gasoline engine, short-circuiting
to
sure
in the
follow.
batteries
be kept dry. Water
The
must
short-circuit
oughly
coil or
quite as thorspark plug may
wires
Outside
a
are
as
misplaced wire.
posed
supis a
be comparatively water-proof ; btit so
to
safe fire-proof;
if the fire is not too hot and long continued.
The
wdll break
elements
through any ordinary
of time, and
the water-proofing
protectionin the course
about
the
engine is provided against
average
service.
emergencies, and not for continuous

to

have.

pays

any

Tpie

174

Any

Gasoline

and

Nothing

elaborate

will

wind

turn

air

in cold

of

some

in cold

can

kind
that

Dust

if the

operator

human

stables

; but

against
be

can

from

good,

pipe

almost

one

air.

is

much

intake

Air

taken

gases

of
be

must

many

harm
as

from
the

be

kept
line
gaso-

air

bad

can

is

elevation
and

workshop
ample size
of

the

insure

to

the

engine
supply of

certain

is almost

be
the

to

an

power

ally
usu-

it should

it should

pipe

of

The

turns

at

or

heat

destroyed by limiting the

A
long pipe no larger than

with

own

ingenious.

is used,

as

friction.

excessive

pure

or

the

the

do

its

heat,

waste

dust, and

the

lungs.

of the

enclosure

may

much

regulating temperature
used
in creating power.

use

of

and

present
used

waste

make

engine through
best, away

is to be

been

will exclude

within.

the

engine

in

spent

weather,

Whatever

something

structures

from

that

walls

started, it will furnish

have

farm

if the

Once

otherwise

service.

extra

block

cement

that

serves
de-

tractor,

double

still,the

water;

of

it in

for

pay

always wholly

not

Besides,

to

Farm

the

required; just something

of economy

heat, but

clean

is

w^eather.

might

will

and

spaces

arguments

least

on

engine, stationary, portable, or

shelter

dead

Engine

the
to

take
in-

give

trouble.
There
is more
Fittings of the Engine Room.
tools and
supplies in the
danger of having too many
of not
than
engine room
having enough, but no room
there
is special provibe
can
sion
kept in order unless
for all that has to be kept there.
Every engine
204.

room

"

should

be

provided

with

closed

shelves

or

boards,
cup-

shelf

entirely
about
the engine, and
needed
wrenches
to the various
of its regular
found
then
out
regard every wrench
in use,
much
not
as
so
place, when
misplaced matter
and

that

should

few

be

set

drawers.

back

Devote

where

one

it belono-s.

Another

The

Gasoline

shelf

may

contain

etc.

This

should

order

ful of

hammer,

time

of these

any

give

to

be

locked

for

10

or

and

needed

cold

175

chisels,files,

the

key mislaid in
thought before applying
to the engine. A
shelffor the ignition system

ammeter,
bare

Farm

the

punch,

tools

be

12

on

second

harsher

supplies will
wire
pliers,an

coil of No.

Engine

insulated

some

copper

wire,

wire,

pair of

ber
rub-

gloves or overshoes, and an extra cell or two for

the battery. Most
tra
engines are sent out with an exspark plug. Keep this and all other electrical supplies
its own
in the battery box.
on
shelf, and NOT
Frame
sent
the directions
out
by the factory with
the engine and
hang on the wall under glass,or else
with

proud

to

made

the

is

no

learn.

of spar

treatment

consult

them

varnish

when

engine knows
disgrace for the

man

also

drawer

should

; then

do

in doubt.

The

things

some

who
be

too

who

man

about

it that

it to

runs

be

not

have

it
to

all the

printed
of parts, or any
other
literature
price-lists
pertaining
the
the
to
selling claims
help
engine. Even
may
what
determine
reasonably be required of it.
may
the engine company's litbe afraid to consult
erature,
Don't
and
to study it frequently.
One
partment
comStoring Oil in the Engine Room.
205.
given

to

"

which
room

from
tin

zinc.

should

excepting

be
when

outside, should

closed

in

actual

be

lined

from
use,

with

the

and
sheet

gine
en-

lated
venti-

iron,

should
oil-tighttray at the bottom
be provided to catch any drip and to prevent disagreeable
on
rugated
oily bottoms
jugs and cans, a sheet of corbe
liberal perforations,may
roofing, with
fitted in just above
the tray.
In this compartment
be stored
should
barrel
of the best
a
or
large can
the bottom
gasoline-engniecylinderoil,and fitted near
with a faucet and a funnel that is small enough to conor

An

kept

The

176
duct

Gasoline

Engine

on

Farm

the

oil

directlyinto the oilingcan ; a similar can of

good lubricatingoil, for the bearings, a pot of best
tested
and
of graphite; also, a small
one
can
grease,
of kerosene, and
of gasoline for cleaning purposes.
clean
as
as
Keep this compartment
member
possible, but rethat
the

rest

for

waste

of the

possible

premises

should

metal-lined

be

close

This

for

should

strictlyfire-proofagainst
its

The

206.

Work

Bench.

partly

used

waste

fire

any

"

separate
and

will not

be

it should

likelyto

small

be
in

occur

A
is

advisable, also

pipe,with drawers
The
Engine Room

gas

207.

engine

cement

because

it

Where

surface

complete

A
If

great convenience.
while

standing

at

Floor.

"

lengths of water
for the couplings.
For the stationary

floor is better
when

out

though

farm

does

not

and

under

not
run

use

the

to

than

both
is

earth,

necessary.

enough
gravel

insure

to

plank

or

sides

used,

tractor

absolutely
close

to

rivets in drawers

large door at
a
plank floor

work

convenience
tractor

below

drainage,

run-way.

enough
engine room.

the

housed, grade up

is

and

few

scrubbed

be

can

for

wooden

or

tractor

the

rack

bench

work

elaborate

nothing
repair work

to
general farm
limited
supply of nails,bolts,and

for

there

so

and

convenient, but

are

attract

and

of drawers

with

small,

as

contents.

own

vise

clean

as

hand,

at

be

x-\ box

accumulation

great

any

be.

for

it

keep

to

should

tight drawer,

oily cloths.
room

it is not

necessary,

the

pit for

is

is

ground

great
as

like

locomotive.
208.

Ventilation.

"

Ventilation

is

of

great

portance
im-

though the air

engine house, even
There
outside.
from
supply for the engine is drawn
is always the possibilityof a gasoline leak, and
an
invitation to disaster.
air-tightbuilding is a constant
in the farm

Gasoline

The
Window

ventilation

enough.

the

into

should

the
of the

hinged shutters
gasoline supply
leak

any

certain

well

safest

tank

which
find

to

to

as

is not

room

is

when

the

located

ing
Durcomfort

occurs

in

the

this

Because

tampering with
locked
engine room

main
room,

is pretty

system

room.

with

the

in

let
left

closed

from

pump

not

be

use.

be

may

be

in this

is

these

personal

should

outlet

the

in

not

the

ever
an

and

room

of

this,

engine, it

the

prevent

keep

to

of

As

inside.

177

provided, but
grating should

requires it, they

operator

Farm

the

of the

the

weather,

severest

be

sides

opposite

two

on

surface

three-foot

constantly when

open

as

Engine

the

when

is

ator
oper-

there.

Lineshaft.
Where
tionary
staa
Engine Room
both
are
used, it is a
engine and a tractor
a lineshaft
good plan to run
through the engine room,
The

209.

to

which

be

belted.

the

the

when

tractor,

in

not

the winter

During
engine

inside

needed,

"

work

of

then

elsewhere,

use

heavier

the

of

much

when

months,

can

will

sort

be

and
at
plenty of power
the same
time
have
the advantages which
the small
offers over
Care
a large one.
engine for some
purposes
in belting two
be taken
shaft
must
engines to one
that the proportion between
the driver and the driven
wheels
be figured out
correctly,so that both engines
will be driving the shaft at the same
number
of revolutions
can

one

minute

per

of lost energy

ends
is saved.

each

of

The

engines can
shaft a good
plan is to use
and

tractor

Mission

of

will be

strain
be

two

member
or

there

unnecessary

the

better

driving
small
engine
engine.
210.

; otherwise

and

If the

have

deal
a

located

"

This

posite
op-

strain

pulley next

belt

from

from

is

not

deal
chinery.
ma-

near

of torsion

free, driving
Paint.

good

of belt and

loose

the

run

to

either

only

one

different

The

178

Gasoline

on

of

action
action

; but

it has

be

discovered

been

more

metals

it is

highly important

consideration.

One

may

of

iron

oil
the

from

of

the
is red

rust

in the

ing
paint-

this

take

to

best

very

electrical

that

destructive, and

even

the

machinery

is

to

to

farm

tions.
condior
exposed to hard weather
usage
In general,paint is intended
to protect the surface
cal
it is applied from
which
atmospheric chemi-

which

turn

Farm

the

all kinds

around

its mission

from

Engine

paints for

lead, but

to

into
tecting
pro-

it is

use

to

battery at work, tearing the iron

a
pieces wherever
place or a crack admits
porous
atmosphere and moisture.
Theoretically,a good
varnish
is the best
possible covering for iron, if
iron is absolutely clean
when
nish
painted. The varelectric

small

will

adhere

not

its contraction
the

over

while

will

drying

be

coated

the

render

to

be

must

cracks

minute

up
and

spots

iron, and

w^et

or

work

the

the

of

the

under

unsuspected

order

varnish

to

exposure
can

In

the

opens

continue

surface.

waterproof,
Iron

rusty, greasy,

imperfectly

destruction

painted

to

iron

entirely
fore
absolutely dry be-

weather.

cleaned

of

the

grease

and

gum

with

engine is so frequently coated by thoroughly

covering with turpentine for a few hours, floatingthe
breaks
liquid on freely and frequently until the gum
for
and gasoline are
sometimes
used
down.
Kerosene

which

this

an

purpose,

lye will
failed, as

but

sometimes
it unites

is better.

turpentine
succeed
with

the

where
grease

other
to

Concentrated
methods
form

soap,

have
and

be
The
afterwards
easily removed.
lye must
cleaned
oft' very
thoroughly before painting.
fler
For
211.
painting the mufPainting the Muffler.
heat, mix equal
or
pipes that are subject to severe
of Japan varnish
and boiled linseed oil.
parts by vv^eight
For each half-pound of this mixture
add
slowly and

that

is

"

i8o

The

rules

Gasoline

know

for

how

by

knowing

when
the

around

are

which

by

the

they

precautions
in

necessary

other

attractive

flywheel

exposed

The

making

rapidly

enclose

of

exhaust
should

inopportune

pipe,
be

of

too,

covered

burns.

iron

is
with

often

the

asbestos

the

source

bers
mem-

this

mechanism,

ing
cloth-

The

flywheel.

lagging

has
this

of

ends

of

to

against

If

projecting
in

danger

wood

or

member.

any

caught

of

vised

guarded

pipe

enclose

to

prevent

becoming

carefully

revolving

wire

will

from

frame

the

poultry

precaution

be

when

element

an

should

light

to

walls

that

engine

average

introduces

places

onlooker

the

of

tecting
pro-

purchase.

Risk.

Danger

farm

what

same

make

any

the

and

are

way

certainty,

"

revolving

by

or

Eliminating

214.

the

horse

one

with

the

taking

only

fixed

they

would

new

is

connected

who

circumstances

in

is

There

not

engine,

Farm

the

impression

people

that

doing;

are

this

make

on

them.

apply

to

to

anyone

Engine

menace

to

hot
and

prevent

CHAPTER

THE

Gasoline,

XL

FUEL

and

SUPPLY.

Its

Nature.

Perhaps more
killed
or
injured annually by gasoline
people are
than
through ignorance of its true character
by any
other
industrial agent; yet, properly handled, it is no
At 40" a lighted match
more
dangerous than water.
its surface
would
be
thrown
on
extinguished. At
be in liquid gaso90" it might be ; it certainlywould
line
or
gasoline vapor.
pure
Its True
Value
and
216.
Danger. Liquid gasoline
will not
flame
at
ignite from
ordinary temperatures,
but far less heat than
that from
a burning match
will,
if favorably placed, be enough to convert
it rapidly
215.

"

"

into

gas

which,

mixed

with

the

oxygen

of

the

air,

This
tendency to vaporize
highly inflammable.
few
a
so
readily,in fact at any temperature
degrees
above
makes
freezing, is what
gasoline so readily
available
As more
heat is applied,the
for engine use.
dish
of
more
rapid. An
vaporizing becomes
open
brisk
of
current
a
gasoline in the sunlight where
air passes
it will evaporate
warm
over
so
rapidly as
of boiling. So the current
to
present the appearance
its surface
of air passing over
in the carburetor
ries
carof the readilyformed
mixture
a
gas along with it
into the engine cylinder.
Pure
Gasoline
Vapor Non-inflammable.
By
217.
will not
itself,gasoline vapor
ignite; it requires the
is very

"

presence

of oxygen,

which

it

181

gets from

the

air. About

i82

The

Gasoline

part of vapor

one

for

to

thorough

Engine

eight of

on

Farm

the

air makes

the ideal

ture
mix-

combustion

theoretically,
though, on
of atmospheric impurities,one
account
part to twelve
of air is more
nearly the proportion in actual practice.
little
variation
either
a
Only
destroys the
way
combustible
propertiesof the mixture.
How

218.

of

the

volatile

most

coming

over

process

of

little or

no

mention
the

Gasoline

Mineral

referred

products

one

of

Industries

distillations from

naphtha.

Obtained.

the

"

from

Gasoline
crude

is

of

first

the

United

petroleum being

one

petroleum,

by-products in
It was
distillation.
formicrlycounted
value, 5c. per gal.being a good price.
made
of it in the
1890 Census
report
as

is

Is

States,

the
of
No
on

all the

classed

together as
rise in commercial
be
importance may
wholly to the development of the gasoline

Its

almost

engine.
It is

colorless

liquidof highly characteristic odor,

the latter qualityserving for a highly fortunate
ing
warnin case
of a leak.
to its presence
Its specific
as
it is considerably lighter than
and
gravity varies
its surface
without
water, as it will float on
mixing.
Grade.
All gasoline used for engine purposes
219.
had formerly to pass the Baume
test around
70" to 74",
76" being the highest grade. Owing to the increased
demand
and
scarcity,it has been recently announced
that nothing better than
64" gasoline will be supplied
This is only two
through the general market.
degrees
above
the limit below
which
the product is no
longer
called
construction
has
vanced
adgasoline,but carburetor
a

"

so

not

much

in recent

will

probably give

only

kerosene

but

years
no

the

quite general engine use.

products stand higher in

that

serious
distillates
Some

thermal

this lower
trouble

ard
standin

fact,

coming into
of these
low
grade
value
than
gasoline.
are

Gasoline

The
but

they

are

solid

more

the best

simple

best

tests

183

and

vaporize

to

tests

contain

important now
could
only vaporize

less

are

of carburetors

gasoline; still,there

of

times

are

when

few

convenient.

are

volatile

The

Quality

"

the

Farm

the

like carbon.

matter

when

than

on

difficult

more

Tests.

220.

Engine

be determined

qualitiesmay

by pouring
quickly the

drops into the hand and noting how

liquiddisappears. With 74" gasoline the hand should
be dry in from
seconds.
grees
to ten
seven
Sixty-two degasoline should require from a quarter to a half
minute
lower
grade products even
; the
longer time.
Any unevaporated residue remaining in the hand
a

few

means

the
of

non-volatile

some

been

engine. If the
grade unsuitable

and

substance,

residue
for

trouble

for

gasoline is

is

sticky,the
engine use, or

it has

else

adulterated.

Water

readily be discovered
by pouring the
will sink to the bottom
liquidinto glass. The water
and
a
sharp line of division will be seen.
A Good
221.
Storage System. A good storage system
without
leaks is the best insurance
policy in the
this, no other sort of
handling of gasoline. Without
can

"

insurance

will

in barns

Gasoline
aside

the

is far

from
escape

the
of

Barrels

avail.
for
more

even

much

very

not

to

small
as

be

to

water

gasoline

stored

leak
an

lessly
care-

tolerated.

confine
may

and,

permit

engine would

the temperature
underground tank is best, where
is cool and unvarying. Three
nect
pipes should conwith the surface ; the one
terminating in a gasoline
in
a plate and
ending
plug through
; a second
pump
An

use.

which

the

tank

can

be

refilled,and

pipe, for ventilatingpurposes,

in

tanks

are

difficult than

danger,
as

day

and

the

air

several

feet

above

the

should
the

third, a smaller
be

discharged

ground, where

the

The

i84

Gasoline

will

air
any

FiG.

66.

will

driven

by

out

THE

Storage System.

and

While

mixed

vapors,

ideal

an

with
source

GREATEST

THE

THE

VENT

PIPE

AND

PIPE

WHILE

be

kept

Good

Copper

at

lightsof

and
a

distance

Tank.
is best

"

The
for

the

the

tank

is

air, are

forced

for

sion.
explo-

an

DRIVEN
CONTAINED

TANK

THE

it unless

GASOLINE

VAPORS

Fire

from

escape

THE

REFILLED.

222.

before

FROM

IS
OF

OUT

Farm

the

pressure.

almost

OF

DANGERS

IN

internal

form
ONE

Gasoline

rise up

not

refilled these

and

out

diluted

be

Bowser

"

line vapors

being

on

reaching the
there
might be danger of ignition.
the tank
will enter
place
through this pipe to rebut
the heavier
out
gasoline drawn
gaso-

gasoline vapors
ground, where
Fresh

Engine

IS

all kinds

WAYS
AL-

must

while

fillinga

tank

should

smaller

BEING

tank.
be

drical.
cylin-

sizes, but

for

Gasoline

The

sulphuric
petroleum

other

and

'Suction

to

any

of

of

"pin-hole" leaks.
Lock

feed

These

filler cap

pump.

filler

-Inner

flange

pipe

perforated

Filler

Suction

This

close up
later

or

the

up

gasoline.

time

the

to

breaking

tapped bushing__^

Double

iron

sensitive

are

sooner

e'lbow

Union

pipe

jeadinO

at

itself is

Galvanized

in

yield

may

dangerous

most

used

the

that

metal

the

that

acids

Farm

the

well.

coatings

increase

to

on

very

zinc

sediment

pipe, and
by

does

used, but

is often

causes

steel

tank

large

Engine

pipe

^-niler

connection

pipe

pipe
flange
^

connection

Double'*

brass

foot'

Fig.

6j.
"

Bowser

Gasoline

Storage

Tank

With

Convenient

Fittings.

acids

do

nearly

not

seamless

The

223.

placed

attack
as

tin,and

heavily tinned

possible,makes

Foundation.
broad

Tanks

"

tank,

first class

should

be

as

tacle.
recep-

solidly

A
rigid foundations.
full weighs something like
hundred-gallontank when
800
should
be planned
pounds, and the foundations
not
only to support this weight, but to so distribute it
that not all the strain will come
one
portion of
upon

the

on

and

tank.

224.
not

bearings

less

The
than

Connections.

^-inch

"

inside

Flexible
diameter

copper
is the

tubing
best

con-

of

i86

The

with

nector

the

Gasoline
the

threaded

with
while

carburetor,

better

engine

than

unions

least

lead

service

it resists

as

make

if

Farm

the

vibrations

joints.

shellacked

inch

on

soldered

well
fittings

flared tube

pipe at
give good

Engine

Brass

satisfactory,
joints. Heavy

easily worked,
exposed

not

pipe

are

excellent

is

of

and

will

blows

to

and

bruises.
The

Joints. Joint leaks are speciallyhard to

locate and produce leakage of gasoline. Several
firms
make
and the standard
a specialtyof gasoline fittings,
ground union made
by one of these is excellent; also
flat surfaces
with
two
to be drawn
one
together,with
a
gasket set in shellac. A well made globe valve
paper
the purpose
or
a
ground pet cock answ^ers
nicely,and
has
the advantage of having no
gland with packing.
Some
such
tween
closing device should always be placed beand
the supply tank
the carburetor
ofT
to shut
the gasoline when
the engine is not
pend
running. To de225.

"

the

upon

carburetor
the

Guarding
fillingpipe should
226.

strainer, and
small

feed

small

in

pipe leading

dirt in this

227.

Pipe. The
provided with

guard
the

to

the

small

very

and

Nearly

Dangers.

"

good

screen

mouth

scale

be

Gasoline

of the

bottom

of

carburetor.

enough to put the

provide plenty of business

may

unsafe.

"

should

another

is very

Feed

be

diameter, and

business

alone

the

This

grain
engine out
or

for

all

the

is
of
of

ator.
oper-

gasoline

With
dangers consist of either leaks or carelessness.
a
good storage system properly installed, the careful
need
have
fear.
No
no
gasoline engine
engine owner
did a steam
line
ever
engine. Gasoexploded, and never
tanks
outside

and

heat

limits ; but

boilers

steam

raises

the

gasoline

sometimes

internal
itself is

"burst"

pressure

quite

as

when

beyond safety
non-explosive

i88

The

Gasoline

The

229.

Exact

Engine

and

distinct

layers

zones

bottom

layer

which
the

higher

above

have
mere

the

pure

air.

trace

of

side

our

know

have

vapors

there

belt

enough

little stronger.

mixed,
where
Some-

be

must

Here

where

Now

we

there

burn

to

In

Let

pile.

reached.

not

is

Just below
gasoline; not
is

of air is

combustion.

of

vapor

fire.

support

gasoline we

below

zone

other

ignite.

not

take

cannot

proportion

to

The

gasoline

pure

and

small

the

at

will

us

several

of

another.

upon

of

layer

oxygen,

this

which

place

Let

"

composed

piled one

nearly enough

begin

now

in Gasoline.

its vapors

it is

next
not

Farm

the

liquid itself;that

no

though

next

is the

contains

zone

us

or

above

Directly

Point

Danger

imagine gasoline

on

is

; but

the

if the

top

of pure
pileconsists of pure air and the bottom
these
gasoline,it is evident that at some
place between
is exactly right
belts is a spot where
the mixture
two
the
of which
the most
to support
complete combustion
air and
are
capable. It is also certain that a
gas
above
from
must
dropped downward
lighted match
of

our

reach

this inflammable

dense

in

that

and

zone

to

nearer

in

gasoline vapor
it that

instant

an

from

the

to

of

mass

almost

the

to

comes

It

extinguish it.

disturbance

almost

which

as

it

before

zone

so

entire

far

ignites

all those

mixes

pilebecomes

vapor

burning gas,
as
quickly

so

one

the

and

heat

the

convert

rent
cur-

liquid

seething flame.
Natural
Tank
from
in
Small
Danger
L'nless
the
gasoline is being subjected to

itself into
230.
Causes.

normal

than

more

it

"

heat

or

by
agitated and mixed
proportion of inflammable

are

the
time

in

closed

tank

is very

air

the
some

and

mechanical

The

of its

means,
one

ger
greatest dan-

to mix
up
ready abilit}^
proportion out of the surrounding

consists

above

existingat

mixture
small.

vapors

an

mable
inflam-

material.

The

air enclosed

The

and

Fig.

in

inflammable;

not

of

danger

Engine

Gasoline

flame

58." Bowser

from

tank

there

hence
the

Underground

becomes

soon

is

189

Farm

the

on

saturated,

no
practically

engine following

Tank

With

the

tube

Pleasuring Pump

Attached.

back

the

to
or,

tank.

if it did

in the tank.

The

liquidgasoline in

not, there

would

be

it would

vent,
pre-

mable
nothing inflam-

The

igo

Gasoline

Rules

231.

for

easily made

tank

out

or

that

should
should

they
No

remedied

be

at

ventilated

should

pass

people

many

free

; that

gasoline outside
which

leaked

has

which

through

be

air is tested

air.

the

found

once.

room

ever

are

in its

carelessness

or

be

however,

can,

great

trouble

causes

poorly

pipes

; and

Farm

the

and
exposed to
purposely drawn
for. When
constantlybe watched

been

Leaks

"

through ignorance
It is always the

management.
the

on

Gasoline

Safety.

dangerous

hurt

getting

Engine

entered

with

gasoline
light
open

an

For
most
gasoline vapor.
should
is a partialtest and one
which
people,the nose
be disregarded. Never
not
bring a light into a room
where
there is a noticeable smell of gasoline.
until

the

Gasoline
be

The
will

be

much

are

vapors

usually

strongest

should

surely be found,

the

Avith

searcher
in

as

room

for

lighted match

an

by
heavy

the

as

will make

room
one

dish

open

soon

be.

not

may

flame, the

chamber

combustion

first class

for

evaporated
to

the

floor ; hence

ignition,but

settle down

will

air, and

than

below.

the

but

be

may

boiling without
vapors

the

is searched

that

Gasoline

heavier

near

from

ventilated

leak

for

impulse

power

only.
of

One

gasoline

the
is

commonest

its

after

purposes,

in

use

dangers m the handling of

small
quantities for cleaning
it is

w^hich

discarded

into

the

sink

it will surely come

to the
face
surslop bucket, where
and
vaporize. In time, enough of the heavy
in the lower
is likelyto accumulate
part of the
vapor
or

to

room

spell disaster.

Gasoline

spigot
flame,

should

poured

or
as

the

and

from

process
the

be

never

fumes

one

exposes
come

drawn
vessel
a

from
in

large

the

common

presence

surface

ofl:*rapidly. For

to

of

ization
vapor-

this

rea-

The

Gasoline

gasoline should

son

another

Engine
be

never

who

person,

on

drawn

is liable

Farm

the

at

in the

191

instant

any

of

presence
to

lessly
care-

light a cigar.
Gasoline, in fact, should
wasteful.

too

rubber

of

If drawn

into

hose

the

end

hose

outer

of the

release

; then

from
the

tightly between

be

not

poured

barrel, lower

barrel, then

fingers and
reaches

the

end

out

length

the

end

until

the

pinch

draw

below

and

all ; it is

at

the level of gasoline

siphon

the

out

desired

quantity.
Two

232.

much

as
a

Fundamental

cool

place

2nd.

See
is

system
This
and

the

and

from

away

all vapor

but

any

kept constantly

the

at

gasoline in

saturated

air space

or

ration
evapo-

in the

air.

storage

saturation

stage.

always be assured by keeping all tanks, pipes

jointsconstantlytight and a supply of liquidgasoline
can

them.

Common

233.
locate

Risks

and

Errors.

Do

"

gasoline to
not

use

dirty

gasoline in the
pipe. Keep a clean
have

and
at

fingerand

the

scale

and

note

the
in

result

clean

place for

inches

in

close

then

measure

Some

end.

out

to

It may
in

rod

ends,

draw

stick

tank.

its lower

both

at

open

to

.^

the

marked

expect

leak

air is reached.

Do

not

ture
by dripping liquid,or even
by moisof
it. In such
quantitiesit is the nature
invisible the moment
vaporize and become

small

around

the

Avoid

ist.

"

possibleby keeping

as

that

within

the

Rules.

the
the

lower
upper

height

and

depth of
a
clogged
that

pose,
pur-

fractions

glass tube,

end
of

with

the

gasoline in

tube.

Do

not

oil,and

the

kerosene.

in
of its

use

These

mixture, but

own.

funnel

same

each

are

for

gasoline,lubricating

sometimes

funnel

fed

develops

to

dirt

the

gine
en-

enough

The

192

Gasoline

Engine

on

Farm

the

tubing is not suitable for piping gasoline,

kerosene
first dissolves
it
or
lubricating oil. The
of oil left behind
readily,while oil and the fatty remnants
Rubber

when

kerosene

evaporates

Specially treated

rubber.

hose

the

rot

soon

life out

is furnished

for

of

such

purposes.
All

be

unfailinglymade
up
merely "good enough

gasolinejointsshould
shellac.
A singlejointthat

is

answer"

other

defeat

may

them

and

care

Unfiltered

with

into the

Then

the

carburetor

line
gaso-

the

to

most

bustible
com-

in

cigar-lightergets

not

great trouble

skin

t"o

that

his

easily

and

part of

convenient

some

from

rusted

usually
of

an

elements

is

carburetor

the

in

galvanized

it pays,

Occasionally

of time.

has

idle

spot

through.

waste

stood

engine

drain

the

never

to

for

lose

may

carburetor

in

time

some

useless

become

and

Better

solder

to

gasoline that

starter.

is small

tion
protec-

saver.

has

carburetor

at

enough

not

are

valve

remote

attempt

not

it is

needle

The

chamois

system

The

diluted

alone

strainers

dirt.

clogged.

but

some
trouble-

of

air to be

open

screen

from

tank

likelyto cause
intake
pipe or

work.

Wire

Do

away.

greatest danger about

process

point.
deadliest

der
ren-

rated
fillingit; while the satubeing displacedby the inrushing liquidand

is the

air is

the

the

forget that

tank

forced

the

to

later.

or

Never

very

and

precautions

thrown

money

gasoline is

interview
sooner

all the

in

its
as

tile
vola-

more

engine

an

and

the

renew

the

supply.
Make

it

conditions
The

rule

where

draw

lightfrom

occasional

gasolineat night
a

naked

exception

may

flame
not

is
prove

under
sary.
neces-

dis-

it will

but

astrous,

be

Fig, 69.

the

Som.etimes,

when

serious

time.

some

strips
gasoline engine repair
temporarily
leaky union
shellac

and

engine

until

Simple Gasoline

"

finished.

every

down

shutting

without

in

repair

will

This

chest.

yellow

mushy

should

cloth

of

of

bottle

"

193

and

rule

the

follow

to

Farm

the

on

become

soon

sure

are

consequences
A

Engine

Gasoline

The

the

is

run

Gauge.

Tank

this

few

fails, relief may

be

obtained

by shutting off the gasoline,unscrewing the

union, and making up the joint in soap or graphite.
Remember
always that, aside from the danger, even
a

leak

small

engine

faster

than

the

does.

Gasoline

234.
most

gasoline

consume

may

Fires; How

to

do

with

important thing

to

Handle
a

Them.

"

gasoline fire

The
is to

it out
by
thing is to smother
cutting off the air supply, or the gasoline. Fighting
wasted
with
is time
than
water
worse
; it spreads the
a
gasoline over
larger surface and increases the area
of the
of evaporation. Sand
and
sawdust
two
are
be
best
not
extinguishers,though sand should
very
used
the engine, as
too
near
inder
grains of it in the cyl-

prevent

it, and

the

cut

and

may
near

next

ruin

it.

gasoline engine

A
or

few

buckets

storage

system

of

dust
saw-

should

The

194
be

Gasoline

much

as

water

do

not

If

such

binder

This

Chemical

fire

One

of the

mixture

the

and

use,

this

the

engine

carpets, blankets,

of

doors,

and

shut

to

few

the

out

shovels-

able.
readily obtainthe engine
objection around

same

best

very

most

and

scattered

over

made

an

then

by mixing
add

; then

of

fire

will

for

bottle
A

emergency.

gasoline

all

of bicarbonate

of its bulk

for

them

equal parts

thoroughly;

screen

in stock

keep

be

in

of

many

may

sal-ammoniac
two-thirds

Mix

soda.

Out

to.

extinguishers are

salt and

common

to

its

has.

sand

right.

It not

prevents

into

anything

sufficient

the

has

liquidand

of

damage.

covers,

be resorted
be

boilers.

available, old

stack

ful of dirt may

of steam

the

buckets

as

grains drawn

serious

canvas,

air,should

that

few

Farm

the

equipment

absorbs

is not

sawdust

the

on

furnace

the

but
only smothers
spreading, while a
will

of

part

around

are

Engine

little of
it

conquer

quickly.
thermal

In

heat

in the

gasoline

Nearly

value

kerosene

gasoline is

while

Drawbacks."

stands

higher

of about

is familiar

one

and

Advantages

proportion

every

treatment,
of

Its

Kerosene:

235.

22

with

with

18.

to

kerosene

people

many

than

and
a

its

series

experiments.
In

parts of the country

some

stations, while

certain

at
at

corner

any

able
gasoline is only obtainkerosene
If the

grocery.

can

fuel

be

tained
ob-

supply

runs

job is done, a few gallons of

be brought in the farm
kerosene
can
buggy, enough to
finish the work
without
having to shut down.
If a few
at the end
over
gallons happen to remain
out

before

of the

season

It does

This

not

argument

certain

the
have

housewife
to

is

be

can

carried

burn
over

it in her
till another

hardly valid, however,

in the

lamps.
year.
case

of

The

196

gasoline,and
in

Engine

Gasoline

are

less available

Which

on

account

for

small

engine

is

H.

10

For

Is Best."

engines kerosene
but

Farm

the

for interior

laundries, kitchens, milk-houses,

Fig. 70." Typical

237.

on

and

the

of their
units

and

P. Kerosene

distillates

cheapness
for

probably enough

are

out-of-door

able
speciallyavail-

and

in-door
better

etc.

Engine.
and

tractors

work, especially

to

superior power,
the gasoline
work
pay

the

difference

The
the

in

Gasoline

on

Gasoline,

fuel.

of

cost

Engine

Farm

the

197

is best

too,

for

high

slower
is much
speed engines,as kerosene
burnnig.
from
Gasoline."
most
Al238. Changing for Kerosene
sene
good gasoline engine can be used for keroany
supply tanks are
by a few minor changes. Two

needed,

large

the

should

turned

be

gasolinecan

the

then

up;

turned

on.

night it is

carburetor

well

the

engine

first until the

on

minutes

to

change back

charged

with

small

one

gasoline

is well

iron

before

few

the

switched

be

will be

and

kerosene

gasoline."
In
starting

for

at

for

one

warmed

off and

sene
kero-

closing

down

gasoline; then the

ing
gasoline in the mornto

of
in the course
starting. Short shut-downs
do not
a
run
usually require this change, as the engine,
hot enough for a reasonable
hot, remains
once
Timeto vaporize the kerosene.
If at any
time
it will
for

should

carburetor

start, the

not

be

drained

primed with gasoline.

A
good spark and good compression
for the
a

of kerosene.

use

of

waste

time

suitable

more

Valves

and

sparker

hot

air from
or

for

Sometimes

some
a

be

must

hot

essential

it is

generally
loads.

kept tight,and
it is necessary

part of the

across

water

be

engine
jacket can

is

Kerosene

variable

for

then

are

change.

than

constant

clean.

these

the

attempt

to

connections

and

Without

and

to

rings
pipe

the

buretor,
car-

used.

The

pre-ignition
troubles are likelyto come
Some
engine operators
up.
favor mixing a quart of gasolinewith each five gallons
sene
keroof kerosene, while others operate successfully
on
spark

must

alone.

not

be

Under

much

as

from

gasoline to

forty per

advanced

too

favorable

conditions

cent,

has

kerosene,

been

and

much

or

saving

of

as

reported by changing
with

an

increase

of

power.
239.

Distillate."

Distillate, which

is

really a

low

The

198

Gasoline

Engine

on

grade of kerosene in which more

oils remain, can
be used in most
the

same

kerosene

way

speed than for the

of the

Some
not

more

and

heavy engines

speedy

affairs for indoor

kerosene

others

are

kerosene

objections to

mam

heavier

more

of low
work

presents

in

are

Also, the

so.

appear

it is

distillates in

form; still they are valuable in

properly arranged for,and are among

their

aggravated

an

place,when
cheapest engine
very

the

fuels.
is the great

This

Alcohol."

240.

in

gasoline engines

advantages which

marked, while

so

of the

traces

and, like the latter

can,

desirable for tractors

more

Farm

the

unfulfilled promise

the mdustrial

to

mdeed, it

gme;

few

regarded

was

it

favor, and

Its

internal combustion

alcohol

important

so

as

laws

special revenue

ago

years

of the

world,

would

revolutionize

that

in

enacted

were

the

natured
de-

that

confidentlyexpected

was

en-

small

power

industries.
Its

241.

Advantages."In

speciallyfitted
less odorous

for

than

engine operating
about

when

cent,

run

be

with

done
cent,

per
to

run

180

It will

alcohol
pressure

kerosene

or

242.

Some

heat

from

and

thus

be

gasoline would

the

which

be

than

flame

fire caused

by

it

be

line
gaso-

10

of
per

provided

for

not

nearly

30

in order

higher

much

than

pression
com-

either

permit.

gasoline,and

goes

could

that

seen

Peculiarities of Alcohol."

is slower

is obtained

about

will

power

economically
should

and

by increasingthe

then

pounds,

190

or

gasoline, the

greater.

on

cleaner

ordinary compression

alcohol;

on

to

compression

under

increase in power

will

70 pounds

is far

It

work.

gasoline, and greater power

a given weight of engine.

it for

from

this

is

alcohol

respects

many

up

less

bustion
com-

noisy. The
spreading out,
rapidly and is

less

instead of

spreads

Alcohol

The

readily

Gasoline

All

be

to

alcohol

in the

presence

engine

corroding

to

gummy

metals

with

has

water

been

value.

In

3, while

The

244.

dream
be

time

farm

of

source

and

be

industry

then

of

little

dream,
fuel

and

be

in each

or

almost

in

as

will

farming
ideal

an

and

of the

waste

from

source

alcohol

of

there

realization

other

any

realized, be

estimabl
inhas

of

this

engine
of
promising possibility

prices

regarded

an

potatoes, etc.,

far, however,

made

its present

at

alcohol

present

ever

Thus

progress

only

can

for its

itself,if

advantage.
been

that

been

production and
transportation. The

of

tax

independent

has

of local

utilize the

could

must

be

power,

excessive

too, that

It

"

farm

reversed.

than

refuse, like small

It would

thermal

than

more

users

the

on

its low

ness
weak-

gasoline,
proportion of 2 to

Dream.

power

farm

to

its fatal

lower

in the

User's

produced

cost.

inexpensive
not
subject
power,

about

of

from

community
low

it is much

when

cent.

prohibitiveprice and

Engine

unrealized

"

loading
over-

engine, too,

50 per
So far

as

position
com-

will stand

and

proportional price is

the

habit

in its

constant

more

operate the

Weakness.

standing

sometimes

troublesome

its

and

water;

of steam

its action

much

units

heat

it mixes

changing lubricatingoils

It is

as

the

relation

of

It will

Its Fatal

243.

at

also

gasolinein

better.

some

It has

substances.
than

diluted

form

199

which

some

in the

and

Farm

the

with

contains

considered.

of

the

on

extinguished by water,

greedily.
has

Iingine

as

an

the future.
245.

Notes

gasoline is
years

ago

of greater
American
cent,

Fuels.

on

much

its

use

carburetor

an

and

oils furnish

of kerosene

and

of

the

than

it

spite

costly now
engine fuel

more
as

In

"

is less

fact
was
so

that
a

few

because

general engine efficiency.

on

only

an

6 to

average
8 per

cent,

about
of

54

per

gasoline.

The

200

Gasoline

Gasoline
but

it

can

cannot

be

be made

to

burst

may

the

Engine

be

said

difiference in the

The
the

of

mstallation

tank,

internal pressure

tank.

operating

the

failure

of

of

cost

the

is free

gasoline

consist

to

the

until

vaporize

only dangerous
entire
danger from

may

Farm

the

ignited by overheating

The
the

on

storage

gasoline engine
the

confine

to

and

good

and

gasoline,

in

job

poor

should

system

fuel.

be

not

considered.
It is the

weak

point

gasoline finds.
are

in

never

Those

dirt and

surely

as

rusted

or

red

Litharge

is not

lead

become

in the

pint

pints

of

horse

power

kerosene

13
40

and

this

and

should

cents;

and

i.i

or

them

cuts

thick

the

attacks

soon

that

arise

in small

paint

bright red.
required by law,

paste

usual

rate, with
cost

alcohol

at

from

as

the

some

it should

states

be

1.4

or

one

gasoline
cents,

30

at

and

cents,

10

line
gaso-

cheap.
storage

gasoline receptacles

In

it to

average

of

quantities in similar

all

as

an

on

should

still be

would

pints of kerosene

produce

with

or,

sense.

to

up

unreliable.

At

hour.

accidents

kerosene

prevent

shellac

gallon, alcohol

cents

and

as

shellac.

as

gasoline

per

per

IMany

of

mixed

making

ordinary carburetor, permitting

alcohol

centf

at

good

as

fuel-soaked

One

14

glycerine

and

leak

for

attacks

with

clogged

means

suitable

gasoline

dissolves

float found

This

properly.
pipe.

gasoline joint. The

excellent"

become

may

seat

Alcohol

enough

strong

are

evidence.

fail to

White

are

that

the

that

svstem

storage

parts

float-controlled valve

Any

out.

of the

this
in

all

gasoline
To

cans.
on

the

side
out-

precaution

by

common

is

CHAPTER

XII.

LUBRICATION.

become

Importance. If intelligentlubrication
the gasoline engine owner's
politicsit

be

for him

246.

could

"

well

in the

be

to

throes

of

great national

campaign continuously. More

machinery
each year to the god of friction than
to all
; and

causes

the

shame

would

of it is that

is sacrificed
other

much

mate
legitiof this

is

easily prevented.
Not
in lubrication
only does carelessness
destroy
of
the
amount
machinery, it seriously diminishes
available
in useful w^ork by introducing a great
energy
and
of needless
The
ficienc
efamount
unproductive work.
of
per

any

power

through

cent,

lack

fire risk

The

Destructive

fires

be

may

reduced

of proper
is

also

attention

greatly

much

as

the

at

increased

50

ings.
bearit.

by

by hot boxes
that the rate
of insurance
ing
building containupon
any
machinery is considerably higher than normal.
iron
cylinder
Purpose. An
ordinary cast
247.
covered
with
shows
to the naked
eye a rough surface
It is easy to see
that
sand-holes
and foundry defects.
such
the
a
bearing w^ould not be permissible in even
Steel and
other
slowest
of moving machinery.
some
are

so

often

as

started

"

metals

may

think

not

until

the

polished
see

have

present
of

using

surface

smoother

any

was

until

all of

been

removed.

of

worked
these

201

surface, but
these

in

to

true

defects

would

we

journal boxings
circle and

which

we

then

readily

The

202

The

will, under

Fig. 71."

the

to

gave

Polished

furnish

to

the

multitudinous
them

down

more

smooth.

that

surface

Looks

which

pressure,
of the
each

holes

little

other

Work.

Some

friction

steel
ing
will-

are

to

tear

these

apart

and

grind

the

lubricants

shaft

complish
ac-

wholly by fillingup
and
then, under
inequalities,
surface

new

globules

until

we

render

must

"

and

hardest

unless

energy

unfinished

almost

and

forming

to

Magnified Greatly,

The

surface

force, we

mission

the

If

Rough

power

Lubricants

their
minute

extra

main

known

(Fig. 71),

eye

inequalitiesof
by

How

248.

into

metal

powerful microscope, present

naked

Steel Rod

Farm

the

with

is not

the

on

microscopic exactness.
incompressible either; and,

works

these

unlike

not

appearance

iron

Engine

highly polished

most

mechanics
an

Gasoline

they

of oil

form

of their

pressed
smooth,

own

and
hard

posed
com-

ground
glaze.

The

204

two

fluids

of them

is

these

of

Gasoline

Engine
will

on

do

as

lubricant

truly viscous.
Fluidity."Fluidity is just

neither
251.

Farm

the

the

because

of

opposite

of friction between
viscosity. There is a certain amount
all moving
in contact,
not
are
things which
excepting the separate particlesin the oil itself;and
this internal friction or tendency to cling together is
less fluid.
are
greater in the kinds of liquids which
This
sistance
stationary tendency in an oil increases its reto all motion, includingthat of the shaft, and
after the point is reached
where
the oil has sufficient
body to sustain the required load, any addition to the
is only adding to the friction between
resistance
the
oil and
shaft v/ithout
serving any useful purpose.
In gasoline engine lubriThe
Flash
Point
cation
252.
the flash point and
fire test of the oil are
of
first refers to the lowest
great importance. The
very
the vapors
from
the
at which
degree of temperature
"

oil will
the

into momentary

flash

second

to

form

that

point

and

burn

flame
which

at

then

and
the

die
will

vapor

out;
tinue
con-

ture
constantly. As the temperain the engine cylinder is so high, it is necessary
that a good cylinder oil have
a
high test in both
very
of these, else it would
be ignited and
fore
beconsumed
its work.
A
to do
fire test of
having a chance
than
the working temperature
of the
400" F., or more
insist
and some
cylinder, is necessary,
gas engine men
600".
on
as
high as 500" or even
to

253.

The
;

Cold
still it

is to be
is

so

proper

run

usually accepted
around

at

20"

Fahr.

is of
cold

cold

be

should

nearly congealed
channels

The

Test."

low

test

considered

temperature,

that
no

test

it will
use

for

as

not
a

portance
is of less imwhere
as

chinery
ma-

oil which

follow

lubricant.

gasoline engine

in

its

The
oils is

The

Carbon.

254.

the

engine

Engine

In

on

Farm

the

cylinder oil the

great importance, since

"

is of very

carbon
of

Gasoline

the

all the

consumes

205

each

inflammable

of

cent,

per

impulse
of

parts

and
cylinderand leaves the free carbon
other unconsumed
the pisingredientsbehind to gum
ton
and
rings with their troublesome
deposits.
Gums
and
and
Acids.
Gums
acids, though
255.
the

oil in the

"

present in
and

from

oil should

an

them

detriment

metal

the

gum

in

lubricate, while

for

of

oil is intended

cylinder oil

256.

of oil is best

for

all machines

or

free

as

the

protect and

is not

"

sons,
rea-

attack

to

constantly depositing a few

in the cylinder.
Needed.
Variety in Lubricants

troubles

is

course,

it is

as

obvious

which

selected

be

possible. Acids,

as

of the

surface

oils, are

most

to

be

engine

more

No

ated,
toler-

kind

one

all parts of the

same

lubricatingfilm of good resisting

under
the heavily loaded
shaft, and for
body is needed
such
heavy machinery its greater internal friction is
of the
of no
importance, the weight and momentum
the extra
ance
resistmachine
being enough to overcome
For the lightspindle of
without
being retarded.
and
high speed such heavy oil Avould be unnecessary,
its retarding tendency would
be serious.
A
drop of
thick cylinder oil would
of commission,
out
put a watch
be worth
while a gallon of typewriter oil would
the same
about
much
cate
as
as
quantity of w^ater to lubriA

machine.

the
wheels
kinds

thick

line-shaft
of

of

of

an

locomotive.

metal,

too,

steamer

ocean

Friction

it has

been

or

between
proven,

certain
is best

at
by certain oils,wdiile the temperature
the
is an
machinery works
important matter.
comparison tests of good oils of seemingly
nature

it has

of the

oil

been

sometimes

required of

one

found

brand

will

that

drive

the

duced
re-

which
In
similar

three-fourths

accomplish

more

2o6

Gasoline

The
with

work
brand

the

Engine
machine

same

would

require, and

saving

in

that

Farm

the

load

and

and

power

on

there

than
would

repair bills

other

some

be

the

at

terial
masame

time.

Engine Cylinder Oil. This is perhaps

known
the severest
cant
test ever
placed upon a lubrifactory
of any kind.
Ordinary cylinderoil which is satisin the moist
air of the steam
engine cylinder,
the temperature
where
rarely gets above 400", will not
of this dry heat of 1,500"
at all in the presence
answer
of firing,and
continuous
the moment
at
a
more
or
oil would
The
be
of 350" or more.
wall temperature
the released
and
burned
at once
carbon, uniting in
up
in the cylthe oxygen
of the heat with
the presence
inder,
not
only chokes the engine up with dirt but, by
interferes
of the oxygen,
seriouslywith
removing some
the firing of the charge.
have
cosity
Gasoline
engine cylinder oil must
enough vis257.

Gasoline

"

adhesive

or

stickiness

to

carry

its load

well

at

high temperatures and still be free from gum.

have
It must
an
exceptionallyhigh fire test in order
is done;
resist consumption until after its work
to
suffer as
it must
then
near
complete consumption as
be, in order that but little deposit from it remains
may
have
the cylinder. It should
a
to trouble
good cold

these

test

also, and
which

be

it must

sometimes

are

the

free from
used

to

various

make

ants
adulter-

cheap

oil

semble
re-

high grade cylinder oil in its "handling"

qualities.
be avoided, because
a
Cheap cylinder oil should
be made
cheaply. It requires many
good oil cannot
filteringsuntil practicallyall of the impurities are
It is then
of it.
taken
out
nearly colorless, like
of

glycerine, instead
seen

on

the

the

market

dark
;

but

green
color

or

amber

alone

does

quently
frenot

The

prove

the

acids

until

it

Gasoline

Engine

quality. Oil
it resembles

contains, in addition

certain

can

of free

amount

on

be

the

Farm

bleached

by

207
certain

the
to

acid

highly filtered oils ; then

the objectionablecarbon, a
and
to attack
roughen the

cylinder walls.

Soap, alumina, soda, lime, etc., are

Their
often present in cheap oils.
to
uses
are
many
For
the engine owner
the oil vendor.
plish
they accomresult only
trouble.
one
Their
and
258. Bearings
Requirements. The
a
weight and strain upon
bearing and the speed at
"

"

the

which
of

shaft

the

best

is

run

in the

lubricant

main

for

most

determine

the

ture
na-

parts of ordinary

machinery, including the gasoline engine, though the

method
used
in its applicationmay
have
much
to do
it. The
be sufficient
with
to
viscosityshould
carry
the

load

and

not

much

The

more.

oil should

be

fluid

difficult parts of the

enough to freely enter the most
boxing channels, and the flow should be ready enough
insure a constant
to
fluidityof the oil
supply. The
is speciallyimportant when
ings
some
parts of the beardifficult of access
when
the splash system
are
or
of. On
of oilingis made
the other hand, there are
use
thicker
is better
for
oil, even
a
places where
grease,
an
wheel,
ordinary journals; for instance, near
emery
where
bits of metal
Its
or
grit are likelyto abound.
thicker
body tends to protect the revolving surface
from
abrasure
and
the foreign particlesoutto work
side
the journals. Where
drip from the ends of the
is speciallyobjectionable,too, the heavier
axles
oils
and
are
more
appropriate.
greases
the only way
The
SpecificPurpose. About
259.
oil is best
for the machine
what
to
man
reallyknow
the
for any
is iov
him
to understand
specificpurpose
of the dift'erent oils and then study the requirenature
ments
of his machine, and select that oil best adapted
"

The

3o8

Gasoline

supplying
enough.

to
not

Engine

them.

To

There

valuable

and

lard

valueless

other

in the

same

load

if the

viscosity is
sufficient body to

have

not

Beef

suet,

favorite

until the

with

boxes

machinist

prevent hot

to

cially
spe-

possess
would
Tallow

machine.

then

gets above

destroyed,

hold

the

fatal

ioo",

and

metals

two

they
apart.

hot

begin to feed
enough to be

weakness

in its lubricating

will

become

injured. This is almost a

properties,it being

be

might

is

chinery,
largely used on farm malubricatingvalue where

some,

have

alone

conditions

temperature

their

because

down

under

practicallyno

is much

there

machine

the

conditions, which

oil,for instance, so
have

Farm

the

oils that

some

certain

under

them

render

know

are

peculiaritythat

some

on

not

the

purpose

of

boxes

rather

than

good
provide

every
to

It is
melting his grease.
the temperature
always well when
selectingoil to consider
that high temof the place,and to remember
peratures
readilydecompose the animal oils and render
the

them

for

them

rancid.
Animal

260.

of

purpose

and

Oils.

Vegetable

"

Formerly

the

of animal
lubricants were
as
use
only oils in common
or
largely due to their
vegetable origin. This was
oils are
more
cheapness and greater supply. Animal
oily,however, than mineral, and they mix better Avith
able
desirmoisture.
For
the latter reason
they are more
than
around
steam
gasoline engines, though even
for steam
they are not ideal. As a class they are more
oils, and
some
oily than the hydrocarbons or mineral
said to hold
their viscositybetter.
of them
They
are
all

contain

oxygen,

however,

atmospheric changes,
the

metal.

heat, and
spontaneous

and

They
become

combustion,

and

form
also

are

serious

a
a

are

so

fatty
liable
fire

property

acids
to
menace

that

subject
which

to
tack
at-

ternal
develop inthrough
the

mineral

Gasoline

The

oils do

not

Engine
The

possess.

chief animal

lard, neat's-foot, tallow, and whale

vei^etableoils
cotton-seed.

include

Of

these

Four

oils

oil ; the

olive, rape,

209
sperm,

are

best

known

palm and
specially
good, but
castor,

oil is

sperm

72.-SectionThrough

Fig

Farm

the

on

Cylinder Motor, Showing

cating
Lubri-

System.
for

not

heavy loads

oils
261.
or

as

at

Mineral

hydrocarbonoils

are

obtained

crude

from

volatile
by driving off the more
refiningby acids and filteringwhat

table
vege-

are

or

technicallyknown

The

volatile.
particularly
Hydrocarbon Oils." The

class

high temperatures.

elements

mineral

petroleum
and

remains.

then

This

is

cylinderstocks. The paraffin

somewhat
distillates,which
are
lighter,are separately
refined and the oil pressedfrom
the flake paraffin
this oil come
which
is then
the
purified.From
heavy engine oils,of high velocity. Out of the general
as

classification comes

arising from
crude
for

oil taken

instance,

phaltum, while

the

variety of brands,

difference
from

contain
Texas

in the

different
more

or

of them

many

characteristics of the
fields.
less

The

Ohio

sulphur

oils, though free from

and

oils,
as-

sulphur,

The

210

have

Gasoline

Engine

on

Farm

the

much

oils have
asphaltum. The Texas
and
a
are
purple bloom
specially desirable, because
of their fine cold test, in refrigerating
works.
sylvania
Pennoil has
and
is
a
distinctlygreenish bloom
much
in the cylinder oils of commerce.
used
262.
Mix
little oil with
a
Testing Oil for Acids.
alcohol
which
has
about
to
previously been heated
120".
After
minutes
several
dip a slipof litmus paper
(obtainableat any drug store for a few cents) into the

fully as

"

mixture.
if it

If the

red, acid

turns

waste

or

hours

in the

test, rub

brass

and

of

some

leave

for

oil and

oil which

Or

is

saturate

leave

acid

no

bit

for

eight or
highly polished metal

the

turn

denotes

oil

over

bit

of

free

acid

objectionable,as

it

soon

ten
face.
sur-

polished

If acid

will

of

acid.

free

is present

It is needless

green.

contains
is

and

there

twenty-four hours.

will

metal

surfaces

the

sunlight on a
a
slight corrosion

third

that

blue

is present.

with

cotton

Even

the

remains

paper

add

to

injure metal
roughens the

bearings.
relative viscosity
263. Testing for Viscosity. The
different
oils may
be determined
or
by
body of two
placing a drop of each side by side upon an inclined
thinner
of glass. The
the
oil wall of course
run
pane
farthest
in a given time.
By keeping a systematic
"

record
may

of

have

soon

body
determine

the

and

fall from

temperature
In

with

relative
a

test

small
and

suits

tested,

and

has

his purpose

of

the

one

parative
com-

used, and
best ;

so

ing,
provid-

perature
temat the same
always made
glass always equally inclined.
is by counting the
drops that

is

the
test

used

different oils he

that

one

oils

good knowledge

very

in the

always, this
Another

different

all the

orifice,tlie

two

oils under

the

same

pressure.

testing viscosityit

should

be

remembered

that

The

212

Gasoline

exposed

moment

About

the

only satisfactorytest

than

whereon

the

less than

not

on

the

the

charge is fired.
of this requires a special
much
reading goes
thermometer;

ordinary temperature

400'^ Fahr.

porcelain dish

Farm

the

instant

the

at

thermometer

higher

Engine

filled with

Place

oil in

small

metal

thin

or

larger vessel which

has
filled with
been
sand, sinking the fire well into
the
sand ; then
apply heat until the oil begins to
of heating
vaporize. The sand bath is for the purpose
all sides of the dish evenly instead
of all at one
point
of contact.
Hold
above
the dish in
a
lighted match
the midst
of the rising gases
until there
is a flash or
the
eter.
note
ignition; then
reading of the thermomThis

is

temperature

at

then

The

flash

not

be

should

Fire

is

where

the

any

Test.

the

The

"

oil is

shown
low

be

cold

lowest

Test.

easilytaken

There

an

and

remembered

the

Carbon.
accurate

"

The

guide

considerable

that

not

is apt to

all, a

after

be

the

portance,
im-

It should

carbon

qualitiesat
rigid,since

of the

test

is

high

fire test

cold

while

oil has

an

sacrifice

mean

good

too

specificgravity
to

point.

instances

some

working

should

test

This

flash

experiment.

reasonable

After

extreme.

actual

though

like

the

ing
firthe

burn.

to

are

the

as

which

at

as

same

engine is to be operated
The
congealing point of

of convenience,
nearly a matter
is a positivenecessity.

pretty

farther,

oil is of
the

by

superiorityhere

269.

is the

test

little

temperatures.

temperature

other

lowest
fire

take

temperature

"

of

test

anything

extra

fire

is carried

Cold

in low

always

oil vapors

the

speciallywhere
much

is, the

that

point;

only ignite but continue

from
60" to 75" higher than

The

268.

which

test, but

point
vapors

flash

out.

go

267.
the

the

of

an

more

oil is

it contains,

pro-

The

Gasoline

Engine

on

have
been
not
viding adulterants
in the cylinder is enough to burn
oil

less, and

or

more

it follows

that

load

the

greatest

oils

deposit
is of

which

oil richest

the

dirt

of

carbon

some

added.

in

when

they

and

heat

evaporate

any

the

hydrogen,
will deposit

carbon

trouble.

213
the

out

and

lightest weight

As

and

drives

this

as

Farm

the

All
burn.

of

these

That

oil

still possesses

body
is best, where
specificgravity
enough to do its work
alone
is taken
the test.
as
By ignitinga quantity of
vessel and
the oil in a small
holding a bit of window
it burns,
it for a stated length of time while
glass over
it deposits can
of carbon
be readily apthe amount
proximate
Oil Waste

270.
test

of the

not

include

and

Engine

has

lubricatingsystem
the

the

behind

man

Waste.
been
oil

thorough

No

"

made

that

The

can.

the outside
of the
squirted carelesslyover
value
to the
no
engine, though it serves

is

of

mission

in

engine, if
clean, but
and

to
must

it sometimes

just when

know

know

be

it is used

used

how

to

frame
an

is
portant
im-

line
gaso-

do

to

cannot

unless

not
not

are

this

it is

oil that

of dirt.

accumulation

an

does

be kept
good work, must
unless
done
good oil is used
lubricators
properly. Where
ment
judgrequires considerable
to oil ; when
they are, one

them.

set

engine the cup

Quantity of Oil. For the new
be
set
to
supplying the piston and cylinder should
supply about 25 drops per minute, until the walls have
begun to acquire their glaze and the engine itself has
become
tuned
working ; then the supply
up for smooth
be reduced.
is a good indicator
if
The
exhaust
may
too
much
oil is being used, a heavy blue smoke
being
271.

pretty

"

conclusive

oil is better

better,for

than
it

soon

evidence
too

that

little,but

loads

the

there

is.

it is not

piston

and

Too

much

very

much

rings down

The

214

Engine

Gasoline

on

Farm

the

deposit and is very likelyto short-circuit

the firingplug.
The
quantity of oil needed
by the other bearings
best be told by careful
bering
can
attention, always rememthat some
bearings tell the engineer Avhen they
the
to
are
dry while others only tell their troubles
engine. It's always best to keep on familiar terms
with

with

them.

sooty

While

Lubricating Systems.

272.

"

lubricating devices

and

systems

common

are

many
those

use,

terest
probably prove of greatest inof a farm
to the owner
engine.
The
Gravity System. The
gravity system,
in favor
some
years
ago, depends for the flow

described

273.

below

will

"

much

Exterior.
Fig.

in

there

'/2i- Exterior
"

Sectional.

hiterior

and

Views

of

Sight

Feed

Gravity

Lubricator.

of

the

through
be

oil
a

upon

small

regulated to

the

elevated

outlet
very

pipe

nearly

location

from
a

which

stated

of
the

number

the

cups

flow
of

can

drops

The

While

miiuite.
"

oer

Engine

Gasoline

'ot

these

are

on

Farm

the

215

fairlyaccurate

it does

a
great obstruction to cut
very
m.re
the oil above
the pressure from
so
m
flow
a
This
miel is insiguiflcant.
style,however

off

small

S
ve

y common
The

In

bottom

case

that

ends

connecting

rods

splash into

the

every

so

carry

at

is

all
up

which
wnicn

some

there

of forget-

automatic

is
IS

then

has

to

is very
the

might
supply

of

effective

tank.

Explaining

System

Splash

the

of Lubrication.

XV...

be

attended

to

than

with

attention; still the

thing
some-

same

gument
ar-

used

againstthe use o a tank o

gasolineahead. The sp ash system
so
long as a supply of oil is kept in

Occasionally,as

through use.
oil

be

74"

for

auLuiiidLi^

requiringconstant
hold

Fig.

anything

with

and

davs

tank

surplus oil
is
caught.

chance

fulness

oil

the

people

some

more

ply
sup-

for

last

and

With

to

Enough

to

carried

oil to

parts of the

placed in

once

time,

thrust,

crank

and

be

or

liquidon

enough

up

them.
can

dip

revolution, and

working

shaft

shaft.

of the

downward

at

crank

the

quire;
re-

crank

the

of
the

u.

placed m

oil is

the

enclosing

case

simplicity

of its

because

is

Splash System.-The splash system

oil

Enough

their

part

tight'

the

in

use,

he

it should

be

the

"lrawn

oil becomes
off and

discolored

filtered or

new

introduced.

a75.

The

System.-Thisis
.

Loose

Ring

-i^^
smidar
"

very

The

2i6
the

to

Gasoline

Engine

splash system,

on

loose ring being allowed

the shaft and carry the

swing upon
It is hardly as
it slowly revolves.
splash method, however, and is less

Fig. 75._Loose

276.
held

in

The
a

with

is maintained

pressure
the

exhaust

277.
method
of

various

feed

the

engine.

some

of the

certain

use.

This

forces

it

oil is

which

through

various

bearings and
by connecting the tank

enclosed

crank

Force

the
with

case.

Feed."

favorite

is the
efficiency
is geared to the engine
quantity of the oil through

pipes

attached

This

has

as

the

as

of its certain

which

pump

the

or

because

now

forces

which

an

Positive

The

oil

an

with

or

in

it

with

effective

to

Bearing Lubricati

introduced.

connecting pipes

oil up

the
System." Sometimes
of supply, into
or
source

tank

be

can

pressure

for

Ring

Pressure

central

Farm

the

to

it with

each

stroke

use

and
the
of

important advantages,
and. with a supply of oil back of it,there is practically
looked.
no
being overdanger of any bearing thus connected
is not
this system
Of
so
simple as
course,
others, and

several

it is

more

costlv

to

install.

Engine

Gasoline

The

Oiling Through

278
method
enouo-h

indeed, when

of noHce;

76.-Mechanically
Operated

Fig

to

mix

to

cylinder oil
strain into
into

fine

stav

on

from

with

where

upon

other

all other

immediate
course

case

are

the

cups,

methods

means

of

not
as

the

mended
recom-

along

with

viscosity

the

oil

fuel

settle

to

lubricated

keep them

this method

fail. When

and

cylmder

engme

is

used

lubricating the
be

cylinderand its
dispensedwith, though

bearings and parts contained

afTected.
usual.

Insures

Pump

divides the

This

and

walls

accessories may
the

and

hot

gallons of gasohne

five

enough

the

Oil

worthy

quart of the best heavy

carburetor

still it retains

fire spray

of

pint to

the

it

it is sometimes

gasolinesupply tank.
globules which enter

readily through
vapor;

Plunger

them

each

render

Feed.

Force

oil refu";es

to

cylinderwalls get

the

this

experimentalstage,

the

attained

been

has

success

217

While

Carburetor."

the

hardly passed

has

Farm

the

on

As

These
the

the

crank

through
applied through the

must

oil

in

be

oiled

The

2i8

Gasoline
better

is

gasoline

it is

where

it is

Engine

on

distributed

Farm

the

directly to

the

needed, less oil is required and

in the

claimed, occurs

point

less

bon,
car-

cylinder.

Oil finallybecomes
unfit for use,
Filtering."
not
only through a mixture of dirt,dust and the metal
scale from
the bearings, but through
particleswhich
evaporation and actual chemical
change. Still it may
be used
over
again several times for the bearings if
after filtering
be used
should
not
filtered,but even
a
again in the cylinder. Ordinary wicking makes
good filtering
material, though it may take filler out of
oil or
heavy compounding out of paraffin oil or that
of high viscosity,
and leave it without
body. Oil may
279.

be

filtered

tAvo

oil should

new

be

liable

make

to

and

filtered before

be

dirt and

much

times

three

or

used

in

This

using.

in

pipe

some

will

otherwise

impurities that

trouble

Even

over.

move
re-

would
cating
lubri-

the

system.
Other

280.
be

not

Lubricants."

complete without

supplemental lubricants
it

that

hardly

to

to

oils in their

refer

them

to

few

nature

under

the

head.

same

Graphite.

281.

"

in both

nature

free

from

for

It is not

oil.

by

upon

it will stand

pressure

down.

some

that

the

surface

over

them.

that

be

Its

cold

or

break

would

is

is

the

not

over

acted

too, there
when

liquid lubricants
a

the

removes

surface

is

its work

under

up

lubricated,while

glaze

and

its solid form,

graphite

measure

it fills in and
to

In

advantages

several

heat

by

alkalies.

or

resistinga
oil in

places

certain

places where
In

in

occurs

amorphous form, when

impurities,is a true lubricant,and

aflfected

acids

substance, which

This

crystallineand

grit and

possesses

are

reference

unlike

so

best

seemed

brief

chapter would

this

Perhaps

supplement of
inequalitiesin

oil

probably

merely
more

slides

durable

The

220

Gasoline

into

screwed

their

Engine

socket, and

on

Farm

the

insures

absolutelytight

joints.
Grease.

282.

that

is best

There

"

be

to

seems

lubricant

one

no

in all

places. In some
respects grease has
decided
oil. It stays in place better
a
advantage over
for one
duced,
thing and, if a surplus happens to be introinstead
of running down
of the
the outside
boxings, it pilesup in high collars on each side of the
of dirt and
bearing and shuts ofif the entrance
grit.
Oil is not heavy enough in body to protect the shaft
from
real abrading substance
which
happens to
any
is. It also acts
as
get into the bearing, while grease
a
cushion, and makes
run
more
quietly,and of
gears
with
less strain and
friction : hence
course
they are
liable to chip when
Grease
not
so
going into mesh.
is also best

is

differentials,and

for

objectionable it
it is

graphite
for

to

of

one

Foolish

Economy.

with
known

lubricants

Friction

"

and

actual

abuse

two

to

measure

has

said

lubrication

that

should

be

if that

speed
the

made

that

Certainlv

is

is put

w^e

who

be

are

this

upon
seems

hands
are

one

cheapest

it is the

by

memory

the

than

statements

cheapest
Both

true.

of

owner

every

repeated daily, especially

strain

time, it
human

cheaper

gasoline engine.

tremendous

same

Avith

to

should

and

machine
the

of these

Some

expense.

else that

one

committed

machinery,

is

some

Both

repairs.

this

overcome

machinery is,and

at

best

drip

chinery
mathings which above all others make
expensive, and it is certainlyfoolish economy
able in
we
are
thing with which
cheapen the one

the

some

of

very

where

IMixed

value.

special

the

places

wheels.

gear

283.
are

is of

in

of

could

endure

benefitted

and

heat

all

mechanism
that

wonderful

sider
con-

we

pressure,
bit of

one

When

any

it and

should

so

thing

survive.
far

co-

operate

The

Gasoline

with

our

oil is but

be-t

of

most

make

us

in the

care

few

of

'the
world's

oil

-etting the

it is needed

that

fact

may

we

and

the

greater
trouble

of the

it
gasolineengmes
faulty lubrication-faults

we

When

sideration
con-

spot where

very

wonderful

into

perfectedmethods
the

to

use

take

we

more

our

effected

have

Much

of

first crude

the

knowledge.

the

but

great

so

can.

discovered, lay in

been

of

oil

of the

use

not

d.t-

the

and

in cleanlier habits

it up

experiencedwith
has

cents;

all

After

worthless

price of

the

between

ference

221

furnish the very

to

as

affords.

market

Farm

the

on

little assistant

supplies the

best

Engine

saving

the

excuse
quantityof oil used, we surely have no possible
best lubricants, be they
but
the very
for using any
will
market
the
oil or
or
graphite,.
grease, that

''"28/
Ten

of the

rolls out

that
not

Lubricating Commandments."
in the

It is the

pipe;not

the

oil

to

crystalof grit that plugs

small

large

engine

Some

one

cannot

seem

to

owners

engine

an

that

is

by

Too

is

feed ,

,,

the

the

best

in.

that

absorption system,
try

woolen

with

it.

yarn

stead
in-

hay-seed.

much

oil is

little better

than

than

Don't

bearings; the

forget

the

"Te'ros^'ene
will
gasoline
or

not

otherwise

go.

not

enough

and

seized piston.

great deal better

it would

think

Don't

the pores of the frame.

Fill all the large oil holes up
of

get

the

through

of smoke

form

lubricatingexpense.

way

exhaust

oil

The

carry

Be

lower

well

as

as

the

oil into placeswhere

sure

that

it

gets there,

if it is needed.
The
in

best

place and

oil is
do

usually the

its work.

thinnest

that

will stay

The

2.22

Gasoline

Engine

lubricants

Proper

insure

on

Farm

the

against

cylinder

many

troubles.
There
of

mav

is

good
be

many

only
and

poor

dollars.

few

cents

lubricant.

difference
The

in
later

the

first
difference

cost

CHAPTER

ELIMINATION

XIII.

OF

ENGINE

Classified Trouble.

285.

classified if

look

we

is the

and

system

else

it is the

Even

"

after

them

writer's

wish

which
to

troubles

our

with

thing

one

TROUBLES.

be

may

sufficient system
above

urge

in

everything
this unlucky

thirteenth

chapter.
Starting Troubles.

286.
include

may

with

enough

real life

to

chance

to

upon

or

have

we

engine

ailments, little and

numerous

of which

one

all

those

Gasoline

"

the

prevent

come

troubles

big, any
startingat

engine from
keep it in motion
our

second

until

class

of

difficulties,or

operating troubles.
mean
287. Operating Troubles.
By this we
various
matters
wuich, while they permit us to
the engine and
keep it going, compel us to face
less disagreeable behavior
which
is not
or
more
"

and

wish

we

Transmission

288.

may

which

operate

to

start
some
mal
nor-

discontinue.

Troubles.

without

the

fault, and

"

The

engine

because
still,

of

itself
some

transforming its energy into

useful work, we
be able to accomplish a desired
may
task with
it only through the unreasonable
of
waste
we
difficulty

may

personal effort, or

not

else

in

at

not

all.

It is not
so
mon
uncomEnergy Troubles.
very
for an
of repair to run
out
empty
engine when
much
as
seeming willingness as usual and still
it along when
to
develop enough energy
carry

289.
with

have

hitched

"

to

load.

223

The

224

to

results

which
time

account;

very

often, and

remedies

to

on

look

The

troubles

surprises for

from

and

To

all of these

of Most

A\ hen

Trouble."
of

fairlymost
of two

one

classes

we

will

attention.

moments'

matter

come

the

is called

attention

our

however, occasional

avail.

Origin

the

at

to

come

might expect

we

as

soon

troubles

at the
perhaps cannot
the irregularthings that do not
happen
for which
the usual list of ready made

few

which

Farm

the

Some

prepared,

will not

give

as

are,

not

are

we

291.

get

we

There

them.

now

from

of conditions

out

very

Engine

Irregular Troubles."

290.
us

Gasoline

we

come

gasoline engine

our

the

sources,

things we

don't
The
know.
frozen
forget, and the things we
water
jacket is not one of the inevitable results of gas
Usually it troubles us only once
engine management.
before draining the
at the first of the freezing season
fixed habit.
So it is with
a
pipes becomes
nearly all
often go wrong
trouble ; something that doesn't
gives
a
us
surprise,or else some
part of the engine that has
have
been
never
so
completely self-attendingthat we
given it any thought springs something upon us that
did not
we
previously know.
first thing
The
The
First Thing to Do."
292.
very
to

get when

trouble
is

there

that

be hard

may
else

If

condition

normal

be

is to

to

has

until

firm

later

all

ran

there

is one,

right in
The

and

son
rea-

nothing

is hunted

reason

idea

it is because

on

disturbed.

been

that

of the

grasp

engine

it fails

find, but

done

The

reason.

condition.

normal
that

is

comes

out.

everything else, don't get excited ; nothing

It
is going to happen if we
serious
keep our nerve.
with
isn't like having something go wrong
steam
a

Above

boiler

and

it. While

full head

we

engine

studying the
just a harmless

are

is

of steam

and

heavy

situation

piece

of

over

fire behind
the

iron, no

line
gasomore

The

Gasoline
than

dangerous

in the

reason

until

world

anvil

on

beside

it

keeping

to

understand

Farm

the

it ;

for

begin

can

we

the

Engine

there

so

22^
is all the
of iron

just a piece
the

of

nature

the

trouble.
It's

pretty good idea, first of all, to

simpler things that

the

over

go

sometimes

less
forget,or are careabout
because
they are simple. It does not take
long to investigate these, and it is surprising how
been
called
out
gasoline engine experts have
many
the gasolinetank needed
the engineer
when
or
refilling
Look
first of all
had
forgotten to close the switch.
If it is full,notice whether
to the tank.
a flyingnew^geven

or

paper

at

the

can

coming

way

be

no

and
its

to

leaf may

shut

so

this

of

closed

the

is to

some

of

the

fuel, and

pipe
the

open

the

While

notice, too, whether

ignition,then have
stand
directlyback

supply

have

oxygen.

Maybe

over.

test

not

off the

better

carburetor

is

good

dead

and

entrance,

we

is

looking
the

the
valves

so

crank

there
the

exhaust.
are

line
gaso-

clogged.

switch,
one

air

gine
en-

If getting

working

as

of gasoline is noticeable
they should, a strong scent
in the discharge. If the engine is water
cooled
notice
whether
it has been
ice is in
if no
overheating. Even
before
the heavier
the jacket pipes are
to freeze
prone
is affected.
body of water
293.

It Proves

When

convinced

that

none

Be

to

of

the

Real
little

Trouble.
outside

"

Once

slips

of

ready to go after the

in the interior of the engine. Other
things
difliculty
being equal, it is always best to investigate the
we
simplest thing first,though of course
ought to
have
we
modify this so as to first catch that which
be wrong.
reasonable
for thinking may
some
excuse
Whatever
have
wrenches, pliersand other tools we
that we
be laid out
need
should
at all likely to
are
memory

are

to

blame,

we

are

22.G

in

The

Gasoline

convenient

Engine

reach

on

there

Farm

the

is

turbing
disnothing more
than having to spend
to the puzzled machinist
half his mental
in finding things. A
good
energy
is a great help in this, while
assistant
is
a
one
poor
than

worse

wrench

Test

294.

is system
On

and

another

In

"

engine

than

in the

in

permit

account

of

of

part

no

assistance

an

no

over

handle.

more

else the habit

one

there

System.

of trouble.

hunting
any

without

with

management

or

as

yourself

testinga part here,

the

on

side.

other

another

After

the

first cursory

the entire
glance over
engine for some
the most
superficialdifficulty,
rigid attention to system
is surprisinglyhelpful,even
a
system being
poor
better

than

engine

troubles

that

is the

295.

and

lie in

Few

of

confusion,

60

over

let

the

us

take

one

little before

With

things apart.

Is the suction

the

switch

engine slowly

soon

after

of the

exhaust

close

to

back

all

stroke

opening

be

to

appear

go.

To

avoid

the

sibility
pos-

thing at a
beginning to

time

let

one

open,
and

study

it

as

the

end

and

Does

right?

some

each

take

stroke

of the

let the

not,

and

somewhere,
and

cranking
Is

there

should

be?

should

be

crank

the

suspect

as

test

study
much
The

carburetor
in

the

notice

the
If

to

the

in

for
just a little too much
opening the
against without

whether

the
over.

system

continue

the

stroke.

compression

compression

till

intake

so,

step

continue

coming

are

or

it appear
If so,

cranking

detail.

resistance

does

stroke?

cylinderis scavenged out; then

of gasoline vapor
fumes
customary

valve

the intake

should, and

the

to

to

itself.

by

If

all real

part of the ignitionsystem

some

of

cent,

per

"

it

crank

As

logicalplace for us
Simple Questions.

most

think

hand

all.

at

none

piston

as

there

five-horse
an

engine
ordinary man

relief cock.

If it

The

228
the

Gasoline

work, and

Engine
used

pair

on

Farm

the

for

only

engine repairwork,
if kept free from
oil, will last a long time.
Testing the Electric System. Before making
297.
all the wires
any internal investigationnotice whether
fast on
if the latter are
the binding posts, and
are
screwed
a
perfect contact
up tightlyenough to insure
a

"

with

metal.

the

is found.

Next, release

plug hy

wire

touching ; have
wheel.

the

the

the

or

pale

color

the

that

point

and

force

to

the

of

the

repair

bill

than

strong

up

the

if

with

Test

this

down

the

the

crank
tween
be-

gap

if it is of

or

appears

the

clean.

plug

and

broken
For

gap

the

or

and

doAvn

tion
insulaserious

inexperienced, less

the

gap

should

be

If

the

spark

the

cylinder

"

from

used.

points has

the

have

may

the

having

the

seems

and

gotten

deposit or if the metal is badly

points thoroughly and also wipe
sulation
It is just possible that the in-

by replacing

between

and

switch

is

wide

the

resulting spark is good, the

part of the engine ; if much
passed

the

to

probably nothing
unless
it is in the plug

between

carbon

the

cap

there

too

be

gap

Clean

of

the

spark

no

over

may

the

porcelain

close

Spark Is Good.
the spark plug

the

corroded.

running

trouble

the

is in all probabilitybetween
difficulty
the battery. Care
be taken
not
must

remove

closed

but

spark

whether

wire

electric system

coil

If

298.

note

frame

engendered.
eighth of an inch

an

end

fat, yellow spark jumps

and

the

timing;

the

wire

loose

assistant

wire

with

wrong

near

an

If

is

spark
the screw
cap, and, holding the
the engine frame
but not
quite

off

turning

of the

point

If there

wire

and

but
faulty; if about the same,
of the ignition system
is 'at

been

wire

terminal,

engine

down.

broken

screwing

cranked.

trouble

is in

some

weaker

than

that

the

frame, the

weak,
fault.

some

These

If the
other
which

plug

other

is

part

directions

The

have

written

been

Engine

Gasoline
with

on

Farm

the

jump spark system

the

229
in

mind,

and break system.

apply equally to the make
A Poor
Spark." If the spark is poor or
299

but

not

back

appear
from

at

all

the

plug

77.-Pocket Size

Fig

to

its other

Battery
Volts

ticularlywhether
a

none,

with

see

broken

there

wire

that the

good contacts
Testing the
300.

follow

will

we

or

cable

the

does

carefully

terminal, notmg

Testing Gauge
Amperes.

Indicates

par-

Either

are

any

points in

it which

under

the

covering.

If there

terminals
under

are

the

Batteries."

free

from

grease

dicate
inare

and

binding posts.

Beginning

at the

other

Gasoline

The

230
end

of the

system,

Avhether

all

and

the

wires
then

in
and

each

test

for

them.

is weak,

one

others

rapidly.

If

results

same

ends

is not

ammeter

an

of

at

hand

nected,
con-

signs of
minal
ter-

ammeter;

time

ing
watch-

with

it will

white
the

run

testing,the

this

the

by bringing
the

are

both

cup

for

to

see

us

any

the

it,as

remove

attached

wires

of

obtained

be

may

two

are

disconnect

outside

on

crystals. If
down

if there

Next

we

if all terminals

reading with
separately,at the same

coated

Let

properly

are

the

test

cell

one

wires

or

Avhether

out

spark.

broken,

good,

Farm

the

find

make

are

contact

on

now

battery

any

short-circuit

will

the

of

whether
clean

will

we

that

anything

have

Engine

bare

terminals

battery

cell can
pulling apart. Each
be tested separately in this way,
although, of course,
mated
the intensityof the resultingspark can
only be estiby its color.
have
to
now
reason
Testing the Coil. We
301.
believe
that a good spark is being delivered
to the
into

then

and

contact

"

is, after

coil ; that

have

we

that

seen

right. It still remains

it is
If it is receivinga good current
to the
a
secondary cable or
good one
short-circuit
it
or
through some
all

are

these

to

else

coil.

the

test

either

tions
connec-

delivering
is

broken

wasting
down

insulation.
the

Remove
and

substitute

air gap

may

post.

secondary
a

be

wire

short
formed

If, with

with
gap

from

cable
from

the

the
end

coil terminal
of which

an

sion
primary or low-tenabout
% inch, a good

any
of

removed
be
spark is delivered, the wire may
if the coil fails
and the secondary cable replaced. But
the spark, a readjustment of the platinum
to deliver
contacts
help matters.
(see that they are clean) may
them
that holds
the screw
Loosen
slightlyand then

white

little at

tighten a
and

timer

right and

pretty certain
somewhere

that

has

within

novice

attempt

to

removed

be

factory where

it

insulation while
of the
made

for, or

If

such

It is useless

as

in most

sulation
in-

for

the

instances,

seldom

the

posure
Ex-

happens.

will in time

placed

of the terminal

path

in the

than

gap

the

out

rot

coil is

the

through

wires

terminals, may
greasy
through the insulation in

easier

then

of its branches.

one

wider

is,

current

cause

or

break

an

to

or

very

contact

poor

to

find

to

wasted.

over-resistance

connections

spark

the

permittingthe

however,

an

current,

careless

the

of

is

this

moisture,

to

wire

made

was

abuse

from

Except

winding

repair shop, either. The coil should

from
the
engine and sent back to

local

for the

may

that

remedy this,or,

to

we

out;

and

be

spark

If

coil is burned

that

way

short-circuit and

to

the

the

to

broken.

not

is still no

there

that

given

spring is

231

look

Then

test.

inside

the

Farm

the

on

and

time

that

see

all is found
be

Engine

C7\soline

The

its effort

path.

the platspark from coil is intermittent,examine

inum
them
points for pitting and, if found, smooth

with

down
If

fine file or,

spark

the

uniformly

condenser

dov/n

broken

is

still,an

better

weak

which

oil

there

stone.

shop had

the

be

may

better

replace.
A

302.

weak

in the

of

case

remagnetizingor
out.

In

If the

Faulty Magneto."

either

the

case

field

the

magneto

else the

spark

must

uniformly
need

magnets

winding

armature

magneto

is

be

is burned

returned

to

the

shop.
Irregular firingof

incorrect
be

working

determined

the

of the

magneto
the

cut) aside, taking off

at 2
tightening up the screw
119

in

be

breaker.

contact

by swinging

may

(see

to

This

the
can

spring (numbered
end
(117) and
cap
No. 45). Also
cut

flat
the

due

232

The

tighten

screw

Gasolixe
at

Examine

21.

of
the
be

and

breaker

contact

Xo.

at

screw

and

ox

the

by

magneto

but

steel

and

remove

further

any

at

segments
oil

any

be removed

can

novice

Farm

the

the

platinum points

The

grease.

Engine

by

or

means

dismantlingof

is useless

and

should

not

undertaken.
Aside

from
of

hundred
coil

dirty or
the

times

points, it

contact

that

it sometimes

that

the

or

placement
slightdis-

is not

will be

trouble

any

indeed,

magneto;

or

connections

wet

found

is overlooked

with

is

here

trouble

in

once

the

quent
infre-

so

because

is

one

that
times
trouble
likely to forget between
can
any
here.
solutely
occur
Always, before condemning either,be abthat all connecting Avires are
insulated
sure
that the terminal
and
connections
are
complete. A
loose binding nut
due to a stripped thread, or
even
dirty contacts, may be enough to interruptthe current.
shortSpark plugs, it is well to remember, may

circuit

electric

an

cold ; also

they

when
do

in

when

so

303.
what

Good

its feeble
A

hot

into

in the

Spark."

or

spark

It

be

may.

well

Where

of

what

like and

red

flame, look

of the
the
when

primary
so

always

spark

of

some

is

it is weak.

ahvays

causes

that

secondary

no

shock

currents

If divided
If

for short-circuits.

is Felt."

ignition system

circuit

handled
the

Shock

the

may

describe

to

pale and rather greenish the spark is weak.

fat,yellow spark can
always be trusted.
304.

erly
prop-

it.

compact

If it shows

little tongues

when

not

are.

blue-white

one.

produce

to

spark looks

hot

and

cylinderalthough they

from

imitations

w^hite

good

place
removed

good

fail

sometimes

hot

when

current

In

one

making

is
that

amination
ex-

that

inconvenience

felt, and
have

the

notice

may

serious

short,

the

that

it is

sting

in

Gasoline

The
The

them.

of

purpose

on

induction
current

How

well

tension

surmised

from

system.
the

fact

that

there

is

current

to

than

line

always

be

of

may

be

of

six

about

volts

Faults

of

the

secondary

battery

4,000

nine

to

duce
pro-

insulation,

more

are

complete bridge

between

the

latter

for

the

cross.

positive battery terminal,

The

is for

this is done

like

"

233

important along the

dirty plug points unless

is, short-circuits, are

transmission

the

of

current

^-inch spark.
A
Few
Ignition Facts.

305.

coil

that, while

ordinary dry cells produces

volts, it requires something
a

Farm

the

Avinding in the
intensifyingthe

high

or

Engine

connected

with

the

the

carbon,

should

coil, in the jump

spark

system.
With
the

the

wiring

characteristic

wheel

is turned

wrong

with

Six

volts

the

all connected
the

the

up,

buzz

at

coil box

over

is evidence

that

ampere

of current

when

absence

of

the

engine
something is

system.

and

one-half

should

be

ample to operate a good coil. If set to use

more,
it only runs
that much
the battery down
faster.
Five
cells of dry battery ought to give this.
disconnected
current
Excessive
or
secondary wires,
if the

cells
to

the

seek

are
a

fresh

and

short

cut

strong,
in the

may
coil

cause

and

the

break

rent
cur-

down

insulation.

The

make

and

break

points gradually fuse

shorten
with use
until presently the time
and
comes
when
cuit
they will no longer reach to complete the cirthe engine refuses
to fire at all,until they
; then
are
lengthened.
If one
ally
cylinder of a multi-cylinderengine continumisfires while
the others
do not, suspect the plug.
If ignitionfails suddenly it is a pretty good indicacontact

The

234

there

that

tion

Engine

Gasoline
is

on

Farm

the

short-circuit,probably in the wires

coil.

or

Often

porcelain in

broken

short-circuit; and

the

the

plug

this.

is

306.

that

and

accurate,

the

lest

timer

out

castor

oil

wire

in

with

sufficientlyaccurate

to

the

any

absolutely
worn

looked

after,
in

it.
new

engine

turn

shut

escaping

whether

prove

are

fuel

and

delicate

very

break.

put

cylinder and

just after

spark should come

hissing. This is not

be

so

oil.

closed

switch

The

become

interferingwith

machine
of

plug

about

oil, and

and

gum

which
A

be

accurate

be

may

top

thread

must

enough

if there

should

circuit

lightsewing

or

hand

by

nothing

lubricants

pet cock

Open

is

use

often

may

Notice
It

ing
screw-

Never

porcelain will
"

causes

to

needed.

cold

timer.

all grease,

Clean

over

there

ground

The

parts.

the

the

parts about

worn

be

may

wdien

Timer.

Suspected

is

}4-inch pipe

tight

heated

tight when

due

tightly.
hand

The

leverage

moderately

spark plug

is often

too

standard

though, with the

is tapering, more
that

break

the

its socket

for

wrench

large

into

the

off.

air stops

test

but

it is

the

timer

has

slipped.
good spark at the
all right
coming over
plug and the gasoline mixture
ing
stickfor a balky engine are
of the other reasons
some
first of
in the gasoline. The
valves, and water
be detected
these
by watching the valve stems
may
ing
while the engine is being cranked
; the second, by testthe gasoline.
Often, too, the novice, in his anxiety to start well,
in supplying gasoline to the carburetor,
is overzealous
and
or

the

floods
the

Troubles.

Other

307.

it

so

that

air inlet may

other

hand, there

With

"

too

be
may

rich

mixture

small,

too

be

an

or

excess

comes

obstructed.

over;

On

of air because

^Z6

The

the

right moment

Gasoline

proportion
miss

of

fire is

bad.

not

sometimes

symptoms

the

right

loadt

full

under

short

time

accomplishes

than

several

exhaust

should

right direction

if about

eight is a very fair performance

tween
light load, three misses be-

under

running

each

these

in

Farm

the

Running

explosion

one

on

revolution,and

missed.

are

and

of

Engine

hours

of

studying
in the

more

dismantlingand

reassembline.
The

4th.
the

is

valve

opening fully and

it is

closingas

that

there

it should.

of carbon

that

the

black

smoke

white

inferior

an

which

right time

blue

quality.
in

smoke,

too

much

oil

too

While

be

may

only

found

fuel

much

too

means

smoke,

expense

the

at

if

or

It is

symptoms

faulty combustion
oil, and

studied; whether

always barely possible

sufficient vent, owing to an accumulation
lime.
Never
portance
or
forget,either,the im-

is not

of

be

next

or,

much
or

lubricating

water

itself,this represents

oil of

or

of

matter

here;

rather'

gant
extrava-

in

condition

is daily bringing
cylinder which
broken
bent
to the time when
us
or
nearer
pre-ignition,
similar troubles
shafts and
will be taking our
crank
the

interior

of

the

attention.

5th.
shaft, or

Is

the

is it

impulse delivered to the

distributed pretty evenly through
power

bearingsand connections,

piston rings,worn
in

useless

overcoming

of line?

out

proportion
in

of the

6th.

Is

It is not

it is

in

consumers
more

is

per

one

the

minute

of

the

world.
will

wasted

or

shaft

ings
bear-

or

large
produced dissipated
to

see

add

worst

Often
lo

to

be

it should

what

points? Faulty lubrication always

which

the

loose

way.

lubrication

the

in

uncommon

after

power

useless

such

some

friction

crank

needless

means

machine
a

20%

few
to

and

tion,
fric-

energy

drops
the

all

at

of

oil

available

Gasoline

The

Engine

on

Farm

the

2};j

by preventing the cutting of a shaft. With the

are
gravity system, 8 to lo drops per minute
required
size farm
engine. This number, on
by the moderate
of the larger drops, should
be reduced
account
to
5
power

or

to

be

minute

per

if force

increased

water-cooled
Three

if w^ith

amount

in each

individual

When

consider

w^e

by

itself

of

things

over

too

One

than

much

for

the

cooling system.
engine heats, the oil
that

less

than

half-dozen

matters

comprehensive
scatter

of power

burns

gas

shaft

enough, the
by appearances

determined

to

If that

the

be

crank

view

attention

our

once.

lack

and

should

more

try

we

territoryat
cause

for the

of these

each

when

have

case.

apt to get

are

we

other

chamber

minute

per

will

and
"

gravity feed,
being of course

bearings,
exact

drops

is used,

engine is air instead of

the higher temperature.

of

account

four

or

little if the

a
on

"

feed

may

fails for

out, the

expand

may

come

rings

leak

in

in
the

reason

any

so

up

pression,
com-

the

hot

full

charge is inhaled each

time.
Any or all of these might easily affect the
of the engine appreciably.
power
dency
tenan
a
Overheating. When
engine shows
310.
overheat
under
to
load, the job in hand
may
be
sometimes
completed by giving it a little extra
time
occasional
and
A
rest.
an
perfectly Avorking
under
load continuously from
one
engine ought to run
week's
the other
if necessary
end
to
; but
nearly all
farm
be adapted without
work
great loss to short
may
in an
and
the engine
runs
by that means
emergency,
injury.
kept upon the job without
be
Causes
of Overheating. Overheating may
311.
the result of faulty construction
not
; then, perhaps it cana

"

"

be
some

It may

overcome.

other

form

of

be

due

mismanagement.

to

overload,
Dirt

may

or

to

have

The

2sS

the

clogged
pipe

the

the

be

port

and

in

system

lift

not

may

small

too

An

muffler.

Farm

the

valve

different

heat

on

lubrication

exhaust

under

in

Engine

or

The

exhaust

come

may

water

valve.

or

the

or

Gasoline

or'the
of

overdose

enough
result

same

from

name

some

back

sure
preswill

gasoline

late spark is

troublesome
specially
heat producer and
a
as
extinguisher as
power
well.
Nearly all of these difficultiesare registeredin
the discharge from
the exhaust.
cause

excess

Other

312.

tested

on

the

has

done

troubles

that

cooled

there

air

is

the

blade, or
partition

trouble, if

of the

the

be

is

ing
correspond-

directed

cylinder; or

all,

engine
displacedfan-

pump.

not

at

If the

of
possibility

any

With

it lies there

is the
may

been

once

again.

to

by

near

done

come

current

jacket around

air

be

similar to any

purely mechanical,

has

nated
overheating has elimifaulty construction.

causes

can

the

engine

that

engine

without

possible

been

water-cooled
IS

An

Causes."
full load

from

What

against the

possibly some
the
ready air

very

interferingwith

supply.
noticed

be

iron

has

removed

it may

be

piston

may

at

unsafe

fuel

cut

temperature

up

the
314-

such

is

load

the

carefullyduring

the

chance

cooling circulation.
Speed Variations." A

SQon

certain

but
to

Watch

continuance

conditions; then, as

seized

spark advance,

effective again.

as

amount

drag

to

keep

case,

not

should

seen

entirely,or

off, until it has

becomes

it may

suddenly until
is

engine

down

the greatest

almost

favorable

more

If

result.

lubrication

so

if the

shut

to

hot

The

cool.

to

is not

trouble

circulation

water

but

If the

is very

engine

chance

once,

slowly,with
the

the

up

had

Engine."

the

after

until

be safe to start
the

Hot

Cooling a

313.

ning
run-

with
cool
the

of these

safe,start
of

speed

variation

Engine

Gasoline

The

is to

expected

be

in the

of

running

of

account

on

impulses coming in the shape

than
by steady impact. This

Farm

the

on

of sudden

239
the

power

rather

blows

tendency

is very

electric generator

an

direct

single-cylinder
four-cycleengine, which
wheel.
These
a
specialbalance
provided w^ith

from

is not

which

normal

however,

are,

they

indicate

within

certain

fault

some

ticeable
no-

tions
varia-

limits, after

in

the

due

Racing and then

to a disarranged

engine

its

or

management.

Suspecting the

315.

dying

normal

below

way

governor

or

to

Governor."

the

one

are

blame

the

they should.

without

missing when

normal

and

then

dropped below,

the

the

of

to
or

the

well

are

that

way

above

after

it has

part of the

some

hard, either

casting,or

not

exploded

are

runs

missed

are

chances

Lazy Engine."

have

other

some

of

account

on

leak

in the

lazy engine

source

valves

the

or

is pretty

result

and, if it fails,a leak

every

charge under

carry

is

the

extreme

load

being fired regularlythe

'nothing
is left

to

suspect very

tain
cer-

piston rings

spark plug, unless the ignitionis at

timed
engine good compression may
a

and

charges

friction.

excess

316.

If the

charges

engine

number

is working
too
governor
a stiff spring,or
a rough

stifif

too

are

exploded regularly,do

If several

governor.

which

springs of

respond as readily as
being admitted and

to

be

may

is the

fault.

In

be

sidered
con-

cause.

If

engine will
spark is all right
seriously except
the

slow
too
compression. If the engine still runs
when
firingevery charge and the compression seems
oft' a part of the
all right,suspect overload.
Throw
load and note
whether
speed is increased so that the
is some
If not, there
begins cutting out.
governor
other
The
it is findable.
and
day of spooks
cause,
the

The

240

Gasoline

Engine

on

Farm

the

from

witcheryhas gone by. Sometimes a

the water
jacket,which admits water

.nto

the

combustion

en,

and

the lubrication should

and

there

as

Heated

be

may

there may

or

trouble
of

admission

proper

rhis

to

cause

the

be

normal, may

the

engine

im^

The

irregular
allowed

spee^

to

con

tighten

The

alignme

affect the

friction and

me

The

heating

affected by this

most

for the
fortunately
Pre-ignition.-Pre-ignition,

317.

self

the

mixture.

cause.

time

in'

even

down

be

never

excessive

cause

slow

will

hunting out
bearingsmay i"

enough
are

air

shaft,or
the

witliout

worn

at^onc
the piston'

be looked after

with

that must

trouble

IS

tinue

of

be

'
steam

or

threatened seizingof

occurs

J"
water-coo^

The

bearingsat the crank

driven machinery,may

he

chamber.

leak

th

much

so

that it is not

vigor

'^ *'"
'."'''"'"^
itf'.
It
for
first
the

time.

may

-ho

""^-'"

be

be

to

apt

long
with

nieets

bv

caused

advancing

impul'se

against

that the power

is buried
the piston before it has quite finished its compression
stroke; then it is driven violentlyback

against

its

the

spark

soot

.ng

which

stored

own

the

permits
to

It, or

cause

an

of

temperature

the

reach

attempt
load has

excessive

the point where

below

Anything like burncoolingsystem, or anything

energy.

failure of the

or

chamber

an

far,so

too

point
igniting
to

run

crowded
an

on

the
of

combustion

gasoline,may

advanced

spark when

the speed of the engine

advanced

spark

can

be used.

it

and
and
.on

too

and

-'"ch
closelyresembles,
''"""\''^'='!-fi-""^"
v!it?
which
confused, in that pre-igniIt

wit
IS

the

result

eariy in
may

not

the

IS

often

ignitinginfluence exerted
may
engine cycle, while back-firing

be.

of

some

Often

the

latter is caused

by

Gasoline

The

which

faulty mixture
of

tliecombustion
the intake

when

the

then

burns

chamber

valve

that

along
or

241
interior

the

of flames

mass

receive

to

carburetor;

the

slowly
is still

opens

Farm

the

on

so

flashes back

flame
to

Engine

its next

charge

intake

the

quently
fre-

pipe,

poorly fittingvalve

sufficiently
tight,and the flame rush
back
Pre-ignition is accomplished in the cyhnder,
while back-firingtakes place in the intake pipe,
too;
be in the cyhnder.
although its source
may
from
of several
318. Misfiring."This occurs
any
causes

be

close

not

may

or

combination

faulty and
system

enou-h.

fail to

of them.

or
ignite,

occasion

may

batteries

Weak

spark

of

speeds or

tends

adjustment.
the

wastes

fluctuation
does

slowing

hurling its

reduce

serious

hot

or

foul

spark

down

the

and

it

speed
but

engine,

shaft

results,

considerable
of

crank

ly

frequent

its

directlyagainstthe

energy

not

the

more

in

tric
elec-

slightlyout

be

to

perhaps

allows

jeopardizethe

not

is

so

and

charge
and

happens

not

is

misfiring,especia

Misfiring

but
pre-ignition,

than

that

to

may

of the

faulty insulation

or

if the timer

mixture

defect

some

spark points,anything which

intensity,may
bring about
hio-h

The

it

piston by

already

energy

stead
developed. Its efl:ect is negative almost wholly, inof a positivehindrance.
of the
Back-firing.-Thisis one
legitimate
319
^

of misfiring,which

results

it very

charge being trapped in the

fired into the open air. Perhaps

unfired
there
is the

there
to

these

often

consumption
is

perhaps

the

good

of

who

amateur,

ing
terrify-

more
a

fusillade of

startlingly
sharp reports, especiallyif

more

charges happen

them

is

ignited. If

to

the

be

delivered before

mixture

was

too

and

benefit, but

fuel without

first receives

muHler

greatest harm

engine prank

other

no

follows, the

hot
its

rich

two

or

either
to

of

burn

Gasoline

The

242
well

in the

Engine

cylinder it

on

Farm

the

being discharged into

of more
the presence
air,become
readilycombustible.
It also frequently occurs
when
the spark is being retarded
before
stopping the engine.
Knocking. Knocking, rightly enough, sets
320.
the operator
hunting for its cause
frequently quite
in the wrong
direction.
that something
Usually it means
serious
is wrong,
such
broken
as
a
piston-pin,
a
worn
cylinder,or worn
connecting rod bearings.
Bad
lubrication
or
a
piston threatening to seize are
other
that
demand
and
immediate
possible causes
of
rapid attention.
Occasionally a certain amount
knocking arises from a tardily fired charge or some
on

may,

"

"

less

serious
this

where
that

be

can

taken

should

one

no

but

cause,

the
as

occasions
a

allow

so

many

alarming symptom

most

are

knock

to

gated.
uninvesti-

go

classed
with
knocking, is
Pounding, often
tions,
only an aggravated form of the other in its manifestaby a pre-ignited
although it is usually caused
charge being hurled against an ascending piston,and
is generally due to an
over-advanced
spark.
the
outside
Outside
Knocking. Knocking
322.
cylinder is less difficult to locate, though it demands
attention.
immediate
some
purely
Usually it means
321.

"

and

about

trouble

mechanical

the

things not at all exclusive

only coming to it with a
of

the

that

force

extra

occasion
Any loose shaft may
occasionallya cylinder loosened
323.

Summing
of

terms,

most

engine

troubles

as

follows:

up
the
may

Common

shaft

crank

ings,
its bear-

or

the

gasolineengine,
cause
little more
severity bethe
is behind
piston.
to

it

or

more

from

less; also

its base.

Troubles.

In

"

distinctlycharacteristic
be

subdivided

into

four

general
gasoline
groups,

The

244

is

with

the

frequent
understood.

Engine

Barring

user.

the

wear,

engine

Gasoline

only

the

source

of

trouble

the

accidents
that

trouble

through

comes

on

and

ever

the

long

fact

that

tinued
con-

to

comes

while

operator;
is

Farm

the
it

the

most

is

not

CHAPTER

AND

SELECTING

XIV.

OPERATING

GAS

ENGINE.

is
Selectingthe Engine. Perhaps no mistake
common
more
purchasers of the first gasoline
among
to get the best, unless
engine than the determination
is no
best
it is the effort to get the cheapest. There
the most
for all purposes;
nor
can
gineer,
experienced enafter having tested
different standard
engines
he
side by side for months, always decide which
one
likes best even
for his own
Almost
use.
engine
any
will give entire satisfaction so long as everything runs
the engine is apt to be
well.
When
trouble
comes
325.

"

criticized,whether

step, then, in selecting a

which

not

work

it is wanted

wholly
to

is the

out

of the

blame

it is to

best, but
for.

The

farm,

or

not.

The

first

good engine, is to decide,

what
particularplace and
be answered
question must

from

the

kind

of

work

it is

do.

the
Style Required. For stationarypurposes,
floor space
than
the
horizontal
engine requires more
cause
upright,and is not so well adapted to high speed. Beof its broader
a
base, it is firmer under
heavy
belt pull than
the upright, the piston and cylinder are
more
accessible,and it can be bolted more
rigidlyto
Its lower
of gravity,too, renits foundations.
center
ders
solid for portable purposes,
in most
it more
and
it will probably give the best results
in larger
cases
than four or five H. P. sizes.
For the smaller engines

326.

"

245

The

246
intended

Gasoline

ExNgine

speciallyfor

on

Farm

the

portability,such

extreme

as

for

the

choring and hand work about the house and

barn, the upright has the advantage of lighterweight
for a given horse-power both on
of the liglft
account
of its higher speed.
because
and
frame
They are
doing

also
sizes

in floor space,

economical

more

be

to

seem

in the smaller

and

preferred by purchasers

and

facturers
manu-

They have some

advantage in the
of friction,
matter
a
more
important consideration in
in the larger engine, where
than
the small
there is a
greater likelihood of margin in power.
alike.

Fig.

327.
size

work

-A

The

farm
like

Best

needs

Size.
two

"

Every large or

engines;

threshing,wood

baling, etc.,

and

another

to

one

sawing,
of

Engine.

Gasoline

'J'ypicalHorizontal

from

even

do

the

heavier

grinding, hay

feed

one

moderate

to

three

horse-

The

Gasoline

capacity

power

bits

numerous

and

three-horse
in

engine

the

heavier

it is well

for

will
who

doing

those

the

save

buys

in

put

247

man

two-

or

machinery

more

require more
; then
power
probably regret having purchased so small an

engine, but
needs

may

in

use

man

will

now

which

two

or

year

will

he

the

rule

Farm

the

that

drudgery
a

on

economical

for

of

As

woman.

Engine

small
he

work

one

him
than

worse

if he

can,

remember

to

other.

any

has

that
For

the

with

along

to, get

he

hired

to longer
engine, by adapting his heavier work
while
the light engine is used
runs
perhaps several
times
day in doing that back-breaking drudgery
every
that is killingmore
and women
men
daily on the farm
in
than
still be done
anything else, but that would
the old way
in spite of the larger engine. Only the
small
with
either
engine fits into this work
power

have

convenience.

or

economy
their

How

buildings so arranged
economical

or

to

tasks

as

these, however,

lives of hundreds

that

it would

instance,
be

venient
con-

power
eight or ten horsecouple of buckets of water

use

engine for pumping a

the
or
or
running the churn
small
family dairy for four or
such

for

many,

an

separator

cream

five
that

cows?
are

in

It is

just
shortening the

people on the farm ; not the hard

the unvarying hard
much
work
as
so
drudgery.
the
The
larger engine is u^^uallypurchased to save
farm team
to increase
or
working capacity. It is the
ily.
small
himself and his famthe man
engine that saves
and
It will be used for a greater variety of work
more
continuously than the larger engine, and the
himself

man

328.

little like
hat
the

to

will
Plea

derive
for

advising

tell

advice

of

him
in

how
both

direct

benefits

from

it.

a
Engine. It seems
man
regarding the size of his
engine he needs,
large an
instances
:
same
being the

the
a

more

Small

"

The

248
the

get

Gasoline

size

though, the
when

both

the

be,

doing
the

the

say,

be

time

relieved

engine

purchased

the

wife

and
tion
ques-

life of greater

ease

family,

and

more

or

best

the

solution
for

horse-power engine
drudgery,and a tractor

latter all such

the

farmer
real

tasks

be

cutting could

more

of smaller

Fig. 79-" Easy

work,

two

farm

day

the

of

his

or

one

hay baling,wood
same

be

farm

range,

operations. Perhaps

every
AVith

farm.

the

is to

and

In

unusual

an

between

one

farmer

field

extended

would

be

to

Farm

the

place.

required has

engine only

one

on

fits the

that

power

seems

for

Engine

and

work

ing,
thresh-

as

done, while

through

care

at

would

housewife

the

and

for

the

size.

for

Work

One

and

Horse-power Gray

One-half

Engine.
Power

329."

For
one

will

run

the

run

the trees, and

the

wash
a

about

work

the

will

modern

bath

running

water,

room
run

or

and
the

the

flower

vacuum

all

be

and

dairy a
ample. This
and

machine

those
windows, including

dish-washer

house

Tasks."

quantities,separate

washing
water

Farm

Various

in moderate

water

milk, churn,
spray

for

horse-power engine

two

pump

the

of

most
or

Required

rooms

bed

of the
sweeper,
of

the

the

wringer,

garden,
story,
upper
and

supply
house

with

shop lathe,grindstone,emery

Engine

Gasoline

The

that

tasks

backs

price of aching
the

same

aid of

time
the

the

residence

at

With
could

be

at

the

in its spare

would, with

trical
enough elecbattery,accumulate
give the farm buildings every night

to

Sheller Easily Operated by One

three

to

five H.

the

the

in

enjoyed

city

run

corn

shelled, stock

through

P., the

farm

supply

of wood

and
ground, hay and straw
cutter, grain and hay elevated,

feed

stalks

almost

Horse-power.

little cost.

very

sawed,

handled

done

are

little worker

lighting conveniences

same

ilar
sim-

storage

Corn

"

be

can

other

all ; while

at

not

or

than

few

farm

average

industrious

energy

Fig. 80.

the

on

and

lawn

249

wash
buggies, white-

faster

times

outbuildings,ten
by hand, sprinklethe
the

done

Farm

the

cut-off,wash

small

and

wheel, rip saw

on

the

and

watered,

without

hand

feed
An

work.

conveyors

eight to ten
of the
heavy

do
horse-power would
practicallyall
work
be made
to do upon
a
a stationaryengine could
farm; such tasks as threshing,ensilagecutting,heavy
grinding,corn husking. For a tractor, less than twelve
factory
horse would
hardly be advisable, while for real satiswork
at the
on
plow and harrow
say a 200-

farm,

acre

For

half that
For

less than
smaller

power

that

attaching to

twenty

farms,
will do
the

tractors

good

table

could

horse

or

now

are

work
rear

with
of

be

not

made
the

machine

vised.
adof

plow.
for

The

250

Gasoline

binding grain, one

is just the thing.
The

the

great deal

and
man

do

of the

who
the

of the

on

more

the

on

engine ; in
it.

runs

work

under

to

words,

engine

P.

the

the

on

dition
con-

the

upon

that

is

and

machine,

itself
of the

care

big enough

unfavorable

most

made

now

of the machine

condition

other

An

H.

good deal

delivered

material

Farm

the

lightthree

required depends

power
of

Engine

conditions

to

is,

a
Fig. 8i."

of
one

powerful

course,

that

will

come

Simple Prony Brake

for

enough
to

up

the

Test.

all the

others,

estimate

only

while

on

supposition that the material will be delivered in

fail if the conditions
good shape may

extremely
There

farm

sonably
reaare

bad.

is,of

overloaded

the

in

course,
a

work,

short
but

danger
time
for

of

having

if it is installed

reallysaving

engine

small

the

for
work

eral
genand

The

252

Gasoline

exactly the

mean

done.
to

take

the

to

order

of

understand
know

to

what

Various

331.

which

Kinds

Actual

are

certain

Farm

the

of work

amount

ally
actu-

have

been

known

others

have

certain

men

this while

own

measurement

necessary
m

machine

some

of their

on

thing in

same

advantage of

standards
111

As

Engine

recognized generally
kinds

of

the comparative

it is
ener-y
value of each

horse-powerreallymeans.
of
Horse-power Defined."
the horse-power really developed,

horse-power is
as
proved by trial.
Brake
horse-power is the power shown by a friction
of measbrake,the Prony brake being a favorite means
This is not scientifically
unng.
accurate, but is near
all practical purposes.
power
horseBrake
enough to answer
the amount
of working energy
livered
derepresents
at

the belt.

Effective

brake.
as
horse-power is the same
of the power
Indicated horse-power is the measure
ably
developed in the cylinder,and is,of course, considerm

excess

of

the

actual

energy

It is

delivered.

the area
of the piston head
figuredout by multiplying
niches by the length of stroke in feet and the prodm
uct
first by the number
of strokes
per minute and then
the
effective pressure
on
by the average
piston in
The
stroke.
pounds during each power
result, being
m
foot-pounds,is divided by 33,000 for the indicated

all
which
horse-power. This is the measure
upon
for computing horse-power from
formula
piston area
The
brake
based.
are
horse-power is equal to the
mdicated
horse-power after we have subtracted from
the latter the energy
lost in friction,
ance,
passive resistetc.

Nominal
calculated
method

of

horse-power is defined as
and
by a conventional
rating, as that based on

the

horse-power

usuallv
the

area

incorrect
of

the

The

It has

piston

had

have

mav

for'
the

Engine

Gasoline
far

so

of

This

gearing and
usually amounts

brake

horse-power,

market

which

claims

elastic

would

admitted

be

absorbed

as

draw-bar

of its

the

one

energy

tractor

of

belt

the

is

own

50% and 60%

between

to

that

mission
trans-

weigh^

now

of the

the

on

Sofo.

Horse-power.-With even
to

the relative

meanings

different ratings,purchasinghorse-power
an

term

ment
rapid advance-

the
now

moving

the

careful attention

most

to

is

power

though

Purchasing

332

exeeptmg

commercial

draw-bar:

at the

less whatever

energy

ever

engine efficiency.It representsthe work-

delivered

ino- energy

owing

traction engine,must

of the
measure

as

it

confusing purchasers.

Tractive horse-power,

fixed meaning

any

it is still used

selling engines and

for

253

it is of littlehnportanee

that

fact that

lost

Farm

the

on

operation. Many

operate for

hour

an

engines,
or

so

is
-

at

the

of these

stUl

what
some-

tance

f""

latec

hot that
so
capacitywould by that time have become
they could not be run at all. While most farm work
short runs,
is done on comparatively
an
engine should,
nite
the less, be capableof maintaining for an indefinone
period the full rated capacityfor which it was
sold. Probably no
gasolineengine can develop more
it
than
and maintain
90% of its full possibilities
that an
steadilyfor an entire day ; hence it is necessary
engine to be honestly rated, have at least 10% reserv

energy
above

makers

In

more.
an

now

unknown

its

rating.

Many

of

the

best

engine

of them,
some
supply this reserve;
buying a cheap engine,though, or one

firm, it is well

to

keep this po.n

gasolineengine before it 1.
to suffer from
or
comparison with steam
engine
horse
must
ratings,we
give fair consideration
subject of overload.
In

justiceto

the

mtic

om

mincl
made

actual
to

the

254
333.

The

Gasoline

The

Overload

horse, under

tua

made

and

with

engme,

highest

Its

rated

might be able
for

50%
below

Farm

the

AffectingRatings."An

as

lash

the

on

of

brutal

handle

to

the meantime

its

steam

it had

the assistance of

wdling fireman.
The gasoline engine will

good

boiler at

40%

it

of
even

or

capacity might drop

raised

was

utes
min-

fire back
of

be

few

rated

hot

overload

an

while; then

until

normal

heavier

or

and

pressure

little

equal

an

ac-

driver,can

develop several horse-power for a

then perhaps drop dead
the next.

to

steam

Engine

in

again unless
strenuous

m.ost

and

built

to

less

carry,

without
margin,

its

abuse.

It It

from

the

it

draw

It to

point

of

grates,

an

stored
the

horse

even

and

good fireman
is

time-

force

be

creasing
inand

back
in

needed

under

steam

coming
over-

that

made

the

steam

the

is worked

engine

capacity,as
and

of

it may

which

the

-as-

is set

horse-power boiler

engine

steam

short

gasoline engine of

if the

15

it into

sometimes

its permanent

If

small

tempt

reserve

conditions

true

Beyond

little may

outpull

it constantly

all,will probablv retire

little

blowing off, with

raised

to

hind
bethe

hottest of fires in the

doing

his best

to

make

it

the

engine carrying
of several
overload
horse-power so long as the
steam, the overcharge of fire,and the energy
The
fireman hold out.
gasoline engine is selfand

contained,
for

has

alunder-rating

will carry

will

even

statement

not

is.

hotter, there

of

The

with

engine
10

for

that

will

accordance

urging

unfavorable

rating is

oline

It

and

t)f

margin

effect at

any

job.

engine

same
in

has

working.

steam

of

exertions

on,

the
be

any

the load that it was

up

conditions,and
help from anyone.

amount

no

small

for unfavorable

lowed

take

nothing

depends

greater

to

upon

prevent

itself. It has the

overload,

for

its shafts

strength

and

bear-

Gasoline

The

ings

to

it

use

it has

no

that

energy

has

borrowed

it

it is

power
the

as

to

power
lot

used

not

was

255

stored-up or

no

reserve

overloads, neither

wasted

Farm

the

along. Whatever
develops and uses

and, if it has
on

on

it

help

to

energy

but

heavier,

are

Engine

of

occasion

help

it

quires,
re-

along

reserved

when

quired
re-

and

overload

an

consider
that overloading
we
required. When
strain
its
engine is an unwarranted
any
upon
if the engine that
structural strength,it would
seem
as
be depended upon
ily,
to develop its full rating steadcan
not

was

without

reserve

the best

has

of the

without

and

power

wasted

power,

argument.

The

Question of Weight. The

question of
a
problem of individual requirement
weight is more
than
of engine necessity. There
are
places where,
other
cided
things being equal, the heavy engine has a deframe
absorbs
consid-^
advantage. The massive
erable vibration
the lever,
on
and, like the heavy man
does
work
is also
to better
some
advantage. There
less strain
the engine because
it is distributed
on
of metal.
through a greater mass
Where
the Light Engine Wins.
On the other
335334.

"

"

hand,

of

one

the

greatest

gasoline engine is its supreme

pound of unnecessary
weight
from
alone

one

of

added

always strength,not
than
greater strength is needed

heavier
no

one

than
will

light machine
machine,

the
say

thereto

unless
the

that

it is

parture
de-

Weight

light engine possesses.

were
immensely
of to-day, yet

better

carefullyplanned out and

by unnecessary
weight. Undoubtedly
flywheel and the corresponding machinery
more

it is put where

light steel structures

that they were
as
strong.

indicates

the

every

is

advantages.

binders

old-fashioned

of

portability;and

its great

is not

The

in favor

arguments

Often

the

balanced
less

bered
cum-

the

heavy

back

of it

256

The

supply
is,the

greater

every-day

the

of

of

the

or

farm

stored

idle

to

Farm

the

up

the

carry

strokes, but

engine
for

the

work

and

massive

balance

wheel

that

energy;

lightengine
strictly
stationarypurposes

preferable. For
bed

on

is greater

loads,

engine

Engine

amount

momentum

sudden
the

Gasoline

is

over

of

much

decidedly
the heavy

absorb

much

destructive

vibration,and add rigidityto the

engine providing the weight is properly distributed.
The present-day tendency though is toward
gines,
lighterennot

of their

much

so

of the

account

on

because

price as

Engines that weigh 200

pounds or less and develop three horse-power can be
in many
used
places to far better advantage than a
In tractor
heavier
engine could.
engines w^eight has
the tractive power
of the wheels
a greater
significance,
having a direct relation with the weight which holds
them

down.

336.
is

greater convenience.

tained
Always, when
Simplicity."
simplicityis obthrough a skillful placing of parts, the engine

durable

more

less

for

energy

from

the

easier

and

its

own

of

omission
the

whether

to

consider

in

than
have
we
efficiency
The
engine should

good work,
discarded,
should

but
and

always
It

require.
the

usefulness

few

extra

should

we

attachments
that
a

only

little

pays

or

parts enough

for
value

a
an

that

are

the

to

curtail

engine

little in

for

alone

show

the

of

the

weighed against

choose

render

more

the

of the

parts

have

even

never

in mechanical

gained

added

will lose

obtained

result

those

be

ing
managed, besides requirit results
propulsion. When
important details,we have

to

the

price and

task

of

complicated.

taking
On

to

insure
be

should

parts they

degree
of saving a
sake
weight. Neither
material

for

needed

omy.
econ-

conveniences

extra

engine cumbered
not

more

care

farm

with
our

work

of the
where

lot

of

and

engine
hired

The

Gasoline

help is kept
farm

should

we

engine ought

Engine

to

be

hand

so

can

on

Farm

the

always bear in
simple that the
soon

learn

to

mind
most

operate

257
that

the

enced
inexperiit under

it should
be
not
ordinary conditions, while
beyond
its management
the boys of the farm
to fathom
under
of
So long as kept within the bounds
any conditions.
continued
freedom
from
efficiency,
simplicity means
trouble

for

337.

The

the

novice.

Price.
than

"

Price

it deserves.

for, usually,but

in the

sometimes
We

gets greater
get about

what

sideration
conwe

purchase of an engine it is
whether
well to consider
we
really need all that we
of the price is being expended
some
get or whether
Quality,experience in
things of negative value.
upon
rial
engine building,good workmanship, and good mateall worth
are
paying for. Expensive clerks and
salesmen,
big commercial
splurges,are not unless the
increased
sales they bring enable
the manufacturer
to
ways
give better quality on a closer margin of profit. Alhas
it is the purchaser who
the manuto
facturer's
pay
ited
to a limbills,but he can only judge of them
they represent a policy that is
extent, and when
speciallyaggressive.
Continued
improvements represent a progressive
spirit. Excessive
changes every season
represent
may
periments
designs that have not been w^orking out right or exwhich
be more
costly than beneficial.
may
It is a good idea for the prospective engine buyer
and study the catalogues of a good many
to read
ufacturers,
mannot
only for the suggestion he will get
in the selection
but because
of an
engine for his purpose,
he will finallyget at something like
in this way
normal
a
an
price; then when
agent asks him much
this figure he will be in a posibelow
above
much
or
tion
to
to find out
why. It is well, too, for everyone
pay

The

258

Gasoline

remember

that

the

Engine

on

''terms"

of

Farm

the

30

trial offered

days'

of little practical value

engine firms are
of determining whether
except possiblya means
a certain
size is large enough to do the work
required of
it. So far as general engine merit
is concerned, any
all will run
for thirty days
at
engine that will run
without
Almost
wear.
showing much
any engine sent
be made
out
to run
can
quite well by an expert, while
novice
would
a
hardly be accustomed
enough to his
engine in that length of time to give it a fair trial.
is of
338. Adaptability. This
more
importance

by

many

"

than

phases

some

''terms."

The

engine

than

not

that
be

the

suitable

for

is

made

good

under

one

record

of

certain

been

too

the

or

stand

periods,and

under

full load
that

engine

one

quires.
re-

pump

could

hour

two

ning
run-

all

had

not

conditions, that nevertheless,

in

itself and

pumped

steadier

cylinder

or

alluring

or

hoist

steady pull

nearly submerged
have

work

hay

into

cut

was

There

would

needs

light, air-cooled

day.
when

price consideration

separator

cream

The
work

of the

cellarful

the

much

cellar

for

of

water,

dry,

feat

that

sturdier

gine.
en-

many

tiently
pa-

is always
Repair economy
feature
worth
a
paying something for, and the
is
home
near
engine made
by a responsible house
worth
several
dollars
than
sent
out
more
one
by an
institution
about
the stability
of which
nobody knows,

Other

339.

and

which

at

Considerations.

best

"

is hundreds

of miles

between.
heavy freight rate
nearly equal, the engine with
be kept in working order
can
one

that

one

of
Ease

can

its
of

own

never

receive

Other
a

local

better

and

with

away,

things being
representative
cheaper

supervising word

than
from

people.

adjustment

is

speciallyimportant

on

farms

Gasoline

26o

The

liberate

effort

force

it to

stall the

to

show

of work

furnish

rather

undertake
receive
him

to

busy
handy for
too

get

for

think

and

assist him

to

than

Have

reasonable

if he

lot

all the

sawed,

needs

Do

test, with
Let

them.

busy
rial
mate-

two

or

do

to

keep

of

man

him

not

not

plenty

or

Do

neighborhood.
will keep you
too

them.

give

gine,
ena

him

lot of wood

his instructions.

about

to

the

and

men

give

to

good

nor

the

that

anything

part of its

ing
get the engine into good work-

to

amusement

way

install

to

of hostile
Plan

some

business

is there

crew

in

or

is not

good

in his face.

world

in the

order

big

piled up

chance

that

expert

Farm

the

engine

new

is neither

have

not

on

weakness

factory inheritance
intelligence.If an
do

Engine

the

ing,
test-

helpers all the other work, while you

watch
him and the engine. If you are sincere in wanting
it to be a success
to buy an
; give
engine,you want
it a fair chance
to be, and
give yourself a fair chance
and

to

the

how

see

it

working nicely for

and

worth

are

of
a

watch

lot to

practicalfield
great deal
will

if you

him

agent

or

get him
and

Power

work
to

you,
a

and

be

has

great deal

is sent.

In

had

to

shut

parts

of

the

crate, be

engine

which

but

learn

off

thoroughly

careful

first.
with

made

are

with
to

down

the

that

case

the

so

is worth

to

"

pert
ex-

help

you

Sometimes
the

hammer.

stand

or

average

more

Come.

hour

engine

crated, and set up ready to run.

generally comes
book ;
first thing to unpack is the instruction
and
to the house
study it until the next day.
the

it

efficiencycurves

sure

by being reasonable.
Not
the Agent Does

expert

he

engine designer. An
with a practicalman

the

himself

When

342.
no

more

exert

help

it.

After

one.

time

some

run

you
a

made

be

can

hard

The
take
In

it
moving
re-

Some
knocks

day spent in washing it

turpentine will be well spent
A

half

The

for

Gasoline

Engine

There

on

will be

Farm

the

261

less

gritabout
if at once
into the cylit that may,
started, be drawn
inder,
it reallyneeds
the thorough cleaning. Then
so
is done
the work
each
as
part is likelyto be located,
struction
studied and
compared with the descriptionin the inbooks.
At
the end
(not the beginning) of
be
time
would
suitable
for marking the
that
most
timer
similar
and
adjustments that are not already
marked.
After
the cleaning is done, oil carefullyand
hand
crank, again studying the different parts in
two

reasons.

more

or

motion.
Before

its

starting under

to

the

floor

do

its

can

or

loosely. Run
carefullythe

exact

its full power

and

for balance

empty

foundation.

while

work

fasten

power,

solid

some

best

own

No

curely
segine
en-

hopping around
the day, and
note
gasoline and oil.

of

consumption of
Never
start
a
an
engine standing over
spot where
oline
gasit
has been
race
spilled. If the engine should
trouble.
After getting somewhat
might back-fire and cause
feed
acquainted with it,turn off the gasoline,
it will develop
slowly until the place is found where
decreases

reduction

further

where

it.

Turning

343.

the

claim

"the

that

for

it empty
is time

to

first to

some

the

on

find

Load.

engine

empty

to

and

machine

gradually,watching closely.
then

for

several

above
it is very

engine

for

have

trying

hours, but

normal,
hard
a

little

been

it out

to

on

worn

shut

it will

else

Let

Do

overcome.

heating
down.

overloads

it carry

until

until the

it

load

fair load

ing
sign of heatcutting begins,

not

condemn
and

all

the

roughness
all,do not begin
superfluouspaint

paint

Above

the
a

ning
run-

first

Once

down.

Hitch
on

seen

does, it

it

run.

turn

the

on

After

that

prove

have

you

itself."

runs

while,
what

out

Perhaps

"

262

Gasoline

The

is taken

off, and

down,

advanced

the

as

on

Farm.

the

knowledge how
on
an
engine

your

is harder

Nothing

on.

Engine

throws

spark

to

it put

run

than

stall it

to

full force

of the

explosion against the engine for the last few strokes.

Do
No
not
give it a taste of full load the first run.
think of doing that with a new
skilled machinist
would
machine
lathe or new
of any
The
first day he
kind.
w4th
it
it; just works
accomplishes little real work
it too
into harness
closelyfor
gradually,and watches
to

have

he

tries

little troubles

any

troubles

the

Often

he

come

does

allow

not

for

time

help

to

it to

much

it

them.

overcome

full load

carry

If

work.

for two

giving the engine its first run,

shut
down
frequently and examine, to see if it is
it ought to and
if the
parts,
heating beyond what
all
particularlythe cylinder,are being oiled. Watch
of the nuts
the bearings, and be careful that none
jar
Make
loose.
no
ning
runchanges in the adjustments when
would
do if
all right,but
study out what
you
and
this or that went
why, before it does go
wrong,
three

or

try and

then

wrong;
book

When

da3^s.

or

and, if not, why

thinks

who

man

the
few

days,

realized

for

engines

344.

has

and

The

"

Tank,
have

price which

think

of any
The

is to
do

well

coming
the

know

to

other

to

about
wait

be

outfits

had

being

little but

to

as

him.

If he

fellow

might

implicitlyto all he
buying an engine some

should

include

advice

said.

too

When

some

are

would

lesson

trust

not

understanding
low

all there

would

Outfit.

There

right,

are

you

the

take

instruction

engine culture, though.

in

of
he

the

whether

not

knows

that, he

like him

be

Do

he

management

from

out

knows

not.

last w^ord

the

as

one

who

one

some

find

what

plicit
ex-

it includes.

advertised

at

bare

engine.

the

pipe, batteries, spark plug,

outfits
Some
bought afterwards.

connections,

etc.,

be

in-

all to

connections ready

all

a"reement
beforehand

they

or

likelyto

are

for

arrange

^krndrnd'
Engine.-A second-hand
'^'^f
buyer
bargain
i/ga^erally

over

arranged by

should be

matters

All of these

and start

the wheel

turn

to

pul-

belt

magneto

in-

Others

carburetor.

even

263

Farm

the

on

is necessary,

all that

: and

not

but

elude part of these

de

Engine

Gasoline

The

engine

seller;the question

or

far

re-

purchasing an engine so
askin
is justified
dealer's
guarantee
the
from
-ed
"
be"ng sold?
is
Why
questions.
f
many
good
a
fail to do
just what did it
"too
light."
to be
at the
closely tor wear
Look
did it do?
and what
the conif a two-cycle:also to
particularly
b
Anyone

which?

is

;;

'said
arings.

nec

ng

plug

park
tur'n
afd
off
or

all

on

the

expense

an

coil is wrong
The

much

for

always
find it

engine
used

Which

the

cost

and

be

how

the

the

the

If the

$1.50

water

tell

well

to

be

fault

the

been

occasion

"-enew
^"

about

ure
fig-

them.

'

/
should
to

cover

""

amined
exa

give

pressure
the age

up

J^^

be

crack

cared for:
to

and

here

is

made

owner

seats_

connections

jacket

something

it has

been

their

in

their condition.
under
but gasoline

seen,

may

buried

may

Notice

if they have

to

as

fresh for
one

about

cracks

Paint
and

of

cylinderand

definite statement

be

batteries.

the

coil; then

whether

find out

holding

is

pittedor

are

almost
reground until they are
test
weak
If the spark is a little
the

to

this test,

for

crank

oil that

the

valves

the

whether

is

out

lubrication in order
or

"

'

rings. Hand

the

rings

the

it is

make

try and

if poor,

^
f^
^'"\*".'
'^-"P'^f
at the
leak
the
whether

the

Test

be.

cannot

cams

met

little babbiU

The

their rolers.

and

cams

replacedwith

be

bearings may
the

all the

od, and

not
can-

will
of

an

,t may

or

defects.

as
engine is a bargainfor depends

much

Engine

Gasoline

The

264

Farm

the

on

edge
honesty of the seller and the practicalknowlthe engine. It is always
of the buyer as
upon
that an
safe to remember
expert will get good work
if it will run
time
at all,
of any
out
engine for some
is very
that the owner
and
likelyto be something of
an
engine.
expert with his own
Buying. Having purchased an engine
346. After
do
not
of this
sort,
get discouraged at the first
be thrown
out
Any engine may
glimpse of trouble.
A
of adjustment while
being torn out and moved.
rusted ; many
be broken
wire
or
triflingthings
may
the

upon

"

may

happen.

that

it is

Don't

only

why, if
piecesto

he

his

is to

aim

Write

fit for the

to

He

you.
make

the

w^ord

do

drop

may

him

Let
let

not

first *agent

of the

junk pile.

to, but

wants

show

the

take

show

him

you

take

it to
hint ;

valuable

some

sale.

who

company

it and

made

get their

It may
have
catalogues,their directions, their advice.
to some
to be sent
shop for a general overhauling, or
it may

not

be

it until

condemn

Don't

out.

it; but

worth

be

the

be

may
is

fixed

cracked

is

case

oval

or

dubious, though
347.
troubles
any
do
in

much

to

come

to

weather.

and

not

reasonable

repairs are
isn't,don't buy in

enables
our

stopping
a

of

because

us

few

to

us

deal

through.

chances

many

of

things we
A
will

water

If
it

are

there

If

is

case

engine
forget,that

remember

engine

cracked

it

with, the

troubles.
the

investment,

one

expense.

"

eliminate

startingand

failures

not

which

cylinder to
hopeless.
Engine. So

the

Oiling

system

at

up

find

you

minor

hopeful. If it
the
the first place; but, having made
with
it to see
better
put enough more
is in the trimmings, the
the trouble
if the

made,

until

game

our

things

will

regular system
save

us

many

jackets in

cold

The

Gasoline

First, clean
the

first

drip

to

on

from

Farm

the

dirt and

265

grit,and

see

all in

are

ing
place and filled. For startthe cylinderlubricator and permit
short
time, hand
cranking the
inside of the cylinder,the piston

time, open

oil

the

oil holes

out

lubricators

that

Engine

engine so as to get the

and
Oil the balance
of the
rings thoroughly oiled.
other
as
machine, beginning at one
engine same
any
of it while
side and
making a clean sweep
going
Take
around.
this occasion
always to notice whether
and
the valves
are
sticking or the governors
gearing
all right.
348. The
Cooling System. See that the cocks are
and that the water
is
along the water
system
open
circulatingthrough the pipes. Do not guess at this ;
"

be

Of

sure.

there

be

must

engine
place.

all drain

course

is air

supply

cooled

engine
pipe if one

in muffler

has
is

be

must

of water

notice

If the

cocks

in the

that
been

the
run,

there, and

closed

tank.

fans

drain

If the

are

all in

drain

open

and

off any

cock
densed
con-

it contains.

water

Spark. Of all directions,this is

of the most
its observance
one
important, for upon
depends the operator's safety. Set the spark lever
Retard

349.

back
for

as

far

the

"

it will

as

go,

or

spark retarding came

follow
with

whatever

directions

the

engine. Perhaps
people have been injuredby gasolineengines by
of not observing this rule than
from
any other

more
reason

cause.

carburetor
the

Carburetor.

The

350.

and

float valve

See

that

may

be

351.

lever

the

fuel
until

air intake

necessary
The

down

the
cock
between
Open
tank
and
depress the spindle to
a
over.
supply of the liquidcomes

Switch.
until

to

"

is open.
the

warm

"

Close

it is

In

tube

or

the switch

pressed

clear

cold

weather

the

intake.

it

by bringing the
back

into

the

266

The

groove

made

and

grasp

on

See

Farm

the

that

the

"

metal

is clean

contact

If the

"

left to

from

it.

receive

to

used, and

not

Engine

good.
Starting the Engine.
the fly wheel
rim
with

the

352.

Gasoline

the

turn

wheel

over,

the

hands

with

right or

both

engine is

small

hands, if crank
in

engines

most

of

watch.

is

lease
Re-

and
compression has been overcome
the resistance
begins to ease ofif. If the engine is too
used,
by hand, a bar is sometimes
large to turn over
If there
is a
but is rather
dangerous for a novice.
this and crank
relief cock in end of cylinder,open
until
then
and
close at once
first explosion occurs,
; if not,
the

just as

the
to

valve

exhaust

string until

should

block

be

will

the

If not

out

with

the

around

after

with

held

the

with

up

block

tied

stroke

begins ; then
quickly. Usually the

power

jerked

come

wheel.

be

may

first

first,catch

driven

second

or

the

it

as

plosion
ex-

of the

turn

rim

the

comes

back

by the compression
and, with the momentum
gained, try and keep it going
the next
lease
over
compression. Do not forget to rewhen
the hold
of compression
at once
extreme
stroke
is passed. If the spark does
within
not
come
better
the first half-dozen
turns
stop and investigate,
Be careful always, while turning
as
something is wrong.
the wheel, that there
are
no
projectionsto catch
the clothing or
strike the person.
Never
under
any
the wheel
circumstances
turn
by settinga foot on the
spoke.
as
Just After Starting. As soon
possible after
353being

"

the

engine

has

line about
of the

engine
the

speed

cylinder

rich the

until

shut

started

half, as

the

ofif the
mixture,

is established,

would

soon

would

choke

spark gradually, as
it is

cock

running strong

down
the
; then

on

once

the

line
gaso-

the -suction
be

otherwise
and

stop.

so

vance
Ad-

engine picks

up

back

the

go

to

268

The

Gasoline

Engine

on

Farm

the

after

paying a round price for an engine of the highest

it than
who
one
efficiency,
gets less result from
gines
buys a cheaper make, may have his ignorance of enhim
If that ignorance
to
at the
start.
excuse
continues, he has
Dirt

Even

He

excuse.

is to

blame

himself.

anything out of place. Too much

in the cylinder is dirt, and
is too
much
so
the tools required to operate the engine may
rubbish
by getting out of place. The most
means

engine
much

no

room

its

that

earth

on

may

contain

not

so

oline
gasoil.
come
betidy
un-

very

tain.
up-to-date neighbor does not conThe
in
difference is only in the arrangement;
that will be fatal to the working of an
carelessness
a
is worth
that whatever
engine. Remember
doing at
all is worth
has
doing the right way, and whatever
is worth
to be done
doing well.
their engine for
will run
Some
gasoline engine men
its construction
about
months
without
learning more
than
obliged to learn the first day in order
they were
it at all. This
to run
speaks well for the engine but
in that time
for the man.
A steam
not
engine would
compel at least a speaking acquaintance with the man
behind
it,or quit work.
Possibly the engineer would
and
Some
instant.
not
engine men,
quit at the same

most

tell from

professionals either, can

engine
the

looks

356.
are

is

often

doing;

others

afterwards
The

of

Gospel

advertised

to

run

barely

are

what

the

it has
Attention.

sound

able

to

what

the

tell from

done.
Gasoline

"

without

attention

engines
; that

does

injurious to them
that
account.
often
neglected on
although they are
for
be watched
A
new
engine, in particular,should
loose nuts, loose bolts, tight or loose bearings. Very
not

few

mean

that

things

symptoms

go

that

reasonable

wrong
the

care

without

observing

is

some

attendant

indications
can

read.

or

Gasoline

The

only does
thoroughly

Not
until
it

invaluable

to

installed

on

need

engine

the

drill in

this

close

novice

serve

him

trouble

because

attention

of his

observation

the

of what

most

and

out

are

attention

him

how

all

was

do

may

ence
Experimake

to

sees.

engine and the engineer have been

fully acquainted with each other,

the

After

he

will teach

alone

or

at

least

in

familiaritywith

exact

and

v^ill be
times

many

performance of each part when

books
Reading instruction
working well.
toward
much
teaching him what to look for.
the

needs

engineer

observation

will

269

Farm

the

close

him, and

of

getting out

the

The

more.

even

Engine

attendance

continual

tried
close
be

not

may

often be left to itself for

engine may
In all machinery, however, there is always the
hours.
and
the true
possibilityof something going wrong,
earshot
within
engineer will prefer to at least come
of his engine occasionally. As
a
general thing the
could
leave his engine wholly to itself with
who
man
The

necessary.

the

risk is the

least

would

who

one

be

last to

do

so.

The
gospel of
Letting Alone.
in the
include
should
attention
special instruction
When
everything is going
necessityof lettingalone.
for the
it should
as
adjustment is work
go, further
periment
begins to exexperienced engineer. The novice who
Even
is just beginning his troubles.
worse
else
than
this, though, is a willingnessto let someone
be alert for suggestions,but
should
experiment. We

Importance

357.

should

use

using

the

work,

master

let

to

an

be
be

own

"

brains

while

on

idea

before

the

expert, if the agent for

trusted.

the

on

engine. If the engine don't

it yourself or else get an
expert ; don't
else try experiments at your
expense.

latter

someone

Even
not

our

of

He

prejudiced and

may
to

be
have

some

other

conscientious
less

real

line,should
; he

is

sure

personal inter-

Gasoline

The

2^0
in

est

fixingup

his

Engine

on

in

walking

around

tempted to take up a wrench

questionable adjustment make
instead

waste

That

trimmings.
to

vast

save

it

rule to

trouble,

closed,so

the

inside

the

drive

will be

Shut

intendingto leave the

injecta small quantity of
glaze

the

on

engine
it,then

drain

turning
open
to

out, until

much

the

leave

to

by
the

pint

and

hand

oil

leave

all

up

patches
Leave

place.

let

open

the

day.
time,

cylinder.

still leave

the

Turn

rings.

oil
the

while

introducing
fairlyclear. If

comes

engine enough

tap and

is started.
do

times

bad, inject a

very

then

few

over

and

the

as

If the weather

into

and

piston

and

Remove

flywheel

their

kerosene

of the carbon

walls

between

beginning another
engine idle for some

If

most

all valves

for

everything in perfect order

remove

in

tools

it.

air.

open

the

rule

for

use

that

so

pipes. Clean

oil; put

and

grease

other

gasoline, open

off the lubricators.

the water

to, will

communication

no

cylinder and the

by running it from

requires it,drain

It will

off the

engine

up

regular
starting;then
water
supply,

of

as

of the

engine slows.
of

the

Stop

there

belt

the

be

should

off the

shut

engine;

water-cooled

are

brighten

is

there

There
Shutting Down."
of shutting down
well
as
system
nothing will be forgotten. Shut

battery switch.

bit

will the

as

until

wrench

or

some
a

pick

alone, if rigidlyadhered

wheel

is

one

on

rule

the

work

to

go

clean

of

up

and

358.

in fixing

engine,

an

and

amount

take

never

if

have

would

own.

Whenever,

of

he

engine than

your

Farm

the

stand
to

for
it

keep

for 24 hours

or

next
neighborhood when
A
coating of vasoline on the
the engine
while
protect them

the

utes,
min-

ten

agitated;
else prepare

the

engine

valves
is

will

standing

idle.
359.

Things

to

Think

About."

It's

always

the

The
blunders

In

Gasoline

that

the

Engine

of

271

right

go

pensive.
inex-

are

made

well

engines, the only

that
to
an
usually come
engine, outside of
adjustment through vibration,are due to ignoranc

disturbed

age

carelessness
the

both

Farm

the

that

Things

cost.

present

troubles

causes,

on

of

and

natural

are

most

first two

them

these three

prolificof trouble,

directly in

are

Of

wear.

the

hands

of

the

and
man

himself.
The
be

driven

in order

kept

from

An

fuel

hour

the

using

is neither

get full

must

in power

returns

knives, worn

destroy engine

cogs,
and

energy

power.

deliver

will
of

Dull

all

10

gasoline may

due

engine

to

full

horse-power per
barely develop power

in other

amount,

same

driving machinery

to

are

and

gallon

on

we

line

that

engine

the

as

investment.

of

out

both

waste

if

engine

our

shafts

and

well

as

hands.

fuel, but

to

nor

ence
differ-

The

to

the

men.

Sometimes
without

power,
or
"

to

what
The

it is
vital

difference

knowing
costing us
with

time

we'

wdiat

we

power

unit

per

of useful

machine

any

paying

are

between

continued

service

for

our

getting

are

energy.
it

is when

Easy repairingsometimes

out.

wear

what

know

we

begins

determines
and

the

the
scrap

pile.
When

engine balks, as it some

day surely will,
things well ; compression, fuel, timing,

the

consider

five

spark, insulation.
At

all times
Use

these

four

good oil, especiallyabout

the

Draw
Do

off the
not

Keep
If you

in mind

bear

feed

in

water
too

to

much

make

cylinder.

frosty weather.

battery connections
want

rules

gasoline.
tight.
success

of

operating

your

The

2'j2

Gasoline
the

engine study

Engine

If you

engine.

the

Farm

want

to

on

become

neighborhood expert at it add to your course

mechanics, heat, chemistry,electricity,
good
Overhauling

360.

removable,

are

whether

"

them,

remove

oil used

the

Have

valves

the

especiallyat
glaze. The

valves

Notice

that

cloth.

the

and

sense,

the

the

should

always

it has

valve

be

to

the

nuts

and
not

break

rubbed

with

guides

while

deposits ;
be.
the

scrape

the

heads,
surface

fine
not

are

the

be

to

emery
evenly
un-

worn

valve

seats

the

settingas supplied by
This
unmistakably marked.

done

chance

of the

whether

until

soak

to

it should

what

be

been

has

factory

operation is

the nature

side, and
alone

timer

cylinder heads

kerosene

been

may

the

along
properly.

has

if the

soaking. Clean
joints,but do

in

If the

Engine.

an

in
thorough. Place them
cleaning the cylinder. Note

Let

study

engine.

own

your

of

when
lose

the
its

is new,

engine

adjustment.

before

using

By

and

do

engine is a multiple C3'linderdo not mix

pistons, even
though they are interchangeable.
not
to its own
even
change the rings. Each wears
to
out
a
new
position. If made
scrape

the

graphite on
not

they

go

better

much

on

rust.

If the

time

each

there

engine.

waste

will

lots

be

Each

ring

of

will

waste

seat

its

in

culiar
peone

and

energy

best

Do

own

groove.

Note
should
are

carefully the
be

wear

rod

is out

be

scraped
over

on

pins

of line.
to

float

case-hardened

probably

If the

all

side

some

fit the

should

not

or

be

but

gudgeon.
shake.

no

and

length

is at
the

with

the

that

; but

There

pins

is wrong.

ends, the

bushings

pin. Bearings
meddled

Worn

something

bushings

If full
new

the

on

wear

are

should

bright

if in spots

The

only,

out

with

rub

oil stone

them.

ease

in shell, then

finish with

and

stone

emery

or

to

273

fine

cloth.

emery

crank

The

is harder

around
Clean

of

means

from

oil

cleaned

be

with

also, but

always

guarded

be

must

line
gaso-

water.

or

fuel and

all the

to

insulation, which

possibleblow

If

than

wiring terminals thoroughly

for the

care

alignment. Nothing
jerk a wabbly shaft

false

twisting piston.

coils should

The

well mspected
specially

be
or

engine

an

all the

with

wear

uneven

on

by

should

shaft

signs of

for

enough
on
pin or

marks

score

any

Farm

the

on

spots down

the

scrape

Scrape

Engine

Gasoline

boiler

steam

pipes.

water

until

from

steam

Do

Connect

gets in again.

dirt

them

leave

not

through
connected
un-

at

up

once.

If

lightstation
and

is

magneto

Ohm

and

brushing

and

out

After

the

shellac

clean

the

armature

grooves
and

cleaned, then

and

screw

with

over

at

and
as

and

and

the

coat

time,

same

the

fuel tank

look

for

muffler

its load

nothing

and

to

of
be

shellac

that

see

coated

paper.
coil.

should

leaks.

with

Keep
not

be

Disconnect

the

to

oil

removed

be

with

base

screw

after

forget

not

Spark plugs should

place with the hand

large wrench.
Spare plugs

rid of all rust

The

to

generator

thoroughly.

Do

into

the

armature

dry, varnish.
bearings and

wrapped in waxed
dry cells and spark

Even
out

is

open.

are

fullytested with
the winding with

.cleaning the

electric

the

to

over

it

have

Coat

meter.

it

used, take

if

graphite
never
possible,

should

be

mineral
them

dry

looked
grease,
well
as

forgotten. Clean
the

pipe

and

get

scale.

given a thorough cleaning

is
soot
entirelygotten rid of. There
kerosene, gasoline,
injured here; use

should

be

Gasoline

The

274
whatever

the

keeps

Engine

dirt

on

Farm

the

until the

coming,

liquidcomes

clear.

out

the

Goat

idle for

remain

is to

while

vaseline

with

terminals

battery

as

if the

gine
en-

protectionfrom

acid.
The

361.

Hazard.

Personal

about

of burns

consist

usuallv

Accidents

"

the

the

to

hands

son
per-

and

A\

arms

Fig. 83.

Correct

"

Correct

Left

Method,

Handle

Is

of

or

Incorrect

and

Circle.

Back

Kick

Will

Leave

Hand

in Crank

about

the
time

hot

muffler, and
all about

are

Injury

Broken
of the

retard

the

hot

Handle

Is Left

Uses

side
Out-

Right
Against Hand

Result, Broken

Hand.

Arm

or

or

Wrist.

of

expected
ungasoline at some
pipes,hot cylinders,a
of the explosion itself

Hot
blast

from

come

eyes

or
after-firing

bones, broken

spark

fans

on

and

cut.

good

many

hand-hold

Method,

an
Engine.
Pre-ignition

of

Which

Hand,

Drive

place.

on

the

levied

before
an

from

noses

To

operator.

The
bruise

the

the

the

flashes

general tribute

careless

Case

equally frequent ofifenders.

to

of

account

In

Circle.

from

and

Cranking

Used.

Incorrect

Either

face

of

Hand
from

Jerked Away

Crank

Method

air

avoid

the

muffler

the

back-firingto
and

by

lost teeth

the

these,

cranking the
motor
give

are

fly wheel
never

on

on
buretor.
car-

part
the

forget

to

engine.
many

fingers have resulted

flywheel being such that

sore

blast

vicious

from
it

the

brought

2^/6

The

Gasoline

Engine

on

the

Farm

"0

CHAPTER

TRACTION

THE

Its

Message
gasoline engine has
362.

XV.

.ENGINE.

World.

the

to

"

The

stationary

the world
to
given its message
through farm and factory alike. The traction engine
is to discharge its more
important mission through the
of threefold
farm
tained
alone, a mission
import at least, obdirect
result
of accomplishments which
as
a
are
wholly its own.
extended
more
I St. Through
operations.
2nd. Through
more
thorough work.
timely work.
3rd. Through more
No

mention

and

pleasanterwork,
life,for

of

here

himself

farmer

the

to

is made

which

of
more

the

of the

additional

message

cheaper labor, easier and

time to enjoy the luxuries

tractor

also

Its First

furnishes

the

casion.
oc-

Accomplishment. That the average

could
not
man
give true intensive culture to more
than twenty-fiveacres
of land has been the judgment
of the best agricultural
authorities for years, and even
this amount
would
be taxed
not
to its utmost
as
fully
the man
would.
As
the pressure
comes
for supplies beas
363.

"

greater it has
the world
careless

her

cannot

culture

children

all

product

of each

culture

wherever

been

afford
;

her

more

and

largefarms
one

course,

more

skimmed
if she

evident

that

with

over

would

keep

supplied with bread, is to increase the

acre
by substitutingtwenty-five acre
the

extensive
277

methods

are

in

use.

The

278
This

means

the

the

until
hands

one

has

not

the

old

way

in the

the

number,

the

by putting

into

and

and

time

that

his

be

to

of

realizes
his

the

of the
to

is

in

machine

permitted

to

many

times

energy

of many

the

the

at

pense
ex-

permitting him

the

that

power

that

machinery
does

of

area

not

that

is
can

have

now

to

team

will

the

point
stand-

from

Only

the

farmer

been

forced

w^ould

best

be

he

if the

the

than

perhaps
should

crop

condition.

farm

be

sowed

and

once

until

as

all

was

would

planned

was

the

to

to

fitted.

be,
Then

each
be
the

ground
days of

work

well ;

getting late

be

the

harvesting of

it should

within

first five
wet

part

ought

would

the

and

the
too

it

fit for

be

sowed

be

last

the

days

would

begin
ground

to

the

and

twenty
ten

himself

later than

plow

During

work

best

at

field to

less

not

which

all at

has

delayed until

25-acre

team

w^hen

"

because

ready

was

advantage
was

increased

seeding or harvesting before

or

With

done

tillable

increasing

them

fittingthe ground would

during the last five the season

be

the

regard

the

but

him

machines

to

how

work

the

work

been

is

tractor

designer

Third.

required, of
time

the

American

is increased

efficient

most

the

and

man

The

And

crop

be.

one

efficiencyalone.

plowing

or

the

of

way

Usually

"

fields

implements

; he

365.

no

working

by giving

the

The

his

handle

control

his has

Message.

work

run

made.

limit

is

of

spare

it

was

the

day

cultivated

better

needed

to

perplexing
by putting into

was

which

there

of efficient work.
do

has

the
Since
fiftyhorses.
time to properly till all

Second

single man's
to

she

Farm

teams.

The

364.

than

reins

the

to

land

men

the

problem
engine solved

man

twenty-five

farmer

; more

on

The

kind.

traction

of

Engine

men

more

right

C)f

Gasoline

the
of

none

how

best

chanical
me-

field to
the
many

field
of

The

Gasoline

tell the

Engine

Farm

the

279

large field almost ready for

drill or
three
a
planter when
days' rain suspended
operations for at least a week, made
sary,
refittingnecesand brought the planting almost
hopelesslylate?
less than thirtyper cent, of the world's
Not
output in
farm
her possible output
is lost annually because
crops
of unseasonable
seeding.
the
Gasoline
Tractor
Is Doing.
The
366. What
small tractor
for the 150 to 300-acre
farms
is plowing,
a
fittingand seeding fifteen to twenty acres
day ; an
us

can

story of

on

"

"

"

to

output
the
in

best

usual
one

the

cover

mixed

farm

of that

it is intended

farm

seeding season,
days the usual

two

or

entire

size.

and

enough

for within
to

field of any
of the
Some

complete

one

on

crop

guls
farming moof the West
are
multiplying this output by three,
and
the full twenty-four hours, as they
could, if run
be if required, have
a
couple of townships in
may
the
end
of the
at
growing crops
seeding
average
a

season.

Special Appeals

367.
kinds

be

harrowed

at

any

as

other

soon

Some

of

change
harrow.
over

The

and

changes

the
may

Farmers
is the

come

differ

best

kind

purpose

and

differ in

patches

every

harrow

grounds
distinct

is

work

make

extra

harrow

can

it

teams

as

finished,no

all

condition,

working period

tractor

Almost

"

can

than
effectively

more

farmers

necessitates

each

teams

Farmer.
proper

plowed

as

time.

this, though it

do

in the

soil, if worked

of

the

to

rule

to

else

or

from

it

matter

plow to
plows. Once

what

weather

up.

greatly

in

of harrow
the

upon

to

same

in character

has

its

combination

advantage

did

their
use

of

for

the

of

The

ground.
uses,

kinds

necessitate

and

which

to

many

several

it not

even

as

land, while
distinct

own

belief

same

fields
fact
on

would

is,

most

be

driving over

28o

The

the

ground

number

Gasoline

so

it

with

them

plows

on

times.

many

the

ground,

Farm

the

good

different harrows

of these

time

Engine

and

will

tractor

after it at the

pull
same

be

rigged to be
effective of clod crushers
the most
with its own
weight.
One
objection to the thorough harrowing a field
should
reallyhave is the trampling of the fresh plowed
feet.
The
be rigged
earth by the horses'
tractor
can
and
seed all in one
to plow, harrow
operation ; or, if
wheels
do not
more
harrowing is desired, the broad
throw
nearly as much
weight on one
portion of the
is
ground as the horse does and the rolling contact
less objectionable. If they are
twice over
the field
run
the thoroughness of the harrowing that can
be done
in

since
hauled

what

could

different

several

be
of

kinds

exceed

with

done
harrows

haps
per-

horses,

could

be

supplement one another.

The
plowing can be deeper than is done with teams
be regulated more
and
can
uniformly. A good many
fields plowed by team
from
four
six
to
are
power
inches
would
be
deep, though perhaps their owners
at

astonished

depth
to

of

though

depth
have

the

depth

few

been

has

years

cuts

be

can

for

plowed

skinning until

the roots

then

by

of the
a

the

the

plant off

couple

This
farms

those

on
on

years

established

By plowing
and

if desired.

used

system

hard, polished bottom

The

deceptive to the eye. Eight

plowing,
depth for tractor

special benefit

of

is

been

plow, that
a

usual

measured.

furrows

own

is very

greater

below.
for

their

see

is the

soil
the

and

furrow

greater
surface

to

inches

ten

which

time

would

operations

two

times

dozen

the

may

of

pressed
com-

of

bottom
from

of inches

of

ishment
nour-

deeper

increasingthe depths again,

be gradually increased
can

depth of the seed bed

without
bringing to the surface
time.
of hard-pan at any
one

an

The

excessive
tractor

amount
can

turn

The

this

Gasoline

Engine

on

Farm

the

281

and
torture
with
ing
astonishdepth without
uniformity. The thorough harrowing it can
give
is fresh will so
while the earth
completely pulverize
this hard-pan and
mix
it with
the other
soil that it
will not
have
injurious effect, while it will help
any
of air and moisture-gatheringand the seed
in the work
bed will be deepened.
A horse
than
fifteen miles per day
cannot
pull more
extra

an

on

plow

two

will

draw

two

and

it up
the

but

average,

with

acres
a

half

all

12-inch

miles

more

stopping to
then, by changing men,

to

tractor

14-inch plows

hour

per

miles

The

twelve

to

two

sixteen

furrow.

without

day,

furrow

or

w^alk

must

of from

gang

team

and
at

rest

will

will
the

keep

keep

end

of

it up

all

night.
The

life of

hours,
The

his

but

working

is done.

The

it

horses

Whether

shelter

"

an

makes

and

to

or

it

is

ceases

not

so

All

times

great

that.

least

twice

when

its work
that

as

as

of the

horse
idle

requires food,
is
engine wants

does

not

mean,

kept

idle.

is the

idle,the

This

work.

the

however,

The

who

should

be

pay

the

best

busy

the

greatest proportion of the

tractor

keep

is at

tractor

ing
work-

10,000

is several

its maintenance

shelter.

engine
his

the

first cost

about

figured at

maintenance

displaces.
working
and

attention

is

life of

hours, and

many

that

horse

man

who

one

ages
man-

time.

The
servant,

engine can
something

be
that

made
can

an

be

all the
said

year

of very

few

around
other

ing,
plowing, harrowing and seedboth
to
it hauls
binders, hay, and grain wagons
load ;
train
and
a
to
the stack
market, by almost
tionary
staa
threshes, grinds, and does all the other work
engine can do, digs ditches, grades roads, rolls

farm

machines.

Besides

282

The
and

meadows
kind.

any

be

to

ordinary
w^ill do

tractor

done,
is

tractor

Engine

on

grain fields, and

If the

the

of

Gasoline

such

ready

its various

as

the

with

the

hauls

If

be

is to

unusual

some

of

moving

veyed,
con-

work

if, in the

tasks, night overtakes

midst

headlight
guides it along.

night into day ahead of it and

not
are
Twenty-four-hour stunts
by any means
in operating a tractor
during the busy season.
too, will take

tractor,
after

of idleness

season

favoring while

or

is

out

never

One

acre

its muscles

of

condition.

in

five

under

produce

the

food

for the

work

the

rest,

to
000

annum,

per

tractor

into

food

made

direct way

than

"There

is

no

writer, "but
doubled

if

about

half

of the

small

the

the

seed-bed
; but

work

is

proper

required to
supply the power

and

hurriedly

done

possible on
of

management
a

in the
per

gain
was

be
more

any

of the

time

of two

the

found

large

hundred

to

farm

of
be

per
a

due

large

advantages
things

in

growing

do

for

now

power

intensive

with

the

cal
economi-

In

actual

cent,

to

proper

the

one.

certain

and

having

possible to

proper

small

the

productiveness

cent,

could

consequently only

One

it is

the

at

of

account

on

is that

farm

prepared

were

crop." Profitable farming is

combines
implement problem. Power

culture

lies.
fami-

agricultural
farms
might be

maximum
and

$1,250,000,-

at

of 2,000,000

many

is realized.

crop

way

It

hardened.

nothing that
family in

on

crops

given

the

acreage

human

coaxing

through the tractor.

question," says a modern

proper

cultivation

the

pacity
ca-

is

valued

income

total

consumes

for

that

product

the

that

cultivation

full

any

being

are

rare

at

without

horses

food

or

The

its w^ork

up

is

it, the

turns

The

of

building, the

and

power,

loads

heavy

load

wagon

it.

Farm

the

which

area,

better

one

ment
experi-

was

made

hundred

plowing

and

284

The

Gasoline

Engine

on

the

Farm

O
_

"S'o
a
^

bo

tu-

tu
bfl
"^

The

and

of these

success

finished and

more

take

to

uniform

the

has

been

where

with

trailers, and
small

The
in

keeping

difficult

something

to

of

of

tories
fac-

the

late

succeed

them

than

in

This

farm.

meet

the

forced

small

of the

wants

that

for

big tractor, working in large

be rigged
to turn, can
ample room
its work

and

farm

of

some

The

the

there is

areas

nature,

(as

has

wheels.

several

and

up,

more

for

large farm,

the

for

design

matter

designs are intended

doing) to cater to the
demand

demand

the

285

affairs constructed

machine

mowing

and

of old binder

Farm

the

on

home-made

excepting those

tractor
out

Engine

Gasoline

may

the

of

more

stricted
re-

profitable.

still be

must

tractor

be

be

furnished

at

cost

other

equipments of the place.

It must
contain within itself a place for attaching and
operating four or five plows, and it ought to be so
constructed that it will thoroughly pulverize,
roll and
seed the stripit covers
in one
operation.
The
should
be
seeding done, the tractor
readily
into
and converted
stripped of its tillingattachments
a
so

common

nearly

of

the

machine.
must

complete
One
tractor

of

does

failed

the

in

front

derive

to

as

into

trucks

tractor

of

it is carrying.

converted

be

trucks

made

wagon,

weight

it should

manner

customary

the

in

regular

the
tractor
same
Again, in the meadow,
be readily equipped with
cutting bars,
mower

the

features

any
not

which

insist upon

do

other

sort

its work

is

The

the

better

heavier

so

of

user

the

farm

greater efficiencyas

of farm

its mission, and

failed in theirs.

itself.

in

power

should
with

that

from

force

spreader by attaching its

manure

truck

tractive
similar

generalfarm

or

part of the load it conveys

Its

In

place

truck

power

part of

with

as

have

power.
well

The
as

pared
com-

tractor

quicker has

its manufacturers

weight, the smooth, broad

286

The

Gasoline

Engine

on

the

Farm

E
m

The

Gasoline

which

wheels

Engine
their

apply

footprint of
fields

strain

of

Instead
and

clods
should

be

almost

own

beds

w^e

that

of

work

smooth,
the

the

is

horse's

ground

directly of

soil

and
of

the

obtained,

foot.

into

crushed

tensive
in-

most

thoroughly

still without
Not

only

the

will

the

greatly reduced
by the
which
they will travel, but

over

cultivation, in the

cent.

per

be

harvesters

even

the

unbroken
spots contain
land, every foot of the land

aerated, completely oxygenized, but

of the

decrease

in

gardener

clodding effect

stroying
detivated
cul-

our

by forty

use

poorly w^orked
ground, and pulverized
powder, until the dust-bed

market

the

make

floor, and

287

"

without

powder

as

machinery

seed

Farm

the

horse, should

smooth

as

the

on

the

on

of

case

culture

consist

can

corn,

more

without

partaking of the
of miniature
nature
plows and harrows, completing
the work
that in the seed bed was
ence
neglected. Experihas
beyond question that a thoroughly
proven
tilled field is given a fair coating of manure
every
w^ith the
time its soil is brought into thorough contact
of

oxygen
As

cultivator

which
of crust

several

the

the

set

; and

be

369.
eastern

row

of wheels,

with

such

narrower

traverse

the

The

readily
set

rows

that

vided
pro-

with

will

cover

in

planting are
absolutely straight. As
be used,
setting should
of guiding will be necessary

run

amount
one

soil aerators

width

same

w^orking

same

done

and
time.

minimum

for
the

it to

enable

accurately and

cultivator

then

not

at

and

be

will

tractor

wheels

breakers

rows

measured
a

will

ideal

the

its broad

stripped of
set

air.

the

or

the

rows

at

many
field

spraying

facilities it will be

With

time.

should

done, and

be

will

neglected.
Trailers
farms

Not

Satisfactory. For

trailers will

"

not

answer,

for

most

of

our

they require

288

The

much

too

Gasoline

space

Exgixe

in which

to

self-contained

plows claim
fifteen feet,while

ox

Some

turn.
to

Farm

the

in

turn

of these

space

late

of from

the old heavy tractors

eight to
not
something like fifty,
includingthe train
implements which
they dragged along behind.

quired
re-

of

"

of
Broad
Wheels
Fields as Smooth

The
^^^"^7"
Cultivated
Lite

ot

largelyby

so

than

of
the
most

In

most

as

Gas

Tractor

Floors

and

Alake
Should
Add
Greatly to

Alachinery.

Cost

370.

the

^1

of Tractor

individual

general estimate
all farm

conditions
is out

is determined

This

Farming."

that

anything

the

question.

of

operations plowing furnishes

uniform

conditions

and

may

be

more

haps
Perabout

compared

accurately.
a

number

of

competitive

tests

with

all kinds

of

the

tractors

18

cents

the

just

"

; while

expense

of

wages

all

and

present

the

wages

of

the

is

items

included.

50

fair
at

fairly representative

of

plowing

for

tion
depreciaof

acre

day

per

10

and

board.
all

the

hours.

$0.20

gal. gasoline
gal. distillate

gal. lubricating

at

figuring

with

estimate

these

seems

estimate,

cost

cash

included

all

per

of

other

are

With

$2.50

The

wages

investment,

cents

from

more.

the

estimates

on

to

operator

Cost

57

be

to

include

289

ranged

little

expense.

cents

time

Here

i^

higher

legitimate
40

has

acre

not

interest

men,

Farm

the

fuel, lubricating,and

the

in

included, from
the

do

the

an

perhaps

or

however

figures

operator

the

$1.00,

to

on

plowing

of

cost

up

smaller

Engine

Gasoline

The

2.85
oil

40

Depreciation

1.20

Interest

J2

Labor,

engineman

2.70

Labor,

plowman

1.50

Board

of

1.14

men

Total

$10.71

Amount

It will

plowed
be

noticed

requiring

the

of

capacity

one

equal
man

25.6
that

attendance

is needed.

are

Cost

acres.

this
of

now

per

estimate
two

men,

constructed

$.418.

acre

is for
while
so

an

many
that

engine
rigs
only

CHAPTER

WHAT

IS

The

371.

falls to
do

Few

"

lot of the

the

IN

form

any

certain

BEST

Demand.

put upon

ever

of

of

amount

its work.

to

to

be

diverted

into

372.

The

Tractive

in

order

because

tractor

firm

insure

373.
consists

which
tractors

do

must

the

that

only

which
must

it

as

its

drawbar
time

same

this

while

are

propel

traveling

constantly shiftingpositions
stand

strain, all of the

this

the

Power.

power
of its

tractive

get upon

developed

has

weight.

own

is also

the

would

fail

as

is necessary

load

grip
light

constructed

be

wheels

the

moment

ground.

it could

prevent

sary
neces-

the

or

power,

powerful enough,
reasonable
weight
the

and

Weight

"

though

heavy,

and

strong

moving

ground

Construction.

General

to

ping
slip-

from

hitched

was

and

the

the

the
but

market

front

truck

latter

is

there

are

where

are

part

the

equipped with
special forms
one

290

broad

drivers

the
of

tractor

wheels, of

upon

wagon,
on

gasoline

The

"

gasoline engine mounted

usually the two hind wheels
of

Usually

gear.

now

than
Not

the

at

strains

drawbar.

the

like

at

and

of

and

contact

the

upon
to

severe

made

wheels

weight engine, even

strong enough and

more

work

increase

to

drive

the

which

the

TRACTOR.

tractor.

To

be
w^orking parts must
an
important percentage

THE

machinery

farm

does,
stationary brother
its own
weight, but it
over
uneven
ground and
in relation

XVI.

wheel

steering
wheels

two

of

or

tractors
or

roller

The

292

Gasoline

simple.

There

of which

one

Engine

however,

are,

of the most

on

Farm

the

certain

radical

differences,

is the methods

important

essary
nec-

for

reversing and for changing speed. Steam

be made
engines can
readily reversible, the forward
backward
movement
or
being accomplished at will
this
through the engine itself. In the gasoline tractor
has to be accomplished in the transmission
ferent
gear, difof cogs
sets
into mesh
for higJi
being thrown
and
low
All gasoline tractors
are
speed and reverse.

Fig. 88."

The
Present

Four

limited

Power

to

two

The
been

more

the

at

or

of

it is

be

The
almost
more

of the

started

than

the

on

first turn

depends

upon

clutch

in the

the

for

than

that

very

the

Tractor.

the

Four

speeds ahead
gasoline tractor
has

the

slowdy
gasoline engine speed
from

the

of

Are

three

most

one

of

Heart

Engines

problem

factory rather

may

Is the

starting of

though

steam,

Plant

Day Traction
Cycle Type.

been

farm.

and

the

and
has

verse.
re-

also

elastic

more

worked
A

Many
Cylinder

steam

at

out

engine

is

gradually speeded up.

practicallycontinuous

of

the

operator

easoline than

and

wheel
the

in the

hence,

far

management
steam

tractor.

Gasoline

The

Friction

gear

Engine

have,

tractors

Farm

the

on

of course,

293

ticity
greater elas-

sion
speed,but they obtain it from the transmisthe engine.
and not from
of the best tractors
376. The Best Engine." Most
favor
the four-cylinder
the market
on
now
four-cycle
type of engine with oilingsystem incorporatedin the
The
crank case.
water
jacket should be ample, and, if
the thermo-syphon system
is used, the w^ater
spaces
of

be

must

system

heavy, and,

be

must

is of far

crank

The

Reversing Gear

89." Bevel

PiG

ings

in size.

generous

of

shaft

and

bear-

Train.

the

course,

greater importance than

lubricating

in the

of

case

The
exhaust
engines designed for lighterwork.
pipe
should be large and, if noise is not too much
of an objection,
the muffler
should
be dispensed with.
This
adds materially to the power
the
and subtracts
from
cost

in fuel.

The

calculated
of
there

is in

reserve,

too
a

to

the

work.

powerful an
boat.

Power

is necessary.

torsional

of the

power

strain

More
"

and

engine

There

is

should

be

always

the

fully
care-

sibility
pos-

engine in a tractor
just as
enough, with a reasonable
than

that

weakness.

means

sary
unneces-

294
377.
of

The

Gasoline

The

Clutch.

the

depends

degree, is

Either

rest.

Fig.

their teeth

engine

deal

of

it

clutch

and

applied of
to

means

properly

and

is

the
to

the

main

shaft

effect

blocks

belt-wheel's
The

and

the

wdiere

with

it when

the

outer

into

metal

when

without

not

solidly against

good

clutch

the

are

engine

is

upon

undue

pinions they

of the

out

stripped of

strain

of

work

gear

which

It takes

of

this

to

Tractor.

tons

mission

transmission

revolve

be

Gas

several

]\[ost clutches

engage

378.

bring

an

full powder

tractor

tremendous

to

that,

the

connections.

to

it

suddenness.

clutch

be

tractor

handled

onlv

will

there

its operation.

and

must

of

tractor

top speed suddenly

of

Gear

sudden

turn

at

wdieels

gear

Reversing

"

power

action, and

and

the

transmission
the

90.

or

both

the

the

against

loose

to

life of

catastrophe,

means

what

regulates the application

the

largely upon

object

Farm

the

work,

gasoline engine operating

at

the

to

on

this

irresistible power

immovable

of

Since

"

power

very

An

limited

Engine

carry

fixed

upon

they usually
toggles
the

force

inside

of

run

the
the

rim.

Transmission.

"

There

is

room

for

good

The

deal

of

Gasoline

difference

Engine

on

Farm

the

295

of

opinion with
regard to the
required, one
strength of transmission
operator getting
along nicely for years with gearing that another
would
strip in a day. The farm engine, though, needs
much
heavier
to have
gine
engearing than the thresher
that the relative
only. Good authority estimates
the
strain
placed upon
threshing and the plowing
is about

tractor

Fig. 91.

seem

Typical

"

little

should

not

be

as

30

Tractor

high,

to

this estimate

While

70.

Steering Gear,
main

the

less than

or

Front

of

gear

7 inch

Truck

may

Showing.

plow

face, while

engine
some

thresher

quired
engines are only 4. This difference in reat least in part for the number
strength accounts
of
thresher
have
been
ruined
engines which
to the plow. They may
have
through being harnessed
sufficient power,
but they haven't
the means
of transmitting

it.
Tractor

wheels, too, should

be

broad

enoueh

to

in-

296
sure
or

The

Gasoline

Engine

on

Farm

the

good grip. Usually they are provided with

lugs to prevent slipping,and there is quite a
that

opinion
if the

their

lugs

hold

to

power

is

spurs

lent
preva-

materially

This
is not
sharp and new.
always the case.
Particularlyon
springy sod, the
sharp edges of the new
lugs cut away the ground more
readilythan the rounding corners
do, and as long as
the ground is merely cut and thrown
back the tractor
is powerless to move.
soft
Large wheels travel over
there is a greater bearing surface
ground best because
and a small angle of contact
of the wheel.
at the front
The
Differential or Compensating Gear.
use
379.
dom
selof the compensating gear are
construction
and
so
wise to give the subject
that it seems
understood
little specialnotice.
a
fastened
of an
drive wheels
If the two
engine were

greater

are

"

rigidlyupon
is plain that
not
only turn

entire

the

and

wheels, if of the

both
over

the

shaft

revolved, it

same

size, would

of times

number

equal

an

roll forward

both

w^ould

shaft

distance

same

but

they

upon

the

so
long as
ground. This is exactly what is wanted
level
in a
the
over
straight course
engine moves
of revolving the shaft, we
If, instead
plied
apground.
of revolving
each
wheel
to
by means
power
accomplish the same
pinions of equal size, we would

and
If

the

at

impossible,since

it

wheel

advance

to

travel

to

in

turn

faster

in the

than

for
but

that

greater

arc

would

one-half.
the

Or
one

reduce
some

wheel

means

out

turning

turning
turning by applying the

ahead

the

tance
dis-

same

speed.

same

wished

now

we

would

wheels

Both

result.

the

corner

it is necessary
the

other

circle.

We

power

to

tractive

might
of gear

while

and

for

one

describe

might provide
only one wheel,

power
be

find

would

we

of the

devised

engine

ing
of throw-

turning by

means

The
of

Gasoline

lever, but

when

obliged
with

that

wheel

one

and

on

hardly
a

in

effect

be

the

with

297

convenient, especially
which

the

surface

would

engine

be

little circles,first

continuous

then

Farm

the

field of

to

almost

make

to

would

came

we

uneven

so

was

that

Engine

the

Some

other.

means

demand
relieving either wheel
automatically on
without
and
releasing it from its w^ork is necessary,
that is exactly what
the differential does.

of

How

380.

It

Works.

"

Let

"us

that

suppose

three

pended
pulleys, numbered
respectively i, 2 and 3, are susclose together on
which
a shaft
on
they revolve
loosely and independent of each other.
By so placing
them
that a spoke in i and 3 are
in exact
line and
inches
in advance
of the spoke in 2, and then
say two
between
these
thrusting a two-inch rod or bar across
will
spokes, it is evident that if we turn 2 the wheels
all revolve
at the same
so
speed. This will continue
at right angles
long as 2 revolves and the bar remains
to the
pulleys.

if

Now
slower
would
if

and
be

so

than
be
we

should

we
2

swung

attempt

to

revolve

No.

turning by retarding
around
the spoke of No. 2

was

continue

far deflected

to

retard

from

No.

its first

the

bar

it the
as

will

little
bar

pivot,
finally

positionthat its ends

i and
3 entirely. By

slipfrom the spokes of both

bar through at this instant in the
thrusting a second
same
position the first bar originallyoccupied the
would
be repeated and
would
of course
tinue
conprocess
so
replaced each bar, as it slipped
long as we
from
the spokes, with
a
new
providing we
one,
away
still continued
the same
to retard
pulley with the same
force.
If the spokes were
properly spaced in relation
other
and
could
to each
w^e
slip bars in fast enough
well as at
to keep one
at right angles constantly as
all the angles between
it
that and
the point where
will

The

298

Gasoline
the

slipped past
the

influence

the

one

Engine

wheel

one

still continued

Let

us

be

at

move

spokes

smaller

one

of

though

even

slower

in

change

no

another,

for the

the

wheels,

gear

Farm

the

would

upon

to

substitute

now

of bevel

there

spokes,

of

on

and

rate.

bars

pair

revolving on one
tooth of the larger

pulley 2 for its axis, each

wheel
taking the place of a spoke and each one on the
smaller
As
end of the bar.
pinions answering for one
tooth
each
is slipped in to take
its
slips out another
place mechanically, so that the action is continuous.
This principle is introduced
not
only into the traction
of
wheel
engine, but in other similar machinery one
which
faster
than
the other.
must
occasionally turn
spoke

this

By

means

much

travel

slower

doing equal
the

by

his

motion.
time

same

do

No

as

that

much

horses

to

load
w^ould
of

power

which

work

of

draw.

draw-bar

belt

load

because

H.

P.

tractor

brake

test

When

at

the

it could
is lost

engine

draw

to

twenty-five
rating measures
as

does

not

sent
repre-

pull.

when

tractor

being almost constantly

by the little obstacles which
presents.

is in

and

of its power

25

is

ground

he

that

Formerly some
gasoline engines, rated
steam
mounted
tractors
as
engines, when
results

we

is measured

while

the

at

ing
estimat-

it, in self-propulsion; hence

as

The

horse

stationaryengine only, and

effective

still

are

In

"

itself about

Some

expect

mounted

is made

propel

same

; much

it is unreasonable

to

gasoline tractor

of

power

stationary engine.

in transmission

as

the

can

the

Tractor.

recjuiredin

pull,

tractor

do

both

other, while

Gasoline

the

horse-power
effective

the

is free

wheels

tractor

work.

of

remember

must

the

than

tractor

Power

381.

of

one

one

the
gave

of

these

the

for

as

pointing
disap-

pulling its

overloaded
even

same

full
stant
in-

an

smoothest

is struck

the

The

300
ditions.

Gasoline

Engine

have

Tests

on

that

shown

Farm

the

pull

of from

500

to

pounds is required to draw a plow 4 inches deep

soil.
fields one
On
through gumbo
ordinary farm
large engine user
reports that with a 35 H. P. engine
he can
14-inch plows cutting 8
easilyhandle fourteen
inches
to
10
deep and running at a speed of three
900

miles

per

H.

tractors

P.

while

can

more

even

and

15

For

hour.

12

even

instances

few

have

been

H.

trailer

type

engine

for

conditions, while

give

far

wdth

if less
be

can

sized

even

one
20

than

to

25

horse

part of the engine

possible

that

are

be

further

illustrated

as

of

doing
in

It is

tractor

of

found

Specially designed plowing engines

a

Tractors

practicalplowing
most
plows under
will undoubtedly

as

two

plows,

power.

horse

12

or

and

to

25

specialdesign

less

to

20

farms, while
of

even

regarded

satisfaction

better

farms

reported

tractors

plow

to

been

moderate

on

doubtful, however,
the

have

P.

home-made

made

sized

easily operate from 4

has been
accomplished.

satisfactorywork
a

moderate

with

most

the

elsewhere, and

nomical.
eco-

plows
it is

along these lines

much
lighterpower,
farm
for small
ing.
plow-

development

gasoline plow of
that will be wholly available
one
that someUntil
believed
thing
quite recently it was
like a 7 H. P. engine w^as
struction
required for the conHome-made
fairs
afof a self-moving tractor.
of binder
constructed
out
chine
mawheels, mowing
of the junk pile
and
other
remnants
wheels
proved the fallacyof this belief, and many
ingenious
have
farmers
cost
at small
rigged as small as 2 and 3
H. P. engines up as available tractors.
Now
gine
enone
house
manufactures
regularly working tractors
of as
6 H.
little as
P., while self-moving engines of
will

bring

1V2

H.

P.

out

are

now

on

the

market.

The

Gasoline

Home-made

383.

of the
farm

had

has

number

of

constructed

and

on

much

home-made

301

"

in

as

Farm

the

tance
relucPerhaps the
taking up the problem of
to do as
anything with

Tractors.

manufacturers

tractors

the

Engine

which

tractors

put into practical use

by

been

have
farmers

and

of them
been
in the
have
made
boys. Some
and
have
cost
little that could
simplest manner
very
the old machinery on
be supplied from
the farm.
not
elaborate
More
designs have also been attempted, in
instances disastrouslyexpensive, the cost finally
some
than
the price of a regular market
reaching more

their

and

tractor

the

results

awoke

less.

much

Until

the

facturers
manu-

of the

idea

opportunity they
about
were
facing, these home
experiments seemed
the only way
the requirements of the farm
could be
Now
that
served.
special study is being given the
it is usually much
men
subject by practicalmachine
than
to construct
cheaper in the end to purchase a tractor
to

The

one.

home-made

however,
afford
up

some

with

will do

and

for

the

such

illustrated

transmission,

this
a

one

and
in

who

several

volume.

however,

been

of

Most

tractors

them

simpler and cheaper form

than
gearing. Probably

first constructed.

was

worth

made

at

cost

work

Some
a

to

willing to put
get something
while trying,

home-made

performances reported represent

tractor

to

ticability,
prac-

unable

are

are

order

entire

an

who

those

it is often

work,

people

in

less durable

one,

convenience

less

that

for

and

factory-made

is

tractor

little in

belt

are

and

far

of the

most

done

when

them

of

are

the

have,
of

excess

$10

what
undoubtedly well worth
outlay and were
they cost, even
though of short life.
of tractors^ mowing
For
the lighter sort
machine
money

wheels
work

are

binder

favorites
wheels

as
are

drive

wheels, but

essential.

Some

for

heavier
of

these

Gasoline

The

302

been

have

made

favorable

horse-power

of

capable

w^ere

put

rig

cutting,

the

that

is

building

much

best

at

undertake
time

until
smaller

ventures.

only

a.

in

money
some

an

is

well

amateur

and

experiment,

an

upon

it

the

scale

venture

experience

ensilage
and
efforts

to

ber
remem-

in

tractor-

it

will

that
if
is

it

to

ing
pull-

ambitious

such

of

attempt

and

buildings

moving

successful,

likely

roads,

hilly

While

which

all

at

40

as

home

threshing,

over

been

much

at

work

plowing,

it

and

barn

fence.

first

farm

also

as

made

the

to

have

even

including
to

frequently

been

to

barn

hedge

out

of

and

husking,

corn

tearing
have

from

and

been

sort

any

them,

upon

the

have

tractors

under

harnessed

wheels

20

lo,

and

work,

been

tractor

of

engines

Farm

the

heavy

even

steam

and

on

quite

have

Discarded

utilized

not

do

to

conditions

plow.

be

Engine

is

sink

proves

obtained

well
too

appointing,
dis-

by

CHAPTER

XVII.

OPERATING

Preparing

384.
is at

of other

ments
to

Simple

"

one

or

enough
to

to

do.

tractor,
at

two

Home

people

the

Start.

"

The

easily confused

or

Made

Tractor

and

better

had

landed
same

man

by

Circular

restrict

the

it in the
time

in

ditch

trying
303

control

to

at

com-

Stand.

Saw

helpers,and it might
helpers plenty of their own
men,

who

his audience

efficient

give these
good many

have

First

the

for

all self-conscious

FiG. 93.

TRACTOR.

THE

of
the

check

be

well
work

their

first

start,

haps
per-

it with

Gasoline

The

304

Engine
An

**whoa."

strenuous

on

without
a

all

Fig. 94-"

if

means

made
tered
cen-

first tractor,
of

comments

Recent

place

Factory Output With

there

where
the

avoid

street

run
or

firm, hard

that

the

sod

is the

attempting
current

gasoline

properly.

in

No

is all

the
steam

to

Power

At

room.

where

the

operator,

people.

some

Plant

any
short
or

the

rate,
directed
misgine,
en-

level field with

ideal place.
start, try the

right;

tank

of

place

any

lives of other

the

Before

plenty

endanger

may

Enclosed

at

Mechanism.

is
or

first start

the

possible make

and

is

attention

also,

crowd.

By

all of his

when

any

has

who

man

starting his
distraction by the

work

having

the

is

kind

this

of idle spectators;

stimulating to a crowd
it is somewhat
confusing to
needs
the blunder.
Any man
his

of

experience

rather

upon

Farm

the

and

also

make

that

engineer would

spark
sure

it is

and

see

that there

coming over
think of starting

The
without
and

is

Gasoline

looking

to

Oil

if he

see

on

had

the

engine as
affair and, after making
disengaged, set the fly wheel
steam.

runs,

the

over

go

Remember

of lubrication.

first

when

is needed

bearings have
oiling that there
oil holes

get into
and

over

or

be

startinga
no

are

at

on

certain

to

the

fire
tionary
sta-

clutch

While

and

part

liberal

glaze.

cinders

or

Look

the

know

the

it
and

good supply

amount

after

than

tractor

new

their

tractor

with
more

where

bearing.

305

in motion.

place

any

that

sure

and

that

taken

the

the

in order

Farm

the

plenty of water,
a
though it were

transmission

everything is

that

see

to

Engine

while

Notice

bits of

in

metal

they will be likely

positionof the levers
of each.
use
Try the

that it will turn

sure
steering wheel enough to make
not
are
freelyand that the front wheels of the tractor
half blocked
that will deflect them
by an obstruction
from
The
a
steering gear is much
straight course.
harder
when

to

operate

when

the

tractor

is

at

rest

than

it is in motion.

Examine

bearings of the engine to see that

nothing is heating and that it is working properly as
will have
time
consider
the
to
no
an
engine. You
the
first beginning to
engine itself when
operate
the

tractor.

Starting. If there is a moderately extended

clear course
straightahead, as there should be, with
the steeringwheel
bring the front truck of the tractor
into place, at the same
time
the
noticing whether
loose
too
too
or
are
steering chains
tight. If the
will be hard
it
to
former, the tractor
guide because
will not
respond quickly enough ; if the latter,there
385.

w411

be

Lock

"

excessive

friction and

strain.

the

ahead

steeringgear in place for a straightcourse

have
(most tractors
provision for this),and

be

of the

rid

details

of

guiding

the

engine

at

the

so

in-

The

3o6

Gasoline

Engine

on

Farm

the

of

starting. Engage the clutch carefully,not

into action
suddenly enough to set the transmission
with
a
jerk, but without
letting the rim of the fly
wheel
revolve
unduly long against the clutch arms
after beginning to make
It takes
little
contact.
some
skill to
this always at the
do
but
happy medium,
should
tractor
be
practice will bring the skill. The
first started
slow
on
speed.
the Tractor.
As
soon
as
386. Learning to Guide
the tractor
is fairlystarted
unlock
the steering wheel
and
hold
it to a straight course
with
the hand.
A
skilled engineer can
tell much
from
the "feel" or vibration
After
thus conveyed to him.
what
becoming someaccustomed
this quivering sensation
under
to
stant

"

normal

conditions
for

with

and

forced

well

before

action, begin

there

is any

sity
neces-

experiment

to

little

the

by turning it slightly and

steering wheel
then
bringing the engine back to a straight course
again. If the chains are properly adjusted the wheel
need

be

not

of

travel

first in

time,

acquire

quite

do

not

habit

the

in order

attempt
of

smoothly rather
sudden
changes.
Before
reaching the
ahead,
plenty of room
for

narrowing

the

with

steering wheel
the

at

slow

severe

speed

other

practice
for
Aim

turns.

in

the

some

to

in

test

at

start.

the

higher speed

wide

the

with

engine

circle,then

miliar
getting faof changing the
always that neither
operating should be

turn

amount

novice

bring

to

Remember

the

field, and

the

begin

certain

nor

of

end

shorter

will do.

engine

new

given

to

what

short

any

trip,first

return

down

in the

this

tion
direc-

about
easily
bringing the tractor
than
of abrupt and
by means

and

around

then

and

the

change

to

Continue

little.

direction

one

but

far

turned

After
may

after

be

little

practice

undertaken,

The

3o8

Gasoline

The

kind.

momentum

little,and

very
the

if

tractor

pull

can

ahead

hold

if the

so

that

it has

better

back

thrusts
the

chance

to

only

of climbing

holds

the
for

likely
gradually,

more

if it is hewed

than

compress

The

lugs

it very

upon

it.
as

is far

ground

it is

as

much

so

is

that

hurry

to

its wheel

strain is thrown
a

acquire

chance

is made

or

ground into which it

it to pull against, and
to

will

engine

much

attempt

an

Farm

the

always safe to remember

moving slowly, so long

stands

reallymoving,
than

is

on

stuck

it is

which

tractor

out

Engine

violently by rapidly revolving lugs. The

the wheels
shut
moment
begin to slipand spin around
off the power,
will dig a
as
a
slipping drive wheel
deep hole very rapidly.
and

torn

the

Often
be

only

which

into
break

out

hitched

to

the

wheels

wheels

can

be

dig the

the

turned

the
be

mud

tractor

put under

them
the

to

start

If

chain
of

ahead

the

the

way

will hold

that

engine

cannot

of it is

out

to

out.

sand,

so

as

not

by disturbing its
engine helps to pack it
hold, but to
pull it may
loose

ahead

engine. So long as the

engine is ready to pull itself

aim

"

of

slip.

the

Always
Sandy Places.
straight and as steady as

patches

hole

slip. If
wheels, probably the only
them

; then

shaft.

the

on

the

start

388.
as

it to

carried

then

sufficient

rope

; then

can

and

be

may

it into

something
not
permit
its

tree

up

if

turn

shaft

main

to

tractor

and

allow

not

can

rail, straw,

engine and wind

is handy
drop

out

itself if it

plank, anything in fact

sink
have
its lugs and
them
it can
not
again, will help. If that fails,a long rope
fence

hitched

and

of

out

will

that

given something
of

Pieces

climb

will

tractor

to

screw

run

possible

break

surface.
down

to

the
The

on

and

the
in

engine

crossing

grip of the lugs

weight of the
straight,steady

twist

the

wheels

The

Gasoline

it is only

across

trouble

389.

Bridges

in

on

Farm

the

the surface

up

bale

of

hay

without

will

straw

or

309

doing
all

save

ahead.

if scattered

is not

tractor

loosen

to

Often

good.

any

Engine

and

often

Other
called

Obstacles.
to

upon

cross

farm

The

"

bridge

less
un-

casionally
hauling a heavy load to market, but ocA
bad
a
bridge is encountered.
strange
before attempting
bridge should always be examined
much
to cross
rotten
and, if it shows
wear
or
plank
if possible. If it must
timbers, should be avoided
or
be crossed, a couple of long planks three inches thick
each
and tapering to two
end
at
at the
center
may

be

laid

use

across

the

distribute
For

to

load

the

run
over

of

more

shorter
longer bridge use
of the long ones.
Always carry a
travelingon the road
along when
a

familiar

long

it.

be

behind,
clear

Run

the

should

rope

drawn
to

with

if any,

of the

very

condition
also

slow

be
can

bridge
across

wheels

tractor

of
at

and

on

so

the

bridge at once.
planks at each end
supply of good plank
with

all of
hand

its

so

be

hitched

until

the

bridges

and

bridges.

that

back

tractor

unless

tractor

the

far
has

avoid

load

enough
crossed

sudden

anything that tends to set up vibration.

Hill climbing with
a
gasoline tractor, unlike that
needed
when
using steam, requires no specialprecautions
than
other
to climb
tempts
slowly and without any atat gaining an
advantage by the use of sudden
No
ing
advantage will be gained, and every jerkspurts.
strain should
always be avoided.
Occasionally some
seemingly good authority will
recommend
the surmounting of small
obstacles
which
for the
much
too
are
engine at ordinary speed by
throwing out the clutch until the engine is running at
full speed and then throwing it in again suddenly. If
is willing to risk stripping the cogs
from
one
a
gear

jerks or

The

310
wheel

Gasoline
the

and

plan

be

may

conditions

all

his

tractor

not

of

the

as

the

roads

speed

without

has

skill
six

or

enough

miles

hour

an

all

put

is

no

fully master

running
be

make

to

There
is

who

man

may

on

the

upon

good
high

risk, providing the operator

it.

guide

to

this

Under

jerks, and

When

"

serious

any

upon

tractor,

right direction.

about

swagger

strain

otherwise.

sudden

and

job.
Speed Allowable.
the gasoline tractor

390.

Farm

the

really skillful engineer

quietly as possible, to avoid

in the

count

or

but

aim

strains

move

bluster
of

his

useless

every

adopted,

it is the

handle

to

on

certainty of a very severe

both
the engine and
the

of

part

every

Engine

with

As

this is not

little practice

engines, a

most

five

over

ought to give him this. Obstacles, lack of skill

increased
vibration
in the engineer,and
about
the
are
it necessary
to keep the speed
only things that make
of the
when
fair roads.
traveling over
engine down
In plowing again the speed is determined
more
by the
plow than by the engine. Usually 2^ to 3 miles per
about
hour
is considered
right.
Tractor.
Approximately the
Hauling with
391.
"

load
as

trailers

inch

pounds

resistance
with
of

figured from
ton
weight of one
broken

on

an

of

the

100

addition

pounds
of

20

and

6-inch

With

earth

common

ton

per

with

fact that

shows

roads

stone

freshly plowed land.

A
is 98 to 323.

on

will draw

power

be

may

tires

121

of known

tractor

pounds

to

extra

the

wagons
with

i^of

resistance
of

466 pounds

tires
road

the

gives

tractor

for each

portion
proa

power
per

cent,

grade.
392.

run

that
matter

any

The

Real

Tractor

Danger.

"

The

man

who

can

gasoline engine will generally find

is a
tractor
with
he may
have
a
difficulty

kind

any
of

his

of

own

fault.

He

mav

be

careless

and

to

attempt

run

controlHng

for

for that

engine

it.

With

may

matter,

wouhl

curiosity to
would

fall

see

how

work
like

may

out

with

things

looks

whirl

of

and

fearless

provisions
few

one

else's

and

spirited
advice

who

has

his

that
them

bringing

own

He

expense.

believe

may

so,

the

of

theory

take

to

of

tons

menace

render

every

pet

livelybang

pubHc

somebody

off

show

to

be prone

some

at

"

man

man

victim

311

proper

same

may

Farm

the

without
such

the

so

and

of others

on

become

He

dangerous.

horse

his

motion

in

metal

Engine

Gasoline

The

starting
with

up

skillful.

and

to it first of all that

reallyskillful engineer sees
everything about his engine is in working order, and
strains
cline
he tries to avoid
which
all risks and
might in-

The

to

it out

put

of

condition.

that

skill

by keeping as far away

by starting up quietly,without
by doing everything with as
he

as

for

If

may.

what

he

mind,

own

thinks
well

as

it at

worth,

studies

it

from

source

time

can,

strains,
swagger

in his

over

it

came

cautious

makes
has

it

receives

which

.ifter he

"

and

and
he

good, perhaps

future

some

jerks

little fuss

he

as

advice

the

as

it

then, if he thinks
of

it is

trouble

any

his

shows

him

offer

people

from

He

given

;
use

it due

consideration.
General

393.
to

the

of

care

with
and

expect

to

which
he
"

time.

by
improved

protection

as

any

from
The

it.

Some

be

may

reasonable

tractors

knows

protection
to

every

that

repeated

his investment

writer

exposure

All

"

transmission

of

sort

any

be

this

to

reasonable

by

Tractor.

and"

operated between

engine might

an

give

expected
for

of

tractor,

the

shelter

Care

are

of
when

applies

in

tion
connec-

such

added
man

would

machinery
the profits
and
weatherproof
that

none

idle

passing

or

storm.

are

that

jured
inare

312

The

Gasoline

Engine

on

the

Farm

to

w
a;

CHAPTER

POWER

An

394.
the

if the

is of

the

of

in

the

are

be

its
into

merely

are

transmitted

knows

be

not

be

may

easily the

may

to

this,but

there

Shafts,

"

in

power

thrown

away

belts, and
used

commonly

work.

place

Nearly

all

of

modifications

gear

for transmitting

the

to

source

instance, the belt drive

it

where

the

rarer

of

these.

some

be

accomplished by
well as by
or
as
by chain and sprocket wheels
form
of belt and
of the
usual
pulley ; gear
friction as well as tooth
include
gearing ;
may
refer to revolving rods or to various
forms
may

rope

means

wheels
shafts
of

be

w^ork.

most

from

converted

methods

Use.

means

power

engine

engine in
anywhere else

or

how

or

the

it to

Methods

wheels

For

in the

best

difference

transmission

developed
conducting

395.

can

what

is

while

farm

the

on

The

"

develops cannot
machine.
Every one

manner

that

value

no

realizes

one

every

Problem.

it

power
other

some

TRANSMISSION.

Important

world

XVIII.

may

levers.

396.
it refers
gear

"

rods

to

wheels

usually

of

which

somewhere
metal

the

shaft

will

the

most

serious

397.

when

Shafting. Usually

Why

and

revolve

along
the

means

Poor

and
their

better

in power.

cost

of

we

the

of

shafting
pulleys or
carry
length. They are
speak

material

the

Cheap shafting is
in the
wasting power

Shafting
313

Does

Not

Pay.

"

one

less

of

mission.
trans-

Shaft-

The

314

Gasoline

should

ing

carries

whatever

Where

steel

P.

times
would

rate.

FiG.

Countershaft

96.
"

while

expense

shafting is the most

Shafting should
order

be

good

deal

shaft

into

revolutions
the

the

it

receives, less that

it

its

at

that

wheels

or

bearings.

own

best

should

per

the
be

and
toward

and

running, it
expensive
be

of

the

for

Ready

Hangers

will be

that

seen

cheap

world.

in the

best

very

Belts.

material

in

friction

shaft

the

of this

strain

bearings,
elastic

somewhat
break.

All

minute.

engine, but

engine,

be

pulleys

It
by reducing the size.
it requires a
absolutely straight because
lineof power
two-inch
to
a
spring even
line once
or
during each of its 200
300

reduce

to

should

of

of

shaft

Farm

the

quality requires i
of an
it a given number
of
engine to revolve
a
cheap iron shaft of equal strength
per minute
and
thing
Aveigh nine times as much
require somelike a 28 H. P. engine to operate it at the same
As
the power
consumed
by friction is a cona

stant

the

to

on

working energy
by friction

consumed

amount

H.

transmit

Engine

If

its center

is divided
and

or

and

the

it will

possible the
between

comes

power

driven
two

between
belt.

out

the

shaft

lize
quickly crystalpulley should
bearings. By

The

3i6

Engine

Gasoline

on

Farm

the

trouble
to
that
overcome
bearings has been known
had
previously prevented the operation of a machine.
Balancing Pulleys. If the shaft is a long or
399.
the
a
question of balancing weights and
light one
strains
become
portant.
along its length may
specially im"

heavier

The
their

from

power

where

it is

be

on

set

true

to

them

time

same

take

at

whether

extent

should

points not far from

should
two
heavy machines
of the drive pulley. This
is

applied, and

some

machines

shaft

the

opposite sides

the

at

run

driven

not,

or

both

machines

since

the

are

be

to

pulleys driving

will better
heavy and this arrangement
distribute
the weight. A
a
heavy belt pull or even
great pulley weight at the end or anywhere along the
line that
is not
properly supported by the bearings
throw

may

driven
that

the

whole

Speed

400.

to

be

will

and
of

the

machine

as

is driven

machine

the

are

and

of the

the

speed

of

uses

shaft the

of

the

determines

course

machine.

the

the

latter

Where

only

problem

is

one

is easy,

of the

it is sometimes

between

average

relative

engine and that required by

known.
(See rule elsewhere.) If
of different
speed are to be run by

shaft

same

to

from

machines

several

The

"

one

speed

providing the speed

the

of line.

out

driving pulleys of

shaft,

the

temper

Shafts.

of

the

shaft

the

then

make

highest
the

up

to

necessary
and

lowest

additional

take

speed

difference

an
quired
re-

by

avoids
tremely
expulleys. This
small
or
extremely large pulleys.
determine
the
size of
Size of Pulleys. To
401.
there are
pulley needed on shaft when
given the speed
diameter
of the engine pulley and
and
speed of shaft,
and
vide
dimultiply engine pulley speed by its diameter
by the speed of the shaft.
of cast
iron, steel,
Pulleys. Pulleys are made
402.

varying

the

size

of

the

"

"

The

Gasoline

and

wood
common

than

and

compact

all of the
than

neater

steel,although

on

and, of the

paper;
use

Engine

wooden

Fig. 97.

united.

wood,

and

usually made,
that is, they can
shaft

bolted
the

same

solid,

in the
be

be

pulley can

Construction

"

four, iron

others

considerably higher than

size and
design. Wooden
too, of holding the

up

of

in

into

in

more
more

of

one

have

better.

SplitWood

is

cheaper than
safely speeded

pulleys
belt

317

It is

iron

an

can

larger sizes,
divided

Farm

the

ilar
sim-

the

vantage,
ad-

They

are

Pulley.

the

split form

halves, secured

upon

without

disturbing other wheels, and then

in
together. Iron pulleys may also be obtained
form
safer than
when
cast
and, if large,are
on

through

account

the

of

contraction

possible
of the

defects

in

the

latter

iron.

Iron
Face.
Straight and Crown
pulleys
usually made
crowning, that is,slightlyoval, across
403.

"

are

the

The

3i8

Gasoline
there

face, where

is

Engine

on

Farm

the

to do, as a belt will

belt-shifting
always hunt the high place in the pulley, if there is
and
to run
one,by giving it a high place in the
on,
of the pulley it can
Some
center
easilybe kept there.
machinists
it
object to the crowning face because

throws

the

instead

of

entire

"

Method

is ordered

unless

sent

shifting

load

the

upon

distributingit, but

Fig. 98.

pulley

no

is

of

one

the

straight

necessary

Lagging

where

will

specified. Where

is

pulley

Pulley,
face

crowning

the

or

belt

the

nearly always

Covering
with

of

center

be

must

be

belt-

straight-

faced.
Use

404.

power,

to

with
90

per

"

They

belt, but

also

are

of

and

power

to

usually

in friction

crank-pins
cent,

Pulleys

Pulleys.

change speed,

of motion.
a

of

and

used

are

to

alter direction

used

convey
or

in connection

transmission

connecting

and
rods.

transmission,

it is

form
with

ally
occasionMore

than

estimated,

The

Engine

on

Farm

the

319

in America

of the pulley and

by means
Covering Iron Pulleys. Frequently an

is effected
405.

belt.
iron

"

pulley
of

Gasoline

does

hold

not

is lost

power

often

are

varnish, then
of varnish.

belt

well
To

slippage.

faced

with

and

this

overcome

leather.

One

Put

the leather, cut

to

of

way

with

pulley thoroughly, coat

layer of soft paper and a
on

deal

great

the

clean

this is to

in

the

pulleys
doing

coach

second

coat

size

proper

and

length,and thoroughly clean; then lace loosely,as in

Fig. 98 ; slip into place, and tighten lacing.
Another
roughen face of pulley with
wa}^
cape
the proper
Lace
of cotton
chisel.
length and width
of
beltingloosely and soak well in pail of paste made
and
flour.
cold water
Slip this upon pulley and draw
lacing tightly as possible. Put on more
layers prepared
in the same
taking care to break jointseach
way,
time.

Then

there

drive

Buffalo

in

belt

fasteners

here

and

clinch

against pulley. As the covering dries

it will shrink
and
hug the pulley nicely.
In both
not
cases,
particularlythe latter, it must
be forgotten that the diameter
of the pulley has been
be regulated
materially increased and the speed must
accordingly.
At least 25%
be added
sometimes
to the power
may
transmitted
by covering an iron pulley,as iron has a
tendency to polish quickly and refuse to hold the belt.
Cement
and
glue will not hold a leather covering on
to

iron.

406.

How

the

shaft

to

Secured
either

on

by key

former, the key should

way

and

the

pulley, must
be
from

driven

the

be

latter, cut
match

center

seat

the
in

Pulleys

"

or

set

width

exact

both

will

pulley

the

soon

will

work

secured

are

If the

screw.

of the

shaft

accurately; otherwise

tight,the
and

Shaft.

be
loose.

key-

and

the

the

key

forced

not
can-

away

If secured

The

320

by

set

to

avoid

to

slip a

hold

Gasoline
the

screw

latter

times

and

on

should

after

slippingas,
few

Engine

be

set

kept tight enough

has

screw

thread

Farm

the

the

been

allowed

shaft, it will

never

well.

as

Set
Screw.
no
Perhaps
Dangerous
simple thing about machinery is more
dangerous than
head
similar projectionon
a projecting set-screw
or
a
in rapid motion
it cannot
be
revolving shaft. When
and
while
some
seen,
one,
oiling a bearing, is almost
certain to have
the clothingcaught and be drawn
upon
the shaft or at least have
hand
a
a fingeror
destroyed
by it. Always, if it can possibly be done, have every
set
and
socket
wrench.
screw
use
a
deeply recessed
Test
them
frequently until they become
thoroughly
them
fixed, as the expansion of heat often loosens
;
then, once
they are thoroughly settled in their place,
avoid
if possible.
disturbing them
ance
408. Other
Pulley Dangers. Pulleys out of balThe

407.

"

"

belts

shaft

the

on

and

if the

the

key

have

does

been

retain

true

when

at

destructive

pulley

does

fit the

keyway

of power.
fit the

not

be

else

replaced;

or

bored.

to

This

shaft

the

; or

or

fixed

is ruinous

that

cast

if

or

pulley

may

ley
wabbling pul-

it costs

much

too

it.

Pulleys having
while

wobble

improperly

should
to

not

and

machinery,

occur

may

with

run

the

at

rest, but

thick

other

or

may

thin

at

wdien

wrong

side

one

stand

to

seem

decidedly

run

edge

up

well
set

in

motion.

so

Small, high speed pulleysfull

are
pulleys used as convenient
nuts

anything
there
the

from
to

it may

force

of

some

be
be
a

laid

near-by
on

hurled
bullet

any

of dust

are

while

shelves

ing
remov-

Never

permit

pulley.

If left

machine.

part of

dangerous

against someone
the pulley
when

with
starts.

almost

The

Tight and
pulley consists

409.
loose

revolves

which

of

Gasoline

Engine

Farm

the

321

tight and
Pulleys. The
pulleys,side by side, one

Loose

"

of two
with

on

the

shaft

the

and

other

volves
re-

the
to
By shiftinga belt from one
and
its machinery may
be started
other the shaft and
stopped at pleasure without
disturbing the operation
of the engine or of any
other
machine
belted
the
to
It is a necessity in cases
shaft.
where
one
same
mait.

upon

FiG. 99.

of

chine
be

to

Countershaft

"

several, belted

thrown
Its

410.

Assembly With
Pulleys.

in and

generally thought
the trouble
hubs

comes

should

have

out

Loose

and

Stepped

shaft, is frequently

line

of motion.

necessary

from
an

Trouble.

for

Love

to

Tight,

The

"

loose
but

nuisance,

carelessness

oil reservoir

and

of

pulley

The

with

sort

some

of

much

neglect.

is

tight cover, as fullyhalf of the oil used on most loose

Then
the pulley should
be started
pulleys is wasted.
in right when
from
be removed
First, it should
new.
the shaft and cleaned
out
thoroughly; then oiled; then
returned
a

to

shaft

half hour.

dirt
and

and

iron

and

Remove,

revolved

wipe

on

off

shaft under
black

after
particles
; then,
replace, and run
again. Repeat

belt

coating
it
this

is

of

for

oil,

clean, oil

until

pulley

The

Z22.

Gasoline

Engine

on

Farm

the

absolutely clean; then it will take

polish or glaze. If properly oiled it
is

and

smooth

for years

true

otherwise

on

smooth

will

then

it will

wear

run

off

edges in the shape of an hour glass,and speedily

that will render
all the other
develop a wobble
of the
machinery silent by comparison. A good many
due to the fact that it is
loose pulley'stroubles
are
of enough importance to merit
considered
tion
attennot
until it has developed the abilityto out-clatter
everything else in the place.
Use."
Cone
Cone
or
Pulleys; Their
stepped
411.
farm
used
on
machinery for
pulleys are sometimes
of changing the
the
speed of a shaft by
purpose
section
to
another, but are
shifting a belt from one
in more
lathes and similar machinery
use
on
common
of the shop. Usually connection
is made
the
between
of a belt, though friction pultwo
leys
pullcA^sby means
The
are
same
ciple
prinfrequently used in this way.
in changof with
is made
wheels
use
ing
spur
gear
the

at

the

speed of traction

tempted
plank in

outlay of

and

automobiles.

is
one
Pulleys." Sometimes
utilize a rainy day and
few
to
a
pieces of
the
pulley, and so save
making a wooden
dollars. Occasionallythis is entirely
several

Home

412.

engines

Made

successful, but it should

not

be undertaken

unless

one

turning off the face of the pulley

absolutely true and for centering it accurately when
A
home
made
good many
boring it out.
pulleys
in daily use
and their owners
are
now
point them out
with
all right at only a
pride as doing their work
fact
fraction of the cost of a "boughten" pulley. The
is, they cost less to obtain in the first place, but they
of them
times every
most
are
wasting their price many
has

season

facilities for

in strained
and

lost

shafting,strained

power.

Not

one

belts, worn

person

in

ings
bearhundred

The

324

Gasoline
hardened

of

number

Engine
steel

(Fig. 102)

on

balls

Farm

the

confined

in

grooved

presenting but a small part

of their surface
to the journal. As
formerly employed
trouble by
quite small, and sometimes
they were
gave
jamming so as not to revolve freely,then the sides
in use
flat. Improved methods
now
wore
soon
duce
prothem
times
somevery accurately formed, and they are
made
and
as
pable
calarge as 4 inches in diameter
of sustaining a load of 50 tons.
Theoretically,
is a point only, but in practice
their bearing surface
it is a small circle.
They are caliperedand accurately
all fit accurately into the
that
sorted
to size so
as
for shafting are
Those
fitted
to be used
same
groove.
with an adapter to permit easy assembling.
When
cheap bearings are used one of a set of balls
and
the sharp,edges are
ous
break
likelyto do serimay
raceways

mischief

to

the

and

rest

of the

late their

Of

set.

use

greatly extended, because of improvements in

in various
use
design, and they are in quite common
the gasoline engine is now
which
machines
operating
in line shafting applications.
the farm, as well
on
as

has

been

What

416.

after

named

Babbitt
its

Is.

inventor, the

variable

somewhat

Metal

in

late

Babbitt

"

boxes
true

to

heat

babbitt.

more

composition but
and
antimony.

less, and

or

About

Babbitt, is

Isaac

principallyof block tin

is added, while
grades a little copper
little zinc.
a
quality contains
is not

5 parts tin

to

is
In

made
the

This

5 of

up

better

of

that

so

metal,

ferior
in-

an

the

causes

durable

as

and

antimony

proportion. The result

is easily fused, and
that
soft white
metal
that
the peculiar property of generating little friction.
for Babbitting. All the
Preparing Boxes
417.
I

of

copper

is the

usual

"

babbitt, dirt

and

washed

with

out

grease

must

gasoline.

be

removed

The

box

and
must

the
be

the

is

has

old
box

thor-

The

Gasoline

oughly dry
the

Bolt

of

it

100.

pieces bolted

Fig.

and

ioi.

"

Farm

the

form

and

325
trouble.

cause

position so there will be no danger

of alignment after the babbitting
out

"

If the

the shaft

on

into

throwing

is done.

will

steam

or

box

Fig.

Engine

Solid

Box

Bearing

box

is

solid, that

or

Pillow

is, not

Block.

in two

cast

together,wrap a paper smoothly around

the lapped edges fast. Otherwise,
gum

Sells

Roller

Bearing Shaft

Box

Fits

Standard

Hangers.
the

cooling

shaft
the
The

will

to

hold

or

subject shaft

as

box

metal

ends

of

the

shrink

it fast and

paper

make

and
should

so

tightly about

it necessary

all to

the

to

babbitt

project a

little

the
break

furnace.

beyond

the

Block

box.

aligned and
with
the

top for the

into

or

for this purpose

clay.

Vent

for

oil hole

The

it is

close

holes

of air and

if not, insert

that

so

box, then

box.

Farm

the

in the

escape

the

on

shaft

the

up

central

stiff putty

metal

Engine

Gasoline

The

326

the ends

up

be

must

pouring

left at
the

hot
used

is sometimes

plug through

wooden

properly

RETAINER

Fig.

102.

"

Sectional

of

View

New

Departure

oil hole

the

shaft, and

afterwards.
around

each

in

the
so

wall

casting
save

of

vent-hole

the

the

with
bother

putty
to

Bearini? Shaft

Box.

Hanger
the

Bal

or

keep

of

clay

end

resting on
drillingit out

should

it clear

be
of

made

flowing

metal.
A plumber's furnace
Preparing the Babbitt.
for melting babbitt, as it is portable and
convenient

418.
is

"

The

metal

the

Gasoline

needs

three
be

must

it will

as

Heat

set.

wood.

char

Test

hold

to

Casting

419.

enough

it

pour

without

babbitt

the

temperature

metal

fast

as

in

ladle

for

metal

one

when

brown

or

by inserting a pine

off the clay

clean

sharp end

until

each

across

shaft, and

in the

same

must

way

sheet-iron
half

bottom

must

of

cold.
into

cool

cut

These

Babbitting

420.

run

when

the

and

box

hot

the

Keep

are

not

from

remove

out

ream

off the

file,trim

side.

not

putty,

or

oil hole,

the

at

of

is hot

give

else.

nothing

to

metal

the

through the hole

it begins to come
up
is spilled.
stop if some

full stream

it is filled and

After

or

quire
re-

the

it will

When

it will

as

breaks

any

running

attention

the

fresh

until

Bearing."

the

Do
through the air holes.
It can^
easilybe gathered up

the

with

the

boxes

full amount

the

unite

not

327

occasionally.

stick

and

Some
poured hot.
pounds of metal, and

four

or

Farm

the

on

be

to

large enough

pouring
once

Engine

shaft,

the

oil hole

with

edges and,

ing
start-

ihe

and
slanting down
groove
for the oil to lie in against

be

forgotten.

Split Box." The box is prepared

excepting that pieces of cardboard
the
be
placed between
top and
a

should

These

casting.

the

wide

be

tightly against the shaft and holes

should
be cut
corresponding with the
through them
bolt holes through which
the two
parts of the box are
liners
bolted
or
together. Enough of these shims
enough

should
the

be^used

bearings

should

be

allow

to

the

rest

to

cut

the

have

ends
to

babbitting

the

two

of these

run

metal

part box
is cold

taking

somewhat

become

in the

metal

for

Rapid pouring

box.

When

allow

to

down
is

the

Notches
the

lower

more
a

solid

the

bolts

in

after

box

liners next

even

loosen

the

worn.

into

than

up

shaft

half of

essential

in

one.
a

little and

The

328
with

then

remove

Gasoline
cold

sharp

the

Engine

on

chisel break

top half

the

and

Farm

the

halves

apart;

file trim

off the

two

with

edges, cut off the pouring gates with the cold chisel,
with
file smoothly and
round
nosed
cold chisel cut
a
the oil grooves.
The
job is now
complete and, after
removing the paper from the shaft and smoothing any
cloth, the box
roughness noticed about it with emery
shaft should
and
be thoroughly oiled and
returned
to
place.
In bolting a split box
the shims
to
together use
build up the shoulders
enough, so that the strain of
the

bolts

shoulders

drawn

when
and

not

all.

at

turn

thickness

same

stress

the

on

babbitt

of

the

shaft

It

is also

shims

the

at

shims

may

come

heat

either

important

both

sides,
all

be

the

upon

portance;
is of vital im-

This

will

alike

be

bearing

wears

will

shaft.

the

upon

otherwise,
to

down

to
so

or

put

the

that

the

As

the

around.

either

reduced

fuse
re-

by
they

but
removing part or by using thinner
ones,
should
both
sides of the shaft
on
always be reduced
alike.
The
bearings should hold the shaft firmly,but
must

bind

not

Instead

oil
as

it.

of

casting the top of the

to fasten
a
strip of leather in
hole
before
pouring and then
oil

an

grooves
Do

it is
melted
well.

holder, from
be

may
not

melted, the
the

job. On
heavy and

to

too

use

of

some

than
amount

furnace

the

the

top around

fill this

part of which

any

practicallyimpossible
More

solid

some

fer
prethe

with

the

wool

spiral oil

cut.

attempt

without

box

other

to

it

small
use

melting pot,

all of the

up

becoming
for

is needed

too

the

depending a little
be placed in
may
hand,

inconvenient

to

too

large

handle.

cold

metal
to

job

should

upon

how

relation

as

run

be
venient
con-

to

the

melting pot is
For
the ordinary
a

The

of

run

farm

be
Do

job

work

about
not

of

Farm

the

five

pounds

329

would

ably
prob-

right.
to

The

merit

careful

attended

on

holding

babbitting.

need
is

Engine

one

attempt

to

done,

Gasoline

not

be

to.

make

repeated

bearings

of

are

and

work
for

and

catch-up

long

good
time,

hurry-up
portance
im-

enough
job,
if

the

once

ing
oil-

"

CHAPTER

BELTS

Reasons

421.

the

to

by

of all power

has

used

the transmission

long

been

known

application is

machinists

due

to

until

recently having
In this country
than 90%
more
transmitted
of belts in
by means

is

form.

some

Belts

almost

are

them

by

or

be

distant

more

Power

and, in

position

refitted
a

machinist.

Few

expensive

they

of

revolution

12-inch

equal

to

will

Belts

wasteful

are

its

slip;

slippage ought

question
this under

but

that

not

there

are

quite

serious.

not

this

is

working
closelywatched

up,

330

last

some
reason

The

much

are

ment
move-

is absolute.
drive

cent,

2%

loss

and

tion.
revoluof waste

there

greater

conditions

One

its mate
each

the per

the

to

farm.

power.

exceed

to

they

respect belts

will

while

down
break-

machines,

circumference

average

belts

set

of

sending

one

of

wheel

own

and

the

In

"

wheels, properly

of gear

distance

Drawbacks.

of

For
on

than

case

w^ithout

particularlyvaluable
A

mitted
trans-

rect
by diaccidents.
less risk from
They
convenient, applicable to a

in the

repaired or
factory for

be

may

distance

greater

conditions

change

are

422.

from

is

variety of

greater

they

much

at

and

simpler

may

noiseless.

There

gears.
are

While

"

world, its wide

wheels.

gear

Belts.

of belts

European

favored

BELTING.

Using

means

mechanical

America,

AND

for

of power

XIX.

loss
that

is liable

is

no

than
if the
to

be

used

between

suitable
and

with

contracts

Care

427.

fixed

two

of

Farm

the

engines

pulleys because

but

is less

it stretches

weather.

the

Belts.

much

fully as
quality. They

on

thresher

with

connection

in

Engine

Gasoline

The

332

its

upon

should

efficiencyof

The

"

care

original
reasonably

kept pliableand

be

pends
de-

its

on

as

belt

will
tight or under an overload
give out first besides causing trouble with hot boxes,
broken
pulleys and sprung shafting. It has been found
and
power
by experiment that as high as 30% more
be
obtained
from
can
a
considerably greater wear
belt by running it with the grain or hair side
leather
the less pliable
the pulley. If this is not done
toward
grain side is likelyto crack from being strained over
the pulleys and, as this is the strongest side, the belt
A cemented
is seriouslyweakened.
or
lapped leather
of" and
that the pulley runs
be turned
belt should
so
A

clean.

not

belt

the

on

too

run

point

of the

than

narrower

the

things strain
edge at one side

few

as

the

belts

Some

do

inclines

one

to

the

pulley,reverse

the

fault

should

and

worse

should

upon

which

be

what
some-

they run
projectingover
so
being pulled

than

other

the

or

belts

and

stretch

not

climb
it.

alike

both

at

continually toward
If it still

runs

on

edges.

If

side

of

one

the

side

same

pulley, the shafting or the alignment;

the opposite side it is in the belt.
ture
moisbe kept as free as possible from

is in the

if toward

Belts

pulley

belt

All

rim.

the

across

lap.

of

extremes

oil

heat

and
belt.

rubber

cold.
Put

Under
the

oil

no

cumstance
cir-

on

the

practice of throwing oil and powdered

it stick
rosin on
belt,particularlyrubber, to make
any
the life of
certain
to shorten
to the
pulley is almost
the belt by months
if not
years.
belt
dressings as
428. Belt
Dressings. Avoid
bearing.

The

"

The

Gasoline

Engine

on

Farm

the

333

possible. As a rule the belt that requiresthe

of a sticky dressing to make
it adhere
to the puluse
ley
is suffering from
form
of abuse, such
some
as
overload
or
faulty drive. Many of the dressings on
the market
if ever
are
decidedly injurious. Seldom
much

as

of them

are

any

to

keep

to

tide

the

leather

over

should

some

form

of

soft, pliable

placed

that

It may

combination

be

the

in the

be

it

more

but

hold

to

should

correct

be

wide

belt

dust

the

and

of

some

always

ally.
intention-

and

moisture

likely to
cleaning it

with

belt

load

enough

abused

not

than

oils. If

rubber

required of

hard, glazed

it is not

the

some

clean

something
mineral

not

work.
overoccasionallyit means
ought not to be there. It will
difficult to keep belts clean
it is fully as important;
and

after

necessary

belt,use

instead,

that, if avoidable,
indication

upon

else

or

air,and

soft
keep them
in fact, if they are
kept
other
they are more
way
it is found

things ;

two

condition

belt.

sure

of

result

event

found

put

to

leather

the

pretty

been

has

In either

than

strain

upon

of

one

injurious dressing, though

anything

always

in

belt is

on

for

except

emergency

be

never

surface

needed

be

soft.

If

to

soften

neat's-foot

oil foundation,

dressing is found
to its place don't use
the
alignment. A
a

"

or

to

in any

transmit

twice

the

essary
nec-

it ;
belt

power
horse-

it.

Required. The
breaking strain
of the best leather belting is given at 3,360 pounds per
section
inch of cross
and, figuringout the necessary
square
factor
of safety,the safe working strength is
but one-tenth
of that or 33 pounds per square
counted
of belting
inch or about
41 pounds per inch in width
strain
in practice is
This
allowable
ys inch thick.
from
to
to
still further
reduced
35 pounds by
30
for the ordithe best authorities, presumably to allow
429.

Size

of

Belt

"

The

334

nary

Gasoline
of

of

quality
higher estimate.

minute

per

is

additional

each

favorable.

are

Fig. 103.
b

"

Have

Contact

pulling power

or

75

Used

the
the

Than

Contact

Smaller
180

P.

of

One,

the

to

H.

P.

and

if conditions
belt

depends

Equal Pulleys, a and

When
Two
Unequal
in Transmission

d, Gains
Is

good

traveling 800
i

H.

Largest One,

Belt

however,

wide

Belt Contacts.
Two
Grip of 180 Degrees.

Is Less

Than

More
Looses

c,

Half

Because

the
Belt

Degrees.

pulley and
pullingstrength. A double leather, six-plyrubber,
from
belt will safely transmit
six-ply cotton
50 to
power
horserule being one
the usual
power,
per cent,
for

per

add

in

even

transmit

The

its frictional

Upon
its

to

should

Efficiency,Because
Circumference

inch

one

inch

Belt

expected
adhere,

figured

Farm

the

In

Study

Pulleys Are

belt

on

be

strength to
belting. Some

range

feet

Engine

each

surface

one

inch

presented

width

at

to

the

speed

of 550

feet

minute.
A

430.

of

number
convenient
in
and

Convenient
feet

per

rule

is to

inches
this

Rule.
minute

"

To
that

multiply the

by its number
by the width

of
of the

calculating the
belt is traveling a
a
of the puldiameter
ley
avoid

revolutions
belt

per

in inches.

ute
minDi-

The

vide

this

2,100

for

Gasoline

Engine

product by

Farm

the

335

for

single belting and by

quotient will be the required

3,300

The

double.

on

horse-power.
belt

long

will
be

and

can

belt

required
of

than

short

find

To

limits

the

add

and

the

two

the

the

center

Crossed

Belt.

product
of the

Each

shafts.

Pulley

180 Degrees.
Contact More
Than
In
of Friction in Twisted
Belt Overcomes
Belt
Contact.
Shown
Arrangement

tiply
mul-

the

Where

Has

of

General, Loss

Belt

Because

of Greater

Advantage
Useful

tance
disspace

Arc

an

of

eters
diam-

then

twice

to

one,

length

given pulleys add

pulleys and divide by 2;

two

The

104."

reasonable

power

looser.

between

between

Within

"

more

much

run

the

Belts.

transmit

by 3^4

Fig.

of

Length

431.

for

Reverse

Drive.

permits,

is

432.

to

20

25

feet

between

increases
be

power

then

the

its power

up

to

certain

speed

limits, but

beyond 6,000 feet per minute, as

begins to fall. In practiceit is a safe

carried

in

anything to
minute
being a
as

pulley

"

cannot

while

of

good working distance.

Speed of Belts.
Increasing

centers

belt

distance

little

pulleys

avoid

extremes,

4,000

more

economical

and

as

600

it must

can

be

used.

always

be

to
a

In
borne

4,500

feet

far safer

lagging
in

of

this
the
rule
per

speed,
or

mind

ering
cov-

that

336
adding
the

Gasoline

The

the

to

size

Engine

of the

on

Farm

the

pulley increases

the

of

speed

belt.
All

Fig.

105,

of the
Most

"

Slipping.

belts

or
less,
slip more
limits
it is an
certain
within
and
advantage, as the
of a load, such
the clogging of
sudden
obstruction
as
thresher
a
cylinder or similar accident, may
merely
the belt to slip when
a
cause
positive drive like cog
serious
would
belt
a
cause
a
breakage. When
gears
because
of slippage fails to deliver 97 or 98 per cent.

Belt

433.

"

Driving

With

it should

power

pulley,which

is where

and

is therefore

most

that

the

made

joint be

the

jerk at

the

belt

this

much

is

laced
the

better
as

loss

as

even

as

than
the

where

contact

belt

is too

great.

is the

It is

possible to

important
decrease

difference

is in contact

more

the
least

equal size

about
the

Sag.

joint strikes

easily broken.

point. Pulleys of

is great,
its full 180

the

Belt, Showing

the

transmit,

slips originatewhere

smaller

that

Long, Heavy

hold

of

ameter
di-

nearly

belt
a
degrees (see cuts). For this reason
long and heavy enough to permit considerable

The

Gasoline

on

of necessary

loss

without

sag

Engine

Farm

the

tension

hugs

337
the

pulley

of the greater
tight belt. On account
tension, however, the tight belt will deliver the most
but
more
an
over-tight belt consumes
power
power,
fective
is less effriction on
the journals and
by increased
than one
tension.
of moderate
Slipping creates
ing
hot boxes.
hot belts and
a
By maktight belt causes
than

better

the

lower

of

slip diminished.
soft

and

the
the

power

sagging

the

tendency

to

high speed wheels, light,

pulley better than heavy or

small

the

belting hugs

double

belts.
three

Nearly
be

For

do

upper

is increased

contact

the

belt do

horizontal

lettingthe

transmittingand
amount

of

side

transmitted

times
from

much

as

faced

leather

sometimes

can

power

from

as

smooth

similar
a
answers
pulley. Manila
paper
overloaded
and
if smoothly put on
and
not
purpose,
will last for years.
Soak
good glue in its w^eight of
till water
melt.
is absorbed, then
water
ley
Roughen pulface with
acid or
file and
coarse
spread on glue,
iron

faced

then

paper,

Use

several

rubbing on with
layers of glue and

splitleather

or

When

hold, and

once

slipsbadly

it is

more

important

slip than to
to slipon
sure
hence
that

wath

should

contains

; or

iron

and

it is
to

more

be

dried

before

oil

or

difficult to

guard against

injuriousto

are

all air.

ing
splitbelt-

old

it afterwards.

correct

mineral

expel

to

if desired.

belt

first
are

paper

used

be

may

brush

used.

rosin

soon

the

belts

Wet

wood
Belt

leys,
puling
dress-

coats

belt

stantly
glaze that is fatal to holding unless kept consticky; then it is disagreeable to handle and
A
belt once
catches
all the floatingdust and
dirt.
glazed by dope is half spoiled,as the natural oils of

the
a

leather

belt

are

becomes

drawn

out

hardened

and
castor

the

fiber deadened.
oil may

be

used

If
to

338

The

restore

it

Gasoline

partially.One

on

of the

that

Farm

the

worst

of

any

dangers

of belt

work

w^ell at

them

start.

Hints.

Belt

434.

first

When
warmed

belt

friction

is hard

without

load

belts.

on

until

Old

of

they

are

that

They

Fuller's
the

heavier

or

ings.
bear-

loss of power
of the

20%

should

and

have

by

load

may

bearings

on

pulleys.

belts

hold.

the

tight as to cause
journals to exceed
a tight belt.

belts

side

in leather, power

so

as

Six-inch

expensive

are

the

at

classed

each

weather

up.
belts

be

Cold

"

starting,run

Tight

to

fact

the

dressings is
the

Engine

saturated

are

be

may

earth

chalk

then

by sprinkling
them

over

scraping with

hard

are

grease

partiallyrestored

prepared

or

and

grease

with

to

wooden

sorb
ab-

strip

slightlysharpened.
Narrow

double

considered, than
A

rubber
has

and

slow

from

leather

speeds,

but

economical,

more

part of the

shrink
belts

are

efficiency

ones.

which

will

worn

grade

are

singlewide

belt

been

Cheap

belts

badly

are

fair

face
sur-

if wet.
for

suitable

not

rubber

light work
for heavy or

high speed machines.

Belts running curled
the edges of pulleys may
over
be due to faulty alignment in shafts, a slighttaper in
the pulley,a hanger support
that yields under
a
pull,
to the uneven
or
stretchingof the belt.
Belts should
be run
with
motion
on
a
slightwavy
slack side, showing slight tension.
Swaying is caused
by pulleys being out of line or out of balance, or there
may

be

an

unevenness

the

leather.

the

pulley.

To

avoid

At

as

rest

much

in the
the

thickness

edges

friction

as

of the

or

belt

the

pull

should

possible,belts

of

hug

should

The

340

Gasoline

should

ter

with

be

of the

main

436.

drawn

of the

most

Belt

be

are

as

belt

where

will

stretch

wheels

at

long

for the

place, and

lace

that

so

tension

have

practicable, had

ter
bet-

pulleys

will
be

the

will be

become

taken

will,

too

up.

off square

Cut

even.

at

fit between

to

soon

ends

which

over

back

or

up

able,
avail-

only

are'

made

to

cut

but

moved

beginning,

belt, first

the

the

should

belts

and, wdien

two

To

be

may

away

have

the

of

one

used

belt

Endless

where

be

to

permits doing

face.

that,
wath.

Farm

the

diminishing the grip

wheel

good

"

however,

This

Lacing.
even

on

without

the

on

dispensed

they

tight.

tension

belt

joint,and

one

Engine

the

holes

across

with

:t=i

108

107

Fig.

107.

Fig. 108.

Finished

The

"

Finished

The

"

Joint, Pulley

Laced

Joint, Top

Side.
of

Belt.

belt

est
punch, and a sloping,shearing cut gives smoothof holes is enough for lightwork
edges. One row
around
and
is plenty for the heaviest
work
the
two
sometimes
in running
used
farm, though three are
heavy machinery. The lacing should be done so that
a

of

the

side

is

placed

either

twisted

strain

equal

an

laces

of

the

fast

and

belt.

The

all the

on

laces

or

holes

crossed

will

not

on
wear

and

none

the

pulley

out

nearly

An
jerk the machinery so much.
the
oval
turned
punch is best wnth
large diameter
lengthwise of the belt. Many belts are ruined by large
so

holes
a

or

will

holes

stronger

lace

not

too

but

close

together.

weakens

the

The

belt.

latter

makes

The
If

six-inch

line

Gasoline

lines

lay

each
odd
a

other

number

the

little for w^de

that

off.
the

belts

should

will shove

be

heavier

leather

hole

should

and

back

or

be
for

with

rubber,

first.

may

row

The

instead

of

smooth

cut

instrument

cutting them
is best

and
lace

the

pass

the

vas
Can-

narrow.

to

tance
dis-

increased

pointed

large enough
without
straining

For

second

of the

diminished

An

best.

out

use

be

twice

between.

works

ends

punched

mark

along
exactly opposite

holes

loads

the

341

back, and

the

row

fibers aside

the

For

through

in each

from

and

inch

one

equal spacing

distance

same

apart
belts

with

for

and

end

Farm

the

being punched,

places for

and

of holes

larger belt

of holes

off the

on

is

less

or

each

across

square

these

belt

Engine

fiber

of

the

leather.
Lace

437.
and
and
the

an

Rawhide

"

purchased already cut

The
latter
then cut up by hand.
cheapest, but the strips should
and

When

abomination.
of

those
to

medium

; the

to

or

second

half-inch

smooth

or

hair

side

the

is much

be

straight,

cut

in width

varies

lect
ready cut, sethickness
in preference

for the

heaviest

lace

is

ible
flex-

not

teenths
five-six-

width, the

usual

of the

side,

method

light. The first are

lack strength. From

is the

lacing,

those

uniform

being preferableexcepting
the

by

or

lace that

buying

and

heavy

extra

enough

in width.

even

for

is used

be

it may

smooth
is

Leathers.

former

belts.

placed

out

If

if

ing
longer. By wetting the ends and then burnbe
until
them
put
slightly crisped they may
easily.
through the hole more
double
lace a single
of Lacing, To
438. Methods
of the belt and, with
of holes, begin at the center
row
each end up through the
the pulley side below, pass
will

wear

"

hole

center
one

to

the

in

each

right and

end

of

the

the other

to

belt, then
the

down,

the

left,through the

The

342

Gasoline

hole

in

this until

the

next

of

through it, all

the

both

be

ends

through
them

carry
will

the

at

the

top.
under

the

of

the

through

down

fill snugly, and

beyond the under

settle
pulley will soon
this

like

in

those

FiG.

ing

drawn

upon

the

it also

the

109.

in

adds

to

will

the

surface

needed.

of

Other

been

done

lace

will

also

laces

that

holes
the

ends

they
a

The

very

of the

pressure

place.
Short

108.

of

piece

main

of the
contact

Belt

sides

two

where

belt

in

methods

illustration

lac-

Lacing.

life of

the

look

pieces of

the

at

the
then

and

will, if rightly done,

increase

jar

have

The

Methods

the

over

belt
laces

other

into

and

107

Several

"

pulley

the
is most

Figs.

of the

tying these, poke

surface.

finished

when

lace

back

two

off with

them

lace

have

of the

smaller

them

cut

little

of

will

ends
of

and

edges

will

Continue

belt.

turn

the

Instead
one

the

then

crossing

Farm

the

of

hole

each

side, and

upper

end

When

holes.

same

on

is reached,

reached

again

on

opposite

edge

the

through
are

the

Engine

the

it

wears

lace

passing, and
instant

but
creases
de-

when

it

lacing are given in

be
which
they may

of

(Fig. 109), from

out.
easilyworked
Hinge lacing takes less lace than
of the others, and
has the advantage of drawing
some
instead
the holes
the body of the belt between
upon
of directlyon
For
this reason
the hole.
it is specially
for

belts ; also

for

belting. Bootleg lacing does not

the pulley at all, and
for cotton

come

good

old

rotten

or

rubber

and

web

in contact

with

badly frayed

rub-

Gasoline

The

ber

Engine

belting is cheapest
It

belt.

makes

Farm

the

the

bungling and
somewhat
dangerous

343

smoothest

looks

is

and

however,

and

on

ning
run-

unworkmanlike,
operators, and

to

is little used.
Never

allow

inches

several

of free lace

ends

to

whip

machinery. It is constantly catching

strainingboth lacing and belt, and is dangerous to

about

the

the

Cut
Wire

Lacing
when
properly made
jolt at the joint,but
439.

deal

on

the

lacer.

READY

Fig.

no."

TO

APPLY

Some

off

ends

and

or

Belt

tuck

them

Hooks.

and
erators.
op-

under.
Wire

lacings
and
are
quite durable
give little
their efficiencydepends a good

The

FtNISHED

holes

may

"

be

much

smaller;

JOINT

Approved

Metallic

Belt

Hooks.

just large enough for the wire to pass through twice.

They are fastened by flatteningwith a hammer.
They
for leather
belts and
also
are
are
speciallyintended
for canvas.
Wire
used
be crossed
lacing should never
the pulley side of the belt.
Belt hooks
and
other
on
metallic
fasteners are convenient
of
to apply but
some
them
lack flexibility
and
should
speciallybe avoided
with
small
of them
work
well when
in
pulleys. Some
A
broken
and
good condition.
projecting belt hookbecome
a
dangerous thing.
may
very
for the one
But
Cementing Belts.
difficulty
440.
of stretching,the cemented
be
or
spliced belt would
ideal for leather, but unless the distance
between
jour"

The

344
nals

Gasoline

the

size

joint should

not

or

taken

to
runs

as

over

For
inches

the

end

and
with

same

Scrape

the

Have

be

the

than

for

taper

with

the

lacing;

other

laps with

plane

surface

smooth

of

under

the

cut

off

the

glass to

or

joint of

supposed
belt, and it

spoke

on

been

vibration.

or

or

is

the

mark

but

end

steel

and

smaller,

or

has
A

use.

is permanent

belt

varied, such

stretch

of

period

Farm

the

long as any other part

the pulley without
jerk

longer

from

until

by

made,

six-inch

on

pulleys can

made

belt

sort, if well

wear

the.

be

of the

out

this

of

Engine

six

inches

six
shave.

Do

opposite

make

belt

belt

them

side.
even.

while

splicing.
After
cutting,place belt on pulleys and draw
tight,
with the jointat some
the pulleys.Hold
point between
under
board
a
joint and nail belt to it with small
nails to insure again slipping. Remove
belt and board
to a convenient
mon
place and apply belt glue (not comglue) hot. Apply this to both ends of the lap,
then place together and hammer
utes
lightlyfor a few mina

expel

to

all air.

Glue

strip of

tips of the leather to keep them

is thoroughly set; then
clamp
few

hours.

The

laps

Splicing a

441.

must

Gandy

be
or

the

over

paper

place until the work

tightlytogether for a
kept clean while gluing.
in

Belt.

Canvas

For

"

times
the
four
splice about
width
of the belt and
lay ofif the splice into as many
equal parts as there are layers in the belt. Cut one
at the next
point
ply off the entire length,the second

six-inch

of

belt

division, and

other

end

belt, so
the

but

on

work

; then

from

do

the

the

the

with

same

side

other

the

the

end

of

will
cut

was

the
come

off

in

other.

Fit the
with

so

longest ply in the one

the full lap
place where

that

opposite

the

make

waxed

ends

together and

thread, the

seams

sew

lengthwise
about

one

of the belt

inch

apart.

Tpie

Gasoline

occasional

An

life

they

wheels

more

and
.feet

4,000

the

smallest

times

30

the

shafts

the

be

rope.

Rope

in

be

Worn

the

life

of

of

rope,

troublesome

and
of

dressing
a

and

rope

beeswax

drive.

least

at

once

should
and

20

it
be

used

less

of

they
There

between

begins

to

replaced.

graphite

if

account

slip.

feet

least

even

grooves,

with

and

at

on

wedge-shaped

be

5,000,

be

and,

parallel

also

should

diameter

may

and
is

over

as

costly,

motion

never

drive

loosely

distance

centers.

to

the

popular

speed

have

quite

not

more

run

should

very

should

contact

greater
may

pulley

are

The

of

over

ropes

Their

belts.

to

variety

less

flexible,

minute

per

and

becoming

noiseless.

will

has

power

hemp

are

than

lead

red

the

and

more

power

smooth

around

are

345

materially.

distance

sheaves

or

longer,

wear

very

and

Where

manila

cotton,

transmit

oil
belt

considerable

directions,

grooved

linseed

Gandy

Farm

the

"

transmitted

be

is

of

on

Transmission.

Rope

442.

of

coat

the

prolong

Engine

will

ley
pulroughen,
An

add

sional
occa-

much

CHAPTER

OTHER

FORMS

Gear

443.

OF

Wheels.

transmission
it is necessary
how

matter

XX.

TRANSMISSION.

In

"

will

spite

of

its

probably

be

in

transmit

to

much

the

varies.

belts.

stretchingor slippingof

no

the

motion

will

driving wheels
is also

unless

motion,
the

long

so

is

gear

as
no

it there

Whatever

the

long

so

With

transmitted

wheel
gear-

is

load
over-

the

as

stripped.

It

of

ing
cutting out or reverschanging speed, though lately the friction
has
in part usurped this field.
In using this

clutch

of

that

revolve

convenient

or

form

be

use

absolute

an

load

defects

means

transmission,
the

however,

remember

must

one

faithfullytransmitted, so is any
unsteadiness
in it likewise, together with
less
or
more
vibration
originating in the gear itself. Overloading
is

as

unsafe, too, than

more

no

the

(for
They
of

with

belts, because

slippage to guard against a

belt, something gives ; with
Material.

444.

to

is

power

small

their

they
445.

are

the

wheels

bearing,it
made

are

in

size

from

the

machinery weighing
absolute

speciallywell
Finish.

"

pinion

many

tons.

Iron

liked

depart

from

under
for

wheels

gear

specifications,recognized
To

finest

transmission

as

this

346

standard
is

not

of

breaks.
brass
hide.

raw
a

On

watch

account

variable

traction
are

of

and

is

With

strain.

work), iron, steel, bronze

vary

mill

Gear

"

serious

there

load,

engines.

made

by
only

to

certain

turers.
manufacto

insure

The

348

Engine

Spur Gearing.

446.
of

Gasoline

Spur

"

all in

without

are

use,

regard

to

those
the

form

within

main

drive

tractors,

or

the

wheels
around

rim

of
of

of the
the

of gear
gears

wheels

; if

they

and
meet

mowers

outer

side

meet

at

They

wheel,
and
of

and

112

Gears.
an
a

be

may

"

the

in

as

of

most

rim,

the

as

in

Gears.

transmissions.

Miter
at

driven

Intermittent

first type,

common

parallel axes,

on

teeth.

some

intermediate

Bevel

447.

"

most

Gearing.

the

the

Fig. 114.
most

Bevel

"

the

turn

of

Farm

the

gears,

which

Fig. 113.

either

on

the

Fig.

lustrate
il-

second.

If the

angle they

iii

axes

are

right angle

and

of

pair

called

bevel

the

gears

The

Gasoline

Engine

are

equal they

are

termed

are

bevel, but

not

all bevel

used

when

must

be

Their

machinery.

turning a certain
engine timing is
Cams."

in that

they

turning

or

on

are

are

transmission

fashioned

on

Action

not

to

represent
distance

greatly to

the
a

Worm

Gear."

the

operator
front

covered

to

axle

power,

the

that

near-by

lever

true

the

hand
a

that

mon
com-

power

wheel

being

mitted
trans-

worm

gear.^They

speed appliedand

of

as

wheel

; the

actuating

combining

shape

in very

of tractors

through

their

(Fig. 115).

gearing is

great reduction

by

it

order

in

Often

of the

guiding systems

very

the

its center,

to

wheel

Outlined.

Cam

that

from

farm
while

power

principleof

the

another.

little resemblance

applied by

transmit

firmly against
than

in

continuously. Most
of cams
(Fig. 114).
species of gear peculiar

of

at

of

timing system
use

are

not

means
a

gears

common

is to

are

time

in the

in

but

by

more

one

Worm

use

done

departure

bear

450.

gears

They

gears.

power

the

not

distance

axis

press

spring at

they

miter

Intermittent

into

purpose

115."

an

may

is such

the

Gears."

Cams

Fig.

they

miter

349

changed (Fig. 113).

occasionallyintroduced
gasolineengine, but are

449.

of

All

gears.

are

direction

the

Intermittent

448.

miter

Farm

the

on

energy

they

do

but
the

add
lever-

The

350

the wheel

principleof
1x6).

age

451.

ratchet

forms

of

gearing

wheel,

escape

wheel,

pinion

and

and
in

is

with

116.

Fig.

Fig.

117.

the

farm

"

and

confused

with

452.

Rawhide

iron

gear

To

obviate

successful

been

leather
often

does
used

Gearing.
has always
"

away
for the

gear
seen

Gears.

Operation.

because

One

of

been

the noise

Leather

expensive
an

to

pass

often

so

they

make.

fiber, leather,

as

has

objections to

the

found

been

cially
spe-

ment
being subjected to special treat-

after

that

Shaft

substances

tried.

is rather

found

referred

Steering

the

wheels.

this, other
been

Cam

the
seldom

are

Tractor

for

Used

only

are

gear

wheels

etc., have

but

Gear

Spiral

their

that

which

into

In

of them

Cog wheels,
erroneously

wheels

Gearing Used

Worm

"

seldom

pieces. They

in separate

set

are

wheel,

Most

ellipticgear.
so

moner
com-

wheel, spiral

gear

wheels

other

sprocket

unnecessary.

are

plane (Fig.

of the

crown

all gear

people,

many

teeth

on

which

inclined

the

are

machinery

farm

under

the

"

Farm

the

Some

Wheels.

special description
name

and

Gear

found

are

on

Other

rack

gear,

Engine

Gasoline

iron
with
small

for

wheel

most

wheel

large

with

meshing

of the
or

It has

wheels.

noise,

pinion

so

to

of

one

leather
mesh

is

with

The

Gasoline

much

of iron

one

of

face

the

rawhide

than

each

to

somewhat

adds

of the

gear.

Even

when

badly

elastic

its

the

jar

life of its metal

mate.

likely to

it is

and

making

the

life

wheel

tains
re-

transmit

to

materially increases
desirable

It is not
become

unequal strain

much

too

This

to

gear

so

and

wet

with

or

of the

irregularshrinkage

the

in.r

teeth

continues

or

to

great deal

connection with irregular

motion

,n

guard
bolted securely

leather

and

nature

places where

in

worn,

vibration

without

power

and

cost

gear
made

and,

mate

flanges are
wheel, including the
the

to

speciallysilent

brass

side of the

351

is sometimes

gear
metal

its

against curling over,

Farm

the

on

For

larger.

the

slightly wider

Engine

cast

not

gear-

latter, in cooling
of the

because

rough

surface.
Care

453

oil

of

Leather

rawhide

on

Pinions."

they usually get all

bearings. Instead, coat
hard

graphiteand

of

animal

an

Store

and

when

not

rawhide

and

cover

and

graphitemixture.

the

whether

See

this

do

to

454

Rules

diameter

of

by

the

line drawn

The

the

surface

with

become

hot.

point

where

those

of another

the

be

them

from
a

their

dressing

wheel

around

in

wheel.

the

hard

grease

meshing properly.
the pinion in a very

Gear

Repairs." The

is taken
the

from

the

roll into

circle

working

1^allure

short

outside

circle made

outside tips of the

on

is

cool, dry place

are

is taken

teeth

Leather

consumed.

slightlywith

ruin

pitch diameter

to

in use,

Governing
gear

eral
min-

soften

to

oil they need

may

teeth

may

use

grease.

substance

them,

not

the

the bearings

allow

Never

it tends

pinions as

and

Do

teeth.

through
contact

the

with

The

352

Gasoline

Engine

Diameter, applied
unless

diameter

The

wheel
teeth

gearing, always

to

otherwise

be

by

The

obtained

the number

of inches

in its

Used
Wheels.

from
to

of

pitch
the

diameter

outside

by adding
dividingby the

measure)

teeth

and

the pitch diameter

of teeth

by

may

the

be

found

circle.

the teeth
It may

diametrical
The

above

themselves
measure

pitch diameter

be

is

obtained

convenient

more

actual

of

number

From

this

by dividingthe

ber
num-

pitch.

Circular pitch is the distance

between

of its

number

diameter.

outside

standard

any

may

the

to

each

Ordering Spur Gear

In

(which
2

to

GEAR

wheel

standard

any

of

by dividingthe

Terms
ii8.-IIlustrating

The

of teeth

pitch

SPOKED

Fig.

pitch

means

specified.

pitch diameter.

may

FaRxM

the

diametrical pitch is the number

of

inch

on

measured

be obtained

from

center

to

center

along the line of the pitch

by dividing 3.1416 by the

pitch.
rules will enable

by counting
of the

the

wheel

any

teeth

those

to

one

and

calculate for

taking the

commoner

side
out-

specifica-

The

tions

Gasoline

which

wheels

are

that

The

better

the
to

fit other

will
of

in

know

wheel

353

ordering

the

of

length

is its

hub

from

not

the

state

Farm

the

gear

gearing.

gear

and

rim

on

to

necessary

length

beyond

Engine

projection
It is much

spoke.

the

of

instead

hole

the

hub.
To
shaft

and

the

from
the

on

teeth

wheel

in the

to

be

obtained.
is the

pitch, which
dimensions

of

be

obtained

the

of

of

for

and

the

wheel

new

teeth

number

this

as

same

shaft),

on

the

With

center,

distance

pitch (as
number

the

other

may

be

out.

"pitch" is applied to gearing it

diametrical
mean
pitch; that is, the
inch of pitch diameter.
to each

the

is understood

term

to

of teeth

number

The

above

Those

for
and

bevel

certain

gear

four

things;

feet

in

whether

the

spur,

Gear

or

minute

velocity of
face

and

horse-power
will

6 feet
i-inch
and
very

To

in inches
and

each

divide
per

cated
compli-

more

The

horse-power
will transmit
depends upon
pitch,the velocity of pitch

second,

pitch diameter
per

Wheels.

face, the
bevel.

calculations.

gear

use.

wheel

per

spur

considerably

are

general

of

for

are

gear

of less

that

circle

rules

Power

455.

wheel

diametrical

to

the

the

Whenever

inch

center

inches, double

second

on

wheel

wheel, all the

from

already given from

quotient subtract the
given ; the result will

wheel

worked

in

wheel

gear

fixed

upon

of rule

diametrical

the

the

needed

distance

shafts

multiply by
means

certain

the

two

wheel

gear

shaft, measure

between

and

with

mesh

to

fixed

by

size of

find the

"

the

and
find

by

the

of

of revolutions

product by
a

wheel,

velocitymultiply

the number

the

second

kind

spur

230.

wheel

At

with

i-

2.782
pitch will safely transmit
treblingof velocityfor the same

little

more

than

double

the

power.

The

354

Gasoline

Engine

on

Farm

the

If the

less than
or
pitch and face are more
one
inch,
multiply the power
given at the required velocity
of inches or the fractional part of an
by the number
of inches
of face.
inch, and that result by the number
This gives the horse-power transmitted.
In practice
under

conditions

average

result should
The

be

but

two-thirds

or

of this

expected.

velocity of gearing

feet per

half

for

minute

iron

should

be

and

gear

below

kept

3,000

for

2,200

wood

and

iron.
An

456.

Ideal

Wheel

Gear

Order.

"

If the

ing
follow-

are
specifications
given there should be no excuse
for any supply house
failingto send the wheel wanted.
diameter
I, material
2, outside
3, pitch diameter
of teeth
6, number
metrical
5, bore
4, face
7, pitch (diaof hub
or
circular) 8, diameter
9, distance
from
center
through hub
10, projection 11, distance
"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

to

"

of shafts.

center

When

ordering spur gears

horse-power give the number
size

allowable

of

shafts

of revolutions

bore, and

or

transmit

to

certain
per

largest and

smallest

diameters.

approximately ^
gearing will transmit
horse-power safely conveyed by spur gear.
Bevel

above

The
are

calculations

are

for involute

popular and in
the
epicycloidalpattern,
they do not require such

now

ute,
min-

more

far

more

the

teeth, which
common

use

advantage being
accurate
that
adjustment.
Transmission
General
Care.
gearing requires
457.
at
its rim
at
attention
occasional
as
quite as much
in relation to the
true
the axle, and this is particularly
Grease,
tractor
gearing, especially the differential.
dom
cleanliness, at least freeoil, graphite and reasonable
and
dust
from
the grit of road
bles,
ground-up peb-

than

one

"

will

cure

most

of

the

ills it is heir

to, old

age

CHAPTER

FEED-ROOM.

THE

When

458.
is

Feed-grinding
difference

great

of

grinding

feed

119.

benefit

is

With

roads, several

back

again,

grinding
let

is

than
into

an

Direct

the

of

the

usual

doubts.

one

Shaft

Drive

the
tions.
condi-

Wliether

From

New

Engine.

the

to

the

grain
put

be
so

in
Often

wasted
much

grinding.
356

mill

nearest

expense

question.

it is to

the

whether

to

as

There

"

to

miles

open

of

part

ground

and

no

Pay.

justifythe double handling of

grain, of hauling it, perhaps over

enough

large quantities of
bad

Not

opinion

Holland

the

Does

profitableunder

Mill

Feed

"

is

of

it is beneficial

That

Fig.

XXL

cash

or

and

then

toll

for

it is

cheaper to
by being fed un-

extra

work

and

pense
ex-

The

Gasoline

Convenient

459.

Engine

"

installed

feed

is unnecessary,
called

work

extra

by

run

constant

above
to

the

from

hopper by closed
feed
grinder, belted

its

the

of these

more

bins

spouts

above

or

ve3"ed directly into

grain having

be

to

v/ooden

the

in

shaft

of any

hopper

lifted with

feed

the

side
be-

room

connected

should

stand

in

slides

grain

two

or

without

human

nected
directly con-

or

of any

stream

in

grain
trough set

spouts,

vator,
ele-

or

the

or

By opening

mixture

of

bins, and

these

engine.

great an^onnt

crops

conveyor

bin

bins

to

the

carry

portable

Below

at

farm

link-chain

elevated

to

stables.

with

the

357

gasolineengine

is any

nor

engine, should

thresher

the

of the

waste

for.

the

stream

the

this

Farm

the

With

Grinding.

properly
bin

on

or

one

stored
is

more

in

con-

of

pound

The

hands.

tendant
at-

having
engine and, once
thrown
the mill into operation, need
give it no further
attention
until the grinding is completed.
460. Convenient
Feeding. The discharge from the
mill may
be conveyed to a bagger or
directly into
and
shafts, and
a
portable bin supplied with wheels
chutes
of feed
which
is easily moved
along the row
below.
leading into the feeding boxes in the mangers
From
the time the grain leaves the threshing machine
it need not be touched
until it is stored, ground, mixed
then

may

start

the

"

in any

desired

proportions

and

delivered

to

the

hands

in the stable
the animals
directlyover
all carrying. The
and
below.
All liftingis avoided
engine and gravity do it all ; but only the work of the
the
elevate
it convenient
to
grain
engine renders
where
gravity can be used.
Ground
meal, if stored
461. Feed
Always Fresh.
come
in quantities,is far more
likely to taint, heat or beof

the

feeder

"

infested

grain.

No

with

matter

insect
how

well

enemies

seasoned

than
the

the
corn,

whole

there

358
is

The

Gasoline

always

so

much

in

quantities that

meal

corn

necessary;

often

has

hauled

be

to

worked

the

needed,

as

opened

may

adapted

without

463.

fuss
of

bolt

roughage

very

wasted.

Hay

the

for

the

horns

slides

changed,
different

of

lots

cattle

longer

no

essary
nec-

mixtures

best

horse, the growing calf,

the

mixture

same

to

all

purpose.
The

"

made

mill

at

any

speciallyto
best

of them

several

feed

available

themselves

rations

farm

suited

for

which

may

the
any

be

clined
inMost
animals
are
Feeding Plan.
their
their grain and
then
pick over
gingerly, selecting only the choicest

"

tossing the
thrown

grain
and

the

or

required.

is

to

rather

rest

them
invites

upon

the

in bunches
a

floor
and

to

be

separate

playful attack

with
tendenc}^to cull it over
discrimination, while the grain,fed alone, is

the

fresh

once.

to

and

lend

It is

for

be

can

tities.
quan-

the

or

different

Ration.

balanced
or

Good

portions

feed

to

which

power

all at

the

is

feed

conditions

bins

grinder,

ground

when

of the

for

if it is

or

being pumped

individuals.

dairy cow,

specificpurpose

from

provided

Balanced

compounding
served

suit

to

be

may

is

grain

it in small

attention

nature

storage

without

time

the

the

powder

regulated

consulting the

The

the

grinding

be

mill

steam

Little

compelled

we

462.
and

be

to

water

trouble,

the

to

are

alike

that

have

to

in

may

for different

even

nor

with

done.

are

or

farm

is

mixtures, too,

mixture

storing of

watchfulness

constant

the

All

any

continuous

feed

so

Farm

the

distance

some

wdiile

without

the

gasolineengine

chores

morning

on

frequent handling. Still, if

is little economy

With

in

risk

the

on

up

there

Engine

with
much

too
eaten

too

fast.
If

the

hay

or

fodder

is first

run

through

feed

The

cutter

be

the

shredder

or

then

Gasoline

fed

in

fed

time

the

same

nor

does

there

the

it reach

on

359
It may

waste.

no

and, by being mixed

all at

once,

grain is

not

the

Farm

the

is ahiiost

tight boxes

and

grain

Engine

it is all eaten
swallowed

stomach

in

and

at

hurriedly,

so

compact

with

The

mass.

quantity being fed is more

handily determined,
is
and
there
too, either by the scales or by measure,
of feeding entirelyby guess.
far less likelihood
ing
Takactual

into
old

the

method

efficiencyof
value

of the

Fig.

120.

464.

same

"

bin

handful

minutes

prepares

relished
that

the

Mill

the

accompany

feeding, there is here an increased

25% to 40% in the actual feeding
hay and grain.

for

Grinding

quantities does
hard

feed

of salt
with
cut

of

adds

the

Kinds

Two

The

"

the

which

leaks

Special Appetizer.

usually dry,
Three

of
from

in reasonable

small

all of

account

addition

much

the
not

spray

to

w^inter

pump

months
the

up
and

the
a

relish.

mixing
only to be

not

it
it

water

the

over

moistens
over

of

freshen

little to

hay speciallywell

by the cattle, but also

ground feed scattered

of Grain.

enough

is eaten

so

at

The

360
the

Gasoline

time, and

same

of the

should
mill
of

to

coarse

Cob
be

not

is

deal

Farm

the

sift

not

Meal.

through

in the

meal

it

The

"

cob

forgotten when

It is true

run.

nutrition

and

does

on

the

to

tom
bot-

manger.

Grinding

465.

Engine

that

cob

the

helps lighten up

as

home

ing
grind-

is not

itself but
well

serves

the

there

ment
attach-

meal

great

when

reduced

mechanical

heavier

ture
mix-

portion so

that

Ipiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
Fig.

121.

Power

"

it is better

Cobs

they

are

over

the

home

exposed

grind them
bulky and
roads,

mill

they take,
require,even
into

the

466.

hard

rather

are

will not

Driven

when

they

are

well

and

^Nlillfor

to

action

the
to

for

the

worth

at

least

though they

load

the

up
extra

little attention

the

repay

feed

Husk.

miller

price.Besides,

Worked

away.

and

average

of

more

Cob

gastricjuices.

extra

an

much

taken

of the

and

grind

except
that

Grinding Grain,

little

more

to
on

haul
the

power

they

slowly

hopper.

Grinding Family

Grists.

"

By

adding only

The

few

Gasoline

dollars

obtained

the

to

which

that

will

first class

whole

wheat

is at

is furnished

when

villagemiller
home
grist is always
enough pride and care
class grain is certain
his

and

grain
stored

fresh

of

mill
on

flour

for

good

ways

family

use.

of

ahead

in

who

man

every

raised

meal,

exchange
supplied. The

meal

by
by

takes

produce

to

rewarded

that

be

can

corn

is taken

farming

being

361

one

work

meal

and

in his

of from

instead

own

least

Farm

the

of the

do

the

by

on

first expense

graham flour, and

The
grist obtained
some

Engine

first
from

careless

some

neighbor.
Accessories

467.
alone

is not

room

that

stated

at

were

only

where

pounds

allowed

to

of the

should

play

of beef

cattle

as

barn

twice

annum

daily;

is conducted

per

fat
an

to

ox

the

water

in their

half

nearly

in the
and

though, that for

continuous
watering
cattle
average

are

the

it is evident

growth

watered

general

have
cows

aged
yield averwhere
they

say,

in fact, the
on

is

milk

important part
as

gasolineengine

than
As

will.

at

wherein

hundreds

are

is

feed

the feed

to

experiments
supplied to dairy

less

with

equipped

Good

"

Actual

daily the

well

It is safe

the

of twice

drink

weight
drink

Room.

wdierein

one

water

intervals

225

Feed

important part.

most

proven

the

only subject of importance

is it the

nor

plays a

the

of

mal
anithat

fattening
ment.
develop-

every

stock

device

there

less

purpose

than
farm

single-wateringplan.

Water
Objections to the Continuous
Supply
System. Ordinarily there have been several objections
to
constant
water
a
attempting to maintain
furnished
is not
ture
supply. First, running water
by naat every
location, while we
are
becoming more
and
is, as a possible
more
suspicious of that which
of contagion. Storage tanks
of sufficient size
source
to
are
supply constant
running water
expensive, in

468.

"

The

2^62

Gasoline

the

way

the

troughs

to

the

of dust

the

breath

finds

hay

intended

of

absorbed

stock
the

and

470.
in

A
the
two

to

the

Engine
favored

we

absence

of

three

regulate the
of water

used,

The

of

only

system

which

depends

of

exposed

water

to

lowable
al-

the

suitable.

never

hand

water

indicator

an

amount

in the

is not

"

closed

age
stor-

supply

form

which

pressure

is

will
must

kind.

addition, in

tank
answer

be

in the

ing,
pump-

of any

great

storage

of

easily

so

direct

upon

provisions

tank, though, is
barrels

is

at

of

Necessity. Excepting

storage

which

extensive

any

safely rely

may

it is

localities,some

be

must

power

Whichever

vapors

supply
supplied

not

whenever

resort

; but

highly

pressure

or

the

system

does

which

reserve

scarcely any

small

the

to

the

No

"

water

small

Gasoline

that

with

of

Necessary.

to

necessary

few

dependable

applied

fresh

having
A

The

some

ing
water-

exposed

account

on

quantities of storage
of the place is
odors

great

the

tritious
nu-

whenever

be

to

is successful

with

system.

dust

stock

Renewal

watering
animals

on

most

to

always objectionable,too,

animals

Constant

but

liable

are

wasted

vite
in-

that,

water

into

run

it.

all,without

at

is

the

of the

its way

off and

for

stabled

by

469.

or

and

trough to be drawn
It
trough is cleaned.
water

dangerous. To
twice
daily is to

extent,
once

Farm

the

wind-pipe, while_ much

part of the

for

on

in
hay stems
drinking, the animals

of

process
into

draw

certain

full of water

mixture

in

and,

Engine

holding
nicely.

attached

one

case

to

and

other.

Open

of
Trough. The simplest method
getting the water
constantly before the cattle is to
it directly into one
end
of a continuous
run
trough
471.

and
lots

allow
of

it

to

water;

drain
all

"

out

the

at

the other.

This

objections urged

consumes

against

the

364

The

and

Gasoline

in cold

weather

spigot at

the

and
the

all

do

to

barns
for

the

some

lower

that

the

main

pipe

may

end,

danger

of

or

this

plan

would
that

not

be

be

the

in

be

called

by
ning,
run-

Perhaps

have

great

majority

impracticable

could

left

avoided.
to

but

drained

stream

seem

system

Farm

small

freezing is

does

with

power

on

the

gasoline engine

deal

Engine

of

it not

were

readilyand

upon

would

always respond.
Advantages of This System."

474.

benefits
there

of

supply

constant

other

several

of

Aside

from

unpolluted

advantages.

the

water,

The

supply comes
rather
slowly to each animal, if the discharge pipes
are
small, and
rapid drinking is discouraged. The
are

from
all

far

below

the

contagious influences and

It is practically
kinds.
never

air

from

animal
is

from

pumped

water,

the

time

into

the

have

it leaves

drink

to

dangerous
exposed

the

animal's

well

basin.

what

surface,

until

the

to

even

has

of

germs

it is discharged

Neither

another

is freer

does

left.

one

There

of disease
from
danger through the transmission
the drinking water
and
well balanced
a
with
system
a
capacity reasonably tempered to the size of the
no

herd

admits

from

of
herd

any

of water

which

through

the

contaminated

no

to

stomachs

its way

the
to

too,

While

not

far

shows
serious

heat

water

to

them

below
this in
to

the

earth

is

been
for
to

the

and

be

of

The

it is

milk.

only

milch
The
the

ing
findof

matter

importance.
to

the

none

to

save

that

purified before

advantageous

it

small

so

considerable

compelled

animal,

is

way

amount

escapes

channel.

animals,

shrinkage of
beef

is

found

normal.

and

animals

natural

any

temperature,
it has

of the

The

stream.

this system

enters

it filters into

is

near-by

any

finding its

water

drink

effect
latter

less

that

cow

larly
regujurious
in-

which

promptly
is just as

is not

sup-

The

Gasoline

Engine

on

Farm

the

365

thermometer
that we
plied with a natural
the
record
of the
can
as
readily as we
Water
pumped from
deep in the earth and
to
great change of temperature,
any
chills

never

summer,

of

system
weather

shocks

is almost
Work

of

milk

pail.
ject
sub-

not

winter

sensitive

which

do

to

sure

the

that

while

cow,

The

or

read

can

varies

or

nervous

with

the

so.

the

Engine. Any watering

which
depends upon
system
anything but gravity or
form
of natural
have
back
of it
some
delivery must
of power
is actually dependable ; one
which
a
source
475.

that

be

can

that

used

"

whenever

it will

be

Without

used.

meaning

the

gasoline engine

systems

like

this

depended
suddenly,

once

with

would

them
times

would

be

their

have

the

in

system
and

out

it should

as

applicationof

the

most

power,

watering

cases,

than

worse

us

Gutters.

cause,
useless, be-

One

"

stable

the

of

form

has

been

never

be, excepting by the few

That

operation.

cleansing of

better

such

nient
conve-

something went
wrong
dinary
completeness at orvery
forget to provide against

possible failure.
the
476. Flushing Out
gasoline engine efficiencyin
appreciated

in

so

one

if

upon,

make

and

needed,

manure

the
the

upon

is in

who
ing
flush-

the
and

gutters

the

fields in its best

form.
Stable

477.

adopt

this

provided
water
or

pump

duty
the

system

Avith

good

it is the

then
of

Arrangement

and
from

work

good
a

Necessary.

it is necessary

of

the

pressure,

pressure

or

the

that

gutters, either

engine
either

In

"

cement
to

order

to

stable

be

or

wood

supply plenty

direct

storage tank.

from
One

perform as already referred

engine must
chaffing of all the hay, fodder and bedding

in the

the

stables.

the
other
to ;

used

366
478.

The

Gasoline

The

Flushing

Instead

"

fork

of

shovel

or

with

under

water

and

filth

than

thoroughly

and

the

does

it.

from

the

small,

is

vermin

; while

left

being

the

of

the

field

best

with

in

to

the

other

the

who

man

be

removed
how

matter

no

stead
in-

cleansed,

form

harbor

for

From

the

contents

Avhile

wheels.

be

do

under

is

there
in

loading

of

stable

method

No

unpleasantness.

method
all

of

the

engine supplies.

the

the

water

tributed
dis-

evenly

favorable

most

the

than

hard

lifting

up.

is

cleaning
other

manure

gets it into

through

of

to

attachment

the

none

means

hauled

more

sprinkling

be

particles

When

far

or

should

This

tank.

the

coarse
can

vat

manure

undissolved

the

venient
con-

any

agitator operated by

may

by

tight

against
of

"

is conducted

into

of

Fields.

the

on

bottom

application

quickly,

and

way,

liquid form

can

thoroughly

liquid

insure

spreader

other

the

it

crevice,

on

sort

ordinarily required
liftingor

ferment

some

the

to

conditions,

No

to

mounted

through
the

to

and

directly
is

gearing,

settling

reduced

out

the

gutter

which

provided

to

every

Disposal

method

tank,

other

any

agreeable
until

with

disease.

Final

479.

more

and

quickly

more

the

suspension

searched

and

of

in

stable

of

end

held

in

sion
depres-

hose,

is done

possible

gutters

of

work

with

and

both

means

is either

Everything

least

at

or

process

by

is

is far

crack

every

tary.
Sani-

More

gutters

germs,

The

pressure.

and

the

out

and

clean

Farm

the

Easier

Process

leaving

washed

are

on

scraping

and

reeking
floors

Engine

is

and

as

the

so

the

upon

earth

so

from

free

economical
field.

plant

pressure,

food

No
so

which

CHAPTER

WORK-SHOP.

THE

480.

Its

Purpose.

481.

As

Trouble

XXII.

farm

The

work-shop is required
for two
things and for repairing
; for making
purposes
them.
Of the two
objects the last is undoubtedly
of greatest importance.
Because
of his greater remoteness
from
the town
or
villageshop, the farmer
skill in keephis own
must
ing
always depend more
upon
has to do ;
his tools in order
than
his city brother
back
and
a
good farm repair shop, with a good man
of it, always means
better
kept farming tools, more
better farming.
efficient work
and
conveniences, more
farm

before

of

is

weakened

it holds

as

the

midst

put

to

of

the

to

for

see

break
and

entire

busiest

use,

machine.

and

With

money

our

trip to

own

We

with
do

not

long

so

in

way

it is

being

disastrous
like to

sults
re-

spend

repairs until we
the part is ever
going to
work-shop handy though,
making

well

enough equipped to be efficient without

to
our
drudgery, the first rainy half hour
probably see the part made
good as ever, and

an

pair
re-

there

town,

time, when
often

and

possible
the

using it as it is
it frequently gives

certainty whether
not.

or

of

of the

When

comes.

means

continue

very

removal

prompt

all ; then

the

time
a

to

greatest

the

much

too

at

part

great mission

The

"

itself

trouble

tendency

Healer.
is in the

repair shop

trouble

"

ing
addwill
save

expensive breakdown.
482.

Good

Equipment.
367

"

Almost

any

farm

pos-

The

368
sesses
a

they

arbor.

saw

made

are

tendency

to

Farm

the

wheel, perhaps

these

their

tread

mill

work

that

use

lathe

valuable

are

When

the

postpone

increase

done,

of

of.

with

on

emery

All
use

session

extra

Engine

grindstone,an

and

Gasoline

only
means

as

an

there

is

might,

if

promptly

human

the

efficiencyof our
regular work.
Even
of
a
a
source
grindstone may
easily become
drudgery to some
usually the boy of the farm.
one,
has
turned
for an
ever
one
Anyone who
by hand
hour
at a time
appreciates the tendency to slightthe
knives
and
to let the
or
axes
grinding of the mow^er
hoes go with
less keen
edges than they ought to carry.
The
wheel
loses much
of its efficiency
unless
emery
speeded

up

well

lightfor

too

real

foot
weeks

483.

engine
shaft

limits

power
that

The

Engine

it has

farm

in the

farm

the

in
efficiency

of rest

business

no

; while

either

must

keep

to

it is

within

certain

be
sonable
rea-

have

to

earned.

never

Work-shop.

work-shop

is

Connected

there.

the

order
or

in the

lathe

of

out

the

to

The

"

gasoline

place ;
end

of

it has
a

line

machinery it is the ideal

but the union
should
be neighborly only, not
power,
domestic.
Emery dust, grit from the grindstone,even
the floatingparticlesof wood,
notably cedar, have an
to the
engine
abrading tendency, wdiich is disastrous
have
that
nothing
cylinder; while we
already seen
of shavings
is more
disastrous to the valves than particles
accumulation
of lightdust of the air drawn
an
or
through the carburetor.
running

484.

The

shaft
any

anyway,
machine

Place.

Proper

gasoline engine
the work-shop
or
it from

work-shop

the

is

either

with

shop

air.

in order
in the

to

shop

The

"

in

an

place

proper

for

adjoining

enclosure

good tight partition to

be

It must
allow
at

will.

us

belted

to

There

the

start

is

to

and
no

tect
proa

line

stop
neces-

The

Gasoline

sity for having

Engine

it in the

on

the

room

same

Farm

the

369

machines

are

in.
An

485.

Ideal

Shop Arrangement.
equipped with a good roomy

be

should

lower

side, the

one

of

drawers

storing of

the

If

122.

the

from

Three

engine, which
provides
shop
wxll
at

be

for

of

other

barn

built, it should

be

be

arranged

for

shop

at

one

of

that

and

the

which

one

the

end

ferred.
pre-

Countershaft

If

near

be

of

position of

separate

quite long

and, if located

its width

cabinet

same

work.

tem
sys-

Pulleys.

by

the

convenient

With

Driving

be

course,

along

may

barn, the

determined

be

will, of

to

the

size

one

the

Sizes

bench

near-by

itself

shop

contain

Engine, Equipped

must

for

or

of

in

Different

power

is to

is

Shop

shaft

power

boxes

shop

Handy

and

tools ;

The

may

cupboards

bench

the

"

part of which
and

made

drawers

Fig.

"

in proportion

house,
a

can

laundry

tlie other.

486.

The

Engine's

preferably be
and

ceiling.
than

any

one

installed
line

This
other

shaft

gets

the

location

Position.
near
run

shaft
and

"

the
the
out

engine

The

of

center

full
of

prevents

should

the

length, near
the

way

accidents.

ing
buildthe
better

By

370

The

belting

the

at

end

one

No

Gasoline

on

it

the

engine to
a
good deal
how

matter

Engine

well

near

of torsion
shaft

the

applied at the end there

in
twisting tendency, which
is

twist

or

is avoided.
if the

up,

more

of

instead

center

is put
is

Farm

the

less

or

power
of

this

machinery becomes
be so
The
shaft may
side draft.
rigidlyheld that it
all right; still there
do its work
will stay in place and
consumed
lost energy,
will be considerable
tra
by the exfriction ahvays means
well
friction, and
w^ear
as
be
this reason
the longer shaft
For
work.
can
as
two
and
as
rooms
run
equipped with power
easily as
of friction.
at less cost
the shop alone, and

Fig.

123.

"

The

Most

field

Important

Farm

Implement.

For
Connecting Engine to Work.
ordinary
farm
a
shop work
i-fV shaft will probably be the
best
size, although, if of considerable
length, the
be
close
hangers should
enough together to insure
against an}^ possible tendency to spring. Remember
always that a bent shaft requires the engine to bend
force"
time
the
or
spring it into line by "main
every
shaft turns
and when
that is a good many
times
over,
it wastes
sides
a
good deal of engine energy beper minute
shaft
be
wrenching the machinery. The
may
equipped w4th tight and loose pulleys for each machine

487.

"

be

to

may
and

be

used.

they

cost

connected,
The
the

or

former
most

to

loose

belts
the

best

install.

For

are

and

tighteners

in most

cases

directions

as

The

Z7^
which

Gasoline

should

all

by

is

equipment

small

six

Farai

the

on

be

means

plank.

Engine

included

rip

in the

suitable

saw

shop
workfor

ping
rip-

will be sufficient
eight-inchsaw
and a self feed equipment is not necessary.
haps
Perthere
is no
other
will
single experience which
in the
bring out the blessing of power
work-shop
much
will one
cle
as
so
job of plank ripping with the cirin comparison
with
the
old
saw
back-breaking
up

laborious

of

way.
Effect

489.

125.

"

Man

on

into

power

Fig.

or

the

General

the

farm
of

often

to

dreaded

out

gradually

and
make

complete,

Then

that

has

and
a

been

not

are

in

repair

pleasure,

in

minutes

spare

equipment

convenient

and

up

Good

of
to

rate
Sepa-

of much

the

past

labor-saving devices

made

many

In

Engine

care

become

soon

task

the

the

so

Plan, Showing

available, that

it, that

introduction

make

and
Housing of
Reduce
Fire
Risk.

implements
a

will

Floor

Workshop

without

neglected.

studied

more

use

The

"

Machines

labor-savingmachines
practical

Boy.

repair shop

Farm

of
Arrangement
Compartment

and

the
date.

will

which
whole

of

stead
intoo

be
will

farm

Gradually,

The

the

too,

Gasoline

of

habit
will

closely

defect

the

and
time.

Without

might

have

for

the
of

will

been

man

their

and

remedied

forgotten

than
the

equipment.

the

boy

us

observation

because

more

to

of

shop
the

it,

in

our

at

the

passed.

attention

the

engine
and

more

field

and
work

first
the

as

soon

had

does

tools
noticed

habit,
as

373

of
defects

little

come

Farm

the

condition

the

be

this

annoyance,

place

they

as

on

the

noting

formed,

be

remembered

Engine

leisure
weakness

the

occasion

In

no

other
in

develop
thorough

care

374

The

Gasoline

Engine

on

the

Farm

CHAPTER

THE

disturb

yet

even

of

dreams

and

"

of

one

farm

of

more

the

old

alone, which

them
of

boy

memories,

two

are

fingers,backaches

ahvays
with

flavored

or

the

cold

There

"

combination

in

either

WOOD-PILE.

FARM

Memories.

Two

490.

XXIII.

with

yesterday
frozen

and

One

it ahead.

of

tens
mit-

them

is

its

and

never-ending
toll of hard work
and spoiledhalf-holidays.The
other
is still accompanied
borhood
by the grating ring of the neighof
which
weeks
buzz-saw,
always meant
strenuous
log-pilingand splittingin advance, a couple
of days of almost
killingwork throwing the cut blocks
of wood
high piles,always hurrying to "keep
upon
ahead
of the saw," or else "to keep the saw
busy," and
that there
the consciousness
with
were
days of this
ahead
ways,
helping the neighbors through similar jobs. Altoo, there
hardest

heaps

and

was

one

or

be

done

piling up
of

great stacks

the

that

consciousness
of

those

that

wood,

the

very

log

great

all had

to

be

labor wasted
; that
again as time afforded,was
because, in the hurry that the
only necessary,
two
day job of buzzing required,things had to
the

for any

hardest

because

way

there

was

no

time

other.
A

491.

Thankless
than

hours

the

was

part of this, the

undone

it

cross-cut

or

to

Task.
do

the

days, knowing

resultless

work

"

hardest

all the
and

375

is

Nothing

that

kind

time
it is

of

that

only

more

work

couraging
disfor

it is absolutely
necessary

The

376
because

Gasoline

be

logs

even

for

and
;

on

the

planning;

that

efficient.

more

men

but

that

it meant

affair, to be

temporary
the

to

house

hardest

work

inefficient
seemed

best

condoned
home

at

It

and

probably

afterwards
doubt

no

It

struggle for
from

but

the

cost

existence

labor

who

such

by just

who

men

boys"
ing.
noth-

or

the

help
boys, and

unfitted

life.

hard

"the

little

cost

was

ruined

that

that

city,but who
tasks, long

of farm-bred

number

of

grown-up

in the

and

nevertheless,

farmer

his

boy

If

for

of

years

eight

less
or
congested cities,with more
they left the farm, it is likelythat at
of

out

ten

of

them

would

think

the

appointme
dis-

gling
strug-

now

are

it

to

were

we

he

driven

was

in the

why

the

used,

many

from

perhaps
ask

farm

of

inconvenient

"

the

hauled

All

which,

be

swing
only

and

time.
to

methods

; that

was

again

was

at

liftingwas

it contained

due

be

to

laborious

one

down

was

way

finished

as

by

stick

had

hard

soon

up

could

many

farm

the

Much
Really Cost.
by the thought

needed
cost

as

there

job

that

material

torn

as

in the

What
was

were

soon

methods,

the

492.
work

as

easier

an

high piles of
able
the saw
only availchine
high cost for ma-

all of

almost
only to be undone
the big wood
pile,builded
of aching arms
for each
a

at

hour, the

per

Farm

Those

with

required because,
and
day or two

were

hand

inefficient

of

would

Engine

cess,
suc-

least

first of

the

grindstone and similar

bits of every-day drudgery, before
swer.
anthey would
It was
just such tasks as these that convinced
of them
the farm
most
was
only a big factory for
of it of a hopeless,
and
most
turning out hard work
wood-pile,

the

ineft'ectual

kind.

493.

would

old

pump,

the

To-day's Wood-pile.
be

even

more

"

expensive

Methods
now.

of
Good

that
farm

sort

labor

The

which

enough

time

and

is scarce,
trees

Gasoline

has

is worth

then

were

for

lumber
to

Engine

only

from

Farm

the

fit for fuel

the

are

too, the

plenty good
for

material

which

sources

377

Then,

money.

while

now,

come

on

would

wood
firethen

been

despised. The straight-grainedmaples that

stead,
Inspliteasilyare no longer food for the buzz-saw.
the wood-pile is replenishedfrom
the occasional
from
windfall
the best of the body wood
which
has
been
removed
for boards
the
; from
scraggly apple
the old rail fence.
Not
tree ; from
even
boy labor
would
to
justify the time and teamwork
necessary
have

handle
the

''buzz

farms

odds

these

wood"

these

are

it costs

and
was

woodlot

formerly managed,

permitted
more

of the

ends

to

to

work

rot

where

them

up

in the
and

on

way
many

cause
they fall,bethan
to
buy

coal.

Popular. The gasolineengine has made

the wood-pile of to-day a popular place with
the average
healthy farm boy. It is worth a trip to the woods
for a load
of logs for the
privilege of running the
The
work
does
them
engine long enough to saw
up.
have
done
to be
at break-neck
not
speed and it does
muscle
in the body is prolast so long that every
not
testing
494.

Why

"

; neither

does

the wood

have

to

be thrown

upon

presently all have to be torn down

the miniis cut with
mum
and
again. The wood
piled over
of handling and
all the work
amount
required
tion
be efificiently
can
applied so there is no dissatisfacthrown
it is energy
in the thought that
away.
run
Enough logs can be hauled
up for a reasonable
without
a
high pile or drop
having to lift them upon
far from
back
the work.
them
too
Wood-cutting now
is a glimpse of modern
life,instead of drudgery and,
of the
if the
leave
the
farm, one
ever
boy should
that will occasionallycall to him
pleasant memories
a

pile

that

will

The

378

Gasoline

Engine

on

the

that

will be that

of the

gasoline engine

behind

when

he

him

old

rails,tops and

Fig.

127.

Rig. For
logs,the

had

cutting

"

small

Engine

Gasoline

"

he

leave

to

went.

Saw

Circle

The

495.

Farm

Circular

and

circle

Saw

limbs,

up

still has

saw

in

Outfit

Portable

Form.

the

call,although the drag

used

work,

in

connection

will

saw

with

require
of

logs

less

heavy

considerable

size.

Any farm
good circle
in

different
those

outfit, or

saw

There

own.

several

are

wooden

that may
;

which
or

arbor

and

bored

for

flanges at
bolting to

guard

6x6

the

market,

variety
hold

to

or

in

one

end

the

5x6

or

these, with

more

20

to

diameter
; three

frame;

the

in

personal
arbor

saw

crown-face

24-inch

and

saw

dation
founsteel

with

babbitted

loo-pound

not

only differing in

and

frame

his

make

almost

may

the

furnish

solid
securely to some
sliding table ; a four-foot

tiltingor
inches

will

styles on
mark

iron

house

be anchored

shaft, i^

wheel,

one

general principle

little details

tastes.

and

machinery supply

saw

boxes
balance

pulley; a
and a good

saw

two

The

380
runs

upon

the

one

level

of

rope,
the

Gasoline

Engine

large links
long enough to

of

be

reach

at

the

by

level

with

the

end

with

team

poAver

until

way

chain.

nearly

table

hook.

chain

and

carriage will
forward

be

the

the

be

then

rollingit

with

at

into

should

it lies

as

hauled

the
end

the

skid; then

link

proper

the

will

minimum

the

few

be

one

of

end, raising it

from

that

feet

provided

along

other

hook

improvised

required

as

should

table

saw

about

then

log

logs may

double

rope

small

bank, rolled

the

upon

other

and

The
the

upon

The

around

saw

by throwing the rope

slightlyand catching
in the

Farm

the

From
this suspend a
single rod.
end
reaching within a couple of
the saw
table and
terminating in

rather

on

on

skidway, a
the
log

move

of friction

and

lifting.By rigging a 6 x 6-inch

hard-wood
timber
supports and spiking regular
upon
door track along one
and even
three hangers
side, two
will not
be rigged which
can
only support the entire
log and allow it to swing free from all rigid supports,
but
would
have
the
advantage of permitting it to
effort
with
far less muscular
swing against the saw
A permanent
than
where
table is used.
a
rig of this
will permit the running
sort
just outside the wood-shed
of the logs under
ing,
cover
during the actual sawand
the saw
frame
engine being set inside. The
with

practicallyno

work

could

wood

be

stored
The

499.

has

saw

of any

they

then

number

without

size
be

power.

lifted

arranged

in

motion,
blocks

up

to

and

go

fast

as

and

weather

in stormy

shed

as

the

sawed.

the
drag
larger work
It handles
of advantages.
logs
turning and does not require that
forward
shoved
it or
to
by hand
Saw.

slower

Though

be

the

in the

Drag

done

be

on

"

For

the

than

working,

permit
already sawed

the

circle

once

operator

off.

so

there

it is set
to

need

it

saw,

and

split or
be

no

can

put

pile
time

well

saw

as

much

the

as

128.

Fig.

500.

"

it

381

requires, a drag

probably

will

and

circle saw,

average

plish
accom-

it with

do

sills should

the
tied

planks, which should

6-inch
uprights, four

Two

bolted
inch

block

fastened

between
to

guides.

frame

and
over

of

This

to

feet

hold

the

quadrant, or merely
the frame
being allowed

sills.

This,

in

reduce

the

per

minute.

preferably at

each

engine
turn,

speed
At

belt

belted

of the
one

should
to

latter

to

end

of

the
of

of the

This

saw

rope

may

lifted,by

hook,

the

upon

the

rest

to

wheel

between

when

with

curely
se-

two-

small

lever.

place

the

be

down

and

to

in

should

weight
by means

lowered

saw

bolted.

bottom.

the

in and

sill,with"

freelyup

carries
and

long,
one

upon

grooved pulley

weight of
lowered.
log when
The
pulley for
should

morticed

be

top and

works

is raised

arranged

means

at

slide

these

carried

braced

and

Power.

by Engine

be purDrag-saw frames can

chased,
and
the farm
on
easily be made
which
they operate vary so much
6x6
hard-wood
best plan. Two
together by three 2 x 8 or four

under

be

Worked

"

can

this is often

2x6

Saw

Drag

they

conditions

that

the

Farm

the

man-power

operated

Construction.
or

be

and

set-up

on

previous preparation.

less

the

the

Considering

lost.

Engine

Gasoline

The

be

between

countershaft,
about

70

olutions
rev-

countershaft,

end, if steady running is desired.

The

382
there

Gasoline

should
with

with
is

be
a

on

bushing

at

one

the

the

to

four-foot

two

cross-cut

blade

clamping

an

upright

inches

above

18

or

be

constant

20

legs
give

of
the

balance

the

have

they

be

desired

end

ordinary
rigid by

an

made
to

works

slide

arm

would

there

Short

saw.

just high enough to

to revolve, though the
will the log being sawed
diameter
ground. The

room

less
the
of

must,
of the

sweep

crank-pin,

machine

the

wheel

If

broken

or

vided
proarm,

and

; otherwise

kinked

from

raised

crank

each

blade

wheels

can

be

to

the

the

raise

the

other

be

the
a

for

uprights.
at

them

hard-wood

it should

iron

of

danger

should

shorter

is used

the

at

of

one

end

saw

Farm

the

wheel,

crank-pin

solidly

clamped

between

balance

on

its rim.

brass

Engine

be

course,

The

saw.

the

sills must

same

as

be

long
rig,

mounting the engine back of the saw

that
all danger of its shifting in relation
its
to
so
of liningup is done
work
the trouble
with.
or
away
In front of the rig construct
taining
a narrow
log slide conseries of rollers along the bottom
and
with
a
around
their center
a
deep for a
sufficiently
groove
half-inch
steel cable
to pass
over
freely. This cable
terminates
end
in an
at the
one
ordinary log hook
the length of the slide through
while the other passes
enough

the
of

for

and

grooves
the

around

from

slide

which

loosely on (not with)

pulley. A taper or
beside

mounted
shaft.
for
the

the

in
clutch

may,

revolve

inches

pulley

cone

shaft

friction
cone

few

and

the

the

to

by

for

which
the

slide

drum
the

the

end

revolving
engine belt

on

of

or,

into

should

and

This

with

revolves

shaft

means

forced

shaft

at

pulley, leather-faced,

cone

of

to

shaft

position.

any

by being

with

it goes

drum

this

sheave

grooved

be

the

squared

still revolve

with

virtually makes
a
shiftingfork
the

drum,

is

lock

the

it to

by releasingthe lever,

the

The

Gasoline

Engine

on

Farm

the

will remain

drum

stationarywhile the
still rotating.
are
To
Operate Drag-saw Rig.
501.
is rolled

width

so

the

that

bottom

the

and

The

slide, which

weight rests
log hook at

the

is driven

cable

the

upon

into

the

end

the

of

By means
engine belt, the
the

wheel

and

blade

is allowed

log, the

most

the

is in

saw

made

the

is raised

time

full

As

and

turn

the

drum

pulley

the

soon

is made

crowd

it with

shaft.

the

cone

winds

This

the

draws

so

the

log

is
may

until

it strikes

reversed, the
be

let

down

drum
and

stop, the

this

ceases

to

started

revolve
as

the

after

being
upon
frame

saw

the

same

the

ing
shift-

into

the

drum

the

cable

upon

and

hook

the

of

drum

the

For
the saw.
along the slide toward
be set across
log stop or buffer should
this
the opposite side of the blade
and
for any
length cut desired.
advances

crank

is

cut

the

the

on

time

completed
log and stopped at
friction pulley; then

the

to

with

it is

as

of

revolves

the

the

the

same

in

wire

from

runs

While

motion.

pulley

clear

and

at

the

rest

by releasingthe
fork

which
and

of

the top
lightly upon
weight being gradually let down
to

taper

shaft.

the

is started

rollers

remote

friction

or

countershaft

saw

entire

loose

the
end

saw.

log to be
adjusted in

is

upon

shaft

and

cone

"

sawed

383

log

endwise

convenience
the

slide

should
When

be
the

on

justable
ad-

log

shifting fork
and

before.

the

By

saw

ing
lock-

pulley to its place the operator can

while
the rig to itself,
then
leave
carrying on other
work, until the next cut is nearly completed. A wellmade
rig of this sort will handle almost any size log,
without
liftingor wasted work and it may be kept in
such
a
single opersteady operation that the amount
ator
do with
it in a day's run
is quite surprising.
can
A
Complete Automatic
Rig. Occasionally it
502.
the

friction

"

The

384

such

the

little addition

The

in

length

shape
of

out

rings

be

recessed

of

the

shrunk

the

first.

are

spaced

either

at

one

log;
a

over

frame

and

If

center.
one

quite
be
of

be

the

of

turned
ing
hav-

by

should

These

with

flush

its

pulley

can

end.

ends

around

serviceable

each

surface

the

pulley

should

be

winds

it up
the

latter

can

will ;

At

the

convenient

will

with

it and

ridge at
of

the
one

that

vances
ad-

cable, which

top of the

of

the

of the

center

engaging

drum

unwind.

it to

weight

guide

the

as

saw,

the

at

The

cable

similar

permits
the

engage

remain

the

the

to

rotate.

the

at

lowers

means

shifted

it may

with

is released

it. The

be

or

pulley

or

end.

one

exactly similar to
them
pulley between

drums

other

releases

drum

unwinds
a

the

grooved

or

the

before

as

at

mounted,
and

of the

raises

so

is

the

neither

the

is

the

is used

drums

is connected

frame

both

at

tapers

ridge running

or

tapers
drum

that

so

and

When

logs not too

arranged by a

pulley shaft must

single taper ley
pul-

the

that

upon

drum

These

lock

passes

main

one

should

loose

second

drum

be

purchased

Both

same

center

the

it is cut.

as

faced.

The
other

and

for

rendered

and

in

wood.

leather

and

and

wood

iron

be

cannot

wood

by,

near

rig.

and

at

work

the

may

the

ring

narrow

largest circumference
this

of

substitute

must

with

above

portion

increased
we

the

to

square

hand

at

other

devote

to

operator

to

piling up

Farm

the

the

time

easily,this

handle

to

on

for

his

is close

work

rough

and

of

splittingand

as

be

Engine

convenient

whole

the

nearly
If

found

be

may

Gasoline

it with

saw

ley
pulthe

shiftingfork.
A
to

slot

is cut

in the

permit

the

insertion

of which

is

pivoted

to

deep
upright guide sufficiently
of
the

one-inch

main

sill.

lever,
This

an

lever

end
has

The

vertical

inches

few

carries

slide which
to

and

forced
the

Farm

the

on

the

crosses

below

and

385
of the

path

right angles
toggle joint. As the log is

saw
a

descends

end

free

the

against

the

slide

the

and

play

directlyabove

it, but

sawed

Engine

Gasoline

this

of

at

it reaches
lever

and

which,

presses
it

as

finallydepresses the toggle below it

made
and
its free end
is pressed shut
of the shifting-forklever to one
end

until

raises

the

down,

latter

crowd

the

This

forces

frame

of

frame

rises

is

the

the

into

ccme

the

by winding

saw

its top

bar

drum
up
a

presses

which
the

As

cable.

similar

lever

to

side.

the

above

given point, releases the toggle again

the drum.
At the same
and
shifts the pulley from
time
similar
ond
a
toggle has been depressed by this secthe
the shifting fork made
to
lever and
engage
second
second
the log. This
advances
drum, which
drum
until the log,pressing against the top,
revolves
of a rope, the second
releases, by means
toggle and
intermediate
the shiftingfork to an
returns
position.
without
the
The
second
is then ready to be made
cut
as
liftinghis hand.
operator so much
the slide,
a
Theoretically,once
log is placed upon
be
it may
before
entirely sawed
requiring the
up
the
slightest attention ; in the meantime
operator
could
for another
log. In practice,
go to the woods
while
the rig may
made
work
be
to
complete, it
should
be left entirelyto itself. All the regunever
lar
be
operations of sawing up the entire log it can
made
But
to
do, entirely with
logs
engine power.
it,which,

intended

at

for

knots, and

wood

the

little

The

of

man

his

who
time

such

the

the

other

rig
work.

He

and

work

devote

may

free

or

hitches

rough
supervision of the

runs

to

straight

unexpected

from

inseparable

cutting require

seldom

are

should

from

larities
irreguas

human

wood
brain.

practicallyall
be

at

hand

386

The

though,

in

case

happen

to

check

the

engine

possibly

Fig.

129.

Gasoline

done

oak

these

"

an

and

operator

engine
an

at

some

that

maple

or

of

log,

at

the

one

full

to

Even

wood

firms

now

rate
or
saw

two

of

bark

engine

matters,

rig.

or

Well

Works

Power
Saw.

splitting is
having
to

or

split

5 cords

horse-power.
rig might

capacity.

should

otherwise

as

force

to

Circular

guaranteed

are

automatic

nearly

the

by Engine

With

Splitting.

splitters

bit of

results

Combination

by machinery,

market

with

disastrous

Wood

503.

or

certainly try

most

Farm

the

knot
of

Splitter Operated
In

on

advance

the

will

Wood

"

projecting

with

Engine

be

run

the

upon
the

now

tiest
knot-

per

day,
of

One

by

one

The

of

enough
have

we

the

methods

of

Method.

the
its

by

is nature's

method,

for

do

this

and

very

the

long
we

the

then

fine
let it

is

reward

maintained

at

loss

canker-worms

she

be

her

the

arranges
certain

method

though it were
large a part

we

of

plying
ap-

from

than

atom

rest

effective,

not,

the

fruit

marketable
half-crop of imperfect and unIf a single tree
all.
is
at
none
of those
it is one
dangerous little

the

it is not

that

all the

often

more

devour

that

scale

renders

which

which,

without

This

foliage.

may

imitate

to

and

as

of

stream

tree

into

efficient

most

is

fruit, or

so

the

so

than

efTort

grower's

as

that

"

human

small

work

always from above.

Real
Purpose of Spraying. Spraying,
that last
desperate expedient,has become

507.

and

the

the

force

purpose

liquid,which

of

of

of

weight

own

better

no

One

"

air above

float down

being

Farm

the

most

is to

spraying

into

high

can

on

undo

to

pests

Nature's

leaves

Engine

faithfullydone.

506.
mist

Gasoline

farm

yet just as

apparent,

hundreds

multiplied by
of the

profits

investment

and

that

so

on

surely
formed

fail meant

to

ruin.

Spraying
who

man

is for

does
the

it

protection;

it is not

incompletely

either

foliage

thick

branches

is like the

and

leaves

then

the

roof

its

has
operation which
speciallyeffective then,
at
to

any

leaving
time

proper

508.

why

other
ofT

Causes

of Failure.
may

it may

like

"

will

half
the

be

week's

There

barn

It is also
It is

less
entirelyusebe compared

whole

several

are

object, of

remove

higher
his

delay

ofif the

the

trating
pene-

seasons.

later may

leaving

fail of its

gasoline engine

brief

own

day
shingles; a

be

may

spraying

of the

the

not

uncovered.

while

time.

by

; and

weatherboards

frame

an

cure

by missing

or

who

one

which

number.

after

the

roof.
reasons

the

use

Prob-

The

Gasoline

Engine

on

the

Farm

389

The

390

Gasoline

Engine

on

Farm

the

ably no other farm process

depends so vitallyupon
in the
thorough work, because
dealing with insect
life that
which
treatment
a
on
single unescapes
the whole
with
tree
the pest
sprayed limb may cover
that we
thorare
fighting so completely that all our

FiG.

131.-" Gasoline

Engine

Spraying
work

ough

defeated.
drench

so

with
be

the

on

This
the

Outfits

rest

does
tree

With
or

of the

not

that

Triplex Pump
Water
Supply

mean

all of

tree

that

for

Large
Purposes.
be

may

practically

it is necessary

its leaves

are

pacity
Ca-

to

dripping

the

poison liquid;indeed, the foliagemay

easily
orchardan
injuredby just this practice; and many

ist has

taken

to

reducing

the

strength

of his spray

to

The

Gasoline

point where
impression that

fact, the trouble

which

with
tree

in

his

For

best

he

vain

results

the

and

the

is

power

force

enough

cracks

in the

One
force
the

the

the

and

the

the

of fine

bark

down

come

thrown

Even

force

tained
ob-

penetrate.

spraying
the

into

as

with

reached

be
the

of

it,

branches

never

high

of

whole

must

methods

entire

foliage.

where

"

the

remote

would

mist

tity
quan-

only possible

liquid

densest

pests

efficient

is

most

in the

fruit

let it

this

part, and

pumping

most

stream

tree

moistens

easilythe

many

hand

of the

that

crevices

of

from

reach

readilyinto

and

case

should

and

over

portions of the
the higher limbs.

spray

used

reach

to

penetrate

391

lower

reach

to

attempt

in the

was

the

deluged

foliage in a fine mist

without
drenching any
where

Farm

the

only partiallyeffective under the

had been
using it too strong, when,

he

of

matter

on

it is

the

as

Engine

is to

air above

fog by

its

own

method
weight into the foliage. This is Nature's own
of applying moisture,
and
the leaf growth has
been
arranged with the special object of doing this most
thoroughly and economically, and it is very certain
that

This

above.

509.

better

method,
and

Successful
should

pressure

pounds,
above

no

thorough

the

do

can

we

while

if backed

by high

distribution

even

Method.
not

distribute

to

be

For

hand
be

pressure,

of the
the

less than

practicethe
should

"

from

pump

it from

best

125
seldom

sures
in-

poison.
results
to

150
rises

long enough to reach

all sides of the tree
with one
setting and an agitator
of the liquid in the tank
should
be provided. This
is
highly important ; otherwise, the poison will settle to
the bottom
the first of the liquidthrown
and
will fail
of efficiencybecause
while
too
weak
of the
some
forms
settlingswill be dangerously strong. Various
of agitatorsfor the smaller
outfits are
provided, but
50.

The

in

than

hose

The

392

Gasoline

Engine

on

the

Farm

add

they

something to the power

required to work
them
and
inefficient in hand-power
thereby become
outfits,either by being neglected or by rendering the
work
much
oughly
so
more
tiring that it will be less thordone.
A gasoline engine never
gets tired, and
the extra
strain of running a thoroughly efficient agitator
it at all ; so
constantly does not trouble
by its
the spray
is properly mixed
well as applied.
use
as

Fig.

132.

"

Typical

Animal

Drawn

Gas

Engine

Operated

Spraying Outfit.
510.

outfit

may

either

horizontal

the

marine

Pumping

Good
be

made
or

type is

fastened

to

with

Outfit.

"

good

spraying

i^ to 2 H. P. engine of
upright design. Quite frequently
and is as good as any
used
if properly
foundation.
Usually, though, the
a

The

Gasoline

Engine

on

the

Farm

393

Gasoline

The

394

and

pump

the most

are

easier

held

in

other, while

with

the

much

chance

of

the

one

broken

on

The

often

as

relation

constant

two

other

directly
then

are

with

each

the
separately mounted
ing
shiftingabout and disturbis greater, especiallyif the
is situated

happens,

on

hillside

or

ground.
be

outfit should

so

mounted

that

it may

be

ily
eas-

readily conveyed under

low
branches, although an elevated
platform for
where
pipe is necessary
operator with an extension
and

turned

the
the
the

trees

also

large. Of

are

.Sprinklaij.

Fig.

with

134.

both

supplied
the

with

Of

or

and

up

the

the

course

tank

no

liquidsare

of

power

forced

the
the

outfit
into

an

thrown

Nozzles.

It should

return

of

gets

pressure
with

be

Rtgu!

stroke.

for

after

and

Spraying

down

relief valve

liquid to

great.
gas

the

in

Oi"4utir.gVcfTTicM:Noi2!e.

Examples

should

pump

is taken

Dijttjict,

Few

the

course

is, water

Lonj

"

be

may

acting; that

double

of

Farm

the

on

connection

power

orchard,

the

or

on

singlebase or
satisfactoryas the two

mounted

engine

connected

Engine

which

enclosed

be

part
too

either

space

can

that is as
indicator;
safely dispense with a pressure
boiler, and should
indispensable as it is on a steam
be as carefullywatched
for signs of failure.
Good
It would
be
the
Nozzles.
height of
511.
"

foolishness
then

to

provide

fail in the

work

expensive spraying outfit

of good nozzles.
for want

an

and
Get

The

396
the

Gasoline

best, and
One

two.

do

that
of

though

will work

of

if

the

saving

popular.

one

or

and

the

Vermorel

signed
de-

of

means

suddenly plays

of the

this

the

even

another,

pattern

be

may

them

One

In

with

different

of

crop.

Farm

the

interchangeably with

purpose,

one

on

satisfied

somewhat

day

be

not

for another
the

Engine

out

ing
sav-

and

"

is the

types

is

given a rotary
motion
it leaves the orifice.
For power
as
spraying a
grouping of nozzles is a great saving of time, two or
more
being so arranged that they are both used at
and vastly increase
the area
of the tree Avhich
once
is
constantly being sprayed. A supply of coarser
zles
nozmost

should
be

to

are

also

for

thoroughly drenched,

petals

have

which

the

wash

fallen,
the

The

most

Hose.

best

is

^ inch, although the

quite so easily obtained.

not

in most
3

ply. with

or

pounds

200

provide
is

excess

These

lower

down

with
handle

gas

because

pipe

brass
and

is fitted for

or

or

should

be

not

less than
less

not

only
but

they

away
less

other

very

direct

well

for

necessary

the

carry

from

the

is used,
metal
liked.

coupling

any

sired
de-

Yzfitted

is

end
the

feet

around

Often

bamboo

connections

with

at

operator.

One

50

extension

spray

though

to

getting into
for working

convenient

are

than

necessary

with

use

are

is perhaps

inch

It is very

for

with

couplings

capacityof

feet

12

or

trees

angle quite
inch

for

the

ing
spray-

Twenty-five to
working on the ground

not

are

after

power

One-half

inch.

ing
us-

surely
calyx.

pressure.

10

tops of tall

more

the

for

of

force

it

necessary

pressure

square

and

trees

rods.
the

for

per

hose

and

use
a

good length

the

common

direct

of

trees

case

spraying

cavities

The

"

for

carries

expelled

the

in the

greater

remote

where

use
as

; also

the

as

is

liquid

even

512.

hand

at

lime-sulphur

into

be

stream

of

hose

lighter to
these
pipes
and

should

The

Gasoline

Engine

on

the

Farm

397

0^

The

398
be

Gasoline

provided

with

Engine

stop cock.

is attached.

nozzle

on

Farm

the

At

the

other

end

the

The

be made
in secpipes may
tions
if desired
for different heights of working, and
total anywhere from
8 feet to twice
that height,
may
the
size of the
For
trees.
depending upon
high
and
safe
for
the operator
spraying a platform rigid
stand

to

should

on

be

above

the

bed

wagon

8 feet.

or

Good

and

of the pumps,

the

513.

of brass

or

of

some

spray

pump

though
latter

some

and

weak

working parts

as

tin

iron

or

be

made

is

easilyattacked by
A
use.
good brass

liquidsin common
of seasons,
ought to be good for a number
or
three,
good grade of hose for two
prefer to get a cheaper quality of the

then

renew

so

away

it is not

All

"

bar, the valves, etc., should

every

littledangerous, because
throw

Outfits.

Cheap

bronze,

the

and

to

raised

of uniform

spot in it

the hose

that

quickly is apt to
quality. There

and

"

This

year.

is
be

be

may

cheap enough
so
cheap that

is liable

be

to

accident.

an

Spraying. The beneficial results of

at
intelligentspraying are
Fig. 136.
clearly shown
A peach yieldfrom
sprayed trees consistingof a trifle
nine baskets
is shown, and
of these only about
over
of the fruit was
As
unsound.
2
a
general
per cent,
rule, spraying will result in saving over
90 per cent,
of the fruit yield,providing proper
solutions
used
are
and applied in a careful manner.
When
Trees
Are
Not
pacity
Sprayed. A low ca515.
spraying outfit is not desirable and a higher
Results

514.

of

"

"

initial investment

to

procure

first-class

than

not

justified
by the returns.
properly sprayed, it is seldom

the

fruit

more

active.

yield is

marketable

If overlooked,

lucky

if he

the
saves

if the

When
that

trees

50 per

cent,

will
of the

is
are

cent,

parasites are

fruit grower
25 per

material

at

be

of
all
ceptionally
ex-

crop.

CHAPTER

XXV.

IRRIGATION.

Needed.

Why

516.
of

the

"Irrigationis

"

where

essential

continuous

all

to

and

heavy
cropping is expected. The farm which is always supplied
with
sufficient moisture
to
will yield 20%
50%
than
another
in the same
more
a
region without
ular
regwater
supply. This has proved to be true in
have
nearly all parts of the country, where
averages
been
ment,
statekept for series of five years." The above
made
by an agriculturalexpert in Washington,
of good reasons
number
D. C, in effect sums
a
up
parts

in two

country

words

better

"

Where.

517.

is, of
for

natural

sources

course,

necessity.

cultivation

of
and

worthless
if left to

acres

which

depend

upon

rainfall.

rainfall it is

regions of normal
because, although
may

reach

during

each

the

it does

acre

year,

good

Water

applied by artificial
it does

the

most

of

much

when

no

able
hardly less valuof
full required amount
natural
of ground from

the

season

when

It has

thousands

of

tens

rigation
regions irclaimed
already re-

semi-arid

and

were

would

water

arid

the

previously considered
worthless
again become

which

In

In

"

crops.

good

because
means

because

the

rain

falls

it is not
comes

at

it is most

at

needed.
the

time

needed,

in amount
equal in
considerably less water
may
times
that
which
several
efficiencyor even
surpass
in torrents
at
comes
irregularintervals.
and

"

399

When.

518.

Engine

Gasoline

The

400

ruined

often

Farm

the

knows

Everyone

"

on

that

aged
dam-

are

crops

continued

drought. Not
that even
short
a
period
stops to consider
everyone
thirst injures the vitahty and
of extreme
quahty of
of a sufferinganimal.
the plant as certainlyas it does
The
quality of growing vegetables is greatly improved
is always available
their
if plenty of moisture
to
To
roots
deprive
through the entire growling season.
for a short
time
is certain
of this even
to give
them
both
the quantity and
quality of the crop produced a
and

setback.

decided

FiG. 137.

Drought

"

the

for

terrors

no

Has

Drought

Where

519.
has

by

No

Has

cient

little rain ; in fact, he

the

rainfall

can

at

his

in

does

not

Driven

Power

fungus

germs,

carried

into

too,

the

avoided

rain, are
for

which

Certain
w^ork

or

of

violent
which

it rather

his

work

found

from

pumped

Drawbacks.

having

to

"

The

supply

the
root

deep

in

he

crops

to

to

cessive
ex-

the
and

air

plants by

the

the
irrigation,
wells.

expense

the

the

as

and

^Nlany of

downpours.
are

is

advantage,

an

interrupt

ground or upon
by the system of
is

ing
Pump-

there

wdiere

country

regulate the watering of his

without
convenience
subjecting them

moisture

520.

then

Drought
really effi-

Used.

Are

"

all times

own

water

finds

has

Where

Terrors

irrigationsystem

Terrors.

who

man

Outfits

No

water

and

tional
addi-

ourselves

The

are

the

Gasoline

always

the

supply

is

does

not

from

pumped
the

less

or

on

loads

the
of

in

extent

Farm

the

greatest objectionsto

carry

greater

Engine

it.

Then,

always

surface

when

it is pure

rocks

silt

401

found
and

water

and
to

which,

for drinking purbe

objectionable it may
poses,
value
has a distinct fertilizing
to the
growing
other
are
some
objections. These, too,
plant. There
the
are
they are among
speciallymentioned, because
the gasoline engine has
most
important and because
however

in

Fig.

great

138." What
Plant

ing

521.
chief
that

What

; and

Good

with

away

both.

Irrigat

Contains.

essentials
it be

done

measure

Good
of

economical

4th,

that

IrrigationPlant
good

water

2nd, reliable

it must

not

Contains.

"

The

ist,
supply are:
; 3rd, easily operated

require

too

much

at-

The

402
tention.
the

Natural

work,

be

attention

and
the

run

time

whenever

and

undone

much
with

to

be

needed
so

engine

take

care

of

fair

of

the

water

to

be

careful

our

regard

the

to

last.

economically
is.

outfit

must

relation

frequently, after

It

very

that

one

sized

plant

after

it is

erated,
opbe

must

require

easily operated
of

in

fails

always

deficient

Farm

the

essential

have

to

on

good irrigatingplant must

the gasoline engine
as

available

can

third

torrents

seem

Engine

rainfall

and

second

pouring
The

Gasoline

and

little
man

have

pumped.

do this, if the
good gasoline engine he can
fill the oil ciips,
trenches
are
prepared in advance
; can
remain
the engine, and
at work
in the field
out
start
four
need
five hours, if
until the
or
refilling;
cups
large enough cups are put on the engine. The cost
for
be kept within
of irrigatingshould
$2.00 per acre
under
the season
ordinary conditions, and the supply
time
and
at the
place
can
always be depended upon
Root
it is desired.
irrigationhas the advantage that
convenient
hour
of the day,
it can
be applied at any
is shining or
the sun
whether
not, while
sprinkling
done
after
above
is likely to do injury unless
from
night or in cloudy weather.
Required. -Corn, oats and
Quantity of Water
522.
wheat
require from 350 to 400 tons of water
per acre
much
of the water
to maturity, but
to bring them
tually
acthat
several
this
times
so
applied escapes,
reach
the ground in which
must
amount
they grow,
inch of water
One
if they are
properly watered.
per
mated
acre
weighs something like 112 tons and it is estiit requires six acre
that on
inches
an
average
of
to thoroughly irrigatethe ground ; that
is, if none
With

"

the

water

covered
or

three

soaked
with
such

in
sheet

or

ran

of water

irrigations as

off, each
six
this

inches
per

be

would

acre

deep.

season

Two

will

be

The

404

needed,

Gasoline

Engine

of

total

16

on

Farm

the

inches.

18

Making due
from
allowance
for the waste
evaporation,it requires
little less than
of
a
28,400 gallons to irrigateone
acre
ground one inch deep, and an acre-foot requires about
325,900 gallons.
The
A
Cost.
general rule applied in many
523.
or

to

"

places

is 5c. per

lift. This
neither

of which
all

knows

will

in which

ways

be

at

or

of

and

when

be

to

they

from

pumped

be

Engine
installed

once

other

no

the

speed

plant.
for

done

Of
Too

the

poor

course,

so

it at the

hand,
located

same

is

time, is

10

to

centrifugalpump

15 H.
with

P.
a

lift of

For

pond.

venience.
con-

plant

moisture

as

of

source

is the

heart
low

too
most

will

work

15

each

to

be

can

own

the

and

pump

run

for

engine

an

ically.
econom-

utilizingits

not

be

might

means

other

engine

amount

quite

engine

large

one

back

pumping

efficiencyto the best advantage. The

engine should be figured to balance
closely.

well

the

that

if

or

great quantity

is itself

too

For

holding

one

an

usual
un-

reduced.

about

engine
centrifugalpump

other

unless

with

tendant
at-

little and

in the

good

all worry

small

running

pump,

from

will ;

worry.

On
the

frees

system

constant

of

"

the
or

hand

deep

Required.

that

needed, the

by drawing on the supply

a
reasons
good storage basin

524.

that

fall in too

decreased
many

supposes

and

not

are

other.

cost

at

dam

that

waters

pump,

management

often

of

the

and

basin

foot

good

and

this

can

natural

natural

times

water

is

it

each

without

work

Bad

by erecting

made

of the

some

the

increase

may

instance, if there
can

do

his business.

conditions
are

for

season

operating expenses
good working order

is in

plant

there

the

requires a good engine

It includes
the

for

acre

other
a

25

No.
feet

very
4

to

and

The
around

deliver

1.3

acres

inch

one

of

working day
24 hours

whole

could

be

of the

pump

10

and

of

Farm

the

on

water

405

second.

per

second

equals about
gallons per minute

600

deep

hour,

per

hours.

If the

the amount

Five

day.

per

feet

per

and

minute

per

Engine

cubic

of water

foot

cubic

Gasoline

plant

covered

three-tenths

13.2

or

would

acres

450
will

lons
galcover

acres

per

run

was

the

be

per

31.8 acres
24-hour day

required
given the full six inches of water
for thorough irrigation
and a plant of this size in continual
operation might be able to supply the water
farm
each
out
ten
days withrequirements of a fifty-acre
rainfall if run
ever,
continuously. A great deal, howdepends upon the lift required and the efficiency
certain

as

well

conditions

found

ample

for

as

on

the crop

engine
irrigating200
an

and
this

of

acres

Under

season.

size

with

has
a

been

20-foot

lift.

Fig. 140.

525.

"

Centrifugal Pump
The

quantities

Directly Coupled

Centrifugal Pump.
a

short

distance

the

"

For

to

Gasoline

Motor.

raising large
is
centrifugalpump

The

4o6
without

less

Gasoline
rival

and

Engine

on

the

Farm

is almost

entirelyused for purposes

of irrigationand
drainage. As they are valvethey are not likelyto clog and are for that reason
which
nary
ordiadapted to pumping muddy water
an
valve
would
ous
continuonly handle under
pump
a

protest, if

Fig. 141.

"

Small

at

all, even

Gasoline

Power

such

Plant

solid

Operating

substances

Two

as

Diaphragm

Pumps.

large pebbles, walnuts, leaves, etc., not troubling the

also
water
centrifugal pump
comes
seriously. The
from
them
in a steady flow, instead
of impulses as
with valve
have
been
structed
conCentrifugalpumps
pumps.
that
water

per

would

minute.

deliver

several

hundred

tons

of

The
Their

526.
that

Gasoline

the

Engine

Limitations.

"

centrifugalpump

water

consider

and

50 feet the

to

40

feet

few

on

Farm

the

407

believed
Formerly it was
ing
was
only capable of lifteven
to-day many
people
limit

extreme

of their

ing
work-

of fact, the single stage

possibility.As a matter
volute
centrifugalhas been operated on a lift up to
500 feet, but this requires so great a speed and such
that a plant of this sort
is too
heavy power
sive
expenfor the irrigationof ordinary crops, the working
being made of a specialbronze and
parts of the pump
of this
carefullyadjusted. Single stage pumps
very
kind can
be economically and safelyused though up to
100-foot lift and, by compounding
the stages, this
a

lift can

be

Different

527.

of the

be

Types.

vertical
called

sometimes

They

increased.

much

very

are

Centrifugal

"

horizontal

or

pumps

the

form,

may

latter

the

and depending
top-lift
of the
placed at the mouth

being
tion.
suc-

upon
well

and

than
feet above
the source
20
ought not to be more
of supply. As
pair
they are the easiest to install and recommon
use.
they are in most
They often need
In
the submerged does not.
priming, though, which
be
some
comparatively shallow wells, too, they would
useless
of the shiftingof the water
because
level, the
water
more
perhaps dropping 20 or 30 feet or even
after pumping
at
begins before the level is reached
it remains

which
this

if set

sort

distance

and

at

the

if lowered

level would

working

In

constant.

be

top
to

such

would

be

suction

submerged

well

suction

beyond
distance

when

of

pump

of

pumping

the
was

suspended.
The
may

vertical type of pump

will work
submerged and
be
of sufficient
wells
into
lowered
diameter,

where,

They

if
are

properly installed, they

for
specially intended

do
wells

excellent
too

work.

deep

for

The

4o8

Gasoline

lift pump

the

top

the

suction

Engine

and

will

lift is not

of

raise

the

speed

efficient

are

the

indicator

that
at

for

of energy

and

but,

the

once

and

allowed
time

sometimes
finish.

most

is

to

drop

below

go

higher, but

The

of the

at

price

blades

and

machining.
friction

extra

faces
sur-

They
ing
retard-

continuous

in
greatly reduced
other
a
words, by buying such
pump
or
operating cost is greatly increased

order

the

w^ill be

water,

; in

that

few

termined
de-

well

sold

without

account

on

fluences
in-

speed

to

relative economy.

are
Centrifugal pumps
low for good internal
too
left rough and
are

will work

feet.

20

by the height
run.
they are

pump

short

to

12

and,

used

be

never

It may

speed.
waste

be

certain

it should

from

sensitive

very

should

for

speed

than

if

efficient

most

being determined
speed at which

output
and

Farm

the

found

be

greater

Centrifugal pumps
their

on

very

dollars

be

may

in the

saved

ciency
effithe
in

lation
instal-

purchase of cheap unfinished

pumps
trouble
is perhaps the most
against
frequent and worst
Their
has
contend.
the
to
which
centrifugalpump
chief troubles
other
are
priming, leaks in the
poor
low a speed,
at too
suction
connections, and being run
The

cost.

either

pulleys
much

too

528.
the

of

because
both

on

calculations

wrong
and

pump

engine
in belt

is wasted

power

Garden

Small

and

lift is greater

than

50

too

are

occasional

the

much

resort

indeed, after

brought

well

irrigation one
have

insured

fine

lifts

greater
crop

toward
can

has

been

imagine
but

and

as

and

started
the

is that
did

somewhat
an

ible
entirelyfeas-

are

maturity

harvest,

and

small

"

regular dependence becomes

questionable. For special crops, however,

irrigationas

the

slippage.
Irrigation. Where
subject of general

Farm
feet

because

or

most

which

not,

haps
per-

sive
expen-

might

because

it

The
done.

not

was

Gasoline

the

Farm

that

the

409
rainfall

is

right time to insure a full 100%

without
duced
damaging it. Crops are every year refrom
20% to 80% in some
places by dry weather

crop

thousands

of

Fig.

four

142.

do

not

by
the

garden

up

almost

may

five months

or

are

Irrigationby Flowing Method.

Garden

"

in the
annually wasted
depend upon
irrigation,that
little timely work
in an
teur
amadifference
between
a
good and

dollars

Even

way.

dried

the

at

regions which
might be saved

on

seldom

It is very

heavy enough

and

Engine

of the

mean

year

living,during

least,to

at

the

age
aver-

farmer.
For

529.

Deep

wells, if deep

or

Well
of small

the

conditions

centrifugal pump,
springs.
The

long

deep
stroke
of

not

form

some

unlike

those

shallow

well

power

and

cylinder

pumps
of

be

of

best

vantageo
ad-

more

pump,

is

two

much

general

first of these

The

adapted

to

the

wells, cisterns, and

sometimes
small

require a
diameter.
They

rigid frame
carrying the
which
are
engine pulley, upon
keyed
that
mesh
with
near
large gear wheels
consist

drilled

or

of valve

are

vertical.

and

for

this

for

pumps

classes, the horizontal

is for

Driven

efficiency considered,

cost,

Power

greater.

"

diameter, may

with

pumped
although

Pumping.

shaft

for

small

pinions

the

rim

the

of

The

410

which

Gasoline

Engine

on

crank-pin projects.

To

Farm

the

these

attached

are

the

connecting rods, working on each side of the pump

frame
and
head,
carrying at their other end the cross
travels
between
vertical guides and
which
at
or
upon
This
is the genits center
operates the plunger rod.
eral
Special features refer to discharge pipe artype.

FiG.

143.

Pumping

Power

"

for Deep

ranofement,

air

These

ing arrangements.
connection

with

be

any

lowered

its bottom

above

the

as

valve

chamber,
artesian

depth
suction

plunger.

into

well
the

pumps

Connection

Well.

location

distribut-

and
often

are

pumps

Outfit

cylinders which
well
below

operated

and

and

is made

in

run

may
near

lift pumps
between

the

The

412

Gasoline

convenient

some

valves.

Engine

for

Farm

the

the

contain

point
Access

on

suction

cleaning and

and

charge
dis-

repairingthe

usually through hand holes for that purpose,

need
be disturbed.
A good
not
the cylinder head
so
of this type is provided with
tight and loose
pump
pulleys and should be operated at a speed of about 40
is

valves

Fig.

145.

"

Air

Cooled

Engine

and

Pump

Mounted

on

Common

Base.

strokes

per

minute.

These

belted

power

pumps,

developed are a direct

though long known, as now
result of the gasoline engine.
gation
of the irriInstead
Distributing the Water.
530.
in
ditches
and
expensive provisions necessary
for extended
the truck
the west
patch and
irrigating,
without
be watered
family garden may
great outlay.
"

The

Usually
of

Gasoline

it is best

it, into
more

direct

from

depth

is apt

the

water

in the

be

for

irrigationis

garden

the

small

growing plants.
shovels

for

nozzle

This

trenches
The

trench

on

tion
por-

It

tank

suitable.

is

than

With

moderate

pressure

This

similar

and

Distribution

best.

from

above.

and

crops

or

elevation.

more

and

of grass

case

"

into

is

water,

413

pumped from a great

By standing exposed to

applied from

Fig. 146. Water

water

cold.

too

spray

may

plants, but

water

temperature

garden hose,
the

be

to

the

sun

and

pump

the

distribute

to

I'\\rm

the

moderate

of

tank

on

first pump

to

convenient

rather

the

Engine

is

essary
nec-

close-growing

plants

in

root

rows

by Seepage Method.

is done
each

by running

side

of the

row

the
of

made

by a cultivator with
just the thing, particularly

hillingup is
if the garden is cultivated with a wheel
hoe and
the rows
close together; say a foot apart.
Run
the
hoe exactly as though hillingup, being careful not
to cut
at the ends ; then
across
through the headlands
the highest end
furrow
similar
of the garden cut
a
somewhat
larger than the others, by expanding the
set

The

414

wings of
cuttings.
main

Gasoline

the

hoe

and

on

little and

Connect

ditch

Engine

the

then

tank

deepening by
or

that

see

the

it is

cut
between
irrigatingtrenches
the tank
should
discharge pipe from

removed,
the

box
avoid

to

continued

loose

the

holes

that

wash

discharge of

in the

water

the

in
or

would

under

The

rows.

side

of

each

to

end

this

zontal
horiend

one

accompany
pressure

upon

dirt.

The

trenches

Fig. 147.

Is turned

the

"

the
head

should

Water

Then

on.

with
into

with

several

with

pump

opened

the

wooden

Farm

the

Distribution

oil up

tank, open
ditch

prepared before

all be

the

and

and
the
rest

the

water

by Flooding Method.
start

escape

of the

the

nect
engine, con-

the

tank

job, aside

from

from

to the
supervision,may be turned over
engine. Without
interferingwith the regular field
work, it is possible to start up the engine just before
after the night chores
done, and then just
are
supper,
the engine, the
before bedtime
and
shut down
go out
ries
work
completed and a fine crop of vegetables or beran

occasional

saved.

In time

of

severe

droug-ht it is

not

much

of

small

of

treatment

until

after

day;

never

If

sunset

that

tight

pump
troubles

in

This

is

that

does

specially

it

and
is

the

probable

between

from
in

ning
run-

waterway.
tank
The

leakage.

true

the

try

work

not

in

come

cloudy

from

ample

condition

from

expenses

water

come

is

connections

free

on

or

to

well

good

the

the

apply

not

fails

deficient

is

and

and

spraying

shining.

the

in
If

be

keep

to

pays

occasional

the

sunrise

water

faster.
to

is

sun

of

strainer

the

It

the

supply

seems

pump

for

return

do

before

else

stream

little

than

more

Where

used

is

or

the

415

"

when

and

pump

in

Cautions.

watering

full

Farm

the

produce

not

costs

and

of

on

kind.

this

Kinks

method

will

engine

gasoline

531.

that

garden

farm

Engine

Gasoline

The

greatest
minor

neglected
relation

and

the

to

tails.
de-

engine

itself.
Trouble
down
A
crop

always

keep

Other

in

of

loss

things
machine

least

trouble

Produce
and

marketable

weather

dry
all

work

being

may

cut

mean

previously
equal,

nearly

that

system

or

To

expense.

expenses

order.

in

things

breakdown
and

means

is

put
select

likely

ruin

to

it.

upon
that
to

the

ment,
imple-

give

the

afterwards.
from

in

well

spite

watered
of

garden

drought.

will

be

fresh

CHAPTER

THE

What

532.
Women.

XXVI.

STORY.

WOMAN'S

Machinery

Has

Done

From

perpetual motion
industrial
requirements

"

Some

for

hours

to

the

from

helps
or

complete

and
her

help

benefit
she

escape

the
Men

own.

has

no

received

has

helped

from
with

men

she

to

having
their

their

form

requires some
itself is of the

of motive

latest

after

design. Nearly

all

chanical
me-

partial
field
done
and

rake

and

they

fodder

even

having

w^asherful

power

the

in the

less would
or

has

others

is

out

go

cradle

to

Still
grain by hand.
a
hand-power threshing machine
They sometimes
forget that a
bind

to

wife

many

for

pay

work

longer care

sonable
rea-

daily working
been
reduced
by
the

direct

of

the

farmer
has
period of the modern
farm
instances
machinery. In some
shared
in this emancipation ; in a good

only

Farm

favor

shredder.
of

clothes

if the washer

washing

chines
ma-

to
men
require from a
by machine
is expected
^ to I H. P. engine and the average man
How
about
P.
be capable of producing 1/7 H.
to
the w^asher
has
the woman
who
to
turn
by hand?
ing
harder
than the washThe
w^ringerturns even
average
machine, and the clothes all have to go through
are

it three
who

the

or

turns

rated

four

times.

it sometimes

little

helper, the

hard

part

of

her

Is it any

w^onder

if the

longingly of
gasoline engine, that
thinks

washings

chance?

416

for

her

woman

that

ing
will-

would

if it had

do
a

The

Gasoline

The

Farm

533.

would

and

washer

the

Power
would

woman

average

economical
is

power

It will

the

install

some

doubt

the
ing
hav-

relieved

by

for

that

her

provide

money

few

she

much

; still it is

come

Woman's

"

417

the

complete plants,once

to

L4S. The

cost

to

No

"

turned

wringer

to

ii,

much

so

supplied, than

items.

be

Farm

thf

on

Laundry.

satisfied for weeks

be

more

Engine

separate

Engine.
but

the

expensive part of it.

complete power
laundry should

is

beginning

most

The

ing

machine
to

alone,

at

and

operate

the

at

the

will

of

tub

rack

space

on

the

beside

the

washer

mounted

wringer

and

the

the

together
time

same

operator.

for

include

There

or

two

wringer,

made

one

or

w^ash-

and

either
should

ranged
arone

be

rinsing tubs,
to slide along

The

4i8
a

frame

Gasoline

to

operate

direction.

The

tub

one
on

some

next

foot

gear

by

very

important

device

should

of the

FiG,

The

"

that

so

Washerwoman

New

any

wringers

and

is

of

out

lever.

method

the

either

from

in

with

It is

used, the

distance

of the

accidental

finger between

in

wrung

reaching

easy

time

any

and

thrown

others

on

these

lifting.The

are

within

clothing or

149.

Farm

be

that, whichever

be

at

operator

without

one

pedal

of
then

may

the

on

any

washers

power
a

over

clothes

the

to

Engine

catching
revolving rub-

the

Lightens

Former

hold
House-

Burden.

rolls

ber
is

Unprotected

done.

should

never

caught
though

and

soapy
is

handle

curtains.

are

the

on

the

claim

degree.

about

drive
to

prone

is

easily

so

safer,

is much

slip when
enclosed

have

washer

clothing

belt

damage

near

run

gear

which

safe.

heaviest

This

washers

Some

comparatively
Washers

to

rather

are

water.

wheels

gear

in.

wound

serious

any

tolerated, the

be

belts

before

checked

be

may

There

which

market

the

carpets

or

should

be

must

be

made
no

are

most

guaranteed
delicate

good to
bearings

lace
sonable
rea-

where

The

420

Gasoline
into

emptying
is conducted

put

into

the

drying

as

the

the

sink

by

Engine

washer
line

ends

are

basin

or

pipe.
they

on

From

from
the

until

they

need

never

inserted

Farm

the

which

time

the

the

clothes

finished

are

be

between

lifted

the

water
are

ready for
excepting

rollers

of

the

W^^9

Fig.

151.

"

No

Lifting Excepting

to

Fold

for

Wringer.

wringer and the pieces straightened out as they are

being run
through. If efifectively
arranged, a good
sized family washing can
be done
in from
^ hour to
with
little drudgery for the operator. The
I hour
very
engine does all that, and does not mind it in the least,
but

the

power

washing

outfit

is

no

longer merely

concession

Fig.

necessity

When
Washer

152."
A

Pulley.
Pulley
K"

binder

on

and

back

aching

to

economic

Engine

Gasoline

The

421
it

muscles;

household

in the

Farm

the

is

surely as

as

an

the

Tap to Operate Washer.

Countershaft
Pulley. C
Wringer
Pulley. B
E
Washer
Motor
Electric
Driving
Pulley.
D"
I
Motor.
F"
Electric
Countershaft.
Hangers.
Electric

Is

Power

on

"

"

"

on

Snap

"

Switch.

is in the

5c.

cigars a

for

the

week

outfit.

L"

Power

field,while

harvest
for

Release

few

years

Lever.

price of
enough to

the
is

two

pay

The

422

Gasoline

Engine

on

Farm

the

This
be done
Ironing by Engine Power.
may
of the mangle, engine run.
The
smooth
rolls
by means
of polished steel, operating much
like a wringer, are
that is available, and
by gas, where
usually heated
take the place of the hot flat-iron admirably, the operator
the garments.
merely having to fold and arrange
As
the pressure
the rolls may
be regulated
between
534.

"

will, not

at

grease"
that
the

on

be

can

effective

as

interior

of

the

have

not

aching

other

some

of

expenditure
this nerveless

as

does

of

because

obtainable

air in the

liberal

most

tires and

never

pressure

is not

be

the

even

to

of

means

rolls,which

dress
laun-

off

ease

Where

arms.

bow
"el-

gas

heating

the

hollow,

can

are

obtained.
The

535.

that

states

System.

Water
water

good old proverb

higher than its source.

"

rises

never

is limited

its

The

success

water

engine that supplies

the power
is speciallyadapted to supplying the
is necNot
also.
essary,
a
even
specialkind of pump
it is preferred. There
are
though sometimes
jacks on sale that may be hitched to any hand

of

of water,

supply

pump

released

time

is

last

under
it is

though
to

no
a

Elevated

is at the

mercy

troubles
to

be

the

may

pump

For

more

is

pail of

be

in

the
or

some

to

An

"

hot

start

though,
advantage, even
engine up than

an

drip

elevated
in

sun

summer

If set

winter.

less

power

purposes,

distinct

; the

water.

Tanks.
of the

blows

wind

next

work

more

537.

apt

the

pressure

half

pump

until

available.

always

water

that

"

no

to

same

manner

nient
conve-

in the

used

The

is

there

such

the

but

to

in an
instant.
ordinary way
Storage System. With a gasolineengine
at
necessity for storing up enough water

and

536.

in

and

pump,

laundry

any

and

tank

outside

and

ing
of freez-

indoors, there

leakage

to

rot

out

is

the

The

Gasoline

of the

timbers

house

possibilityof

the

Engine
and

on

hoop,

423

with

dampness,

cause

weakened

Farm

the

burst

always
and

tank

disaster.
The

538.

Pressure

under

from

few

from

pipe

to

usually

for

this

or

water.

made

storage system

tank, which

pressure

cylinderholding anywhere
barrels, and tapped for the inlet
tribution
and
the discharge for the dis-

pump

the

water

steel

or

many

the
of

is

iron

an

The

"

is the

favor

present

of

consists

Tank.

attaching a
be

may

made

in

hole, small

third

other

the

of

branch

dicator;
in-

or

gage

pressure

size,

VaPRESSURE
GAUGE
ELL

lyr STREET

ELL
SPECIAL

Fig.

PUMP

JACK

Complete Pneumatic
Important City Convenience

153.

"

pipe but

must

is far

and

under

not

Gives

Supply System

in

Homes.

Country

consideration

any

dependable

more

Water

when

be

attached

omitted,
its

to

own

orifice.
The

tank, of

air condenses
it forms
a

an

pressure

the

as

is forced

water

elastic

cushion

sufficient

to

in

in the

drive

air

the

first and

at

the

by

pump

top of the tank

water,

out

alone

30

pounds.

As

supply enough

water

out,

more

the

air in the

pressure

air is

to

pumped

tank

force
in

so

the
until
with

through

distributingpipe, to any part of the house.

the pumping is continued
until the pressure

shows

the

is full of

course,

would

nearly
that when

ally
Usugage
not

all of
the

The

424

Gasoline

shows

gage

enough
power

to

together

course,

much

be

higher

is elevated.

In

position,if outside,

it is

house, it is in

accident

would

whole

is

w^ater

it it is
and

flood

house.

only

because

There

has
in

exposed
ground ;

an

where
instead

location

and

of the

much

one

over

under

room

one

are

any
of the

tank

the

through
palatable

more

wholesome.
Use

Making

540.

tank

it, the

of

installed

complete

as

"

and

farm

distribution, and

may

that

be

of

had

city

any

with

the

water

can

room

desired, upstairs or
for years
of

one

With

becomes

sink.
time

cleaning
lower

will

method

kitchen

beauties

to

be

On

used

to

may
sash

or

be

washed

riskinga

is the control

an

bring

specialoccasions

to

the
of

hose,

both

thoroughly

it may

neck.
over

has
be

possess,

run

tank.

tubs

the
the

course

into

the

pressure

at

water

little extra

the individual

room,
bath-

of the

advantage

in any

modern

above

as

cold

and

faucet

the farmer

broken

quite

Hot

The

faucets

filling
merely a

made

complete plant, and

of this system,

city home,

the

is

consequences

By running up
and
attaching

windows
the

natural

most

coming

water

laundry
same

the

house

turning of
down.

of

means

be

vated
ele-

or

pressure

house.

impossiblefor

so

convenient

of

system

of

With

It.

the

water

question

is

by

of the air forced

aerated

thoroughly

carried

basement

or

of the

Because

cooler, and

the

Of

"

tank

of

cellar

Tanks.

or

engine.

be

being set
usually buried

water

or

the

may

pressure

Many

space.

air

by

Elevated

place

if in the

in

pressure

air.
forcing in more
Advantages Over
539.
several
advantages which
that

that

be

not

may

fill the

so

forced

Farm

the

there

half

made

now

may

on

pressure

than

more

are

pumps

both

pounds

30

water

Engine

and

upper

without

moving
re-

One

of the

that

in the

of the pressure.
up

to

the

The

Gasoline

which

point

water

but

is furnished
the

be

may

being otherwise,
tmder

the

him

of very
drive

little
the

be

no
no

reach

pipe
be

can

dishes
cold

turned

water,

be

half

or

sink

with

sufficient

time.

the

bear; then
more

Mechanical

in

water

the
of

Dishes
much

pressure

an

any

hose

will

the

hands,
hose

to

but

with

ing
of the dish-wash-

hand

the

hands.

two,
do

to

work

than

which

The

needed,
may

and

the
it is

hot
be

ing
wash-

the

injured by

hotter

need

work.

force

not

under

will

way,

of

combination

effectuallythan

washed

even

the

them

upon

more

than

in

placed

engine

bare

for

wetting the
and
soaped as

without

done

matter

There

with

same

much

less pressure,

farm

the

the

brush.

hard

any

and

where

inaccessible

too

of

tank,

dirty rags

"

smaller

or

of

production

of the

scrub

the

ever
what-

else.

tasks

point

stooping or
Dish-washing. In the

541.

for its

turns

for its

drink

to

pressure

few

the

to

are

without

the

place of
wringing out

corners

dreaded

home,

excuse

has
pay

be

country

no

somebody

with

the

more

and

of

concern.

pressure

easilytake

must

the

housewife, becomes,

is

city man

and

of

one

there

425

circumstances

the

In
;

Farm

the

ordinary

pure

management

Mopping,

on

inconvenient.

and

too, the

under

would

unnecessary

Engine

in less

heat
hand

may
will

applied

is

advantage.

dish-washers

now

on

the

market

are

quite a little in use in hotels, and are frequently run

Without
They are a convenience.
by engine power.
them, though, but with this easilyregulated pressure
the housewife
the farm
has quite as
at command,
on
the city housewife
and
efficient a dish-washer
as
one
that will not be nearly as destructive
to the dishes
as
the average
hired
girl.
Lawn
Outside
the
House.
sprinkling,while
542.
not
work, falls to her freeactly a part of woman's
"

The

426

Gasoline

quently;

that

undone.

To

is, she
the

to

the
her

the

through

than

she

introduced

be

is at

means

the

some

fruit
the

on

to

to

and

for the

The

convenient
which

value

and

it made

it will

those

are

any
and
be

soon

pretty

are

in the orchard

life carries

within

it

good

small

boys

many
to

up

of

conclude

that
water

carr3ang

"

With

the

market.

The

mentioned

reach

vacuum

earlier

for

provisions

that

water

machines

does

the

engine

an

house

reason

Cleaner.

Vacuum

upon

those

which

of

turn
re-

no

are

cleaning it is time to consider

is best done
a
really new
dry. Whenever
out
comes
one
judge a good deal as
may
of cheap imitations
which
by the number

thrown
of

most

easier

once

if there

the

has

had

it for

do

of creation.

rest

543.

around

have

in

themselves,

house

fruit whether

folks
was

for

for them

of w^ater, and

customed
ac-

water

one,

folks have

EverA^thingthat

women

life itself

farm

water

is

general thing there

women

trees

some

large percentage

she

sprinklers,too,

every

out

it. As

carry

the

bear

not.

or

details

the

near

If the

that

certain

; such

doing

trees

tank

noticed

do

of

farm.

pressure

Automatic

hand, will work

fun

enjoy

pet shrubs

pails of
engine 'could

the

it go

see

many

but

handed.

trips empty
may

than

pneumatic tank a great deal

much
quicker, for he makes

and

can

and

good

Farm

the

it rather

beds

season,

on

assumes

flower

carry

of

course

Engine

its

to

are

is

cleaner
in

chine
ma-

this

one

bool^

its full

until some
more
efficiency
efficient power
is applied.
than
is ordinarilyavailable
of handHand
is not
enough, though hundreds
power
and are
machines
in daily use
are
pronounced a
power
still they lack in complete efficiency. It is
success;
the

extra

absolute.
544.

not

pound

which

of energy

makes

their

success

gasolineengine can supply that.

Cleaning House.
House-cleaning time
The

"

is

The

428

Gasoline

renovation

well

as

Engine

as

on

the

by

Farm

the

absence

comparative

of

dust.

Clothing may be brushed out and cleaned after

a
muddy ride and the beauty of it all is that the dirt
is reallyremoved
instead of being chased
from place to
the work
place, ^^^hen one
stops to consider
being
done
there
assistants
by these comparatively new
to

be

of

one

seems

claim

but

the

At

leave

and

barn

currying the cows

just before
way,

now

that

advertised

everything
the

but

dirt."
is

progressive dairyman

one

with

the

clean

everything

than

more

for

"We

establishment:

baby

the

little foundation

some

cleaner

vacuum

and

in

of
milking, ridding their coats
all dust and
loose hairs without
loading the air w^ith
dust that will settle into the pails while
the milking is
for this purpose
Power
is supplied by
being done.
the same
the milking machine
in the
engine that runs
stables.

same

Milking

545.

the

than

rather

first

at

seems

While

Machines."

thought

kitchen, it

is

them

the

past

important
usually presides.

have

the

The

is

cow

machine

successful

decrease

to

sure

be

must

It
needed

or

also

must

else

reduce

increase

of
employed in number
The
milking machine
clean

than

devices
separator.
work

the
are

It is

average
needed
more

is all done

the

the

and

milk

not

of

amount

possibilitiesof

to-day

cream

with

is not

jurious.
in-

help
help

the

it; so

cover.

difficult

more

separator.

sanitary than
under

is objectionab

handled.

cows

of

the

tively
posi-

easilycleaned,

sanitary,strong, time-saving,economical,

the

of

some

unsanitary,inefficient,expensive and
harmful.
device which
Any mechanical

flow.

to

stable

been

to

chine
ma-

an

woman

the

the

to

part, and

which
dairy,over
of
Milking machines

milking

belong

to

of the

one,

the

Some

cial
spe-

they with the

hand
milking, as

are

The

milk

at

no

The
time

in

comes

stables

the

Gasoline

from

be

cannot

with

contact

the

separator

Engine

time

the

it is drawn

There

tank.

made

on

strong;

Farm

the

dust

or

odors

until it is

is

that

429
of

the

poured

into

it
nothing about
is merely a matter

that
of

It milks
a
cow
more
manufacturing economics.
be
man
can
quickly than a hand milker can, and one
four cows
It is ecoat a time.
nomical
milking two or even
in permitting a reduction
in the number
of

Fig. 155.

men

"

Creating

employed

or

the

of

Vacuum

an

for

Milking by

increased

number

Gasoline

of

cows

Power.

that

injurious
indicated
from
the fact that they
has been
to the cows
of thetn
no
standing more
longer object to it, some
sults.
milking and giving better requietly than for hand
from
absolute
It also frees the owner
ence
dependhired help. Formerly he either had to keep
upon
his herd
of men
else reduce
to a point
number
a
or
the most
be run
where
it could
not
economically, and
the

present force

can

manage.

That

it is not

if he

the

Gasoline

The

430

chose

former

the
of his

mercy

While

of

of

consists

top, the

will

one

with

exhausted

opened

by
between

the

on

Not

per

being

drawn

suction

for

10

pulsations

per

suction

pail or

back

with
machine

to

the

an

is

pressure
is set

cone-shaped
the

which
the

vacuum

tube

nects
con-

the

air is
is

stopcock

in the

pail is

dis-

Cleanly, Sanitary

suction

pipe

set

atmosphere
the

prevent

15 seconds, then

minute,

the

use

Animals.

and

Valves

into

machine

Process
to

vacuum

inch.

square

The

rubber

One

is about

in

contains

cows.

by Vacuum
Injurious

the

carried

pounds

pailwith

from
pipe overhead
the
engine. When
pail and pipe the air

through

pressure

tin

now

all.

and

The

are

for

answer

lid "of which

156. -Milking Cows

tributed

absolutely at

was

machines

covered

heavy

disc-like

this

Farm

the

he

course

different

operating

motor

on

men.

several

description

Engine

and

up.

7I/2

or

milk

from

continued

give

about

pressure,

60

applied by alternatingthe
of

between

an

One

air compressor.
two

cows.

vacuum

Gasoline

The

is connected

reservoir

high

section

for

inserted

top of the
which

with

adjustableas
closely that all

soon

milk

as

should

shut

"fif the

should

these

flow

suction.

ten

have

of

or

too

prevent

glass

lead from

the

in four

terminate
The

431

with

tubes, each

size.

to

to

ceases

for every

allowed

to

pump

and

cows

are

watch

the

Farm

the

inspectingthe flow,

the

to

can

on

rubber

Two

vacuum.

Engine

caps

should

operator

working, and, as
through glass sections,
machine
is usually
One
are

twelve

the

While

cows.

attendance,
intelligent

there

chine
ma-

is nothing

it
to
comes
complicated about it, and trouble
chine.
through misuse rather than from any fault of the maNo
doubt
portant
milking machines, like all other iminventions, will be greatly improved upon
after they have
into more
come
general use, but in
their present stage they are
neither
less efficient nor
another
farm
utensil
more
objectionable than many
that is regarded as
a
success.
Cream
546. The
Separator. It is possible to so
"

the stable

contrive
of

of the
least

the

may

separator

on

in its

motor
soon

the

as

now
own

base

itself be

the

work

intermediate

kept

the market
and

milking begins

until
no

milk, instead

separator, which
one

the

pail,will be drawn
along through a
milking machine, directlyinto the tank

fallinginto

tube, from

that

arrangement

and

started

line
gasoup

kept running

is done.

pulley.

contains

be

may

This
As

At

covered.

of

as

tinually
con-

course

quires
re-

rule, however,

of the

come
specialclutch or friction pulleys must
in between
engine and separator, as the latter,though
work, is not able to endure
"strong enough to do its own
the constant
though slight-rise and fall of speed
that
the impulses of the engine. Some
accompany

one

separator

minute,

bowls
and

are

revolve

geared

as
so

many

as

high

that

20,000
a

times

variation

per

of

10

The

432

revolutions
make

Fig.
to

run,

157."

their
and

they

The

Present

separator
and

not

as

between

gasoline engine
has

to

be

overcome

thrown

in

Day

coaxed

1,000

at

is

always

starts

by means
easilyand

engine's speed might

in the

on

Needed."

rators
Sepa-

speed they were

protected against

full

sudden

Power
Gasoline
Uses
Cream
Separator.

Few

trouble

made

of

Base

be

enough.

off at

bowl.

the

it should

it fast

up

Farm

the

Dairy Maid

Engine

turn

there

to

be

must

steadilyas

many

the

variations.

extreme

or

in

best

Note

on

Pulley, Why

work

Advantage.

jerks

of 500

Governor

The
do

Engine

minute

per

difference

547.

to

Gasoline

the

people

turn

turned

by hand,

Without

pulley

starting.

when

speed

the

separator

gradually. This trouble can be

be
of a belt tightener,which
can
the speed of the spindlebrought

The
up ; after

that

how
This
the

Gasoline

separator.

and

so

is safe

and

made

combination

saving

How

548.
friction

of

work,

separator

; neither

It

Works.

of both

With

any
one

should

of

the

work

separator

; not

conserving

be

ley
pul-

governor

The

guess-work.

any

for

speed

hand

as

ruins

without

speed

the

than

be

and

run

uniform.

is better

pulley

which

the

the

governor

does

the

steam

much

so

and

cream

are

shaft

engine
the

that

forced

Even

out

the

exerts

upon

Steady

separator

as

into

turned

part of the
at

starts

it.

Power.

Gas

the

is

energy

Pulley Secures

of energy

central

turns

of

amount

Intermittent

amount

and

pulley

governor

Governor

Speed
From

engine. The
with the engine

the

The

"

controls

"

blocks

The

balance

can

power

without

Parker
158. The
Separator Drive

with

of

out

both

pull which

or

be

ter
engine, no matgreat the overspeed.

fat.

butter

Fig.

can

433

of the

engine

steam

gasoline engine

be

bowl

Farm

the

how

pull or

the

it should

on

mercy

economical.

nor

right and
may

the

throws

governor,

for

it is at the

unsteady

soon

Engine

As

full
the

slowly against

volves
pulley reengine speed,

wood
the

rim

friction
of

the

The

434

Gasoline

Engine

on

the

Farm

loose

pulley that carries the separator belt, the latter

is coaxed
gradually into motion, the blocks slipping
but holding enough to start the bowl.
As
a good deal
the speed of the bowl
the grip increases
increases also,
and
the blocks
slip less until they are finallybrought
into
with

limit

full

the

belt

pulley uniformly
of weights and spring,howthe shaft.
ever,
By means
if the speed of the pulley gets above
certain
a
the grip is partiallyreleased, the blocks
slip a

Fig. 159.

"

little and

How

549.

and
For

turn

Parker

continue

normal

to

and

contact

the

Bottled

Governor

Speed

Pulley

Is

Employed.

slip until the speed drops

weights to their place.
to

Milk.

"

Where

milk

is sold

back

direct

is sold,
separating,or where cream
it should
be aerated
thoroughly. This may be done by
a
cone-shaped cap
allowing the discharge to run over
of tin which
if cooling is also required,be packed
may,
with
ice. The
its apex, spreads
milk, discharged upon
in a thin
out
sheet
and
is cooled
rapidly. If
very
cooling is not desired and aeration is the object,the
families

to

cone

may

without

be

made

of fine strainer

cloth.

the coming of the

With
Churning by Power.
gasoline engine butter-making is likely to again be
550.

"

436

The

cutting is done
cutting machine
ice is to

the
to

with

stored

be

for

readily as

any

"

the

where

there

resorted
can

of
not

as

little
the

no

can

kind

other

]\Iotor

fails,or

Farm

the

then, of

edge
be
of

and

whether

course,

of the

made

pond

or

of

use

has

just

as

hauling.

Driven

Cutter.

Ice

in parts

of the

in fact

the

country

entire

purchased for family use with

as
^ ton, the rating in this case

amount

ice-

gasoline motor

has
ice, artificial refrigeration

Condensers,

to.

be

now

is

the

engine

ice crop

on

power,

at

Gasoline

Fig. i6i.

When

team

is illustrated

hauled, the

be

Engine

Gasoline

of ice manufactured,

but

the

to

be

plant,

capacity
meaning
amount

The
of

Gasoline

Engine

freezing or cooling capacity equal

of

ton

ice

would

of these

One

have

small

10x10x8.

say

with

cold

By

of

tanks

temperature,

will

storage

calcium

obtained,

once

of 80

be

cubic

feet,

in connection

solution

may

^
melting.
one
day a

for

cool

piping

chloride

which

while

room

of

system

437

that

to

hours

24

machines

properly insulated
or

in

Farm

the

on

desired

the

held

for

some

The
engine used for other purposes.
half of
about
same
plant would
actually manufacture
of ice in twenty-four hours.
Alathe above
amount
of course,
chines
of large capacitymay,
be obtained.
While
outfits of this kind are
somewhat
once
costl}^,
installed,they may be operated on less than the annual
and

hours

sustained

loss
a

good

would

on

Other

paying

Household

of the

which

in that

of

things at
thoroughly than
many

muscle

it may

learns

to

make

comes

to

her, whether

employed
saving the
the

before

with

leather

the

be

is

power

important

an

her

ever

Even

in every

heard

better

how

shaft
should

end, where

Device.
two

be

Back

"

or

three

in

the

to

feet

way.

go
farm

really
that

task

being
to

probably

of each

stationed, with

least

its

if it proves
it

wall know

of

and

time

extra

feels who

time, if it succeeds

Handy

work-table

she
not.

the

housewife

the

engine help

or

next, for she

553.

at

the

first

cream

It is the

for

accounts

satisfaction

vitalityand

ice

The

"

not

instance.

one

that

power,

an

application
countless
little things, the doing of
the doing of all things more
once,
be possibleif it depended upon
would

the

to

power

harvesting ice
artificial plant.

gasoline engine

dailybeing applied,though
labor-saver

while

mind, after mentioning ice,

to

to

uses

for

of ice

want

while

Uses.

naturallycomes

one

lake

some

far toward

go

freezer

in

for

farms

many

lost

team

552.

as

the

be
will

about

so
no

be
it.

kitchen

long and faced

a
driving pulley
This

may

be

438

The

from

driven
from

or

face

Gasoline

line shaft

of this

it fasten

in

row,

on

the

at

hung under the

revolving shaft

one

Near

Engine

the

Farm

ceilingof

floor.

The

the

kitchen

entire

is

virtuallya
of
by means

leather

friction

ley.
pul-

wooden

tons
but-

of the various
easilyadjusted clamps, some
revolving utensils of the kitchen, the coffee mill, the
spice mill, the meat
chopper, egg beater, nutmeg
It looks like
runs
grater, whatever
by wheel
power.
or

Fig.

162.

Well

Insured

Lawn

Kept

Lawn

With

]\Iotor

Propelled

Mower.

foolish

How
that
and

an
thing to use
engine for beating an egg.
about
dropping the egg in to be prepared for
into place
cake ; then, by swinging the
beater
turning a button so that its wheel is brought into

with

contact

attention
That

in

at

the

the

friction
to

once

mill, and

might just throw

shaft, being able

grinding
the

nutmeg

mill
into

the

coffee

swung
the

to

for

into

turn

the

dinner.

line, we

grater in prepara-

The
tion

for

the

for

ready

meal

or

have

kept

hour

will

more

Fig.

163." a

Light

If there

power.
the

engine

to

be

fresh

of

sausage

are

to

for

batch

of

or

beef

air

and

things

in

any

Air

if the

on

cooler

that

deserve

together and

I.

all done

the

time.

bakers

C.

Engine

engine

if there

or

or,

if there

is, set

happens

out

mess

is still

fan

running light,
overhead
and
enjoy
There

alone

it if

H.

with

run

hand, just run

that

by

use

in

way

of

want

an

Use.

mix

to

engine

that

for

are

kitchen.

kitchen

for

tiring of

Cooled

Household

at

would

that

of the

out

extensive

chopping cabbage

pork

better

in

bread

no

ends

moment's

of them

many

stop sweating, switch

collected

and

gotten

even

Horizontal

is

; then

power,

perhaps

439

busily occupied

been

mixers

hotels, and

in

hands

have

Suitable

and

Farm

the

slightingof anything

bread

Patent

of

without

the

or

Or

lot of odds

pair

one

five minutes

wrist,

pie.

; in fact

two

or

noontime

on

ground, or scraps of cold meat ; maybe

By the time they are all in place the egg
enough coffee ground for the next
use,

all of these.
is

Engine

be

is to

pepper

Gasoline

do

enough
up

at

not

are

lot of

require

of them
once.

can

gine
en-

be

The

440

Cleaning

554.

the

washing
heavier

cleansed
the

old

rag

churn
not

as

has

be

any

health

water

direct

in order

to

is taken

out

water

it.

By

the

result

of

water

it

of any
time

the

the

out

that

may
to

Provides

Engine

Gas

the

exhaustib
In-

Current.

have

laid upon

piece

taken

be

to

but
frame

temperature

last

course

Maybe sprays
theirs, but they don't

have

separators

desired

brush

least

at

its germs.

pressure

be

in part

thoroughly washed,
can

Even

is less offensive

Operated by Small
Lighting

Cream
be

still it has

and

wonders.

be

to

to

comes

Of
engine energy.
used in washing

effective but

under

it

pressure

do

may

formerly was
long ago given w^ay
more

When

"

will

that

"

long.

utensils

Farm

the

Utensils.

dairy machinery

Fig. 164. Dynamo

live

Various

on

if necessary,

inspector;

of hot

Engine

kitchen

brushes,

rotary
the

Gasoline

is

is out

apart

each

as

where

piece
sure
pres-

playing

upon

first and

the

be
Mayprobably all of the rest have been well cleaned.
the engine is not
doing all of this work, but it
into it.
suppliesthe energy that went
Starting and Stopping the Engine. Turning
555.
is fun for an
the sewing machine
engine,and the tread
foot lever for throwing a beltbe replaced with
a
can
"

tightener on

and

off in order

to

stop and

start

at

will.

The

About

Gasoline

take

and

lamps

wholly

hand

If

carry

the bed-maker

down

cellar, when
Even

power.

carried

be

kitchen

elevator

an

the

the

and

work

of

pull

upon

piece

the

gine
en-

perhaps fillingthe

is put

in it will

the

and

this

it is not

readily

then, if desired,

done,

to

off the

turn

work.

switch

lever

string can
to

it is

this

turn

house

in

is all

end

and

spark

the

441

Even

the task

to

up

from

into

moment

beds.

Farm

the

except

this is unnecessary

table

vital

the

the

making

useless.

at

on

about

task

important

every
will

Engine

enough to put
jolly little helper

of motionless

iron.

It will

the
out

in

take

the spark, but, by

revive
to
trip to the basement
storing up a little compressed air in a tank for the
or
by a friction brake, we
easily ride
purpose,
may
down
in the elevator
and then, having started
the engine,
come
gasoline power.
up on
of the possibilities,
Such
wise,
serious and otherare
some
of the gasoline engine as
a
kind.
helper for womanof them
are
given only suggestively.
Many

Actual

conditions

remains

The

fact

may

introduce
a

force

for other
made

the

too

vary
that

into
that

do

both

save

lines of work.

engine

accurate

details.

ingenuity and a little money

most,
department of housework, al-

any

will

for

much

and

time

Fillingthe lamps
yet.

Let

us

see

vital energy
we

if that

have

not

is possible.

of engines now
Fillingthe Lamps." ^A number
the market
on
run
so
smoothly that it is possible to
run
a
dynamo directlyfrom the engine, but it is not
in operation at
to keep the power
always convenient
night, when
lightingis needed ; so a storage battery is
by far the best, as a successful
lightingsystem must

556.

be

available

at

charged during
some

other

any
the

hour.

day,

machine

These

whenever
which

batteries
the
does

may

be

ning
engine is runnot
require all

The

442
of

Gasoline

its energy.

battery

At
be

Engine

first,to

small

save

on

the

Farm

installation

in size ;

cost

the

serve
enough for a little reelectric energy
but still depending in the main
the engine itself. This
is quite economical
if the
upon
the dynamo
to run
engine is no larger than necessary
If largerthan that all of its superfluous energy,
alone.
without
the storage battery, is likely to be wasted.
The
to, cell by cell,much
storage system can be added
like the sections
of a built-upbook
until not only
case,
enough energy to run the lightsfor the entire farm for
of the
a
night is stored ahead, but enough for some
small
tasks
that might be done
by the engine direct,
such
of
as
rimning the sewing-machine. For many
these
venient
conare
even
more
light tasks electric motors
than
the gasoline engine ; still it is all gasoline
in another
the gasoline
form, since it was
power
electric current.
engine that created our
Storage Battery Capacity. Storage batteries
557.
rated
in ampere
hour
hours, a 24-ampere
are
battery
service
meaning one that will give 24 hours of current
A
when
than
normal
not
rate.
discharged at more
for 8
battery of this capacity may
give 3 amperes
hours
normal
at the
rate, but if discharged at more
than
its normal
hourly rate the time of its service
be more
would
than proportionatelydecreased, so that
hour
its full 24-ampere
be reached.
not
capacity would
It is on
ir-oortant
that
stalled
this account
the battery init.
has sufficient capacity for all demands
upon
It takes
about
hours
to fully recharge at the same
10
rate
the 2-hour
battery.A 36-ampere hour battery will
i2-candle
run
lamps 7^
tungsten
9 15-watt
power
time of normal
hours
rating) in a 30-volt
(the standard
is satisfactory for
the
low
voltage plant, which
residence
ber
lighting;it will run twice that numaverage
(18) only 2y^ hours, or considerably less than half

may

"

Gasoline

The

444
the

lamps

the

are

dynamo

handle
into

be

to

main

or

downward

the

Engine

switch

made

dynamo only
by bringing the

frame

copper
it.

receive

to

the

is closed

the

Farm

the

from

operated

until

grooves

on

If the

is

pressed

battery is

be

charged, the two batteryswitches are raised. If

be run
the lamps are
with
to
the battery only, the
is opened
dynamo switch
by raising the handle and
bringing the two battery switches downward.
to

Fig.

Complete System.

The

559.

that

it

with

was

power

its energy
of

our

used

best

engineering world
To
belt a dynamo
reproduce

The

"

conditions

placed

dynamo are so severe

them
impossible to meet
long considered
which, like the gasoline engine, acquires
ficiency
in fact, the present
in bunches;
high ef-

engine

an

upon

Lighting Outfit for Country Use.

Complete Residence

i66."

to

run

engines

steam
to

meet

these

directlyto

in the current

sent

out

was

forced

electrical

upon

the

demands.

gasoline engine is to
all the energy
pulsa-

The

of

tions
the

Engine

Gasoline
the

engine.

Farm

the

Lights

flicker

would

dynamo

on

directly

run

and

445

wink.

This

from
may

by putting heavier balance wheels

the engine and
so
on
absorbing in their heavy rims
Governor
also
slight speed variations.
pulleys are
be

in part

overcome

used, the

sometimes
the

or

the

Fig.

may

drawn

then

and
on

current

market,

be

from

for

as

same

conducted

however,

that

Lighting-

quite satisfactoryresults

The

low

rather

more

dynamo

to

Several

that.

167." Storage Battery Employed

direct belted

run

In

cream
a

separator

storage battery

engines are now

so
steadily that

Connection

With

House

Outlit.

may

providing

be

obtained

the

engine

from
is not

the
loaded.
over-

voltage (30-volt)outfits generally favored

for residence
and
farm
a
lighting consist of about
H. P. gasoline or
2
kerosene
engine, say a 50-light
dynamo, a storage battery,switchboard, and the lamps
required for the place, w^ith necessary
wiring supplies.
If there is plenty of room
the dynamo
should
be driven
be
direct conby a belt; if not, it may
nected
with
the
engine, but a belt driven outfit is
steadv.

The

446
An

Engine

Gasoline
this

of

on

Farm

the

furnish

plenty of light
for the average
and
residence,barn and out-buildings,
is charging the storthe same
time the dynamo
at
age
be used
for other
battery the engine may
light
such
as
or
power
cooling fans, cream
separators
any
tion
light running device that develops little speed variaoutfit

or

into

part

of

the

i68."

trie flatirons and

ice

Where

much

of

Lamp

many

this

be

may

little electric motors

convenient

Electric

produced

current

sewing machines,

FiG.

will

sort

freezers,or

cream

Using Incandescent
other

work

for

household
is

to

be

rected
dining
run-

into elec-

Fila ment.

conveniences.
done

larger

If general
engine will be necessary.
they
power
engines are used for electric light work
be of the highest grade.
must
The
wiring system should be as short as possible
there is always more
less waste
or
as
along the line,
The
plete,
lightingplant is not comusually 5% or more.
though, that fails to include the barn in the
circuit. Not
more
only is the electric light much

dynamo

and

The

Gasoline
than

convenient
effective

and

the

safer.

the

electric

not

plants are not in

powerful enough

uninsulated
Door

560.

the

Maid

of electric
The

latter

where,

as

the

to

any

electric

at

stock

low

age
volt-

they

as

are

acci-dent

an

be

is

burglar
in

the

or

tem
sys-

alarms.

country,

marauders

of

stable
the

installed

established

electric

the

Among

"

likely to

and

that

is

given

part of the

some

invasion

could

not

sibly
pos-

house, except

the

Either

can.

opening

bells

electric

still,an

circuit

out

Not
by accident.
electric signalsfrighten intruders
away
more
keep them
effectuallythan
away
at

they will
watch-dog
the

Chaser.

been

horse

or

will these

turned
over-

sick

These

particularlyvaluable

heard

better
that

light has

far away

so

not

dangerous
harmful
if by

conveniences

hen-roost

be

but

caring for

rule, the attention

premises

only

When

Burglar

door-bells

is

blow

do

be

more

for

least

to

and

electric

chance

no

special value.
the

447

touched.

was

household

earlier
after

wire

of

is

hghts

critical moment.

the

Farm

the

kind, it is much

There

and

light is

on

other

any

lanterns

just

Engine

of

door

flood

and

the

buzzers

or

or,

haps
per-

light can be so wired

at
night will close
place with light.

in,
an

Available
on
Making Electrical Conveniences
duties that
the Farm.
Practicallyall of the household
do
the
the electric motor
can
gasoline engine can
do even
more
conveniently,after the engine has given
Without
the engine electricity
it the power
at all.
to do

561.

"

could
one

farm

plants
depend
upon
every
between

in

for

his

own

made

upon

and

distance

of

the

the

capital without

electric

power

who

must

man

else, rather

someone

all the

than

more

on

where

even

is at

resources,

but

available

and

wiring

power

breakdown
labor

be

hundred,

within

are

his

not

mercy

strikes

only

not

and

having

than
of

disputes
any

voice

whatever

their

in

of electric

price
its

Gasoline

The

448

production

the

work

costs

country

the

over,

station

watts,

1,000

of

average

the farmer

equivalent

transmission,

the

is less than

half

than

more

only

into

put his

may

boys. Taking
price charged by the

which

to

12

fair

average

the

eager

is

is

is

it is

and

companies

horse-power. Making
in

farm

that

his

best, the

purchased

the

product

Farm

the

At

when

upon

that

or

on

settlement.

energy

home-grown

own

Engine

of that

per

about

i^

allowance

of

cost

cents

15
to

the

for

losses

home-made
in

produced

tral
cen-

rent
cur-

the

distant

plant.
The

562.

Engine

engine
of

Some

first

the

and

heavy

for the

Housewife

the

must

woman

Needs.
be

not

hard

light engines brought

difficult;the

out

oline
gas-

to

start.

were

too

gusted
dis-

became

woman

average

The

"

has been
who
man
customed
acdiscouraged. The
to
pottering with machinery problems all
hours
his life may
be willing to spend two
making
that he could
do without
an
engine do a bit of work
The
it in twenty
age
averminutes, rather than give up.
or

will

woman

the

engine

The

the

to

household

its habits.
soaked
"

the

junk-pile.
engine must

be

with

up

oil-soaked

an

and

way

moderately

put

may

with

old

the

floor

order

in

clean

tobacco-

and

greasy

never.

It must

not

dependable.

immoderately noisy, and it

it enough
After
has used
she
be

for

lasting attachment

its occasional
she

are

work

w^oman

but

man,

engine

do

short-comings.

does

and

it she

not

every

more

little

overlook

will

At

the

must
to

be
form
of

some

first,the chances

than

half

believe

fault

will

only

in
add

it anyway,
to

her

suspicions.
In

short, the engine that

woman

wants

is

one

that

The
relieve

will
of

adding
563.

to

Gasoline

that

the

the
in
of

rest

and

the

of

city

them

Girl

courtesies

life

the

of

elevation

all
self

is

familiar

tendencies
Both

have
and

country

and

the

of

and

woman
scrub-

in their
been

and

to

mystery

own

abolished

wherever

conveniences

boy
phase

some

with

conditions

suppress

this

farm

is

ery
machin-

of

development ; the development,

tions.
in fact, being largely responsible for the condiNo
ingly
willboy or girl of independent spiritcan
advanced

an

state

part of

lightening of

long
their

of farm

plane

means

than

complete

as

life that

the

work
life from

of which

the

they have
of beauty

touch

right lives

the

desire

an

to

seems

It

that

inferior

seems

world

opportunities elsewhere.

It

covered
dis-

farm

the

ditch-digger

are

farm

find

humiliating so

has

on

rather

life.

the

parts of the

become

to

boy

drudgery

is

of them

will

in

instead

Someone

"

the

of

which

that

to

we

449

worries

intellectual

neighborJioods.Such
so

her

develop

and

girl prefer

many

of

Boy.

keep

it will

social

some

in

and

to

way

that

the

respect

portion

Farm

the

girl there, and there is a good deal of

his discovery; still it is only a half truth.
it is to make
and country
farming conditions

life such
best

on

them.

to

Farm

wisdom

the

of

The

keep

The

her

Engine

isn't

so

they demand
drudgery of
need

no

to

be

cultivated

and

occasional

and

offer

ter
bet-

much

the

; it

is the

the

slums

ashamed.
that

taste

of leisure

hour

culture, for improvement, for recreation, and

too, in the

midst

of

than

more

farm

boy

They

do

some

of the rewards

of which

is not
not

wish

is the

surroundings
hard

constant

lazy
to

and

escape
for

which

it that

right to develop

The

work.

neither
work

suggest

is the
so

much

for

that,
thing
some-

average
farm
as

girl.

to

reap

they

have

earned,

their

best

ideals

one

with-

The

450
the

out

Gasoline

of

Price.

The

price of all
anywhere

run

binder,

rake,

within

means

any

humiliating comparisons.
the

permitting this, that

gasoline farm
engine, is

the

plodder,

the

of

Farm

the

life for

farm

564.

are

on

influence

depressing
If there

Engine

this

$20

loader

less

up ;

mowxr,

little

and

cents,

energy

may

than

the

of

one

any

portant.
im-

most

harvester,

corn

or

the

woman's

of today's

cheerful

dollars

in
of

saving

from

drill,

Reckoned

"

reach

cost

hay

dozen

At
least
one
man-saving devices.
special
household
engine, guaranteed to develop a full
capable of running almost
"^ horse-power and
of
devices
the
time,
one
a
suggested at
any
be purchased in one
can
style for $16 and in another
other

for

then

$18;
of

doctor's

bill, of
from

butter

farm

would

pay,
not

that
to

be

though
real

that

represent
Others

we

if

pay,
so

it has

day

of

and
for

month,

it up

we

count

the

price.

Pay. The
persistin

in

is in human

cream

and

dollars

and

in

that

old

easily computed in coin of

liberal expression in that
a

cost, however,

covering
re-

factory

price
the

one

months'

few

waste

between

occurs

"

we

of

while

time

of

overwork,

tion
installa-

ingenuity. The

of

loss

of

cost

outside, of the

these, if

What

565.

work

weeks'

result

the

fat
of

; any

cents,

few

bill if done

washing
and

additional

applying, in money,
one
good cigar a

and

price

is the

there

life ; in the

others

methods,
the
also.

is

realm,
The

life of the

is
; that
by overwork
before it is completed by the ceaseless,
blighted even
lightened
hopeless, unending drudgery which is never
of completion or
by a sense
by a promise of anything
mill
better for to-morrow
than
the unending tread-

housewife

of

that

to-day.

is

The

shortened

real

cost

is the

home

influence

CHAPTER

XXVII.

HOME-^IADE

Self

566.

of

169.
"

Idaho,

home-made

Goes

Sawing
to

form

farm.

This

of the

farm

Work

Made

of home
has
for

Outfit
Under

of

ception
possible ex-

have

tractors

variety than

Leslie

Its Own

doubtedly
un-

any

Reed, Cottonwood,

Power

and

Is

an

genious
In-

Apparatus.
of

contrivance

partly been
power

the

in greater

launched

Home

other

"

wind-mills,

Tractor

With

Engines.

Moving

been

Fig.

CONVENIENCES.

and

452

due

the

importance on
the general
to

call

tardiness

of

partly to

the

The

the

Gasoline

manufacturers

Engine
in

requirements
Tractors
in

which

had

the

tractor

become

brain

manufacturing
himself
thought

farmer

farm

trailers

and

Farm

the

453

seeing either the possibilities

farm
gasoline engine or the peculiar

this line in the

along

on

of

much

so

that

fill.
ful-

must

no

but

one

considering

ity
fix-

the

other

any

design.
farm

at

kind.

the

and

drivers,

belt

the

sometimes
rod

similar

form

other

engine
the

to

released

simplest
wheels

belt

left to

drive

free,

turn

avoided.

were

gear

pulley

wheel

pulley
A
tightener pulley
made
it possible to

moving the drivers and then

them
was
gradually. A team
power
upon
hitched
ahead
to do the guiding or
a guide
to a regular tractor
might be rigged. Any
which

drum

upon

length

of rope

which

front

axle
Such

outfit.

makes
a

tractor

$10

than

cost, less

the

lever

vertical

the

which

work.

by

the

machine

was

to

of

center

of

without

engine

the

turn

of

one

of differential

the

power

and

the

start

from

run

to

The

necessities

the

so

applied
applied

at

of

first attempts

Naturally the

"

building were
discarded
mowing

securely bolted.

was

to

Tractors.

tractor

pair

furnished

Power

Light

567.

is wound

terminates
and

complete
be

can

outside

of

at

each

end

cheap guiding

made

what

its

at

at

small

very

material

be

may

a
venient
conjunk pile,and it makes
very
of moving an
otherwise
gine
means
stationary enits own
from
about
place to place,under
power.
utilized
H.
P.
been
in
engines have
Many
3

from

pulled

this

have

any

while

way,
been

an

old

miles

and

per
was

moving

mower

and

small
This

reported.

speed of 6
ordinary hill
people besides
from

as

even

as

latter

hour,

capable
itself.
the

Its

front

would
of
rear
ones

H.

P.

tractors

outfit

had

climb

any

carrying
wheels
from

two
came

worn-

The

454
out

of

Instead

go-cart.
with

the front

Engine

Gasoline

both

with

axle

the

Farm

the

drum

which

lever

on

connected
and

rope

it

guide
at

of

end

one

iron

an

nished
fur-

was

rod.

When

pulled the rope drew the axle back ; when

As
it was
extreme
pushed the rod shoved it ahead.
lightnesshas to be sought in these very small power
rigs in order to keep within the capacity of the engine,

the lever

there

rig

carrying

of

axle

their

to

of

be

the

little tractive

be

can

only
to

was

could

be

not

The

work

can

load

effective.

very

Quite naturally when

discovered
that
small
it was
engines could actually
be made
to propel themselves,
somebody thought to
into a buggy and connect
load one
up in a similar way.
of course
lacked
w^idth and
wheels
The
tractor
lugs ;
the experiment enough
made
still the greater diameter
568.

of

Horseless

On

the

being applied
above
and
so
adding
draw-bar
pull so light

from

capacity.

tractive

the

nature,

drivers

the

and

power

to

success

to

uncommon

Buggy.

other

w^arrant

these

see

travellingaround
roads

the
found

cheapness

spirally about

wound

rather

One
of

to

with

steel

shaft.

sprocket

the

tires

and

has

speed

where
are

of

merit

the

fence

heavy

properly

wire

secured.

constructed

mounted

driven

gies
bug-

lugs

tractor

was

taken

was

developed

and

of

cones

It

that

out

engine

in sections

Where

outfit

road

unique

wheels
a

the

P. marine

H.

made

be

may

hilly.

it is not

horseless

speed

makeshift

necessary,

fair

and

attempts

home-made

at

too

not

are

"

ordinary

on

out

out

and

cycle
bi-

babbitted
chain

and

of about

15 miles

per

Greater

working

with

hour.

569.

be

can

trucking
the

outfits

weight

Trucking.

Power

Low

of

"

gotten
than
the

out

in

load

of
any

put

these

small

engines

other

way,

because

them,

within

upon

pacity
caon

all
the

Gasoline

The

capacity of
have

than

do

have
taken

advantage
surprisingresults
to

to

from

effect moved

their

city markets

exert

to

tractive

their

power.
selves
them-

of

their

at

more

that
have

who

frequently obtained
small-power engines and

have

themselves
than

ciency
effi-

energy

Farmers

spare.

of this fact

in

have

455

advantage is, of course,

engines than in large ones

this

less power

or

more

used

smaller

in the

their

to

Farm

the

engine within
higher percentage

much

tractors

and

on

the

carry

very

drawbar,

marked

engine, adds
which

trucks

Motor

the

the

Engine

several

they

miles

while

were

nearer

depending

horses.

upon

What

570,

Old

an

Farm

Wagon

Can

Do.

"

The

to a gasoline engine
ordinary farm v/agon, harnessed
in the simplest manner,
be made
the
to do almost
can
work
of the factory truck
ways
so
long as the pull is aland
of fravel.
at the
rate
same
straight ahead
In practicalwork, however,
it becomes
to
necessary
introduce
differential
gearing and so permit of short
and
all inequalities
of rate
turns
the driving
at which
It is not
wheels
revolve.
to
good economy
apply
the power
wheel
to one
only when
hauling loads and
convenient
not
to
apply it separately to each of the
wheels.
differential
The
is the only really cortwo
rect
solution.
It is also often necessary,
when
going
difficult ground, to slow
down
much
below
the
over
rate
at which
the wagon
should
nor
ordinarilymove,
is any
be backed
working rig satisfactoryif it cannot
few feet or inches
that propels
a
by the same
power
it. For
these
requirements a transmission, including

shifts

gear
to

the

they
the

of

of construction

work
add

true

in mind

still

more

measure
a

sort, is essential.

some

number

of

to

; also

to

All
the

which
efficiency,

profitableconstruction.
of farmers

have

add

expense,
after
With

constructed

little
but
all is
this
motor

Gasoline

The

456
trucks

of their

the

on

farm

with

own

at

safe

although they did not

engines farm wagons
into

of

trucks

motor

the

trips

cost

they

can

the

on

much.

as

been

have

while

Farm

the

go
road

at

of

turned

speed

team,

6 H.

3 to

work

home

by

P.

hauling the full capacity

of making at least three

and
the

With

place

any

profitablethan

more

load

market

to

which

capable

at

wagon

on

rate, and

far

them

makes

that

Engine

farm

average

makes

team

one.

and
of

Rapid Post-hole

571.

home-made
hoist

rig

for

hand

at

the

that

the

the

rate

at

feat

by

gasoline engine

with

be

can

wires

easily discount

can

hole

considered

be

fence-builder, but

any

would

minute

the

"

setting a post complete

one

^Making

Digger.

quite

If there

that.

mounted

the

on

is

sills of

is

greatly simplified,it being only

add
the rig a couple of uprights 12
to
to
necessary
boxed
braced
and
to
or
guide a
15 feet high, well
fitted at the
them, and
descending weight between
sheave
or
pulley for
top with an axle bearing a crown
An
iron
weight weighing from
carrying the rope.
end of
hundred
to one
fiftyto one
pounds is secured
the

engine

the

work

the

rope

wdiich

the

hoist

and

works

By throwing the
weight is wound
automatic

an

the
the
where
a

post, which

vertical

same

as

clutch

to

to

frees

fall several

should
be

be

driven,

wdll

stop

feet

that

so

settle

securely

the

drum

and

it into

than

should

the
be

the

upon

most

mits
perof

spot

of itself take
is

sharpened
delivered

blows
the

or

end

the

over

of course,
few

this

drum
power

it may

guides.

hand

suspended

position. The post,

for hand
driving,but

by such a force
quicker and more
hand
driving. A

the

of

drum

in the

down

lifted ; then

and

the

to

engage

clutch-release

weight

it is to

and

easilyup
up

sheave

the

over

passes

earth

much

vigorous

provided

under

of

the

The

weight
then

truck

by

without

wliich

on

driven

posts

ground

Exgine

on

its descent

prevent

all the

above

or

to

Gasoline

the

below

will be
the

left the

make

point ;
distance

same

of

trouble

outfit rides

457

certain

measuring.
be hauled
by

may

horse, though it is much

one

Farm

the

The
team

convenient

more

propelling,as the engine has nothing

from
else to do while
being moved
post to post. The
to permit
weight should be large enough in diameter
of some
in locating the post, as the rig may
variation
not
alw^aysbe stopped exactly on the line of the fence.
to

it self

Where

is

not

hand

at

the

same

made
by substitutingfor it a homeof large diameter
of
drum
wheel
in the rim
or
which
a
crank-pin catches and then suddenly releases
the rope, exactly as
ing.
is done
by the drill in well drillresults

drive
into

be

hoist

made

ready

may

obtained

\Mth

posts

almost

place, a

enough
572.

to

The

well

very

sink

outfit

made

rapidly

as

few^ blows

post any

as

from

of

this

they
such

reasonable
Well-drill.

Home-made

sort

one

be

can

can

swamg

weight being
depth.
a

"

Home-made

sions
well-drilling
rigs are practicallyonly simplifiedextenof the post driving outfit. The
be
uprights must
clear
stem
high enough to lift the drill and auger
of the ground and strong enough to support it. Auger
6 to 25 feet in
for w^ater
from
wells usually run
stems
length and weigh from 150 pounds up, a three-inch
stem
weighing about 23.5 pounds per foot of length.
Where
short string of tools is used
the length
a
very
of a joint of pipe or
the height
tubing will determine
of derrick
it is much
easier to add
the height
to
as
than
to cut
and
thread
each
joint.
After
strength and capacity for handling standard
the success
length pipe, the main features that determine
of a w^ell-drilling
the lift of the tools
outfit are

and

the

suddenness

of

their

release, their

power

to

The

458

Gasoline

Engine

earth

depending

the

penetrate

foot-pounds energy
It

is evident
of

distance
foot

of that

pounds
the

would

the

be

of

sudden

only because,
is either
of

the

an

part of the force

latter, it
that

the

of the

instead

cable

as

the

of

in

itself
the

feet

stead
in-

delivered

were

thrust

or

in

ters
mat-

that

against wdiich

there

the

energy

else

that

If it is the

rope.

is

cable

so
being restrained
being expended in part

is

the

on

four

w^as

gradual

by

energy

force

the

latter,it indicates

is absorbed

foot-pound

that

upon

or

expends

mass

that

means

twice

force

this

if the

descending

300

ing
150-pound weight fallthat
its penetrating capacity

of friction

excess

they strike.
pounds falHng a

if its fall

blow

of

; also

doubled

number

which

deliver

given by

Whether

two.

form

will

distance

same

of

feet

two

the

upon

of

weight

Farm

the

with

minute

per

that

on

; that

rock

is, the

release

quick enough or complete enough

the fallingtools to follow
the call of gravto allow
ity
without
interference.
The
drillingspeed depends
of the material
penetrated
entirelyupon the hardness
and
the
number
of
delivered
foot-pound energy
against the rock.
A

573.

is not

Good

Barn

Hoist.

Tw^o

"

standards, preferably of iron, support

stout

iron

drum

to

rope

shaft

which, when

is attached.

with
"of

lever

rapidly

the

the

as

and

holding

shaft

the

also

run

rope

attached

is

The

lever
fork
to

or

pressure

on,

in

at

the

the

and

revolves

case

of

end

clutch

or

made
or

to

less

diminished
be

may
the

which

by

means

volves
re-

means

it

revolve
the

as

so,

the

maintained

by

wishes
of

as

tact
con-

between

operator

load, by

lever, while

disk

forward

pressed

drum

is increased

drum.
the

friction

shaft

against the

pressure
disk

in

used

each

or

flanged iron
hoisting hay, the hay

revolves

which

on

brackets

stout

to

small

heavy spring

con-

The

460
shaft

be

Gasoline

Engine

heav}" enough

on

insure

to

Farm

the

against bending

or

engine ought to opergood three-horse

ate
well made
tion
a
rig of this sort with entire satisfacand will unload
than twice
hay considerably more
is a
will, especially if there
as
quickly as a team
the load can
tend fork
on
shortage of help. One man
and
hoist very
nicely,leaving all the rest of the help
if they are
free to go into the mow
needed
there.
be used
for swinging
The
same
rig can, of course,
hay ladders, hoisting wagon-boxes or elevating
up
of it a small
elevator
of any
kind.
loads
By means
beside
the threshing floor and
be operated from
may
bushels
the grain taken
in lots of ten
vated
to eleor
more
convenient
bins, though a more
arrangement
for the
is the regular grain elevator.
purpose
Elevated
Grain
Tender
at
Threshing Time.
574.
important
advantages, the most
grain bins have many
with
which
of which,
perhaps, is the ease
gravity
of when
then be made
use
bringing the grain to
may
ing
loadthe stables, the feed mill, fanning mill, or when
springing.

"

it for
located

be
is

perhaps

This

first class
location

the

and

up

build

bottom
five to

work

in
ten

grain

there

where
floor

The

is needed.

where
back
draw-

one

required in getting the grain

the gasoline engine is always

grain spout
of

will

planks

part

about

the

what
be

of
of

nent
perma-

the

barn

position of

threshing time,
the threshing floor
with
one
sloping
at

from

hopper-shaped bin
between
the joists;one
of grain. Cut
bushels
a

worthy

made

be

determined

couple

is

elevator

; it should

Having

separator

take

work

main

the

on

may

do.

to

itself.

of

of space

inch
is the

them

them.

ready

instead

spare

bins

rule, too, elevated

out-of-the-way place

some

every

to

into

in

to

room

As

market.

or

that

off

will hold

enough

from

from
the

The

Gasoline

Engine

on

the

Farm

461

Gasoline

The

462
of

ends
the

the

of the

short

cover,

both

solid

be

flooring plank

ends

long

to

ends

below.

this

cover

door

of

edges

little

bin,

return

then

securely;

solid

both

Farm

the

fasten

construct

and

on

to

and

place

ends

supports

the

Engine

out

man-hole

or

which

rest

upon

in this respect may

care

of

Never
avoiding a serious accident.
out
depend on dropping the short pieces into place withof fasteningthem
there.
Secure them
means
some
If this fastening can
be
with
sort.
a
hasp of some
done

means

from

side

lower

the

it will

the

save

annoying staples on the floor above.

The
elevating trough should
begin just below
lowest
of the bin, so
point in the hopper bottom
everything in it will drop into the trough. At
lower
extremity a pair of sprocket wheels
carry
a

chain

which

to

of these

shape

If there

elevator

may

be

chains

the

is

the

of wooden

; if the

slats

the

regularpurchased buckets, such

best.
less room
mills, are
They occupy
uniform

so

be

may

in size

At

fall back.

to

the

the

spout

fit and

accurate

very

that

end

upper

so

the

dicular
perpen-

as

used

are

and

are

of the

elevator, which
all

bins,

manner

bin

any

in

granary.
the

canvas

or

spout

of

the

delivered
.ever

the

they run
permit little grain

go

When

and

The

in which

the top of
considerably above
should
be hinged in such
trough conveyor
be swung
that
it can
to
discharge into

should

each

satisfactory
bolted
upright

the

in

the

very

approaches

ascent

that

pitch of

the

made

the

conveyors.

good deal on
plenty of slope a

depends

ascent.

upon

attached

are

of

presence

and

grain

thresher

sheet

metal

the

to

the

with

it is

is

this

ready

for

run

from

the

bin

under

the

the

machine,

up,

discharged from

elevator
the

spout
into

separator

grain,as

is set

least

with
exposure

no

hand
to

work

work,

grain
floor
is

what-

threshing

floor

The

Gasoline

At

dust.

least

two

and, thanks

crew

Engine

the

of

amount

than

575.
of

use

drivers

machine

wheels

ought to
applied to them

was

For
drives

wheels

answer

had

wdiile

they

convenient

though

accurately
been

making

some

time

to

some

one

left

for
that

if power

purpose

were

of the

one

exact

for

similar

the

measurements.

it occurred

this purpose

is most

the

more

"

before

463

and

much

ordinary machine
Mower.
People

Tractor

mowing

tractor

the

of

case

in

measured

are

determined

grain

in the

bins

The

saved

are

directlyinto the
hauling and without
is necessary.

Farm

the

threshing
livered
gasoline engine, grain is debins without
out
carrying, withbagging. Not even
ing
tally-

men

to

on

the

on

sprocket

and

chine.
ma-

chain

essary.
absolutely necInstead
of the tongue
vator
a
pair of stout cultiwheels
the double
of steeringthe
serve
purpose
machine
of the sills upon
and
of supporting the end
which
the engine is mounted.
The
mounting should
be back
far enough to throw
of the weight on
most

the

wheels,

mower

The

frame

pitman

toward

the

to

from
Between

clutch
the

to

Aside
The

should

be

; also

two

from

this there

need

be

almost

remains
the

of drive
countershaft

wheel

and

instead

operating, the

the

of

removal

and

machine

itself is fitted with

for

machine,

that
and

it formerly
is

pended
sus-

way.

of the

wheel

mower

In

same

the

relation

same

engine

the

tractor.

shaft
countera
engine and the machine
placed. This should carry a friction
sprocket wheels
speeded respectively

drive

its mechanism

to

of

tongue

of the

the

exactly

support

it in the
the

the drivers

are

sustains

sills which

the
did

wdiich

not

of

engine

pitman.

practicallyno
the

tongue
each

each

change.

differentials

exactly

pitman
with

of the

as

it

and

was

the

and
cepting
exnection
con-

independently
other.

is first started

w^th

the

The

464
clutch

Gasoline

off; then

thrown
of

part

the

machine

running exactly
The

gear.
This
horse

drawn,

grade

is struck

out

the

cutting
and

need

no

of

turning

check

On

will have

the

which

machine,

the

only remedy

other

small

for

hot

hand

it is

that

must

it is

usually

this

for

is greater

in

the

will

stop,

not

thing
some-

part of

some

horses

more

stops the

knives

built

of

ing
work-

obstacles

stone

and

best

the

the
and

same

tAvo

or

probably

was

for

is too

the

cutting bar

If

long

necessity of

in

hidden

no
or

break

to

the

be

is

If it does
at

no

noon

sun

the

that
If

round

every

the

stubble

tough

is

before

out

there

by stopping
the
engine.

team

at

lag

to

There

team

action.

one

will.

team

begin

not

endure.

into

over

of

out

likely to gradually

not

as

because

that

important

About

only.

watchfulness

and

fields.

cleaner

Two

576.

and

Boys
deal

of

Motor

Cycle.

has

There

"

doubt

whether
expressed about
gasoline tractor, light enough for ordinary plowed

been
a

the

rest

to

is

down.

to

horses

grass.

will

choke

weather

haying

down

gear

thrown

of differences.

engine

slow

so

stopping

the

gearing

when

team

tractor

the

operate,

advantages

number

the

engaged

is then

gear

is

to

Farm

the

with

several

and

and

tire

that

as

it would

as

has

on

begins

cutting

machine

time

Engine

good

and

cultivated

the

place

of

successful

for

they

the

usual

the
either

been

built

boys

speciallyadapted

cultivator

used

cultivator

front

side, the
or

was

wheels

width

drawing

constructed

cultivator.

southern

two

be

ever

horse-drawn

rigs have
for

machine

fields,could

of
to

hit upon

cycle.

motor

attachments

of

several

size
a

it

form

mained
re-

of

garden cultivating.The

to

and

While

large

take

to

then

cut

together

light frame
carried

was

sloped

back

along

being regulated by
the

outer

ends

fore
be-

panding
ex-

of these

Gasoline

The

rods

Avings through
of the

wheels

smooth

and

or

double

hoe

of

firm

bottom

in; then,
of

rear

wheel.

and

disks

but

the

and
the

for

light

Engine Outfit Easily

Wheelbarrow

engine

began
easilypick

could

men

several

The

wanted.
often

the

jobs ;

it

man

one
so
a

it

was

decided

was

to

is wanted
that

convey

the

mounted

advantage

upon
"

and

to

run

by

following
of

admits

the

provement
im-

some

be

to

step in

cultivators.

power

of

Because

Man

by One

Several

"

and

in this

evident

with

closed

the

fact

w^as

some

means

engine
hand
a

the

the

on

that

from

trucks.
drawback.

fact

it
that

was

very

sort

one-man

place

to

of
for

needed

was

two

of developing

it where

carry

ago

seasons

engine capable

an

up

horse-power

engine

be

teeth

advertise

to

weakness

directly in

Truck.

Energy.

makers

plow

furrow

can

Moved

machine

wheels

easily prove

Wheelbarrow

577.

located

tractor

trench

the

shovel

smooth

doubtless

it may

direction

right

Fig. 172."

idea

The

be

cultivator

some

the

give

to

possible a

as

for

opened

465

operating between

may

wdieel

Farm

the

order

path

desired, this

if

pair

In

attachment
front

the

easy

on

levers

and

machine.

as

front

Engine

place,

idea

had

Rolling

sup-

This

The

466

Gasoline

Engine

ports invariably add

had

be

to

blocked

more

vibration

mind

has united

truck.

One

mounted

very

would

the

end

the

small

on

those

sills

wheels

away

though

the

diameter

of

sill. The

other

of the

depth

of

like those
raised

by

the

wheels

man

like

one

let down
the

floor

hours

Unique Fruit
climbing up

of

baskets

engine

the

the

than

handles

end

the

wheels

are

supported
about
by
handles

are

entirelyfrom

rests

once

the

in handles

moved

When

lower

easily even

these

be

may

at

their

is less

upon

is

engine

floor

Wljen

bright

sills

upon

"

business.

578.

the

show

terminate

ends

sills raise

would

the

wheels

wheelbarrow.

deep

and

for

ready

the

weight thrown
the
engine
a

the

to

as

wheelbarrow.

the

and

so

trucks

wheelbarrow

have

the

clear

cut

the

under

and

corners

hand

sills. Some

on

principlesin

two

of

Farm

the

unstability. The
securely or they

to

than

on

of

Gatherer.
down

and

after

Who,

"

weary

ladder, tugging

to be picked, has
always more
and
ended
the
not
yielded to temptation or ill-temper,
be
of good fruit down
to
job by shaking bushels
it was
ous
ruinpicked up from the ground? Of course,

there

endured
A

device

with

time

time

do

The

is attached
and

are

is swung

may

which

haul

quite
a

the

reach
the
fruit

to
to

the

engine
from

in the

teeth, may

the

and

the

at

at

the

to

both
same

shaft.

by

small

its mouth

directlybelow
ground or, better, to
sets

and

orchard.

that

horse

flexible

rod

the

ruin.

reduce

engine exactly as

secured

open

the

been

clippers,but

horse

picking

had

that

well.

as

to

rod

tube, held

canvas

hoop,
in

work

work

of

set

wider

of hand

labor

blade

clippers

This

and

to

and

blade

hard

little satisfaction

similar

made

the

after the
even

w^as

shorter

the

fruit,but

the

to

with

apples

will

If this

the
the
be

blade.
wagon

used

wagon

to

has

The

468
what

Gasoline
be

may

Engine

on

accomplished by

ingenuity and

Farm

the

ical
possessing mechan-

one

the

abilityto utilize odds and ends,

which
found
are
farm, the tractor
lying around
any
outfit depicted at Fig, 169 is presented. This
saw
machine
is built entirely of components
wdiich
had
reached

the

end

machines.

of

Common
the

trucks

narrow

having
side

axle, which

front

slip.

end

The

differential

lengthwise of
single pulley on

crank

shaft

gear.

The

and

drives

jack

of the

bevel

drives

turn

is

shaft

the

gear,

the machine

while

if the

jack

obtained.

the

back

the

is shifted

forward

backward

motion
in

belt, six inches

short

of

engine
a

bevel
genious
in-

very

keyed

are

the

If the

backward

tershaft
coun-

its power

by

pinion

is

jack shaft,

of

apart than

moves

shaft
the

engages,

pinions

sprocket.

the

so

bevel

pinion

bevel

differential

endwise,

moved

from

in

is obtained

rear

chain

to

shaft
counter-

and

driving the countershaft,

gear,

the

The

countershaft

little further

end

rear

the

as

rims

on

frame, receives

the

Two

manner.

the

the

is

boxes.

sprocket.

motion

reverse

gear

engine base
engine power

the

serve

the

onto

the

runs

from

shrunk

in babbitted

directlyunder
employed to transmit
which

wheels

farm

supported by separator

differential

is

the

is

various

on

binder

bands

revolves

to

usefulness

header

drivers,while
prevent

their

on

diameter
in

which

jack

shaft

engages

the

the

road,

the

front

on

so

the

is

tractor

width, drives

the

jack shaft from the engine pulley and a jockey pulley

If the
of a clutch.
the purpose
or
tightener serves
back, so that the belt is loose,
jockey pulley is moved
the engine will run
independently of the road wheels,
whereas,

engine
of

round

pumped

wdien

will

the

drive

the

belt

is

placed

conveyance.

wrought-iron pipe

and

it

frame

through

so

the

under
The

tension, the
frame

is made

is
cooling water
performs the func-

the

The

of

tion

Gasoline

radiator,

The

plant.
table

the

easiest

adapted

is

provided.

to

by

and

various

parts

of

kerosene

that

of

this

the

having

and

together

odds

cated
dupli-

ingenuity

ability

adapt

power

be

may
and

mechanical

sufficient

engine

cheap

nature

patience

acting

The

very

swing

quickest

table.

saw

power

with

the

so

machine

Other

the

join

to

and

to

ends

to

rather

becomes

desire

and,
a

study.

with

that,

be

power

and

grow

upon

work

of

through

it

surely,

the

brute
be
energy

intelligent
within

the

will

advantage
it

force

and

replaced

farm

originates

with

of
our

the
hands.

forces

way

applying

of

tasks

simplest
until

will

muscle

animal

soon

different

two

exercised,

the

directing
of

the

as

the
that

the

that

habit
to

fairly

upon

which

reach

is

brain

and

any

habit,

of

although
with

sisted
per-

supply

will
hand

same

too,

after

and

demand

trained

the

if

devices,

occasion

The

mechanical
one,

of

accomplishment,

exactly

As

people.

of

of

way

not

may

placed

ing
mak-

The

saving

matter

of

than

labor

little

ingenious
in,

find

Conveniences.

Home-made

"

of

the

connection

the

purpose.

580.

all

form

anyone

contrive

in

for

support

469

Farm

the

considers

maker

use

on

as

operated

handled

is

useful

well

as

is

saw

which

and

Engine

the

nearly

elsewhere
brain
nature

and
has

CHAPTER

Helping

the

Binder.

that

the

bull

understands

perform

must

the

Small

"

the

operating
than

down

and

wet

stalled
wheel

sink

with
is

of

wheel
;

grain harvester
the weight of
required
power

first,carry

chinery;
binding maoperating strain that,

second

into the

the

binder

years

binder

soft earth, when

unfavorable.

ago

the

dead

much

470

the

Rarely

running empty

merely carrying

Several

Binder.

cutting, elevatingand

season
a

the

Helping

Motor

anything else, causes

the

or

Gray

it is this

and
more

duties

two

practical farmer

Any

"

and, second, supply the

machine,

Fig. 173.

for

APPLICATIONS.

POWER

MODERN

581.

XXVIII.

or

when

choke

to

ground
is

the

is

team

bull

chine.
weight of the maof the grain grow-

The

of

section

ing
down

the

and

the

drag

of mud

to

be

the

gear

desperate

brackets

the

to

of

rear

turned

his power

on

saved

the

world

wasting grain that

in operation in the
since.

ever

much

at

Team

sands
thou-

once,

enough
through any depth
power

instant
wheel

the

machines

would

slipand

the

the

stout

and

drive

chain

drive

to

his

the

That

has

needed.
of

end
hard

few

is solid

and

team

It

is also

it

makes

easier

one

saves

it very
the

on

be

added

is

nor

The

A
and

to

cut

dead
than

of the

be

weight

can

of

to

grain pulled oiit

be

to

with

used

the

ting
cutmost

the

long
from

maintain
slid

or

then

work

extra

faster, too,

much

draught

certain

chinery,
ma-

at

be

to

this

extra

eight-footcut

an

over.

because
team,

same

being

little

very

of six.

gasoline engine
smooth
running.
used, and

the
almost

are

done

machine

one

burden

winded

or

happens

in addition

not

they

can

out

worn

If there

their

portion

work

wider

more

not

are

do

motion

the slower

can

rounds.

grade they

have

the

horses

The

of
been

and
regulated once
There
is no
of the
kept uniform.
slowing down
bar in tangled spots where
the full speed is
as

gine,
en-

bushels

idea

same

from

teams.

of

set

great grain fields annually

ground

them.

frame

thousands

each

motion

the

started

and

if the

for

easier

and

many

of

binder

took

world's

out

fastened

prospect,

sprocket

season

Even

horses

two

or

saved

the

on,

the

binder, connected

idea

quagmire
grain was
going

the

drive

the

at

lightgasoline engine

the

veritable

lost.

471

turn.

Someone,
iron

would

into

thrown

refuse

became

west

Farm

the

weight of the binders

be supplied,but the

could

were

on

heavy rains, and

shellingbadly. Unless

of bushels
to

Engine

of

account

on

Gasoline

an

for

this

About

engine

service

three
that

must

be

horse-power
can

be

light

is generally

mounted

on

The

472

behind

brackets

best,

is

Gasoline

binder

the

there

as

Engine

is

or

trouble

no

on

Farm

the

set

even

about

the

upon

alignment.

table
ier
Heav-

engines are, however, mounted

light trucks
upon
and
trailers,the power
as
dragged behind
veyed
being conthe binder
to
by a shaft and universal
joint.
When
mounted
the binder
on
they are usually set
the bull
directlyon the table or else placed between
wheel

with
In

chain

the

1909

Missouri

river

value

proven

in this

with

of

the

the

the

small

axle

the

binder, but

and

are

nected
con-

sprocket.

field,binders

engine supplied

are
as

detachable, for

million

several
districts
account

of

the

of their

being

now

manded,
de-

regular part

other

light work

needed.

when

the

In

582.
upon

to

of

gasoline engine saved

of grain in the flooded
On
valley in this way.

worth

dollars

back

beam

the

and

the

frame

the

same

the

binder, but

thing

Field.

Hay
of
for

"

machine

mowing

the

hay

it enables

light power

harvest
the

in

that

ordinary

engine

not

only

it will
team

to

set

does

do

on

keep

in
steady operation,with little or no time wasted
or
turning corners
resting at the end of the swath.
For
this grade of work
should
a
place
resprocket wheel
belt wheel
the usual
the engine and
on
tive
posichain
drive be used.
Very little change need be
made
in the
duced
a
sprocket wheel
mower,
being introthe drive chain
and the regular driving
to receive
from
the
drive
wheels
being disconnected
gear
The
of the machine.
well
engine should be mounted
of its weight will
that
least one-third
at
back, so
fall back
axle.
of the machine
As it is usually necessary
little his weight
the driver's seat back
to move
a
the
in its new
position will generally about balance
extra
weight of the engine so there will be no added
pressure

on

the

horses'

necks.

The

of

Engine

Gasoline

IMany small farms

for
the ]:ay loader

is too

heavy

for

under

the

loader

of the

other

no

by

the

ens^ine, which

FiG.

174.

"

at

The

and

forms
can

Motor

end

one

then

Truck

at

convenient
be

attached

In

the Hay

it

the under

to

use

cepting
ex-

conditions.

supported
a

handle

to

of

the

because

than

reason

473

of

deprived

favorable

most

wheels

end

Farm

the

single light team

its base

at

small

been

have

platform hinged

bracket

on

side

the

other

support

for

the

ele-

to

Field.

vating machinery of the loader and the pull of loading

from
the team
the hay be transferred
to the engine.
The
the
manure
583. Making
Spreader Work.
farms
luxury on many
spreader is also a forbidden
of the team
it requires,although in all
because
powder
the list of farm
machines, the gasoline engine alone
excepted, there is no other that will pay for itself
more
certainlyand readily. The work of the spreader
with
that of
more
is, however,
intimately associated
"

the

team

there

which

being

no

propels

it than

part of it that

of the binder
can

be

or

operated

loader,
to

ad-

The

474

be

may
it

applied
be

may
and

only
which

from

load

for

rule

the
the

driver

available

become

so

no

necessity as

engine

care

the

on

be

may

of the

much

little

thousands

upon

the

getting along

now

are

off

and

started,

kept

loaded
nearly in unison that neither will be overthe advantage of the spreader will in this

so

and
way

is

With

team

Once

take

there

stop.

the

pulley

governor

dowm.

will

that
to

tractor

mechanism

spreader
of

choked

team

as

gine
en-

ing
engine exerting its full pulltime
same
guard against its

engine

latter

part of the

working

and

horse

four

the

The

rest.

wheels

medium

the

at

the

more

to

Farm

the

all of
or

one

of the

capacity and
being overloaded
or

to

the

admit

on

from

attached

through

would

three

Engine

independently

vantage

or

Gasoline

of

old, hard

and

farms

that

extravagant

way.
For

with

use

mounted
the

on

box

the

across

scatteringsthat might
part of the engine, or
of

rule,

to

The

pull
; or

handle

top,

so

Wagon.

may

be

the

roads
of

have

good

over

to

may

be

load

to

be

of

It will
will

enable

make

also

team,

ence
experi-

it is economy
the

farm

but

too

heavy

make

the

for

team.

long

tance
dis-

team

to

trip justifiable;

made.

gasoline engine, applied as a

possible a full profitable load under
otherwise

gear.

when

roads

The

would

some

can
ordinary team
should
be expected, as

capacities

usual

with

an

times

are

all the

It is the

"

of

end

above

interfere

connecting

wagon

there

the

enough

the

front
be

to

as

be

should

engine

extreme

otherwise

farm

the

still,it may

the

that, while

carry,

overtax

to

at

Power

everyone

all that

haul
a

Short

The

584.

the

spreader

platform

and

the

only

supply
without

tractor,

that

able.
avail-

wagon

unflagging

undue

that

conditions

half loaded

make

can

energy

fatigue, to

that

convey

476

The

Gasoline

Engine

on

the

Farm

Gasoline

The

such

unusual

Engine
of

times

on

stress

Farm

the

477
time

threshing

as

and

heavily for help upon the resources

of the surrounding farms.
For
the
fully equipped
farm
A good gasoonly a little of this is necessary.
line
size,but well managed,
engine of very moderate
have

may

do

can

draw

to

with

away

of the

much

old

time

calls upon

the

neighborhood and make each farm nearly,if not quite,

of
labor
self-sustainingin the matter
equipment.
Many farms of the future will have each their own
threshing equipment quite as certainlyas they now
have
their own
provisions for storing their own
hay.
Stripped of its portabilityand its wholesale
capacity,
the grain separator is not
nearly so complicated nor
so
expensive as the binder or the mowing machine.
When
is found
built into every
barn, the grain
one
unloaded directly
will be hauled
from
the field and
intermediate
into the separator without
handling.
any
hard
the
will not
be as long or as
Such
a
as
process
will be elevated
present one, for both grain and straw
by machinery.
Even
with
our
present day system of neighborhood
to take the
threshers, the gasoline engine can be made
of the hands.
We
have
place of most
already seen
how

supplant the

it may
The

grain.

and

mow

with

traveling back
made

to

its
and

distribute

much

wind

modern

discharge

the

three

or

end

along

straw

well

With

the

into

hung
steel
over

to

the

in

the

the
one

mow.

in and

Two

hands,

at

mow

the

tight
pulley

can

be

out
with-

help of the engine,

grain,the mows
may
again be utilized to
of sloping floors,

the

be

hauling

track,

storing the
located
that gravity may
so
best
advantage and, by means
two
or
men
can
frequently receive at
almost
slope and drop into a conveyor

when

at

men

stacker, directed

forth

attention.

two

most,

would

the
every
be

foot

of

sheaf

ample

The

478
for

the

Gasoline

grain

sheaves

the

The

would

take

band

end

of

the

have

and

another

stack

and

bins; that is about

makes
who

available

and

that

factories

There
;

of

one

two

or

the

are

these,

with

other
an-

in

men

the

in the

operations

all that

such

pronounce

trip through

completely

made

are

decides

to

how

note

conveyor

dispense

one

watch

to

the

needed, providing

are

which
the gasoline engine
possibilities
taken
are
advantage of. Let anyone

is inclined
take

market

w^ould

conveyor,

one

machine.

the

mow

all the

the

on

all, we

Farm

the

part of the

any

to

cutters

In

man.

them

on

gasoline engine, once

into

dropped

mechanical
at

sheaves.

were

trough,

Engine

kind

of

to

put

factory

trivial

most

mechanical

and

impracticable

this

upon

the

even

automatic

it is

other

any

ations
oper-

before

he

great farm

our

ness
busi-

carefully constructed

same

sionary
vi-

arrangements

basis.

Harvesting the Corn

Crop.
harvesting by machinery are
have
had
recent
origin,we

586.
and

"

corn

to

easy

for

people
in

have

adopt

to

their

work

at

been

methods

mechanical

harvesters

corn

it has

and

overcome

Because
of

silos

such

fewer

paratively
com-

old

judices
pre-

comparatively

that

well

are

vanced
ad-

perfection. Already we
as
cutting by the acre
have
them
we
operated

by the hill,and
and
by gasoline engines both in the form of tractors
of small
We
helpers auxiliary to the team.
power
the
field after
have
tractors
hauling the crop from
We
have
having loaded it on with their own
power.
with
self feeders, which
require only
ensilage cutters
a

cut

once

we

little hand

work

from

the

between
load

the
and

are

taken

are

finallydeposited,shredded
out

mow.

We

and

husked,

have

if

elevators

we

time

the
and

when

the
when

moment

with

the

wish, in the
and

wagon

shocks

they
arated
sep-

ears

silo

dumps

or

the
that

The

will

deposit

in the

We

have

wish, it
time

the

the

been

it has

it

the

seed

is

poured

beef,

mills

mill

of power

479
at

and

our

it ; or,

grind

the

all.

From

planter, until

ground, fed,
for

time,

it without

to

cob

into

it is necessary
with

load

shell

to

and

to

the

and

verted
con-

human

hand

hardly at all. Surely

farming machinery along this

the

shellers

go

Farm

the

wagon

may

triumph for
line, which
ought
equal results may
only a little of all
is

corn,

by hand,

in contact

come

on

raised, harvested,

into
to

husked

cribs.

we

Engine

the

touch'ng

once

if

Gasoline

it

convince

to

be

the

obtained

this could

be

one

skeptical that

most

along

this

other.

any

But

accomplished without

^mostly gasoline power.

the
Before
587. Hauling
by Cable.
days
even
tractors, hauling and
plowing by cable was
help

"

of

"

common

and

use,

it is resorted

even

yet, in
the

tractors,

over

little.

quite a

to,

some

in

parts of the world,

It has

difference

great

one

between

vantage
ad-

tractor

of most
which, in the case
gines,
enefficiency
to 30%
amounts
or
40% of the entire efficiency
of the engine. Cable
hauling, however, like coasting,
and
has certain
drawbacks
in relation to the profitless
difficult "trip back
Where
sometimes
the hill."
up
be located
work
the engine can
central to considerable
and

draw-bar

and

within
off

distance, such

reasonable

piece

of

land

from

stumps

as
or

where

ing
clear-

stones,

the

reasonable

advantage ; but, for

a
ordinary conditions the tractor, though it uses
up
in its own
propulsion,is the most
good deal of power
efficient ; the
economical
the
because
most
engine
of
saved
having most
by the cable method
power
it to be made
man
required
power
up by the extra
cable

may

in the

588.
"

be

used

handling
What
It

was

to

of the

Gasoline
the

cable.
Is

Doing

to

bicycle first, and

the

Road

afterwards

tion.
Questhe

48o

The

Gasoline

Engine

on

the

Farm

The

Gasoline

automobile,

that
for

movement

have

may

better

city people

the

world,

bad
the

for

out

with

farmer

city pleasure

seeker

the

between

distance

the

at

roads

known

to

criticism, the
of

some

them,

deciding that
which
was
keeping the
the country
was
making

of

out

first made

were,

in

long

not

w^as

because

start

unnecessary

condition

highway

same

countrywide
sectional
feeling

little

pleasure

country

481

recent

perhaps

the

still,the

roads.

Farm

the

the

engendered

few

that

on

impelled

been

discovery

Engine

himself

his

and

markets

even

objectionablygreat, because his use of the roads

of business
instead
of pleasure.
was
largely a matter
it was
of gasoline that
Since
through the agency
first convincingly presented,
this great problem was
in solving
let us see
what
gasoline has made
progress
more

it.
In

township,

boasts

now
a

Bement

H.

45

P.

the

crown

last to

of the

some

of the

center

it into

press

waterproof by going
is done

at

for

gasoline,$1.00
two

; say

men

of the

from

finest

roads

attention
a

rain

to

dirt roads

day.

they require is

other

their

these

Comparing
methods,

outfits, the

road

level

is almost

that

6-ton

to

out

the leveler, and

with

result

The

roller.

16 to
years

This
for
of

some

Illinois,35 feet
miles

20

Now

''occasional

of

these

ago

impassable.
an

been

has

of

state

from

Three

all but

maintain

grader, then

surface

in the

each
often

clean

all.

gutter and

were

road

state,

day for coal oil, 55c.

lubricating oil and the wages
$2.40

in

$8

the

in the

first to

is used

it with

to

gutter

completed

of

cost

dirt roads

compact

over

Illinois,which

county,

best

gasoline tractor
thoroughly w^th

ditches

both
and

of

Piatt

the

them
same

only

levelingafter

crown."

results

including one
commissioners

with
or

those
two
state

obtained

expensive
that

thev

by
steam

have

The

482
moved
and

Engine

Gasoline
dirt in two

more

have

years

accomplished

on

the

with

the

with

more

Farm

gasolinetractor

it than

in

the

tire
en-

clare
preceding. Steam
they depower
to be much
more
fuel, running
expensive in wages,
and
on
wear
engine, both while in use
expenses,

twenty

years

idle.

speciallywhen
589. Fighting

and

are

gasoline

the

roads

because

it

along

so

the

prone,

space

of

the

and

the

between

at

or

has

to

the

themselves,

important weed-killer, however,

and

in

into
the

side

left the

in nature

ditch

dirt

only disposes

not

discourages

if left to

loose

it either

rig

This

unstable

it is too

the

up

deposit

and

highways, the
making, there

road

ditches, which

the

also, in part, buries

brambles

for

the ditches.

from

those

gather

side

the

at

beyond

wash

of the

that

ditches

and

road

of the

bed

outfits

driven

wagon

For

"

is unsuitable

of which

surface

Weeds.

be

of

to

and

come

up

in the

use

weeds

fence.

is found

road

more

spray

already seen, is operated best

against
by engine energy ; the efficiencyof the work
the weeds, without
injury to the growing grains and
of field work,
in the
case
depending very
grasses,
the solution
much
being applied in a very fine
upon
100
with
at least
driven
a
good deal of force
spray
inch
the square
to
being necessary
pounds pressure
with
and
all times
at
enough pumping capacity to
pump,

which,

as

we

have

"

"

distribute

barrel

to

barrel

and

quarter

per

barrel.
as
a
gallonsbeing reckoned
of the engine
In preparing the solution, too, the energy
phate
sulis of direct assistance, especiallyif copper
solves
is used in preference to iron sulphate,as it diswith greater difficulty,
although 10 or 12 pounds
equal to perhaps 100 of the
it, if really pure, are

acre,

of

from

iron

52

salt.

horses

Where

it is customarv

to

take

are
on

used
barrel

as

or

motive
two

power,

of the

pre-

The

484

Gasoline

suits ; in very

Engine
it is

many

on

Farm

the

material

ways,
Al-

advantage.

though, it is an expensive and laborious

task,
when
done
labor.
are
by hand
Intelligentworkers
speciallyhard to get at a reasonable
price for ditchof intelligence
digging, but it takes a certain amount
to finish the bottom
will
up to the grade. A machine
do this much
uniform
sults.
recheaper and with far more
Gasoline
made
that
ditching outfits are now
not
only dig the ditch any desired depth, but at the
time
after
same
lay the tile and fill up the trench
ditch being dug by some
themselves, a six to nine-foot
of them

the

at

favorable
been

of it will

With
be

thousands

rendered
work

gaining

more

control
The

591.

quite

we

cannot

the

field

surfaces

lubricate

to

this

amount

land, that
so, will

will

sweetened

be

we

can

very
the

Friction

"

it

moving

that

supports
with
In

destruction
the

at

the
its

track

bearings

great
road

points of

extent

under

of

the

ergy
en-

in

comes

this

is

it is of

as

same

way,

binder

across

axl^,

we

friction

wheels

by

While

contact.

the

the

the

great

decreased

the

for

and

conditions.

earth

be

claimed
re-

and

it and

just

be

seasons

body

the

has

possible to

is the

one

machinery.

the

rendering

smooth

in

in

power

as

of

only partly

contact

this

smoothing

by

of all

boxes

can

decrease

anything

true

journal
too,

wherever

with
as

Roller.

have

cheaper ditching,

acres

acres

cially
spe-

results

promptly at the proper

of underground moisture

Farm

absorber
contact

of

of

productive by making

more

them

or

Under

greater

advent

done, many

hour.

per

much

the

been, hitherto, untillable

and

feet

120

conditions

reported.

more

of

rate

as

can

strain

firm,

possible,an efficiencyof anywhere

from
10% up to 60% or 70% being possible
the
the gain depending a good deal on
way,
of necessity for it. Of all known
implements
and

level

as

The
the

of

farm,

Gasoline

Engine

the

is the

roller

on

Farm

the

485

effective

most

in

doing

this.
Horse
In

drawn

have

number

first

place, the ground

enough to respond the

the
soft

or

rollers

that
best

of

drawbacks.

is mellow

enough

the roller's pressure

to

is

to be injured by
just in the right condition
of the team.
If the ground is
the sharp-cuttinghoofs
firm enough to withstand
of the horses
the footmarks
roller than
it requires a heavier
the ordinary farm
handle
in a reallythorough
to do the work
team
can
manner.

Powder

driven

rollers

plant itself,the broad,

power

the

entirely cover
substituted
of

the

surface

below^
of

case

that

the

be

may

that

be

to

for

be

can

without

the

to

bear

tractor

fields will

Because

there

level

in

is

in

tractor

to
efficiency,
directlyupon
farming has

be

found

no

spots

of the unlimited

loose

reasonable

Where

time

some

turned

being

covers

upon

surface

Because

brought

rolled.

pressed

the

that will

wheels.

tractor

general

horse.

limit, within

no

usual

tractor

of

part

wheels

smooth

the

ground

the

broader

sinking
in the

for

made

be

may

the
tlie

as

power
horsethere

is

weight
ground

been

in

smoother

use

even

of the continuous
rolling,partly because
levelingoff wdiich traction farming insures and partly
of the more
account
on
thorough system of harrowing
and
cultivatingall the plowed fields are certain to be
done
at
given and because, in order to get the work
of
be worked
to
out
all, the ground does not have
the

condition.

Sheep Shearing. Although sheep shearing is

tasks
of the heavier
generally thought of as one

592.
not

of the

"

farm, it is safe

which

leave

comes,

the

the
work

to

say

operator

that
more

there
tired

are

few

others

night

when

being particularlytrying

on

the

The

486

Gasoline

of the

muscles
and

brought

shafts

the

and
in

mounted

which

alteration

on

One

sheep

shearing

attention

consisted

of the

of

operated

horse

two

tive
effec-

most

outfits

ever

constructed

was

light wagon

Farm

the

wrist.

writer's

farmer

engine

and

arm

inexpensive
to

Ohio

an

Engine

H.

and

by
gasoline

P.

belted

the

to

clippers. Very

little

needed

excepting in the shape of the

blades.
The
framework
which
supported the shearing
to
arms
was
adjustable and could be readily moved
the extreme
end of the rig when
in operation and slid
forward
the center
of the buggy box
to
when
the
on
road.
The
entire outfit is easily hauled
about
with
horse, and w^orking full capacity it uses
less than
one
a
gallon of gasoline per day.
In the
In the
Poultry Yard.
593.
poultry yard,
aside
from
the usual
of shelling and
work
grinding
of the small
feed, the uses
gasoline engine are
power
numerous.
Bones, instead of being buried or burned
was

"

thrown

or

of the

about

cutter

of the

boys

and

the

reduced

place for

thrown

place, are

into

the

hopper

good poultry tonic by

to

the fun

the

of

seeing the engine go.

The
is cut
into short
straw
lengths and clover hay
chaffed
into meal.
Water
can
always be handy and
the roosts
and
inside of the building kept thoroughly
sprayed
the

out

whitewash

brush,

and

much

so

be

kept

it, and

all

cleansed
spray

fills the

takes

pump
crevices

better

quickly that it is
Coops and all parts of

in better
it

can

be
Road

eat, the

value

repair because
done
to

and

his

with

means

the

done
the
there

much

so

Market.

of what

finallydetermined

markets

disinfected.

and

more

The

594.
we

and

"

Aside
farmer

Outside,

place of the
besides
doing it

the

wnth

quency.
greater fre-

poultry plant
is

time

more

will
for

less work.
from

the

produces

things
is after

largelyby the proximity of his

of reaching them.
Distance

The

Gasoline

Engine

on

the

487

Farm

The

488

Gasoline
the

is not

alone

of

have
the

stream.

but

stream

between

be

farm

and

gasoline engine has done much

the
Taking the country over
wheat, to place it on the market
1

of

ton

per
1.8

19c. ; the

miles, at
the

of

cost

reasonable

the

hauling by

distance, the

the load

at either

end

farmer

and

the

fact is

be

must

area

supplies for
is

the

levied

each

person;

of the horse
To

great

means

of

farm, and
the

and

farmer
manner,

the

this

place ;

and

more

to

handle

his

by taking
time

the road

of

proached.
ap-

with
of
is

the cost
both

one,

than

to

the

as

the

the

them,

ducing
pro-

still there
local

it in
for

the

and
must

station

becoming
in the

other

some

taken

produce

required

is

handling

the

outgrown

have

is it

more

tance
dis-

decreases

faster

now

the

even

been

rapidly,as

horse

the

cost

limited

sells, because,

requiresthat

connecting

at

of

larger
for the same
quantity of
that is,the haulage distance

railroads

extent

take

to

of

he

It has

becoming greater.

haul

has

territoryaround
upon

this the

cotton

important

an

mileage

team

increases

cities increases

capacity of

of

trip. On

whom

to

man

of the

population

of the

bad

overcome.

hauling by motor
being
expense

main

slight. This

very

of

cost

ket
mar-

the

is 9.4 miles,

limit

passable
im-

profit;

Even

average

team

of

of

and

of 27c. After

cost

endurance

The
the

mile

ton

side

to

menace

to

haul

average

would

with, actual

away

ous
seri-

its nearest

directlyreduced.

more

that

being removed,

done

ima

channel

the

equal

cut

other

the

on

mud,

an

is

mud

measure

can

produce

the

been

the

some

distance

from

of

that

in

hand, might

The

sometimes

now

roads

profit off

An

at

rating

roads
has

boat

no

Farm

the

remoteness.

commercial

high

on

of

measure

briclgedriver, with
amount

Engine

ity
capac-

power.

will
be

tinue
con-

some

with

the

necessary

for

most

cal
economi-

larger quantities; by
each
trip.

ducing
re-

The

Again

Gasoline

the

has

town

With
been

in another

way,

reasonable

market

from

four

total

finallyraised
each

to

miles.

distance
In

of 28.26

square

or,

within

now

city is

put

increased

of truck

ing
farm-

formerly 3 miles, a
miles.
Improved roads

was

6 miles, and

to

available

an

land

matter

haul

average

these

the

the road

cent.,

per

the

ing
farm-

new

hand

at

farming
from

haul

market

this

met

489

of

area

threw

112.9 square

the
good road communities
automobile
has considerably more
than
doubled
this.
The
above
facts are
considerably modified
by the
additional
truth
that, while only 80 years ago but 4
of the population of the United
States
lived
per cent,
in

In

of

area

average

the

has

least 60

at

Farm

the

automobile

reduced
the

the

acreage

open

the

eight times.

to

alone

on

gasoline engine

condition.
to

Engine

same

cities,that percentage
This

cent.

per

means

has

smaller

producers ; about
against a former 96 out
extending, and, while

as

is

30

to

of

the

to

over

of

proportion
The

100.

cultural
agri-

inhabitants,

100

every

40

demand,

then,

production per
tance,
has
also
increased, the necessary
hauling disbe levied upon
the territorythat must
by each
the capacity of
has been
extended, from
center,

acre

trade
the

increased

now

horse

that

to

Through good
haulage, as has
reduced

to

car

is

of

$840

to

be
on

595.

of the
years

frosty

of the

been

already only
divided
a

the
3c.

tons

1,000

per

between

farm,"
ago,
grass

ton

per

cost

of the

motor

car.

of

horse

mile

same

for

be

may
motor

good roads, a difference

of country
produce delivered,
ing
figurproducer and consumer,
over

Memories.

Home

declared

"

successful

"My

of

recollections

merchant

going barefooted
daylight after
along about

"consist

the

haul.

twelve-mile

Building

cost

and

proved by experiment,

but

lOc.

automobile

the

roads

average

several

through
the

cows

the
;

in

Gasoline

The

490

Engine

Farm

the

on

water
a
steep hill from
having to carry the wash
up
the spring before
breakfast, in order to get time for
in
cradlers
binders
and
after the
gathering sheaves
of the day^ of having
the stubbly grain field the rest
load
for another
of hay,
after supper
to
go out
the cows
of hunting up
then
and
again and helping

Fig.

to

milk

them

and

day, about the

the drudgery
broken

down

relieved
a

few

of

of the

months

task

since

met;
did

that

have

that
much

to

brought

and

and

he

died.

me

for

after

to

out
success

the

father,

hard

finally
place just
those early

the

work,

old
that

habits

that

"

I have

those

life I lived

"

of

my

meet

with

rest

upon

seeing

I know

me

strenuous

me

mother,

my

life centered
all the

long hours
of paying

fit

seeing

entire

of

to

hardened

the

of

her;

before

discouragements

her

kitchen

book

with

dragging herself, day

with

her

closed

bedtime

weary,

house

^Memories.

Home

"

until after

sober-faced

world

179.

it

in my
of

hood
child-

industry

equipped

me

The

492

of

intelligence

turns

her

brute

force

greatest
power.

Gasoline

does

as

wheels

or

Engine

the

whether

intelligence

achievement

on

of

the

Farm

the

story

of

it

be

expressed

of

animal
human

the

in

muscle

race

that

power

or

of

mechanical
"

of

terms

that

596.

Look

CHAPTER

XXIX.

THE

IDEAL

FARM.

into

To-morrow.

inappropriate, even
hasty glimpse at
consider
which

it is

in

semi-technical

ethical

the

It does

"

side

of

not

work,

toil and
have

faith

in her

One

of the

best

advance

those

of

we

all life of

effort

patient

this

life, when

legitimate feature of
the farmer
no
longer has occasion
The
yesterdays of agriculture were
that

seem

be

to

prived.
deof

days

to-morrow,

who

we

believe, will be days of achievement.

coldly practical problems of to-day,

then, is best answered
by a brief study of the path
industrial
lines may
w^e
Along what
directlyahead.
mechanical

most

; what

force

of
Summary
Somewhere,
looking

past,

them

the

the

the

world's

into

overworked,

vision

of

battle

Complete
the

for bread

future,

heat-tortured

unwearying
efficient

most

of

make

we

this

new

power?

"

597.

of

shall

use

Home.
can

we

of
the

horses

stead
in-

of

the

behind
the

in

conquest

world's

"

see,

engines drawing

weapons

which

Farm

best

brains

produce, the speed, the depth of culture ; the best

mechanical
be produced,
aids to plant growth that can
without
ing
regard to capacity limits, and only considerconditions
will count
highest efficiency.Season

can

for

little,because,

work

of weeks

hour.
be

No

form

may
of

with

the

be

done

mechanical

deeper cutting,more

forces
in

in

hand,

the

man

day, perhaps in
whether
efficiency,
a

or
complete ])ulverization,

493

an

it
a

The

494

Gasoline

Engine

will

be

Farm

the

of air with

thorough mixing

more

on

grain of earth,
day,
yesterday and of toevery

factory of
so
perfectlyequipped to the finest details in
quickly, cheaply, and effectivelycarrying out every
constructive
that requires to be done
in the
process
of

conversion

fabric, will
the

earth

just

and

air into

capacity,on

the

in

the

best

The

growth.

exert

of

system

the

farm

be

will

perform

be,

no

and

farm

one

Greater

raised

more

but

always
for feeding plant
accidents
of agriculture

not

once,

influence

important

than

The

of

stead
inefiiciency,

and

weather

more

elements

elsewhere.

as

raised,

soil will

be

or

of the

upon

factory.

plete
com-

of
the terrors
drainage will remove
Irrigationwill guard against dangerous

rainfall.

excess

loaf

products.

possible condition

of the

output

future

climatic

will
the

the

will

crops

useful

her

of

cheaply, because
put

finished

the

as

word

better

and

into

effectivelyto-morrow
operation in converting the

constructive
of

material

raw

needed

every

The

lacking.

droughts. Frosts will be controlled, insect pests

of them,
most
conquered, fungus diseases overcome,
perhaps, through the pumping systems of to-day and
of to-morrow
all made
possible only through this
general applicationof limitless power.
"

"

harvests

The
control

; the

of mechanical
from

the

efficient

rule.

are

the

the

of

filled with

Because

little that
will

be

under

the

that

better
the

is weeds
rule

of

available

grain

of the

the

of each

conservation

cleaning machinery
very

be

conversion

Because

exactness.

that

also

complete

most

reaping, the gathering in, under

conditions
; the
separating of

chaff
use

will

or

it all with
the

power

is faultless

developed
of the

crops

and

of

the

the

best

grain
most

own

chemical
seed

will

be

better

field will
The

waste.

instead

its

to

the

bins
the
used

supply

balanced

exception ;

tion
ra-

it

The

Gasoline

will insure
fat

which

the

last

engine
degree of
house,

In the
into

future

the

eliminated

The

fields and

in the

broaden.

higher plane
downward

Life
instead

to

achievement

"

of

will

work

to

up

barns, this glimpse

Work

but

the

of

be

it is

made

without

that

nature

life.

w^ill

them

upliftedby
feelingthat constant
animal

to

side of life.

ethical

be

with

is not

and
efficiency,

and

will
of

level

it

wish

will

day

of butter

and

equal changes.

intellectual

of the

milk

495

efficiency.

would

of the

tasks

food

higher degree

of

Farm

the

mechanism

driven

shows

who

"

produce
sacrifice

as

on

production

richer

Engine

pand,
ex-

to

tugging
Effort

will

and

duty growth ; growth not alone

of the biceps or
the pocketbook, but mind
growth,
soul growth, greater wealth
of independent thought,
a working out
along those lines of inspirationthat, in
the fetters of yesterday'sdrudgery, were
merely aircastles ; that in the atmosphere
of this new
tion
inspiramean

become

"

598.

How

599.

When

the

true

the

ideals

of

hope

for

us

to

work

out.

Gasoline

It Possible.
Engine Makes
How
the gasoline engine make
does
this possible?
work; by releasingus from the fetters
By intelligent
the constant
of muscular
With
limits.
grind of getting
the most
cumstance
pressing tasks done as well as the cirwill permit removed,
in its
there comes
the very
place a new
pride in reaching out toward
best results
that can
by any possibilitybe attained.
come
The
with hard
contest
soul-killing
necessity will bea
spiritedrivalrywith progress, a desire to test
her every
life considers
possibility.Animal
only the
of getting a living. Intellectual
lives
and means
ways
in getting the best possible
are
constantly concerned
of life, the values
values
out
weighed by constantly
ideals.
and
the best moral
broadening standards
Dreams

Come

True.

"

It

is

the

old

The

496

of

story
the

Gasoline

the

the

the

The

limiting
those

and

advances.

of

glimpses
of

the

world
To

only

ethical

story
toil.
of

hoe

ideals
of

of
To
eternal

enjoyment

out
"

him

his

own.

of

terms

before
him

to

the

directs

lifts
of

in

he

as

tells

sunset

another

"

ance
endur-

stretched

ditch

who

man

controlled

physical

out

and

with

man

are

owui

are

the

supper-time

beauty

one

widens

in

the

expressed

are

which

man

the

the

his

constantly
the

Farm

the

against

of

other

possibilities
the

on

the

capacities

of

world's

him,

day

with

man

automobile.

by

Engine

completed
him
into

it

new

brings
life

CHAPTER

TABLES

in

and

invisible

other

much

explanation

another

kind

electrical

The
the

of

Volt.
of

to

the

column

in connection

arbitraryterms
be

may
with

which

with

better

the

used

in

stood
easil}^under-

more

of water

known

depends

behind

of water

rush

to

it from

conducts

level

lower

some

purposes

fluid,electricity
; at least the

tendency

pipe

air, steam,
For

gases.

readily

ties
quali-

of water.

The

"

is

with

considered

of the

some

measurements

end

tank

be

comparison

and

vapors

of invisible
of

Water

"

its behavior

measurements

by
and

Defined.

of

it may

meaning

exact

FORMULAS.

Terms

compared
of

the

upon

it and

an

from

out

elevated
pressure

speak

we

of

it

tendency of the
electric fluid to rush from
lower
a
a higher to
potential
and speak
that is, to equalize the two
measure
we
of as so many
the same
volts pressure,
meaning much
in the other
by pounds pressure
thing that we mean
The
volt is the electrical term
urement
case.
denoting measof pressure
or
intensity.
left open
If the end of the pipe were
The
Ampere.
as

"

AND

Electrical

600.

XXX.

so

pounds

many

The

pressure.

"

"

the

would

water

would

have
size

and

the

has

its rate

medium,

"

is, the

that

the

pressure

say

of flow

rate

all be

not

of
a

wire,

to

which

at

escape
would
"

of it.

through
to

the

497

The
an

of

electrical

but
upon

the

pipe

fluid also

electrical

measuring

once,

depend

carrying capacity

back
flow

able

conducting

unit

of

which

The

498

the

apply

we

The
for

Gasoline

the

measuring

The

Ohm.

of

not

term,
is the

ampere

Engine

of flow

rate

Farm

the

gallons but of
term
denoting

electrical

No

on

in the

than

amperes.
the

electrical

unit

current.

certain

quantity of
wall pass
water
through a pipe of given
per minute
size so
is the same,
but by increasing
long as the pressure
the elevation
of the tank
or
by closing its
into it or by increasing
top and forcing air or steam
the

"

in

pressure
of

amount

flow.

of

the

to

resistance

to

some

which

of

we

the

shape

of

the

to

of the

nature

that

resistance
behind

pressure

of the

pipe

resistance

and

in

of

both

Watt.

against a
or

the
at

in

do

which
terms

it is
of

The
of

kinds

wire

behind

termines
it de-

The
the

friction

The

ance
resistsize and

ing
present-

than

others.

also

size and

influence

the

upon

length
of

amount

is the

then

water

flows

enables

it to

of this

amount
water

size and

trical
elec-

of resistance.

the

its force

current.

the

upon

ohm

ure
meas-

we

depends

The

cases.

wire
ohms

of material

overcome

current.

the

When

wheel

quantity

depends

unit

"

work.

is
the

measurement

The

overcome.

or

the

many

upon

will be

resistance

resistance

electrical

pressure

w^ire,some

ance
resist-

which

The

current

electrical

more

the

rapidly it

That

so

with

depends

water

pipe.

electric

as

friction of the

or

the

unit

greater

through

of

speak

certain

the

is also

current

of

rate

wdiich

There

is the

the

to

how

How

ohm

resistance

resistance

the

and

The

The

greater

been

overcomes.

electric

measure

resistance.
the

the. flow

measure

the

has

there

of it friction.

flow

force

can

through by increasing the

that

is most

we

way,

proves

in

pressure

any

water

This

amount

more

force

from
turn

often
Wlien

speak

the

pipe
wheel

depends

being discharged

flowing. We
horse-power.

the

and

the

upon
rate

of this energy

electricityis

con-

The

500

engine
for

at

If

should

on

be

with

Farm

the

than

more

charged

not

lamp

Engine

of little

cost

fuel.

voltage

Gasoline

per

than

its rated

more

for

good

hour

cents

from

600

to

1,000

hours.
Fire

The

602.

inclined

Hazard.

Fire

"

first to

the

insurance

companies

be

unreasonably exacting
in relation
all things using gasoline,in part perto
haps
because
the nature
of the fluid is so generally
understood.
not
They have had to relent in regard to
the use
of stoves.
They are relenting toward
line
gasois so great
the general pressure
engines, because
either come
the popular movethat they must
with
ment
lation
Some
be left behind.
or
general rules of instalhave, however, very properly been adopted by
were

the

National

at

gasoline engine
The

be

can

copy

of Fire

Board

ought

owner

of

obtained
of

substance

the

which

Underwriters,
read

to

and

every

fire insurance

any

observe.

agent.

important rulings is

more

here

given.
Location

floor; if
must

be

dust

and

of

protected by
inflammable

possible,be

inches

floor, 24

wooden

if

Engine should,
metal.

In

material

the

in

ground
outside
of engine
shops containing
be
engine must
opening to outer

fire-proofcompartment,
air at floor and
ceiling.
underground, if possible;
Supply Tank
enclosed

level

of lowest

feed

building; or tank may

or
building with
pipe.
Piping shall be as
pipe only,

gasoline
not

be

both

and

will

through

be

in

and
back

occupied by

walls

for

at

least

their

level

low
be-

from

more

or

vault

ventilated
fire-proof

direct

feed

30 feet

below

tank

all drain

in trench

and

pipe

on

of

lowest

possible,with tested
overflow
pipe sloping so

as

into
other

tank.

Pipes

must

and

ings
open-

piping

admission

shall

be

se-

The

Gasoline
and

curely sealed, water

jacketed to prevent
Muffler

on

Exhaust
inches

oil

foundation

at

Farm

the

Vent

and

least

one

501
fill pipes

foot from

material.
must

extend

from

combustible

Pipe

or

on

tight.
freezing.

firm

all combustible

Engine

more

floor

outside

building and

material.

If

ried
car-

with
metal
partition,surround
thimble
at least 6 inches
bigger, the vertical section
with
through floor covered
fire-proofcovering. It
not
must
discharge into chimney.
Attention.
Care and
Cylinder, valves and exhaust
pipe to be cleaned as often as fuel renders necessary.
A set of rules regarding the
Electric Wiring Rules.
of gasoline engines is also issued
construction
and
a
list of all those
engines approved by the Association
of Underwriters
also has
code
of
quite an extended
rules relatingto the electric wiring of buildings,only
small
When
served,
oba
are
digested here.
part of which
safer than
they render electric lighting much
ordinary lamps.
Nothing smaller than No. 14 wire allowed
except
for fixtures
and
be mependent lamps. Joints must
chanically
Wire
must
not
perfect and then soldered.

through

or

"

"

be

laid in

plaster or

protectedby boxing
floor

wires

all around

space
maximum
wire

is

12

wire

24

and

permits
32

in

17 and

amperes.

approved

All

wire

be

must

5 feet above

protection, an
rubber

16 with

or

wall

floor ;

inch

boxing being required.

allowed

amperes,

conduit

similar

wire

current
12

iron

or

have

must

Side

cement.

2^,

other

insulated

must

The
14

insulation; No.

respectively,and

wires

No.

air

be

No.

insulated

specifications. Where

10,
cording
ac-

passing
through walls, partitions,floors or timbers, they must
be carried
in porcelain or glass bushings which
reach
entirelythrough. No wire shall be permitted nearer
to

than

inch

one

without
with

some

between.

electric

Farm

the

electrical

other

or

it advisable

wiring
In

full.

metallic

to

on

conductor

through porcelain or glass or

being threaded
non-conducting or non-absorbing material
cealed"
special rules in relation to "conMany
wires, etc., and
applying to all conceivable

make

cases

Engine

Gasoline

The

502

do

to

for
obtain

to

have

who

much

of the

copy

underwriters

wiring

motor

those

have

in

rules

general
rent
carrying cura

leads to have
a
requiring all motor
than
the full load
capacity of 25 per cent, more
dom
though the full load is selrating of the motor, even
given.
In case
of a gasoline fire
603. Fire Fragments.
rule

"

don't

use

In

case

of
for

as

same

In

alcohol

the

bring the
them

will fan

catch, do

flames
into

It

freely.

water

once.

downstairs

run

first will

at

should

clothing

If the

Use

water.

use

fire USE

alcohol

an

the

with

unites

flour.

or

gasoline.
of

case

fire don't

kerosene

earth

sand, sawdust,

Use

water.

not, under
of

out

or

about

the

doors.

head, and

life.

greater

Lie

cumstance
cir-

any

The

the

down

ond
sec-

; wrap

closelyin heavy rugs, blankets, or carpets. Keep the

head
down
constantly,as all flames tend to shoot upward,
immediate
and the most
danger is from inhaling
them.
If the
cool ;

keep

engine
doors

keep

the

near

all events,
as

or

and

windows

floor

keep

building gets

room

as

and

If

shut.
to

get

far away

from

on

keep

caught inside,

window

the

fire

at

At

once.

gasoline supply

possible.
604.

Heat

(B.

T.

U.)

one

pound

about

39

Values.
is the
of pure

degrees.

"

British

quantity
water

Like

one

of

thermal

heat

heat

required

degree

Fahrenheit

all other

standards

of

to

unit
raise
at

or

weight

The
and

Gasoline
it is

measure

unit

which

with

B. T.

H.

Engine

on

Farm

the

purely arbitraryterm

and

compare

we

503

used

for the

heat.

measure

U.

equals 778 foot-pounds.

P. equals 33,000 foot-pounds per minute.

Therefore

H.

P.

equals 42.42 B. T. U. per minute;

is, 33,000 divided by 778.
the more
common
engine fuels gasoline contains
B. T. U. per pound, gasoline
18,000 to 22,000

that

Of
from

the

vapor

petroleum from

same,

Thermal

605.
Heat

converted

Heat

lost

18,000 to

20,000.

Efficiency.
into

work

walls

through

cent.

25 per
and

cooling system
"

50
Heat

lost

Heat

lost

through
through

*'

exhaust

15

friction

10

"

100

The
oil

engines
from

range

waste

be

can

steam

square

25 per

to

10

be

heat

for

2J

thermal

other

of the

12

cent,

but

of thermal

steam

gasoline and

the

reasonable

of usefulness
efficiency
by utilizingthe
seemingly not at

the

per

exhaust

more

or

real

increased

purposes,

engines using
inch

The

somewhat

gas,

cent., and

per
28.

or

than

more

made

20

engine.
of
efficiency

in the

is seldom

of
efficiency

is around

can

present
The

thermal

average

ordinary steam
engine
use
cent., excepting as
Triple-expansion

steam.

pressure

of

reach

sometimes

200

pounds

nearly or

per

quite

efficiency.

To
cycle
fourHorse-power Formulae.
compare
of the piston in
engines. Square the diameter
of cylinders, the
inches, multiply by the number
length of stroke in inches, the revolutions per minute,,
and
divide
by 16,000.
606.

"

"

The

504

Gasoline

Engine

on

Farm

the

Rule
the

of the

of

length

number

of

by

1-7.
for

10

Add

"

the

stroke, square

the

diameter

to

multiply by

sum,

"

of
3

Club.

cylinders and divide by 9.92.

ameter)
rule.
(half the diMultiply the radius
the cylinderby the stroke, then by 3.1416
Divide
This
gives the total cubic inches.

Another

or

Auto

Royal

horse-power.

Another.
then

by number
By working

diameter, multiply by stroke,

the

Square

"

of

cylinders;

different

these

out

divide

then

by

12.

it will

formulae

be

quite a wide discrepancy in results.

The
only reallytrustworthy test is the brake test, and
that is only relativelyaccurate.
even
A
Brake
Test.
home-prepared brake
607. The
test
be rather
easily applied by fastening twine
may
shaft
of the engine in such
the crank
to
a
or
rope
that

seen

there

is

"

that

manner

be

may

beyond
knots

be

wound

be

can

done

by rigging
The
fly wheel.

the

should

and

of the

it

barn

or

be

some

for the

fastened

weight is
the
engine
a

attached
to

slack

up

twine
out

should
of

an

but

of

the

shaft

be

free

from

window

upper

high place in which

string to run in. At
that will just cause
down

This

windlass.

extension

an

lowered

like

pulley can

the

lower

the

motion

still continue

to

end
of
run.

positionof weight and accuratelynote

the
this weight is wound
to
in which
the time
up
the
it is suspended, then
measure
point from which
tance
it is raised.
distance
Multiply the weight by the disdone
raised (the work
it has been
by the motor)
tion
the fracof minutes
divide by the number
or
and then
the

Note

of

exact

minute
number

will be

the

in

minute.

one

of
608.

it has

in

doing

it.

foot-pounds lifted by
By dividing this by 33,000

horse-power
The

been

Prony

of

can

Brake

be

The

result

the

engine

the

ber
num-

determined.
Test."

The

prony

brake

is

The

of

power
which
is

of

engine

an

timber

in

(Fig. 82)

engine. To the
leather or heavy canvas
the belt being passed
the other

end

to

the

vertical

lower

fit

over

by

around

the

this

the

belt

be

from

secured

feet from

timber

the

wide

shortened

three

Just

pulley

springs,

and

may

of

work.

of two

wheel

the nut.
passes

of

is attached

means

real

forms

two

XIV

side

band

down

line which
the

wheel,

chapter
to

505

determining the

belt

cut

Farm

the

bolt,C, which

slowly by turning

of

the

at

an

at

on

means

illustrated

are
a

Engine

popular

standard

the

Gasoline

ward
down-

of the

engine shaft,the other

end
of the timber
is supported to a spring balance
with
one
a
capacity of 25 pounds is sufficient for a
small
the spring balance
is not
at
engine. In case
hand
a
a
pail, working over
pulley and into which
weights may be dropped, will do as well.
The
engine is started with belt band loose so as not
through

center

"

interfere

to

tightens

; then

nut

the

that

so

at

is taken

engine begins

until

up

slow

to

band
down.

ward
is the downreading on the balance, which
pull the engine is exerting on the band ; then
of revolutions
take the number
with a speed indicator
is
If no
indicator
the engine is making.
per minute
of the slow-moving
handy tie a bit of string to one
is geared to the crank
shafts which
shaft, and count
Note

the

the

of

number

After

stopping

hand

and

make

while

The

number

one

minute

fly wheel
will give
wheel
The

revolutions

per

the

engine

the

count

the

per

multiplied by
the

pull on

the

wheel

each

necessary

when
balance

the

wheel

the

small

the

number

revolution

test

(or

was

the

it makes.

by

over

for

it to

revolving

are

of revolutions

number

minute

the

turn

shaft

of revolutions

to

that

revolutions

string and

revolves

minute

once.

makes

the

of

times

of the

small

of the

belt

in

or

one

fly

being taken.
weight in the pail)

The

5o6

which

the

which

it

the

tried

result

the

would

weight

the

each

energy

by

the

total
in

lifted
of

one

33,000

gives

engine

will

us

deliver

in

lifted

the

per

required
at

the

belt

and

exerting

per
which

multiplying

weight

the

minute.

would

Dividing
which

horse-power
under

the

or

through

minute

by

its

multiply

we

made

distance

pounds

foot-pounds

total

revolutions

be

multiplied

was

If

case

would

revolution

engine

point

this

feet

this
of

the

of

the

number

and

revolution.

number

get
was

circle,

the

in

six

or

of

center

to

attached,

circle,

the

wheel

distance

which

in

from

belt

with

energy

around

circumference

through

pulling

the

was

the

the

gives

distance

of

this

of

the

distance

balance

or

Farm

the

weight

the

center

diameter

3.1416

the

is

Twice

feet.

the

by

the

on

represents

swing

which

weight

three

exerted

to

of

or

where

Engine

engine

radius

energy

we

Gasoline

full

load.

this
minute
the
this

give
by
the

Index

5o8
Ball

for

Bearings

Shafting,

Best

Testing,

Bevel

324-

Size

of

Engine,

of

Battery
Bearing

116.

Dry Cells,
Lubricants, 207.
of

Bearings, Babbitting
Box.

Miter

and

Gearing, 348.
Cylinder, 53.

the

Boring

229.

Brake

Split

Horsepower, 252.
for
Bushings
Connecting
Rods, 80.

328.

Bearings, Ball,
for
Bearings
Crank

C
324.

Gas

Shafts,

Engine

150.

Bearings

Shafting,323.

Bearings

for

Shafting,

Metal,

Call

of the

Canvas

for

Babbitt

Bushes,

Deposits,

with

Kerosene,

Roller

for

Shafting,

of,

Bearings,

They

Why

Heat,

Softening

70.

Deposits,

Symptoms

66.
in

Carbon

323-

Lubricants,
Cause

Carbonizing,

205.

and

fects,
Ef-

63.

157.

Capacity,

uring, Carburetor,
Fig-

for

Rule

Hints, 338.

Belt

Lacing,

Belt

Lacing, Hook,

343.

Carburetor

Belt

Lacing, Wire,

343.

106.

and

Adjusting

Float,

Defects,

firing,
Back-

109.

334.
Belt

Carburetor
106.

340.

Belting, 330.

Belts, Canvas, 331.

Belts, Dressings for, 333Belts, Faults

Defects,

Carburetor,

How

Gasoline,

102.

Carburetor

It

Flooding,
Vaporizes

nating,
Troubles, Elimi-

of, 330.

105.

Belts, Leather, 331.

Carburetors, Automatic,

Belts, Length
Belts, Method

Carburetors,

of, 335.
of
Cementing,

Belts, Requirements

Belts, Rubber,
Belts, Sizes

of,

Belts, Speed of,

Hints,

333.

Care

Belts, Slipping of, 336.

Belts, Splicing Gandy,
Belts, Useful
Material

Kink,
for

Miscellaneous

339.

Piston,

and

Size of, 107.

Repair

jMembers, 82.
Care
of Dry Cells,

344.

73.

ing,
Prim-

109.

Carburetors,

335.

of

107.

Carburetors,

Required,

justment,
Ad-

108.

331.

331.

103.

of

IMethod

Carburetors, Method

343-

Best

of

Cause

Deposits,
Preignition, 64.

Carbon

156.
Bearings,

34.

Belts,331.

Carbon
and

Farm,

Carbon

324.

Bearings, Linings

Belts

Gasoline

247.

Batteries, Method

Belt

of

Care

of

Gears, 355.

of

117.

Piston

Index
Care

of

Care

of

Governor,
Leather

Comparing

139.

Gear

509

Wheels,

Four-C3'cle Engine, 146.

Compensating

351Care

of

Care

of

tems,
Sys-

145.

Causes

of

Causes

Bearings,

327.

Carbonizing, 63.

of

Bearing

of

Heating,

Defective

sion,
Compres-

of

Faulty Valve

ing,
Seat-

88.

Cementing

Belts, 343.

Compressing Gas, Value

Effect

58.
Compression,
Faulty,

of, 56.

on

ciency,
Effi-

Effects

of

59.

Effect

Consumption, 58.
Compression, How

on

Fuel

Obtahied,

56.
_

Centrifugal Governor,
for
Centrifugal Pump

Compression, Limits

137.

tion,
Irriga-

Compression,

of,

Locating

57.

Leaks,

60.

406.

Centrifugal Pumps,

tions
Limita-

Compression,

of, 407.

Centrifugal

Method

of

ing,
Test-

60.

Suction

Pumps,

Compression,
Concentric

Lift, 408.
Centrifugal Pumps,

Types

of^

407.

Cone

Reason

for, 55.
Rings, 75.

Piston

and

Stepped

Pulleys,

Battery

to

322.

Changing

Action

Governor

Adjustment,
Circle

Saw

by

434.

378.

Circulating System

of

Removing

Head,

Piston

Connecting

Rod

Connecting
Connecting

Rod

Without

81.

and

Rings,

Cleaning

the

Cylinder, 66.

of

Cylinder, 59.

Clearance

Clutch, Function

of,

in

Comparing
Tractor,

Types,
for

80.

Gasoline

186.

Construction

of

Drag

Saw,

381.

ors,
Tract-

Construction

of

Dry

Battery,

115-

294.

Test

Rod

Connections

Tanks,

17-

Materials

Rods,

for, 80.
Connecting

70.

Bushings, 80.
Design, 80.
Lubrication,

Rod

Connecting

Cylinder

Cleaning

Water

143.

Cleaning

gine,
En-

118.

Outfit, Portable,

Cooling,

Connecting

134.

Churning by Power,

Cold

Lighting

Z144.

Compression,

59.
Causes

Electric

Complete
System,

Compression,

157.

Causes

Differential

or

Gearing, 296.

Magneto, 127.
Water
Cooling

Casting Babbitt

and

Two-Cycle

of

Lubricants,
Steam

292.

and

204.

Gas

Construction

of

Construction

of

75-

Piston, 72.
Piston Rings,

Index

510
Construction

of

Spark

Plug,

Finish

Cylinder,
53-

120.

Continuous

Open

Supply, by

Water

Water

Objections

to,

361.

140.

Gasoline

Engines,

Convenient

Rule

for

51-

^lethod

Cylinder,

334-

Removal

Engine, 238.
Copper-Asbestos Packings, 69.
Cost

of

Cost

of

Tractor
Iron

Farming, 288.
Pulleys, 319.

Crank

Shaft

Lubrication, 81.

Crank

Shaft

of

Gasoline

gines,
En-

Crank

in

Starting
Power

bv

]\Iotor

Cvcle,

464.
Slipping Belts,
Production,

by

2"2"7-

]Mag-

of

Operations

Engine,
Cylinder, Best

in

line
Gaso-

^Material

for.

Cylinder, Boring the, 53.

Cylinder Clearance, 59.
ing,
Cylinder Clearance, Decreas-

Cylinder

Compression.

Defects

in

Defects

of Dry

Defects

of

Piston, '/6.

Defects

of

Piston

Defects
Demands

of

Terms,

Work,

52.

54.

Cells, 117.

Rings, ^6.

Horsepower,
of

251.

Electrical

497.

of

Engine

Foundations,

161.
of

Connecting

Rods,

80.

Design

of

Design

of

in, 54.
Best

Causes

Cylinder Bore,

Dehnition

Differential

61.

of,

of. 59.

Depth

44.

Effect

62.

Plowing. Advantages

Design

Cylinder,

Clearance,

Deflnitions

123.

61.

280.

erated.
Op-

431.

Current

320.

Power.

Defective

Separator,

for

on

Set

Projecting

Decreasing Clearance,

gine,
En-

275.

Cultivating

Gasoline, 187.

of

Dangers
Screws,

Deep

152.
Use

of

Dangers

anced,
Counterbal-

Shafts,

neto,

of, 67.

Decreasing

151.

Cure

Cleaning,

Irrigation,404.

Covering

Cream

of

Hot

Cooling

Crank,

Engine

on

'66.

Size,

Belt

of

Cylinder, Lubricating,62,.
Cylinder. Lubricant
for, 206.
Cylinder.

133-

Influence

Design,

ture.
Tempera-

51.

69.

Cylinder,

of,
Method

Head,

Packing

Supply,

Controlling Engine
Controlling

Cylinder. Functions
Cylinder

362.

Troughs.

Continuous

Cycle

by Grinding,

Fly Wheels, 154.

Piston
Rings, y^.
Gear,

Action

plained,
Ex-

297.
dry
Foun-

Differential

296.

Gear,

Action

of,

Index
of,

Gear, Function

Differential

511
Electric

296.
Wheels,

Gear

Electrical Ignition, 174.

as

]\Ianiire

Fields,

on

Distillate

Engine Fuel, 198.

as

Distributingthe

for

Water

gine,
En-

Ignition System,

128.

Construction

Saw,

Drag

of,

381.

System,

Faults, 228.

Processes,

114.

Defined, 497.

Terms

Relation

Terms,

of,

499the

Terms,

Ampere,

497-

Electrical

Terms,

the

Terms,

the

Terms,

the

Ohm,

498.
Saw

Drag

384.
Dressings

Rig,

Automatic,

Cell

Electrical

Belts, 333.

Volt,

115.

118.

Cells,Advantages

Dry

Cells, Care

of,

Batter}',116.

for,

Carburetor

bles,
Trou-

105.

Engine
Into

Rules

Wiring,

501.

117.

of, 117.

Cells, Connecting

Engine

Accessories,
for

159.

Gas

Tractors,

Workshop,

368.

293-

Cells, Defects
Cells, Good

of,

117.

ment
Arrange-

of, 118.

Cells, Life

Electrical

Eliminating

Dry

Watt,

498.

Battery, Connecting

Engine,

Dry

Electrical
497-

for

Battery Action, 114.

Battery Construction,

Dry

Electrical

Electrical

484.
Double

for

Electrical

Digging by Gasoline

Ditch

Ignition

rigation,
IrElectrical

412.

Dry

Electrical

Testing

366.

Dry

442.

Electric

425.

Horse

Plant. 2SJ1,.

Disposal of

to

Storage

er,
Washing by Engine Pow-

Power

Dry

Lighting,

System,
Lighting
Complete, 444.
Electrical Conveniences^ 447.

of

Disadvantages

Dry

Electric

Battery for,

352.

Dry

er,
Pow-

441.
of

Dimensions

Dish

Lighting by Gas

Engine

for

Engine

Installation,Rules

for,

500.

of,

Engine

117.

Operated

Cleaner, 426.
Power
Engine

for

Vacuum

Ironing,

422.

Eccentric

Type

Piston

Rings,

75of

Bad

Effects

of

Carbonizing, 63.

114.

Room

Abominations,

179.

Effects

Electric

Engine

Air, 88.

Current,

Producing,

Engine

Room

Engine
Engine

Room

Fittings, 174.

Room,

Floor

Engine

Room,

Line

Cautions,

179.

for, 176.

Shaft,

177.

Index

512

Engine Room,
Storing Oil,

Engine
Engine

Engine

Troubles,

Ventilation,176.

Speed

Control, 133.

Engine

Troubles, Pre-ignition,

240.

Engine

Method

Troubles, a
Parting Advice, 243.
Troubles,

Suspected

ple
Sim-

Few

Back-firing,

241.

Troubles,

Shocks,

of

Cause

232.

Troubles,

Engine

Common,
Faulty

Troubles,
Engine
Transmission, 223.

Electrical

Do,

Engine

228.

System,

Testing

Troubles,

Magneto, 231.
Troubles,
Engine
System,

226.

Equipment

of

with

Test

Shop,

Work

368.
Port, Size of, 90.
Valve, Setting, 93.

Exhaust

Explaining

Troubles, First Thing

Engine

Testing

Troubles,

Exhaust

242.

to

230.

Engine

226.

Troubles,

Engine

229.

Engine

Troubles,

Engine

teries,
Bat-

Troubles, Testing

Engine Troubles, Testing Coil,

234.

Questions,

Engine Troubles, Starting,22^.

tion
Igni-

232.

Troubles,

Engine

of

Engine

Few

ations,
Vari-

Troubles, Speed
239.

Bit

Engine

Timer,

Pounding,

242.

Controlling,140.

Engine

ing,
Overheat-

Troubles,

Engine

Work

the

Room

Facts,

242.

237.

Temperature,

Engine

Outside

Troubles,

Engine

i75-

176.

Engine
of

for

Provisions

Room,

Bench,

of,

Origin

Troubles,

Knocking,

178.

Engine

Engine
224.

fler,
Painting Muf-

Room,

Engine

of

Mission

Room,
Engine
Paint, 178.

Action,

Gear

Dififerential

297.

Fires,

Extinguishing Gasoline

226.

Troubles,

Irregular,

Troubles,

Knocking,

193-

224.

Engine
242.

Engine

Troubles,

Lack

ergy,
of En-

Power,

Engine

Troubles,

Lack

of

Misfiring,

223.

Dairy,

Farm

Farm

Tractor

295.

Churning

by

434.

Dairy, Gasoline

Engine

in, 428.

241.

Engine

for

Gears

Power,

235.

Troubles,

of

Transmissions,

223.

Engine

Face

Troubles,

Operating,

Farm

Dairy,

]\Iilking

for, 428.

chines
Ma-

Index

Dairy,

Farm

Separator,
Farm

Power

of

Forms

Operated

Supply Systems,

of,

Effects

Foundations

Feed

Seating,88.
Grinding by Power, 356.

Foundations

Feed

Grinding, When

nient,
Conve-

Depth

Room

Fighting

Weeds

Pit,

Engines^

161.
for

Gasoline

185.

Foundations,

Pit, 165.

167.
Foundations,

Lining

Engine

on,

Gears,

Size

Finding

of,

161.

Engines,
for

Gasoline

by

Filling Foundation
FilteringLubricants
of

for

Tanks,

Accessories, 361.

Engine, 482.

of

218.

Leveling

Foundations, Locking

346.
Pulleys, 316.
for,

gines
En-

169.

on,

Extinguishing, Rules

Place, 167.
Foundations,

Bolts

in

Making

Frame,

165.
tinguish,Foundations, Making
Ex-

502.

Fires, Gasoline, How

to

165.
Foundations,

193.

Firing Charge

by

sion,
Compres-

Accomplishment of
Engine,

First

Gasoline
for

Fittings

plate,
Tem-

Material

ed,
Need-

Placing

Engine

164.

113.

First

503.
Use

Filling the

Foundations

356.

Fire

Horsepower,
Print,

165.

Faulty Valve

Finish

34.

Blue

Foundations,

59-

Feed

Power,

162.

of,

Compression,

for

Foundation

422.

Faulty

Farm

Formulae

431.

Water

513

Foundations,

tion
Trac-

277.

on,

Engine,
Engine

167.

Foundations,

42.

Room,

Portable

Engine,

171.
.

Foundations,

174-

Point

Flash

of

Foundations, the

Flash

Test

Float

Valve

Flooding

of Lubricants,

211.

Adjustment,

109.

Carburetors, 106.

Foundations,
Foundations,

Flushing Out

Four-Cycle

Gutters, 366.

Design

and

Foolish

Economy
Feed

Type,

Various

Types

of,

170.

Engine

Operation,

Four-Cycle Engine, Why

Needed,
in

153.

tion,
Lubrica-

220.

Force

Vacuum

struction, 44.
Con-

154.

Fly Wheels, Why

ting,
Set-

171.

for

Wheel

Final

167.

Engine Room, 176.

Fluidity of Lubricants, 204.
Fly

rial,
Mate-

164.

Lubricants,

204.

Floor

Preparing

Lubrication,216.

ferred,
Pre-

47.
Frame

for

Frame

of

149-

Foundation, 165.
Gasoline

Engine,

Index

514
and

Fuel

Feed

Fuel
Fuel

Proportions,

Air

Fuel

loi.

Pipe, Guarding, i86.

Feed
Pipe Joints, i86.
for Engines, Alcohol, 198.

198.

Ditching

with, 484.
Gasoline

Effect

Engine,

Farm

Boy,

on

39.

Engine,

First,

42.
for

Fuel

Gasoline,

Engines,

Gasoline

for

Engine,

Barn

Hoist, 458.

181.

Engines,

for

Fuel

Kerosene,

Gasoline

for

Engine,

ing,
Churn-

434-

194.

Fuel

Engine,

Distillate, Gasoline

Engines,

for

Fuel

Gasoline

Engines,

for

Notes

on,

Regulating

Governor,

Functions

of

Differential

of

Function

Cylinder,

Gear,

482.
Engine,

of

Function

Intake

Port, 85.
Piston, ^2.

of

Functions

Fighting

for

Grain

Tender, 460.
Gasoline

296.

for

Engine,

Gasoline

51.

Farm

36.

Gasoline

Weeds,

135-

for

Engine,

Power,

199.

Fuel

Gasoline

for

Engine,

Power

Trucking,

Gasoline

454.
for

Engine,

Low

ing,
Spray-

387.
Gasoline

Mower,

Gasoline, Changing
Gasoline,

Common

from,

197.

Risks

with,

Gasoline

Sawing,

Gasoline,
Garden

of, 187.

Dangers
Small

and

gation,
Irri-

Farm

Air

Engine,

Gasoline

Cooled,

142.

Gasoline

Gasoline

Engine,

Digger, 456.
Gasoline
Engine,
Man,

Power,

as

Gasoline

Utility

Gasoline

Drill

Engine, Convertible,

44.

of

Hints

Household

Ice

Engine,

^Making

435-

Gasoline

Gasoline
Operations,
Z7-

for

for, 437.

Farm

Engine, Cycle

470.

Engine,

Gasoline

by,

457.

the

Engine, Helping

Engine,
Starting,265.

Uses

Engine, as Well

Harvesting

Crop, 478.

Hole

Post

43-

Gasoline

Engine,

Binder,

38.

Gasoline

Gasoline

as

Fruit

Foundations,

137.

Gasoline

Gasoline

as

:i,T7.

Engine

Corn

Engine,
Gatherer, 466.

Wood

Filling the Pit, 165.

Gasoline
Governor
Engine,
for,

408.

Tractor

for

Engine,

Gasoline

191.

for

Engine,
463.

Engine,
Home,

in

Ideal

493.

Engine,

in

the

Field,

Index

5i6
Gear

ter,
Mi-

and

Bevel

Wheels,

Gasoline
with

348.
"

Gear

Wheels,

Gear

Wheels,

Cams,

of

er,
Leath-

Engines, Adaptability

of, 257.
Gasoline

42.

Gasoline

Engine,

Hired

]\Ian,

Relation

of

to

ing
Engine, Sheep Shearwith, 485.

Engine,

Gasoline

in,

Power

Gasoline

43.

Engine,

Style

Gasoline

S3'stem

Starting,264.
Engine,

in

on

Use

at

Parts

New,

Cooled,
Gasoline

Water

Horsepower

What

Will

Five

Do,

Engine, What
Includes, 262.

Farm

ter,
Engines, for Ice Cut-

Engines,

Housewife,

for

the

447.

Engines, Foundations

for, 161.
Gasoline

Engines, Frames

of,

Fuel

for,

149.

249.

Gasoline

for

435.

Gasoline

142.

Engine,

Electric

416.

Gasoline

Engine,

Gasoline

114.

Engines,

Women,

Watching

Engine,
262.

for,

Electrical

Lighting, 441.

Gasoline

of, 47.
Gasoline

ing
Wash-

Engines, for

Gasoline

475.

Engine, Vital

Engines, Dish

Knowledge
Gasoline

the

Time,

Cylinder

by, 425,
Gasoline
Engines,

Engine, Turning

Threshing

Engines,

ficiency
Ef-

of, 503.
Load, 261.
Gasoline
Engine,

Cooling

for, 206.

Gasoline

Engine, Thermal

Gasoline

Oil

Best

Size, 247.

Gasoline

Engines,

Hot, 238.
Gasoline

the

Engine,

Gasoline

Engines, Controlling,

133-

ture
Tempera-

Cylinder, 44.

Gasoline

ment
Arrange-

Main

Gasoline

Gasoline

in

Engines,
of

Bearings, 150.
Gasoline
Engines, Attention
Required,
Required, 268.

246.
Gasoline

Engines, Advantages

Simplicity,256.

of

Source

Engine,

Gasoline

255

Engines, Advantages
Light, 255.

Gasoline
of

^Market, 486.

to

Heavy,

of

Shortens

Engine,

Road

Engines, Advantages

Gasoline

39.

Gasoline

Gasoline

Two

140.

Engine, Principle of,

Gasoline

What

Do, 249.
Engine, Why
Cooled,

Gasoline

352.

Do

Will

Horsepower

of,

Dimensions

Wheels,

to

261.

Engine,

Gasoline

351Gear

New,

Gasoline

349.

Care

Engine, What

Outfit

Gasoline
181.

Engines,

Index
of

Engines, Function

Gasoline

Fly Wheel,

Gasoline

Governing, Methods
Governor

Engines,

Mounted,

Engines,

Engines, Main
of, 155.

ings
Bear-

of,

139.

Centrifugal

Type,

Gear

Engines, Placing

Finish

Wheels,

Gear

of,346.

for

Wheels,

for

Care

Rules

of, 355.
Ideal

Wheels,

Order

for,

Separator

433.

135-

Governors, Hit or Miss, 136.

Graphite as a Lubricant,220.
Gravity Oiling System, 214.
Grease

as

Lubricant,

Grinding, Advantages

354-

Wheels, Intermittent,349,

Gear

Wheels,

Internal

Wheels,

Alaterials

Spur,

348.
Gear

Grinding

346.
Wheels,

Rawhide,

Gear

Wheels,

Spur

Gear

Wheels,

Type, 348.
Strength of, 353.

Gear

Wheels,

Worm

Gudgeon

Types,

ral
Spi-

General

Care

General

Construction

of

Tractors,

311.

of Tractors,

Types

of Gasoline

of

136.

Heat

Miss

tem,
Sys-

with

with

227.

Tractor,

Tractors,

Measurement
for

of,

Care

of

280.

310.

Units,

502.

Piston

and

for

Starting Gasoline

Engine, 265.
Hit

or

for, 79.
Lubricants,

Auxiliaries,83.

Dry

118.

Governing by Hit

Protection

Hauling

Hints

Arrangement

Cells,

Hands,

gines,
En-

50.

in

Hints

291.

General

Acids

and

Harrowing

349.

Grists,360.

Pin, Material

205.

351.

and

of, 53.

Meal, 360.
Grinding Cylinder Bore, 53.

Gums

Gear

220.

Cob

Grinding Family
for,

It

How

Governor, Throttling,137.
Fuel
Governors,
Regulating,

Power

Transmission, 246.
Gear
Wheels,, General

for

Pulley,

Works,

Spur,

348.

Type,

432.

Governor

External

Blade

Pulley

Drive,

on

167.

Wheels,

Pick

138.
Governor

Foundation,

Ignition, 140.

Governor,

272.

Gasoline

Governor,

ing,
Overhaul-

Engines,

Gasoline

Good

cerning,
Con-

137-

Gasoline

Gear

Care

Governor,

172.

Gear

Rules

134.

Governor,

Gasoline

of, 135.

Action,

of,

Heart

99.

Gear

by Regulating Fuel,

135-

267.

Power,

Governing

153.

Engines, Getting Up

Gasoline

517

or
m

Miss
e-m

Governor, 136.

ade

Troughs, 363.

Automatic

Index

5i8
H

e-m

Buggy, 454.
d e
Conveniences,

Horseless
Horn

e-m

468.
Conveniences,

Engines, 452.
Conveniences,

Self-Moving
H

e-m

Well

Drill,457-

Home-made

Pulleys,322.

Home-made

Tractors, 301.
for Joining Belts, 343.

Hooks
Horse

as

Plant, Disad'

Power

of, 283.

vantages

of

Horse, Life

281.

Average,

While

of

Work

Horse,

281.

Plowing,

Brake, 252.

Horsepower,
Horsepower,

Formulae, 503.
Lidicated, 252.

Horsepower,

Nominal,

Horsepower,

Purchasing,

Horsepower,

Tractive, 253.

Horsepower,

What

252.

It

253.

Means,

for
Tube

Household

Engine,
How

Ideal

Farm

Power,

36.

Ideal

Gear

Wheel

Order,

Work

Ideal

of

ated
Oper-

Shop

Ignition,by Electricity,114.

Compressed, 56.

Governor

Pulley Works,

Spark,

Ignition,by Open

Flame,

Ignition,
Coil,

Work,

202.

of

Function

121.

Spark

140.

Fires

Spark

Ignition,

How

Charge,

121.

Ignition, j\Iake
Ignition. Problem

Break,

and

of,

Few

Ice

Cutter,

Operated,

Gasoline
435.

Engine

121.

iii.

Facts,

22"2.

Ignition,

the

Wiring

System,

130.

Ignition, Timing,
of

Importance

131.

Lubrication,

201.

Power

ing
Decreas-

by

Clearance, 62.

Horsepower,
Coils, Faults
of Cylinder

Influence

252.

of,
on

230.

sign,
De-

SI.

Inlet

Valve,

Inspecting

Setting,92.
Testing,
Valve

Port, Size

Intermittent

92.

System,

91.

of, 86.

Gears,

349.

Ironing by Engine
422.
Iron
Pulleys, Covering, 319.
Irrigation, Centrifugal Pump
Power,

112.

119.

Ignition Governor,

Intake

Lubricants

112.

Ignition,by Jump

Inlet Valve,

Is

Tube,

Hot

Ignition,by

Gasoline

437.

Charge

354.

ment,
Arrange-

128.

Conveniences

Uses

493.

Ignition,by Compression, 113.

Double
System,
Ignition, by

Induction

433-

How

Home,

Indicated

by Electricity,447.

How

Farm

Spraying, 396.
Ignition, 112.

Household

435.

Ideal

Increasing

251-

Hot

by Power,

Ignition Systems,

Horsepower,

Hose

Making

369.

Conveniences,

Saw,
e-m

Ice

Digger, 456.

e-m

Conveniences,

Hole

Power
H

Tractors, 453.

e-m

Post
H

Power

Light
H

Conveniences,

for, 406.

Index
Cost
Irrigation,

of,

the

Required

Farm,
for, 419.

jMachines

Leaks,

412.

Irrigation, Engine

for

Laundry

404.

Irrigation, Distributing
Water,

519

Method

Learning

of

Locating,89.
the Tractor,

Guide

to

Washing

306.

for, 404.
from

Irrigation

Deep

Wells^

409.

Irrigation, Garden

Small

and

Belts, 331.

Leather

for

408.
Irrigation, Kinks

and

Lacing,

Irrigation Plants,

What

They

Irrigation,Quantity of

Water

of

Dry

Life

of

Horse, Average,

Pumps,
Limits

for, 402.
When

Necessary,

tions,
Founda-

on

Life

Cells, 117.

Limitations

402.

341.

Belts, 335.

169.

tions,
Cau-

415.

Irrigation,

of

Length

Belt

Leveling Engines

Farm,

Contain,

Leather

Line

of

281,

Centrifugal

407.

of Compression,
Shaft

of

57.

Engine

Room,

177.

400.

Irrigation,

Where

Necessary,

Lining

Engines

tions,
Founda-

on

167.

399-

Irrigation,Why

Needed,

399.

Linings

and

Bushes

for

gine
En-

Bearings, 156.
Locating Leaks, 60.
Machines

Locating
Joints

Jump

for

Gasoline

Pipes, 186.
Spark Ignition,121.
K

Kerosene

for

194.
194.

Cutting Carbon,

Work

Shop, 371.
Locking Foundation
Bolts, 167.
Loose
Pulley Troubles, 321.
Loose
Ring Lubrication,216.
Low

Kerosene, Advantages of,

Kerosene
as
Engine Fuel,

in

Tension

Lubricants,

126.

Magneto,
Amount

of

Carbon

in, 213.
Lubricants, Animal

and

70.

table,
Vege-

208.

Kerosene, Objections to,

194.

Lubricants, Carbon
Lubricants,

Cold

in, 205.

Test

of, 204.

218.
Lubricants,Filtering,

Lace

Leathers, 341.

Lacing

Belts,

340.

Lubricants,

Flash

Point

of,

204.

Lacing Belts, Methods

of, 342.
Lubricants,Flash Test of, 21 r.
Laundry for Farm, Ironing by
Lubricants, Fluidity of, 204.
Power, 422.
Lubricants, for Bearings, 207.
for
Laundry
Farm, Power
erated,Lubricants, for Engine CylinOpders,
417.

206.

Index

520
LubricantSj Graphite,
Lubricants, Grease,
Lubricants, Gums

Lubrication, Through

220.

220.

217.

Acids

and

in, 205.

Lubricants,

How

They

Work,
Machine

202.

Lubricants,

Mineral

Oils,

Designers' Problem,

34.

Machinery,

209.

Lubricants,Quantity of, 213.

Lubricants, Testing for Acid,
210.

for

Lubricants, Testing

terants,
Adul-

211.

Lubricants, Testing for

Gum,

for

Lubricants,

Testing for

cosity,
Vis-

Magneto
Magneto

Lubricants, Variety

Needed,

205.

Lubricants, Viscosity of, 203.

of, 213.
Lubricants,Waste
What

They

Are,

203.

Lubricating

Gravity,

Systems,

214.

Lubricating the Cylinder,63.

Lubrication, Foolish

Action,

Economy

220.

Force

Lubrication,

Feed, 216.
of,

Importance

201.

Lubrication,

Loose

tem,
Ring Sys-

216.
Lubrication

Rods,

Care

Magneto,

Method

Testing,

It

Generates

125.

Tension, 126.
Magnetos,
Main
Gasoline
Bearings of
Engines, 155.
Make

and

Making

Break

Piston

Material, Best

of

Connecting

Ignition, 121.
Rings,

for

75.

Cylinder, 52.

Material

for

Gudgeon

Material

for

Piston

Material

for

Packings, 69.

Materials

Rods,

for

Pin,
Rings,

79.
75.

Connecting

80.
for

Materials

Gears, 346.

Needed

for

Foundations, 164.
of
Traction
Message

Engine
Engine,

277.
Method

of

Method

of

Locating Leaks, 89.

or,
Priming Carburet-

107.
Pressure

System,

Method

of

Proportioning

Port,

Lubrication,Purpose of,
Systems,

201.

Splash,

215-

Lubrication,

127.
of

How

Current,

216.

Lubrication

of,

123.

231.

81.

Lubrication,

123.

Advantages,

Magneto,

Done

416.

Women,

Materials

Lubrication,

It Has

Low

210,

Lubricants,

What

Farm

Magneto,

211.

in,

retor,
Carbu-

Ten

of, 221.

ments
Command-

Method

of

Methods

of

Methods

of

Methods

313.

86.

Valve

of

take
In-

Grinding,

Governing,
Lacing, 342.
Power

95.

135.

sion,
Transmis-

Index
Milking

Vacuum

Power,

by

521

Process, 428.
Cows

Milking
Power,

Milking

by

Gasoline

Power

Machines,

erated,Packing,
Op-

Treatment

bricants,
Lu-

Hydrocarbon

Misfiring,Causes
Mixing Air and

Material

Gasoline

por,
Va-

Paint,

for

Used

for

ing,
Cultivat-

Gasoline

Engines,

and

Abuse,

97.

Piston
N

of Babbitt

Nature

of

Metal, 325,
Gasoline, 181.
of

Necessary Components
Engine, 48.
Notes

for

Nozzles

oline
Gas-

with

Blade
and

Piston

Rings,

Piston, Best

Material

Object
Oiling

New

Kerosene,

Valve

Open

Piston

194.

Timing,

Defects, 76.

Piston, Design

and

ship,
Workman-

73.

Piston

or

of,

Gudgeon

Pin,

Method

72.

Pin, 79.
of Proportioning,

79.

91.

Pin,

Ignition,112.

Piston

Ring Joints, 75.

Piston

Rings, Concentric

Water

Cooling

Pressure

on,

79.

Type,

75-

142.

Separator by
Operating Cream
Power, 431.
gine,
Operation of Four-Cycle EnOtto

of, 72,

Engine, 264.

Jacket

System,

for, 73.

Piston

Flame

Open

Cleaning,

77-

Piston

of

138.

Auxiliaries,Care

and

Spraying, 394.

to

Gasoline

Governor,

Piston, Functions
Objections

199.

274.

Piston, Construction

Horsepower, 252,
Engine Fuels, 199.

on

Alcohol,

of, 83.

Nature

Nominal

of

Hazard

Personal

Pick

Engine

178.

Room,

Engines,

172.

in

Mission

Peculiarities

464.

for, 69.

Muffler, 178.

Paint, Its

Muffler, Use

Board,

69.

Packings,

of, 241.

103.

Mounted

Mill

Packings, Copper-Asbestos, 69.

209.

Motorcycle

Head,

of, 70.

Asbestos

Packings,

428.
or

Cylinder

69.

428.

Mineral

the

Packing

Piston

Rings, Construction

of,

75Piston

Rings, Defects

44.

Piston

Gasoline

Piston

Rings, Design of, 73.

Rings, Eccentric
Type,

Outfits

Engine,

43.

for

Spraying, 398.
Overhauling Gasoline
Engine,
Overheating, Causes

75.

Piston

Rings, Making, 75.

Rings, Material for, 75.
Piston Rings, Purpose of, 73.
Piston

272.

of, 237.

of, 76.

Index

522

Transmission

Power

Piston

Rings, Replacing, 78.

Rings, Removing, y2:.

Piston

Rings, Truing, 76.

Preignition Caused
64.

by Carbon,

Preignition,Causes

of, 240.

Piston

for

Plea

Small

the

Engine,

247.
280.

Plowing with Tractor,

Plowing, Cost for Ten
with

Power

Plowing,

Hours

for,

Needed

Saw

Circular

Outfit,

Portable

Foundations,

Engine

and

Power

Valve
for

System, 85.

Power

for

the

Farm, Gasoline

for

Tractor,

Pin,
for

Sj'stem

79.
Water

423.

of

System

tion,
Lubrica-

216.
of

Gasoline

Engines,

Circuit,What

Primary

Engine, 36.
Power

Piston

on

Pressure

Price

34-

Start

to

Pressure

Forms

Farm,

the

Engine

303.

Supply,

171.

of,

]\Iaterial for

Foundations, 164.

Pressure

378.

bitting,
Bab-

324.

Preparing

Portable

for

Boxes

Preparing

300.

Port

313-

Preparing

Tractor, 289.

Methods,

257.

It

cludes,
In-

129.

the

Ideal,

Farm,

Principle

of

Gasoline

Engine,

42.

Power
Power

for

Laundry

Farm,

for

Needed

417.

Plowing,

300.

Power

Power

Power

of

Gasoline

Tractors,

Farm

of

Gear

Wheels,

Operated
386.
Required

353.

Wood

Tasks,

ter,
Split-

for

Sawing,

for

Various

249.

Saw,

Power

Transmission

Home-made,

468.

by Belts,

330.

by

Gear

346.

Transmission

by Ropes,

345Power

t,^.

Designers,

of

Ignition, iii.
Electric

Current,

114.

Prony

Brake

How

Test,

505.

Proportioning Piston
Proportions of Fuel

Pin,

79.

and

Air,

lOI.

Protecting the Hands, 227.

Pulleys, Balance
of, 316.
Pulleys, Cone

and

Stepped,

322.

Transmission

Wheels,
Power

Problem

Made,

Required

Power

Power

Machine

Problem,

Producing

379Power

Farm,

34-

298.
Power

Great

Problem,

Transmission
313.

ing,
by Shaft-

Pulleys, Covering, 319.

Pulleys, Finding Size of, 316.
Pulleys, Home-made,
Pulleys, Securing

322.
to

Shaft,

319-

Pulleys, Split Wood,

317.

Index

;24
in

Use

Shims,

Gasoline

Down

Shutting

328.

Boxes,

gines,
En-

270.
Brake

Home

Simple

Test,

]\Iethod,

388.
Spraying,

Nozzles

Spraying,

Real

for,

394.

Purpose

of,

388.

504.

Six

Nature's

Spraving,

Eight Cycle Engines,

and

47.

Successful

Spraying,

Method,

391.

Size

of

Carburetors,

Size

of

Intake

Size

of

Belts

Spraying, Value

107.

Port, 86.

Required,

Slipping Belts, 336.

Slipping Belts,
Small
Small

for, 337.

Tractors, 283.

Farm

Spur

of, 285.
Source

of

Engine,
Spark

in

Power

Gasoline

Action,

Battery, Capacity of,

Battery

Controller, Mission

of

in

of

Suction

Caused

Variations

by

Engines,

of

Lubrication,

215-

Splicing

Gandy

Canvas

or

Crown

and

Gasoline

Pumps,

Summary
Home,

Lift

Face

leys,
Pul-

Engine

quired,
Re-

of

Centrifugal

408.
of

Complete

Farm

493.

of

Symptoms

239-

Splash System

Room,

246.

Belts, 335.
Shafts, 316.

Speed Variations
Governor, 239.

Engine

318.
Style

Speed

in

175-

of,

133-

Water

422.

Storing Oil
Straight

310.

of

Electric

for

for

System

Supply,

120.

Plug Construction, 120.

with Tractor,
Speed Allowable

Speed

Storage

Storage

120.

Spark

Speed

Crank,

Lighting, 442.

Follies, 132.
Formed,
Spark, How

Speed

with

Engine

442.

Functions, 119.

Plug

gine,
En-

Gearing, 348.

Storage

Spark

Spark

Gasoline

275-

43.

Coil

Nozzles

387.

quirements
ReStarting

Tractors,

Farm

with

Spraying

Cure

Vermorel

Spraying,
for, 396.

333.

of, 387.

Carbon

Deposit,

66.
in
System
Starting
Engine, 264.

Gasoline

Belt, 344-

Spraying,
Spraying,

Effect
Good

on

Yield, 398.
and

Cheap

Outfits,398.
Spraying,

Good

Pumping

Hose

for, 396.

392.

Spraying,

fit,
Out-

Temperature
Cylinder,

in

Gas

Engine

44.

for

Foundation, 165.
Template
ments,
CommandTen
Lubricating
221.

Index
Tractor

Testing Batteries,229.
Testing Compression, 60.
Electrical

Testing

for

Ignition

in

Testing
Testing Gasoline
of

Engines,

Shocks,

259.

System,

Lubricants

for

Operation,

Tractor

Operation, Speed

Tractor

Operation,

Turning,

terants,
Adul-

for

Gums,

for

The

Balanced

The

Dirt

The

Farm

The

Intake

Viscosity, 210.

Ration, 358.

Wood

Port,

with,
Preparing to
Use

Cultivator,

as

Best

Tractors,

Forms

Pile, 375.
Function

Engine
of

Efficiency,503.
by

Throttling

for

Tractors

475.

Small

Action

Tractors, General

Farms,

of,

and

Loose

Power

Pulleys,

321.

Care

General

Tractors,

of, 137Tight

Tractors, Getting Out

holes, 307.

Timing

Tractors, Home-made,
First

complishment,
AcTractors, Steam

Compared,

2^^.

Traction

Tractive

Its

Message,

Horsepower,

Tractor

Cost

Tractor, Harrowing
Tractor, Learning

of, 288.

with,
to

280.

Guide,

Tractor

Use

Tractors,

Wheels

Operation,

holes, 308.

in

Mud-

301.

Gasoline,

of

Clutch, 294.
for, 296.

Gears,

Face

of,

295of
of

Treatment

Troubles,

Tractors,
Packing, 70.

Gasoline

291.

Engine,

Classified,223.
Troubles

306.

of Mud-

with, 310.
and

Tractors,

Transmission

280.

Farmer,
Farming,

peal
Ap-

of, 311,

292.

Transmission

253.
That

Advantages
to

Tractor

Engine,

of,

291.

Tractors, Hauling

Ignition,131.
Engine, Its

283.

tion
Construc-

Timing Valves, Object of, 91.

Traction

mission,
Trans-

298.

Power,

Governor,

for,

291.

of,

Tractors, Gasoline,

Threshing

Start,

303.

Tractors,

'j'j.

Gas

280.

293-

85.
Thermal

When

287.

231.

Menace,

lowable,
Al-

307.

Tractor, Plowing

Tractor,

211.

Testing Magneto,

Hills,

on

309-

Tractor,

Lubricants

Testing Oil

Bridges,

on

310.

211.

Testing

Operation,

232.

Testing Ignition Timer, 234.

Testing Induction Coils, 230.
Testing

Tractor

Tractor

Oil, 210.

Ignition

Cause

Sand,

309.

Acid

Testing

in

Operation,

308.

228.

S}-stem,

525

of

Loose

Pulleys,

321.

Truing

Piston

Rings,

'jd.

Index

526
Two

and

Boys

Motorcycle,

of

Variety

464.

Lubricants

205.
and

Two-Cycle
Four-Cycle
Compared, 46.
of

Types

gines
En-

Ventilation

of

Centrifugal Pumps,

Vermorel

Nozzles

of

Viscosity
Vital

of

Fruit

Unique
Units

of

Gatherer, 466.

Heat

Measurement,

Machines

Laundry,
Waste

UtilizingAnimal
Utilizing
Use

and

Use

of

Power,

Waste

Heat,

Abuse

of

Foundation

Print,

Belt

Useful

Needed;

]\lethod,
Water

of,
Cleaner, Engine

Vacuum

Cows,

of

Milking

428.

Vacuum

tion,
Founda-

Engine

Value

of

Value

of

Gas

Compression, 56.

Thorough

Spraying,

387.

Grinding;

When

95.

System, Inspecting, 91.

Valve

Timing,

Water

Timing,

Water

General

94.

Vagaries, 98.

Needed

Quantity

for

Automatic

Supply,
Supply

by

Pressure

423.

tem,
Supply by Storage Sys422.

Systems

for

Farms,

422.

What

91.

Cooling,

Troughs, 363.

Water

Valve

for

Irrigation,402.

and

94.

143.

Needed

System,
Grinding, Method,

Care

ing
Circulat-

the

Cooling,

Water

171.

Systems,

145-

Water,

Type

142.

System,

Water

Process

Jacket

145-

erated,
Op-

426.

145.

146.

Cooling

Water

Vacuum

of

Amount

Cooling, Open

Water

Pulleys, 318.
Kink, 339.

gine,
En-

Cooling, Anti-Freezing

Water

Mixtures,

of

Gasoline

Cooling,

Water

Aluffler,97.
Blue

Farm

142.

Water

147.

for

Utilizing,147.

Cooled

34.

162.

Valve

gine,
En-

419.

Heat,

Water

502.

for,

203.

Gasoline

Washing

Valve

ing,
Spray-

47.

How,

for

Lubricants,

Parts

164.

Valve

Room,

396.

Type of Pulleys, 317.

Tying Engine to Foundation,

Valve

Engine

176.

407.

Use

Needed,

Five
Will

Rule
What

Horsepower
Do,

Gasoline

Includes, 262.

gine
En-

249.

Engine

Outfit

Index

What

Internal

What

Lubricants

Are,

What

Old

Wagon

Combustion

cludes,
In-

527

Wood

Sawing,

4,3.

Do,

Farm

203.

Room,

Can

Circuit

Circuit

Doing,
What

Wheels
to

Why

Do,

for

gine
En-

Tractors,

Work

Work

296.

Irrigate,

Work

399.
Is

Work

Needed,

Four-Cycle
Preferred,

U'iring

Engine

Work

Farm,

Lacing,
of

Work

343.

Ignition

System,

Shop

Power,

Engine,

Work,

386.

ing
Connect-

370.

Shop,

Engine

for,

Shop

Engine,

Placing,

Shop
Shop,

Equipment,

368.

Ideal

ment,
Arrange-

Sawing
379.

Outfit,

Setting

Shop,

Its

Purpose

on

367.

Shop,

Locating

chines,
Ma-

371.
Work

130.

Up,

Is

47.

Belt

Wood

by

for,

369.

399-

Wire

Splitting

Saw

368.

400.

Irrigation

Why

ing,
Plow-

368.

249.

Irrigate,

to

Drag

to

Horsepower

Will

Where

Is

While

Sawing,

Work

279.
Two

When

Tractor

Horse

380.
Wood

Gasoline

Engine

281.

cludes,
In-

129.
the

of

Wood

Secondary

for

176.

cludes,
In-

129.

What

Bench

Work

Primary

What

quired,
Re-

379.
Work

455-

What

Power

Shop,

Moral

372.

Worm

Gears,

349.

Benefits

of,

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INDEX

SUBJECT
PAGE

Accidents

PAGE
18

Manual

Brakes

17, 19

Marine

Training
Engines

Arithmetics

20

Marine

Steam

Air

Automobiles
Balloons
Bevel

Gears

Boilers

IMetal Turning
Milling Machines
Mining
Oil Engines

Cams
Car

Mechanical

22

Brazing
Charts
Gear

Change

Coke

Compressed

Air

Concrete

Cyclopedia

23
23

Producer

Receipt Book
Refrigeration
Rope Work
Rubber
Stamps

9, 10, 11, 12
22
12
3

Gas

13
14

13, 14

Gears

14

Heating, Electric
Hot
Water
Heating
Horse-Power

27

Chart

18

Railroad

11

24

Accidents

28

13

Punches

8, 24

23

.-

Gas

Manufacturing
Engines

13
15

Dies

Gas

22, 23

23

Making
Perfumery
Pipes
Plumbing

Fuel

16
21

Pattern

Dictionaries

9, 10.

21

4, 20

Drawing
Drop Forging
DjTiamo
Electricity
Engines and Boilers
Factory [Management
Flying Machines

20,

Patents

3, 4, 22

Chemistry
Coal Mining

29

Movements

15

14

Charts

Turbines

14

22
22

23, 25
15
15
25

Saws
Sheet

26
IMetal

Working

Shop Tools
Shop Construction
Shop Management
Sketching
Paper

21

20
20

Prevention

Smoke

13
3

Soldering
Splices
Steam
Engineering
Steam
Heating
Steam
Pipes

15

26, 27
27
28

Steel

28

Superheated

Steam

17

Hydraulics

15

Switchboards

Ice Making

15

16

India

25

Tapers
Telephone

20

Threads

22

Inventions

15

Tools

Knots

15

Turbines

29

16

Ventilation

27

Rubber

Interchangeable

Lathe

Manufacturing

Work

Lighting (Electric)
Link

Motion

17

Valve

Setting

16

Walschaert

Boilers

Engineering

17, 18, 19

Machinist's

Books

20,

THESE

18

BOOKS
THE

^^^='How

to

Remit."

By

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PROMPTLY
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WORLD

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Valve

Locomotive

1^*=- ANY

12

Liquid Air

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9, 11

Valve

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19

Gear

29

Watchmaking

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CATALOGUE

BOX

CAR

chart

the

CAR

chart

reference

PASSENGER

reference

box
a
list

of
anatomy
given in

name

CAR

chart showing
its proper name
A

having

car,

gondola

reference

every

having

car,

part of the

numbered

car

and

its

20

cents

every

part of the

car

list

numbered
20

cents

numbered
20

cents

and

CHART.

the

of a passenger
anatomy
given in a reference list

WESTINGHOUSE
Chart

BOOKS

CHART.
the

showing

its proper

of

anatomy

in

given

name

GONDOLA
A

PRACTICAL

GOOD.

CHART.

showing

proper

OF

AIR-BRAKE

having

car,

every

part of the

car

and

CHARTS.

I.
Shows
modern
(in colors) the most
Westinghouse
High Speed and
Signal Equipment
used
on
Passenger
Engines, Passenger
Engine
Cars.
Tenders, and
Chart
Passenger
Shows
Westinghouse
for
(in colors) the Standard
and
Switch
Freight
gines,
EnEquipment
Price for the set
Freight and Switch
Engine Tenders, and Freight Cars.
50
cents
"

II.

"

TRACTIVE
A

chart

making

POWER
whereby you

CHART.
find the tractive power
drawbar
or
pull of any locomotive, without
what
cylinders are equal, how driving wheels and steam
pressure
sized engine you
need
to exert
a
given drawbar
pull or anything
50
cents

can

Shows
affect the power.
What
desire in this line
you

figure.

HORSE

POWER

Shows

the horse
cylinder diameter
or

CHART.
of any
stationary engine
power
of stroke; the steam
pressure

non-condensing,

Especially useful
BOILER

ROOM

CHART.

By

Geo.

Easy

calculation.

No

what
the
whether
densing
contime and
lations.
calcu50
cents

matter

cut-off; the revolutions, or

to

use,

accurate,

and

designers

saves
...

L. Fowler.

size 14 x 28 inches
in isometric
showing
belonging
perspective the mechanisms
in a modern
boiler room.
Water
tube boilers, ordinary grates and
mechanical
stokers, feed
water
heaters
The
and
various
shown
broken
or
comprise the equipment.
parts are
pumps
is fully illustrated.
Each
that the internal construction
so
removed,
part is given a reference
and
number,
are
these, with the corresponding name,
given in a glossary printed at the sides.
This chart is really a dictionary of the boiler room
the names
of more
than 200 parts being
It is educational
worth
times its cost
given.
25
cents
many
A

Chart

it's all there.

engineers and

to

without
or

"

"

"

"

CIVIL
HENLEY'S
TRADES.

ENCYCLOPEDIA
Edited

by Joseph

OF
G.

ENGINEERING
PRACTICAL

Horner,

ENGINEERING
A. M.

AND

ALLIED

I. E. M.

contains
about
with thousands
of illustrations,
of five volumes
including
2,500 pages
and
This work
the
sectional drawings
with full explanatory details.
covers
entire practice of Civil and Mechanical
The best known
Engineering.
experts in all branches
The Cyclopedia is admirably well adapted
of engineering have contributed
to these volumes.
well as the mechanical
to the needs
of the beginner
and the self-taught
gineer,
enas
practical man,
The work
will be
and machinist.
designer, draftsman, shop superintendent, foreman,
found
It is encyclopedic in scope, thorough
to any
of advancement
a means
progressive man.
and practical in its treatment
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be and
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The articles are as brief as may
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who
of the subject, and are written by men
yet give a reasonably clear and
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all you
It tells you
have
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about
want
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engineering and tells it so simply, so clearly,so concisely,that one cannot
it is without
As a work
of reference
a peer.
help but understand.
$6.00 per single volume.
For complete set of five volumes, price
$25.00
This

set

diagrammatic

COKE
COKE"
MODERN
MATERIALS
AND

INCLUDING
THE
ANALYSIS
PRACTICE;
and J. E. Christopher.
By T. H. Byrom

OF

for those engaged

of By-products.
in Coke
manufacture
and the recovery
Fully
with
It has been
the aim
of the authors, in preparing this book,
folding plates.
interested
who
and
to
associated
which
shall be of use
benefit
those
are
with, or
produce one
II. GenI. Introductory.
developments of the industry. Contents:
in, the modern

A handbook
illustrated
to

COKING
PRODUCTS.

CATALOGUE

OF

PRACTICAL

GOOD,

BOOKS

III. Coal Washing.

IV. The
of Coal,
eral Classification of Fuels.
Sampling and Valuation
V. The
Calorific Power
of Coal and
Coke.
VI. Coke
Ovens.
VII. Coke
Coke, etc.
Ovens,
VIII.
Coke
of Coke
IX.
and
continued.
Ovens, continued.
Charging
Discharging
Ovens,
Plant.
XI.
and
Gas
Exhausters.
XII.
Condensing
and
X. Cooling
Composition
Analysis
XIII.
Ammoniacal
of
Ammoniacal
XIV.
of
Treatment
of
Working-up
Liquor.
Liquor.
Gases
XV.
Valuation
of Ammonium
from
Waste
Direct
Sulphate Plants.
Sulphate. XVI.
Ammonia
from
Coke
Oven
Gases.
of
XVII.
Gas
from
Coke
Oven.
ful
UseRecovery
Surplus
Price
Tables.
Very fully illustrated.
$3. 50 net
.

"

COMPRESSED
COMPRESSED

AIR

ALL

IN

ITS

book

AIR

APPLICATIONS.

the

Gardner

By

D.

Hiscox.

of Air that

has ever
been issued, and its thirtyThis is the most
on
complete
subject
include
about
five chapters
be called an
phase of the subject one can think of. It may
every
air. It is written
by an expert, who, in its 665 pages, has dealt
encyclopedia of compressed
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Includes
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to its highest pressure,
its thermodynamics,
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comphysical properties of air from a vacuum
transmission
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in the Operation of Stationary and Portable
as
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of Water,
in Mining, Air Tools, Air Lifts, Pumping
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Acids, and Oils; the
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ances
AppliAir is a Most
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and Economical
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forty-four tables of the physical properties of
Compressed
volumes
air, its compression, expansion, and
required for various kinds of work, and a list of
Over
500 illustrations, 5th Edition, revised
and
patents on compressed air from 1875 to date.
Half
bound,
Morocco,
$5.00.
enlarged. Cloth
price
$6.60

CONCRETE
CONCRETE

ORNAMENTAL

WITHOUT

MOLDS.

By

A.

A.

Houghton.

ornamental
for making
concrete
without
has long been held as a secret, and
molds
process
for the first time, this process
is given to the public. The book
reveals the secret and is
now,
the only book published which explains a simple, practical method
worker
whereby the concrete
is enabled, by employing wood
and metal
in
templates of different designs, to mold or model
concrete
Cornice, Archivolt, Column, Pedestal, Base
any
Cap, Urn or Pier in a monolithic
the job. These may
form
be molded
in units or blocks, and then built up to suit the
right upon
This work is fullyillustrated,
with detailed engravings.
Price $2.00
specificationsdemanded.
The

"

CONCRETE

FROM

SAND

MOLDS.

By

A.

A.

Houghton.

Work
which
A Practical
has heretofore
been held as a trade
treating on a process
secret
by
the few who
possessed it, and which will successfully mold every and any class of ornamental
work.
The
of molding
concrete
with sand
concrete
molds
is of the utmost
process
practical
of a low cost of molds, the ease
advantages
value, possessing the manifold
and
rapidity of
operation, perfect details to all ornamental
designs, density, and increased
strength of the
attention
and the easy
concrete,
of the molds
perfect curing of the work without
removal
gardless
rethe design may
of any undercutting
have.
192 pages.
Fully illustrated. Price $2.00

CONCRETE

WALL

FORMS.
By A. A. Houghton.
clamp is illustrated with
working
drawings.
forms, clamps, separators, etc., are also illustrated and explained
A

new

automatic

CONCRETE
The

wall

FLOORS

AND

molds
for molding
squares,
blocks are
fully illustrated

PRACTICAL
Complete

CONCRETE

SIDEWAf^KS.
hexagonal
and

and

By
many

A.
other

Other

50

A. Houghton.
styles of mosaic

explained

SILO

CONSTRUCTION.

By

types of wall
cents

floor and
walk
side50 cents

A. A. Houghton.

drawings
and
specificationsare given for several styles of concrete
silos,
with illustrations of molds
for monolithic
block silos. The tables, data and information
and
value in planning and constructing all forms of concrete
presented in this book are of the utmost
silos
50 cents

working

MOLDING
CONCRETE
A. A. Houghton.

CHIMNEYS,

SLATE

AND

ROOF

TILES.

The

By

manufacture
of all types of concrete
slate and
roof tile is fullytreated.
Valuable
data
all forms
of reinforced
roofs
concrete
contained
are
within its pages.
The
of
construction
concrete
is fully illustrated
monolithic
chimneys by block and
and
A
described.
systems
number
of ornamental
designs
of chimney
construction
with molds
shown
in this valuable
are
treatise
50 cents
on

....

CATALOGUE

OF

PRACTICAL

GOOD.

BOOKS

MOLDING

AND
CURING
ORNAMENTAL
CONCRETE
^.v A A. Houghton.
and
for various
of
proportions of cement
aggregates
linishes,also t'le methods
An exhaustive
this
thoroughly mixing and placing in the molds, are fully treated.
treatKe
on
worker
will find of daily use and value
concrete
50 cents
subject that every
The

proper

CONCRETE
Houghton,

MAUSOLEUMS

MONUMENTS,

The molding
of concrete
monuments
this treatise, with working
drawings
is also fully treated

CONCRETE
MOLDING
A, A, Houghton.

to
ot

AND

imitate

the

BURIAL

VAULTS.
cut

Cutting

.50

BATH

TUBS,

AND

AQUARIUMS

A.

is explained in
stone
inscriptions and designs

expensive

most

easily built molds.

A.

By

cents

NATATORIUMS.

By

and
Simple molds
pools,

instruction
These

swimming

given

are

molds

etc.

for

molding

bath
styles of concrete
tubs,
successful
permit rapid and

many

easily built

are

and

work

50

CONCRETE
A

number

center

or

CULVERTS

BRIDGES,
of ornamental
core

for

bridges

concrete

bridges, culverts

and

AND
with

sewers

SEWERS.

By A.

illustrations of molds
is fully illustrated with

A. Houghton.
A collapsible
instructions
for

given.

are

detailed

building

50

CONSTRUCTING
A number
construct

molds

CONCRETE

PORCHES.

By

cents

cents

A. A. Houghton.

of designs v/ith working

drawings of molds are fully explained so any one can easily
different styles of ornamental
concrete
the purchase of expensive
porches without
50
cents

CONCRETE
MOLDING
A. Houghton.

FLOWER

POTS,

BOXES,

ETC.

JARDINIERES,

By

A.

The molds
etc., are

for producing many

fully illustrated and

original designs of flower

explained,

the

so

pots,

worker

urns,

flower

easily

can

boxes, jardinieres,
and

construct

CONCRETE
MOLDING
A. A. Houghton.
The
and

molding
other

of

forms

fully illustrated

CONCRETE

FOUNTAINS

FOR

THE

FARM

molding

and

all the
for which
purposes
of this handy
the contents

POPULAR
H.

AND

By

ORNAMENTS.

LAWN

cents

number
of designs of lawn seats, curbing, hitching posts, pergolas, sun
dials
of ornamental
concrete
for the
of lawns
ornamentation
and
gardens, is
and
described
cents
50

The
among

operate
50

same

of drain

AND

SHOP.

tile, tanks, cisterns,fence

HANDBOOK

concrete

FOR

is

an

By

A. A. Houghton.

posts, stable
invaluable

floors,hog and

aid

to

the

farmer

poultry houses
are

volume

CEMENT

AND

CONCRETE

USERS.

By

numbered
cents
60

Myron

Lswis,

This is a concise treatise of the principles and methods

in the manufacture
and use
employed
of cement
in all classes of modern
works.
The
author
has brought
all
together in this work
the salient matter
of interest to the user
of concrete
and its many
The
diversified products.
matter
is presented
in logical and systematic
order, clearly written, fully illustrated and free
from involved
mathematics.
of value to the concrete
is given including kinds
Everything
user
of cement
in construction,
proofing,
concrete
architecture, inspection and testing, wateremployed
book
The
coloring and painting, rules, tables, working, and cost data.
comprises
thirty-three chapters, as follows:

Introductory.

Kinds

of

and
How
IMade.
Thev
are
Properties, Testing and
Concrete
and its Properties.
Stone and
Sand, Broken
Gravel
for Concrete.
to Proportion
How
the INIaterials.
How
Concrete.
to Mix
and Place
Forms
for Concrete
Construction.
The Architectural
and Artistic Possibilities of Concrete.
Concrete
Residences.
Plasters
and
Artistic
Alortars,
Stucco
How
and
Them.
The
to Use
Treatment
of Concrete
Surfaces.
Concrete
The
of Ornamental
Building Blocks.
Making
Concrete.
Concrete
Essential
Pipes, Fences, Posts. Etc.
and
of ReenFeatures
Advantages
forced
Concrete.
How
to Design
Reenforced
planations
ExConcrete
Beams.
Slabs
and
Columns.
of the Methods
and
and
Principles in Designing Reenforced
Concrete
Beams
Slabs.
Systems of Reenforcement
Reenforced
Concrete
in Factory and General
Employed.

Requirements

of

Hydraulic

Cements
Cement.

CATALOGUE

OF

PRACTICAL

GOOD,

BOOKS

Building Construction.

Concrete
in Foundation
Worlf.
Concrete
ments,
Retaining Walls, AbutBulkheads.
Concrete
Arches
and
Arch
Beam
and
Girder
Bridges. Concrete
in Sewerage
and
Concrete
Dams
Bridges. Concrete
and
voirs.
ReserDrainage Works.
Tanks,
Concrete
Curbs
Pavements.
and
Concrete
Sidewalks,
in Railroad
Constructions.
The
the Farm.
The
on
Utility of Concrete
Structure.
Grout
Waterproofing of Concrete
and
Its Use.
Work.
Cost
or
of Concrete
Work.
Liquid Concrete
Inspection of Concrete
Some
of the special features
of the book
1. The
Attention
Paid
are:
to the Artistic
and
Architectural
Side of Concrete
Work.
2. The
Authoritative
of the
Treatment
Problem
Concrete.
3. An
of Waterproofing
Excellent
of the Rules
Followed
in
to be
Summary
Concrete
Construction.
4. The
Valuable
Cost
Data
and
Useful
Tables
given. A valuable
Addition
to the Library of Every
Cement
Concrete
and
User.
Price
$2.50
and

WATERPROOFING
Modern
of the

CONCRETE.

Methods

of

Principles,

proofing Structures

By

Myron

H. Lewis.

Waterproofing

Concrete
and Other
Structures.
A
condensed
statement
Precautions
to be Observed
Rules, and
in Waterproofing
and
Dampand
Structural
Materials.
Paper binding. Illustrated. Price. .50 cents

DICTIONARIES
STANDARD

DICTIONARY.

ELECTRICAL

By T. O'Conor

Sloane.

in electrical science.
to all interested
Suitable
alike for the student
indispensable work
and
of reference
containing definitions of about
professional. A practical hand-book
5,000
and
distinct words, terms
phrases. The definitions are terse and concise and include every
used
in electrical
science.
term
An
edition.
Should
be in
Recently issued.
entirely new
desire to keep abreast
the possession of all who
with the progress
of this branch
of science.
682 pages,
393 illustrations. Price
Complete, concise and convenient.
$3.00
An

....

DIES"
DIES:
SHEET

THEIR

CONSTRUCTION

METALS.

By

J. V.

METAL
AND

USE

WORK
FOR

THE

MODERN

WORKING

OF

Woodworth.

useful book, and

which
should
be in the hands
of all engaged
in the press working
one
metals; treating on the Designing, Constructing, and Use of Tools, Fixtures and Devices,
in which
together with the manner
they should be used in the Power
Press, for the cheap and
in use.
It is designed
rapid production of the great variety of sheet metal articles now
as
a
guide to the production of sheet metal parts at the minimum
of cost with the maximum
of
The
and tempering of Press tools and
the classes of work
hardening
which
be
output.
may
Its
produced to the best advantage
by the use of dies in the power
are
fully treated.
press
show
505 illustrations
dies, press fixtures and sheet metal working devices, the descriptions
clear and practical that all metal-working
of which
mechanics
are
so
will be able to understand
them.
to design, construct
how
and
use
Many of the dies and press fixtures treated were
under
either constructed
his supervision. Others
or
built
were
by the author
by skilful
raechanics
and are in use in large sheet metal establishments
and machine
shops. Price
$3.00
A

most

of

PUNCHES,

DIES

AND

TOOLS

FOR

MANUFACTURING

IN

PRESSES.

By J.

V.

Woodworth.
This
work
is a companion
to the author's
volume
entitled
elementary work
"Dies, Their
Construction
and
Use."
It does not go into the details of die making
to the extent
of the
of the field of operations carried on
author's previous book, but gives a comprehensive
review
A large part of the information
from
the author's personal
given has been drawn
by presses.
It might
well be termed
an
Die
experience.
Encyclopedia of Die Making, Punch
Making,
cal
Sinking, Sheet Metal Working, and Making of Special Tools, Sub-presses, Devices and MechaniCombinations
for Punching,
Cutting, Bending, Forming, Piercing, Drawing, Compressing
also Articles of other
and
Sheet
Metal
Materials
in Machine
Assembling
Tools.
Parts, and
2d
Edition.
Price
$4.00

DROP

FORGING,

DIE

SINKING

AND

MACHINE

FORMING

OF

STEEL.

By

J. V.

Woodworth.
This is a practical treatise on Modern
ISIachines. Tools,
Shop Practice, Processes. Methods,
and
of Steel and Iron into Finished
Details, treating on the Hot and Cold Machine-Forming
involved
in the manufacture
of Duplicate
shapes; Together with Tools, Dies, and Machinery

CATALOGUE

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PRACTICAL

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Parts
from
Bar
and
Sheet
Forgings and Interchangeable Hot and Cold Pressed
Metal.
This book fillsa demand
of long standing for information
regarding drop forging,die-sinking
and machine
of
steel
the
and
shop practice involved, as it actually exists in the
forming
modem
drop forging shop. The processes
of die-sinking and force-making, which
oughly
thorare
in
described
illustrated
and
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is
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here set forth.
The
as
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process
the engraving or sinking of the female
lower dies, such as are used for drop forgings, hot
or
and cold machine
The
of forceforging,swedging and the press working of metals.
process
dies used in producing the
making relates to the engraving or raising of the male or upper
lower dies for the press-forming and machine-forging of duphcate parts of metal.
In
the

addition
to the arts above
mentioned
the book
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explicitinformation
regarding
plants, designs, conditions, equipment, drop hammers,
drop forging and hardening
machines,
machine
etc.,
forging, hydraulic forging, autogenous
forging
welding and shop
practice. The book contains eleven chapters, and the information
contained
in these chapters
is just what
will prove
worker.
valuable
most
the
metal
to
All operations described
forged
in the work
of
illustrated
are
half-tones
and outline sketches
thoroughly
by means
perspective
of the machinery
illustrations.
Price
300 detailed
employed.
$2.50

DRAWING"
LINEAR

PERSPECTIVE

SKETCHING

SELF-TAUGHT.

PAPER

By

Herman

T. C. Kraus.

This

work
gives the theory and practice of linear perspective, as used in architectural,engineering,
and
mechanical
Persons taking up the study of the subject by themselves
drawings.
win be able by the use
of the instruction given to readily grasp
the subject, and by reasonable
good
The
of the book
is good ;
practice become
arrangement
perspective draftsmen.
the plate is on the left-hand, while the descriptive text follows on the opposite page, so as to
be readily referred to.
The drawings are on sufficiently
the work
large scale to show
clearly
and are plainly figured.
The whole work
makes
on
ing,
a very
complete course
perspective drawwill be found
of great value to architects, civil and
mechanical
and
engineers, patent
and draftsmen
$2.50
attorneys, art designers,engravers,

PRACTICAL

PERSPECTIVE.

By

Richards

and

Colvin.

Shows
all kinds of mechanical
drawings in the only practical perspective
just how to make
isometric.
Makes
understand
can
a sketch
or
drawing
everything plain so that any mechanic
in this way.
in the shops.
Saves
time in the drawing room,
and mistakes
Contains
practical
of
various
classes
3rd
Edition
of
work.
50
cents
examples

SELF-TAUGHT
DESIGN.

MECHANICAL

By

F- L.

associate editor of

DRAWING

AND

ELEMENTARY

MACHINE

Sylvester, M.E., Draftsman.,with additions by Erik

Oberq,

"Machinery."

This is a practical treatise on

Mechanical
Drawing and Machine
Design, comprising the
first principles of geometric
mechanical
and
mechanics,
drawing, workshop mathematics,
details.
The
and
the calculations
and
author's
design of machine
strength of materials
aim has been to adapt this treatise to the requirements
of the practical mechanic
and young
draftsman
and to present
as
the matter
in as clear and concise a manner
possible. To
meet
the demands
elements
of this class of students, practicallyall the important
of machine
have
been
explained, and
design have been dealt with, and in addition algebraic formulas
of trigonometry
best suited to the needs
the elements
of the practreated in the manner
tical
book
in arranging the material, mechanical
The
is divided
man.
into 20 chapters, and
drawing, pure and simple, has been taken up first,as a thorough xmderstanding of the
subjects. This
principles of representing objects facilitates the further study of mechanical
is followed
sign
defor the solution of the problems in machine
by the mathematics
necessary
mechanics
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to theoretical
are
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the strength of materials.
The various elements
design, such as cams,
entering into machine
clutches, shafting and flywheels
sprocket wheels, cone
couphngs,
gears,
pulleys, bolts, screws,
book
textas
a
have
been
treated in such a way
as to make
possible the use of the work
and assimilated
for a continuous
even
of study.
It is easily comprehended
course
by
Price.
students
of limited previous training. 330 pages, 215 engravmgs.
$2.00
.

NEW

SKETCHING

PAPER.

sketches or drawings in isometric perspective

to enable you to make
fussing.
It is being used for shop details as well as for assembly
workman
of three, and no
can
drawings, as it makes
sketch do the work
one
help seeing just
what is wanted.
Pads of 40 sheets, 9 x 12 inches.
Pads of 40 sheets, 6x9
inches, 25 cents.
50 cents; 40 sheets, 12x18,
$1.00
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A

new

without

speciallyruled
any

paper

figuring

or

CATALOGUE

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ELECTRICITY
ARITHMETIC

OF

ELECTRICITY.

By

Prof. T.

O'Conor

Sloane.

to a series of rules,all of the

practical treatise on electrical calculations of all kinds reduced
simplest forms, and involving only ordinary arithmetic; each rule illustrated by one or more
This book
is classed among
the most
practical problems, with detailed solution of each one.
of
works
useful
published on the science of electricitycovering as it does the mathematics
of those who
not familiar with algethat will attract
the attention
are
braical
electricityin a manner

formulas.

20th

Edition.

160

CONSTRUCTION.

COMMUTATOR

Price

pages.

By

Wm.

$1.00

Baxter,

Jr.

end of any dynamo

of the direct current
The business
or motor
type is the commutator.
of commutators,
shows
how
book goes
into the designing, building, and maintenance
who
fusses with dynamos
needs this.
to remedy
and how
troubles
them;
everyone

DYNAMO
DYNAMO.

BUILDING

By

FOR

Arthur

AMATEURS,
J.

Weed,

OR

Member

HOW

TO

CONSTRUCT

This
to locate

S5

A FIFTY-

cents

WATT

of N. Y. Electrical Society.

of a small dynamo
A practical treatise showing In detail the construction
the entire
or
motor,
work
of which
be done
foot lathe.
Dimensioned
can
on
a small
machine
working
drawings
work
and
each
This
are
operation is clearly described.
given for each piece of machme
has an output of fiftywatts; when
when
used as a dynamo,
used as a motor
it will
machine,
It can
be used to drive a sewing machine
drive a small drill press or lathe.
and all
on
any
The
book
is illustrated with more
than
ordinary work.
sixty original engravings showing
the actual
construction
of the different parts.
the contents
are
Among
chapters on 1. Fifty
2. Side Bearing
3. Field Punchings.
Watt
Rods.
4. Bearings.
5. Commutator.
Dynamo.
Holders.
Shaft.
6. Pulley.
7. Brush
Board.
9. Armature
10.
8. Connection
13. Connecting
11.
Armatiire
and
Armature.
12. Field. Winding,
Winding.
Starting.
Cloth
50 cents.
Price, paper,
$1.00

ELECTRIC

FURNACES

AND

THEIR

INDUSTRIAL

APPLICATIONS.

By

J. Wright

This is a book
will prove
who
which
of interest to many
classes of people; the manufacturer
desires to know
what
be manufactured
successfully in the electric furnace, the
product can
chemist
who
wishes to post himself on the electro-chemistry, and the student
of science who
merely looks into the subject from curiosity. The book is not so scientific as to be of use
unscientific as to suit only the tyro in electro-chemistry; it
so
only to the technologist, nor
is a practical treatise of what
has been done, and of what
is being done, both experimentally
and commercially with the electric furnace.
In important
the chemical
not only are
equations given, but complete thermal data
processes
and both the efficiencyof the furnace
worked
and
the cost of the product are
set forth
value aside from its efficacyas a work of reference.
out, thus giving the work a solid commercial
The
The
practical features of furnace building are given the space that the subject deserves.
and refractory materials
used in the linings, the arrangement
of the connections
to the
forms
other
New
Revised
Edition.
electrodes, and
important details are explained. 288 pages.
$3.00
Fully illustrated. Price

are

ELECTRIC

LIGHTING

AND

HEATING

POCKET

BOOK.

By

Sydney

F. Walker.

This book
form useful information
regarding the apparatus which is likely
puts in convenient
electrical company.
Tables
of units and equivalents are
to the mains
of an
be attached
stated.
included
and useful electrical laws and formulas
are
to dynamos,
and accessory
another
One
section is devoted
apparatus;
motors, transformers
another
related equipment, a fourth to a description
to switchboards
and
to accumulators,
of instruments,
both
for
of various
systems of distribution, a fifth section to a discussion
section deals with electric lamps of various
switchboards; another
types
portable use and
and accessory
appliances, and the concluding section is given up to electric heating apparatus.
sions
In each section a large number
of commercial
types are described, frequent tables of dimenis given
A great deal of detail information
of each line of apparatus
being included.
under
of the apparatus
and the illustrations shown
give a good idea of the general appearance
much
valuable
information
for the central station engidiscussion.
The
book
also contains
neer.
in leather pocket book
form.
Price
Bound
$3.00
438 pages.
300 engravings.
to

ELECTRIC

WIRING,

DIAGRAMS

AND

SWITCHBOARDS.

By

Newton

Harrison.

i thorouglily practical treatise covering the subject of Electric Wiring in all its branches,
which
are
thoroughly explicit and greatly simplify
including explanations and diagrams
of
the subject.
Practical
e very-day
presented and the method
problems in wiring are
law is given
is used.
Ohm's
obtaining intelligent results clearly shown.
Only arithmetic

OF

CATALOGUE

GOOD,

PRACTICAL

BOOKS

reference to wiring for direct and alternating currents.

The fundamental
with its various
principle of drop of potential in circuits is shown
applications. The
with
the
is
of
feeders
circuit
and
developed
mains,
position
ment
simple
branches; their treatand
their employment
in house- wiring clearly illustrated.
a part of a wiring plan
as
included
about
in
connection
facts
are
with
the
Some
testing
simple
wiring. Molding
work
and
switchboards
are
conduit
consideration;
and
are
given careful
systematically
the
for connection
they serve,
with the
treated, built up and illustrated, showing
purpose
machines.
The
wound
circmts, and to shunt and compoimd
simple principles of switchboard
the
of the switchboard,
connections
of the various
ments
instruconstruction, the development
including the lightning arrester, are also plainly set forth.
wiring is treated, with explanations of the power
Alternating current
factor, conditions
calUng for various sizes of wire and a simple way of obtaining the sizes for single-phase, twoissued showing and telling
phase and three-phase circuits. This is the only complete work
know
about
direct and alternating current
what
should
ence.
wiring. It is a ready referyou
you
technicalities and 'mathematics,
arithmetic
The work
is free from advanced
being used
in
well-written,
It is
a
instructive, comprehensive
handy,
throughout.
every
respect
electrician.
or
272 pages;
volume
trations.
on
foreman, contractor,
1051 illuswiring for the wireman,
Price
$1.50
a

simple explanation with

ELECTRIC

TOY

DYNAMO

MAKING,

By

Prof. T.

O'Conor

BUILDING,

ELECTRIC

AND

MOTOR

STRUCTION.
CON-

Sloane.

of electrical toys, electrical apparatus, motors, dynamos

at home
This work treats of the making
in general, and is designed to bring within
the reach of ydurig and old the
and instruments
useful electrical appliances.
The work
is especially designed for
of genuine and
manufacture
folks.
and young
amateurs
Thousands
of our young
people are daily experimenting, and busily engaged in making electrical
is just what
is wanted
The
to give the
of various kinds.
present work
toys and apparatus
with illustrations to make
information
in a plain, practical manner,
needed
much
easy the
Edition.
Price
19th
$1.00
carrying out of the work.

ELECTRICIAN'S

HANDY

By Prof.

BOOK.

T.

O 'Conor

Sloane.

has to make
is intended
for the practical electrician who
This work
things go.
of 768 pages
within its pages.
of the subjects treated
Among
some
The entire field of electricityis covered
The
are:
Theory of the Electric Current and Circuit, Electro-Chemistry, Primary Batteries,
ture
and Utilization of Electric Powers, Alternating Current, ArmaStorage Batteries, Generation
and
Generators,
Motors, Motor
Operation of the Central Station
Winding,
Dynamos
Street
'of Electric
Light and
Power,
Mains,
Switchboards,
Safety Appliances, Distribution
Arc
and
Incandescent
Lighting, Electric Measurements,
Photometry, Electric
Transformers,
Railways, Telephony, Bell-Wiring, Electro-Platmg, Electric Heating, Wireless Telegraphy, etc.
It contains
useless theory; everything is to the point. It teaches you
just what you want
no
the subject.
work
published on
to know
about
Forty-one
electricity. It is the standard
chapters, 610 engravings, handsomely bound in red leather with title and edges in gold. Price:

$3.50

ELECTRICITY

By

Arthur

IN FACTORIES

AND

WORKSHOPS,

ITS

COST

AND

CONVENIENCE.

P. Haslam.

producers and power users showing what

practical book for power
to the modern
in its various
manufacturer.
forms, has become
motor,
determine
the cost of electric driving, and compares
conditions
which
of producing and utilizing power.
A

the electric
convenience
It also deals with the
this with other methods

The Alternating
The Direct Current
in the book are:
Motor;
the chapters contained
The
of Electric Motors;
Rating and
The
Motor:
Speed Regulation
Starting and
of Working,
The
Affected by Conditions
The Cost of Energy
as
Efficiency of Electric Motors;
Generating
Plants; Oil and Gas Engine
Power
User; Independent
Question for the Small
in Textile Factories;
Use of Electric Power
Station Tariff s ; The
Plants; Steam
Plants; Power
in Engineering
Use of Electric Power
Workshops
The
Electric Power
in Printing Works;
Miscellaneous
Application of Electric Power; The Installation of Electric Motors; The Lighting
Price
$2.50
of Industrial Establishments.
312 pages.
Very fully illustrated.
Among
Current

....

ELECTRICITY

SIMPLIFIED.

By Prof. T. O'Conor

Sloane.

the subject as plain as possible and to show

The object of "Electricity Simplified" is to make
how
two
plates of different metals
what
the modern
of electricity is; to show
conception
wire
of copper
a bundle
the globe; to explain how
immersed
in acid can
around
send a message
to tell what
the volt, ohm
streets,
rotated
be the agent in lighting our
by a steam
engine can
the questions that
to answer
and
and
what
and
are.
high and low tension mean;
ampere
Price $ 1.00
lUustratSf".
perpetually arise in the mind in this age of electricity. 172 pages.

CATALOGUE

TELEPHONE

OF

GOOD.

CONSTRUCTION,

By

MAINTENANCE.

W.

PRACTICAL

INSTALLATION,

H. Radcliffe

and

BOOKS

WIRING,

OPERATION

AND

H. C. Gushing.

This book gives the principlesof construction

gnd operation of both
of installingand wiring them; the
instruments;
approved methods
their connection
from
currents;
together
lightning and abnormal
bridging stations; and rules for their inspection and maintenance.
also
are
of
treated.
and operation
special telephone systems

the Bell and Independent

of protecting them
for operation as series or
Line wiring and the wiring

means

Intricate mathematics
are
avoided, and all apparatus, circuits and systems are thoroughly
The
described.
appendix contains definitions of vmits and terms used in the text.
Selected
are
the subjects treated
wiring tables, which
helpful, are also included.
very
Among
are
Construction, Operation, and installation of Telephone Instruments,
tenance
Inspection and MainLine
of Telephone Instruments;
Line
Telephone
Wiring; Testing Telephone
Wires
and Cables; Wiring and Operation of Special Telephone Systems, etc.
100 pages,
125 illustrations

$1.00

WIRELESS
By

AND

TELEGRAPHY

TELEPHONY

SIMPLY

EXPLAINED.

P. Morgan.

Alfred

of the most
and comprehensible treatises on the subject
complete
will enable one
to master
close study of its pages
all the details of the
wireless
The author
has fiUed a long felt want
transmission
of messages.
and has succeeded
in furnishing a lucid, comprehensible
explanation in simple language of the theory and
practice of wireless telegraphy and telephony.
This

ever

is undoubtedly
published, and

one

Wireless
Transmission
are:
and
Introductory;
Receptior? The
The
Connections
formers,
Transmitting Apparatus, Spark Coils and TransHelixes, Spark Gaps, Anchor
Switches
Gaps, Aerial
The
Condensers,
Receiving
etc.
Detectors,
Apparatus,
Tuning and Coupling, Tuning Coils, Loose
Couplers, Variable
Miscellaneous
Directive
Wave
Condensers,
Systems
Apparatus,
Telephone Receivers.
Wireless
The
Telephones,. Sound and Sound Waves,
Range of Stations, Static, Interference
Yocal
Soimds
Cords
and Ear
Wireless
Waves
are changed into Electric
Telephones, How
Wireless Telephones. The Apparatus
200 pages.
150 engravings. Price $1.00
Summary.
the

Among

Aerial

contents

"

System, Earth

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

TELEPHONES

WIRELESS

AND

HOW

THEY

WORK.

By

James

Erskine-Murray.

This work is free from

elaborate details and aims at giving a clear survey
of the way
in which
for amateur
Wireless Telephones work.
It is intended
workers
and for those whose
knowledge
How
We
of electricityis slight. Chapters contained:
Hear; Historical; The Conversion
of
Wireless Transmission;
The Production
Sound
into Electric Waves;
of Alternating Currents
Radiated
the Electric Waves
of High
and
are
Frequency; How
Received; The Receiving
Achievements
and
Instruments;
Detectors;
Expectations; Glossary of Technical
Words,
Price
Cloth.
$1.00

WIRING

HOUSE.

By

Herbert

Pratt.

Shows
a house
already built; tells just how to start about wiring it; where to begin; what
it according
to Insurance
how to run
Rules; in fact just the information
wire to use;
you need.
Fourth
edition
Directions apply equally to a shop.
25 cents

FACTORY

MODERN

By

O. E.

MACHINE

Perrigo,

SHOP

MANAGEMENT,
CONSTRUCTION,

EQUIPMENT

ETC.
AND

MANAGEMENT.

M.E.

machine
shop or manufacturing
only work published that describes the modern
plant from
for it until the finished product is shipped.
time the grass is growing on the site intended
economically build,
may
By a careful study of its thirty-two chapters the practical man
the modern
machine
estabshop or manufacturing
efficientlyequip, and successfullymanage
of
those
the
erection
ishment.
modern
Just the book needed
contemplating
by
shop buildings,
of modern
of old ones, or the introduction
the re-building and re-organization
shop methods,
It is a book written and illustrated by a practicalshop man
for practical
time and cost system.
theories
too
to
read
and
want
It
is
the
who
are
most
busy
facts.
shop men
complete all around
book of its kind ever
published. It is a practicalbook for practicalmen, from the apprentice
simole
It minutely describes and illustrates the most
in the shop to the president in the office.
efficient time and cost system
Price
and yet the most
yet devised.
$5.00
The
the

12

CATALOGUE

OF

PRACTICAL

GOOD.

BOOKS

FUEL
COMBUSTION
This

OF

book has been

of the common

AND

THE

PREVENTION

fuels foimd in the United

economic
and smokeless
Steam
Boilers.

to the

necessary

and

COAL

prepared with special reference

Locomotive

OF
to the

States, and
combustion

SMOKE.

By Wm.
of heat

generation

M. Barr.

tion
by the combus-

deals particularly with

of bituminous
coals in

the

tions
condi-

Stationary

The presentation of this important subject is systematic and progressive.

The arrangement
of the book
is in a series of practical questions to which
are
accurate
appended
answers,
which
describe
in language, free from
technicalities, the several processes
involved
in the
of
furnace
combustion
American
fuels; it clearly states the essential requisites for perfect
for
and points out the best methods
for obtaining the greatfurnace construction
combustion,
est
of heat from
quantity
any
given quality of coal.
Nearly 350 pages, fully illustrated.
Price
y!
$ 1 .00

PREVENTION

SMOKE

AND

FUEL

ECONOMY.

By

Booth

Kershaw.

and

A complete treatise for all interested in smoke

prevention and combustion, being based on
the German
work
of Ernst SchmatoUa, but it is more
than a mere
translation of the German
The
authors
show
as
being added.
treatise, much
brieflyas possible the principles of fuel
the methods
which
have
been and are
at present in use, as well as the proper
combustion,
for obtaining all the energy
scientific methods
in the coal and
burning it witliout smoke.
Considerable
is also given to the examination
of the waste
and several of the
space
gases,
mechanical
stoker and similar appliances are described.
representative English and American
The losses carried away
in the waste
are
gases
thoroughly analyzed and discussed in the Apand abstracts
also here given of various patents on combustion
The
are
apparatus.
ook is complete and
contains
much
have
of value to all who
charge of large plants. 194
Illustrated.
Price
pages.
$2.60

gendix,

GAS
GASOLINE

ENGINES

AND

ENGINES

THEIR

OPERATION,

GAS
USE

AND

CARE.

A. Hyatt

By

Verrill.
The Simplest, Latest and IVIost Comprehensive
popular work published on Gasoline
Engines
to install it;
and operation; how
describing what the GasoUne
engine is; its construction
how

to select

it; how

it and how
to use
to remedy
Intended
for owners.
troubles encountered.
Users of GasoUne
Motors
of all kinds.
work
trates
This
fully describes and illusthe various
Vehicles
Boats,
Motor
and
types of Gasoline
engines used in Motor
The
Stationary Work.
parts, accessories and
Appliances are described, with chapters on
ignition,fuel, lubrication, operation and engine troubles.
Special attention is given to the
with useful hints and
suggestions on
pairs
recare, operation and
repair of motors
emergency
and make-shifts.
A complete
and an alphabetically arranged
glossary of technical terms
form most
valuable
and
table of troubles
and their symptoms
unique features of this
manual.
Nearly every illustration in the book is original,having been made by the author.
afford to be without.
cannot
320
A book which
Every page is full of interest and value.
you
$1.50
Nearly 150 speciallymade
engravings. Price

Operators and

GAS, GASOLINE,

AND

OIL

ENGINES.

By

Gardner

D. Hiscox.

issued, 20th revised and enlarged edition.

Every user of a gas engine needs this book.
the subject. Tells
on
right up-to-date. The only complete work
all about the running and management
of gas, gasoline and oil engines, as designed and manufactured
and vehicle power
in the United
for stationary, marine
States.
are
Explosive motors
fully treated, together with illustrations of their parts and tabulated sizes, also their care and
Electric ignition by induction
coil and jump
running are included.
spark are fullyexplained
and power
and the
the testing for economy
and illustrated,
on
including valuable information
Just

Simple, instructive, and

erection

of power

plants.

in regard to the installation ani

The rules and regulations of the Board
of Fire Underwriters
is given in full,suggesting the .safe installation of explosive
of gasoline motors
management
States Patents issued on gas, gasoline, and oil engines and their
motor
A list of United
power.
Price
$2.50
484 pages.
410 engravings
adjuncts from 1875 to date is included.
.

MODERN
A

GAS

guide for the

ENGINES
gas

engine

AND

PRODUCER

GAS

PLANTS.

By

R. E.

Mathot,

M.E.

engineer in the construction, selection, purchase

of gas engines.
book
on
engines
More than one
gas

designer, user, and

maintenance
has been
encroached
the field covered
on
written, but not one has thus far even
is a practical guide.
Above
all Mr. Mathot's
work
Recognizing the need of

installation,
operation, and

13

by this book.
a

volume

that

CATALOGUE

OF

PRACTICAL

GOOD.

BOOKS

assist the gas engine user

in understanding
would
which he depends
thoroughly the motor
upon
the author
for power,
has discussed
his subject without
the help of any
mathematics
and
without elaborate theoretical explanations. Every part of the gas engine is described in detail,
tersely, clearly,with a thorough understanding of the requirements of the mechanic.
Helpful
suggestions as to the purchase of an engine, its installation,
a most
care, and operation form
175 detailed illustrations.
\aluable feature of the work.
320 pages.
Price
$2.50
.

GAS

ENGINE

GAS

ENGINE.

OR
HOW
CONSTRUCTION,
and Weed.
By Parsell

TO

BUILD

A HALF-HORSE-POWER

practical treatise

of 300 pages
describing the theory and principles of the action of Gas
of a half-horse power
of various types and the design and construction
Gas Engine, with
in actual progress,
illustrations of the work
together with the dimensioned
working drawings
giving clearly the sizes of the various details; for the student, the scientific investigator and the
mechanic.
amateur
from the standpoint of practice than that of theory.
Tnis book treats of the subject more
The
principlesof operation of Gas Engines are clearly and simply described and then the actual
construction
of a half-horse power
engine is taken up, step by step, showing in detail the making
3d Edition.
300 pages.
Price
of the Gas Engine.
$2.50
A

Engines

THE

GASOLINE

ENGINE

AND

USES.

Xeno

This

is

By

practical treatise

wants
to know
just how
to the best advantage.

on

THE

ON
W.
the

to manage

FARM:

ITS

OPERATION,

REPAIR

Putnam.
Gasoline
and Kerosene
for the man
engine intended
his engine and how
to apply it to all kinds of farm

who
work

suitable engine for farm work, its most

The book includes selectingthe most
convenient
and
efficient installation, with
how
and
them.
to avoid
chapters on troubles, their remedies
farm
The
and
of
the
tractor
in
care
management
plowing, harrowing, harvesting and road
grading are fully covered; also plain directions are given for handling the tractor on the road.
to
attention
is
farm
life
of
its drudgery by applying power
to the
Special
given
relieving
otherwise
be done
homemade
by hand.
trivances
condisagreeable small tasks which must
Many
for cutting wood, supplying kitchen, garden and barn with water,
loading, hauling
and unloading hay, delivering grain to the bins or the feed trough are included;
also full
directions for making the engine milk the cows,
churn, wash, sweep
the house and clean the
etc.
of working
windows,
Very fully illustrated with drawings
parts and cuts
showing
300 pages.
Stationary. Portable and Tractor Engines doing all kinds of farm work.
Nearly
150 engravings.
12mo.
Price
$1.50

CHEMISTRY
This

book

OF

GAS

MANUFACTURE.

By

H. M. Royles.

points likelyto arise in the ordinary

of the duties of the engineer or

course
of a gas works not large enough to necessitate the employment
of a separate chemical
manager
staff. It treats of the testing of the raw
materials employed in the manufacture
ing
of illuminatcoal gas, and of the gas produced.
The preparation of standard
solutions is given as well
the chemical
and
as
of gas coal including among
its contents
physical examination
rations
Prepaof Standard
of Carbonization.
Solutions, Coal, Furnaces, Testing and P^egulation. Products
Ammonia.
Analysis of Crude Coal Gas.
Analysis of Lime.
Analysis of Oxide
of Iron.
Fire-Bricks
and Fire-Clay. Weldom
and Spent Oxide.
Naphthalene.
Analysis of
and
Carburetted
Water
Gas
Gas.
Testing.
Miscellaneous
Photometry
Metropolis Gas.
Extracts.
Useful Tables
$4.50
covers

"

GEARING
BEVEL

GEAR

TABLES.

By

D. Ag.

CAMS

Engstrom.

will at once
commend
itself to mechanics
and draftsmen.
with all
Does away
the trigonometry and fancy figuring on bevel gears
and makes
to lay them
it easy for anyone
out
make
them
or
sion
dimenjust right. There are 36 full-page tables that show every necessary
for all sizes or combinations
No
you're apt to need.
puzzling figuring or guessing.
Gives placing distance, all the angles (including cutting angles), and the correct cutter to use.
A copy
for anything
of this prepares
in the
bevel gear
line. 66 pages.
$1.00
you
A

book

AND

that

CHANGE

GEAR

DEVICES.

By

Oscar

E. Perrigo.

interested in the invention and

practical book for every designer, draftsman, and mechanic
ism.
development of the devices for feed changes on the different machines
requiring such mechanAll the necessary
information
this subject is taken up, analyzed, classified,
on
sifted,
A

and
concentrated
for the use of busy men
who
have not the time to go through
the masses
of irrelevant matter
with which
and select such information
such a subject is usually encumbered
will be. useful to them.
as
It shows
just what has been done, how it has been done, when it was done, and who did it.
It saves
time in hunting up patent records and re-inventing old ideas.
88 pages.
$1.00

14

CATALOGUE

DRAFTING

OF

CAMS.

OF

GOOD,

is a serious problem
of cams
problem unless you know
the right road for practicallyany kind of cam
are
yc
you

The

laying

you

on

BOOKS

Rouillion.

Louis

By

PRACTICAL

how

out

to

likelyto

go

at it

run

up

right. This puts

against. 25 cents

HYDRAULICS
ENGINEERING.

HYDRAULIC

By

Gardner

D. Hiscox.

the properties, power,

and resources
of water
for all purposes.
Including the
the flow of water
of streams,
in pipes or conduits;
measurement
the horse-power
of falling
turbine
and impact water-wheels,
wave
water;
motors,
lift
centrifugal, reciprocating, and air300
With
figures and diagrams and 36 practical tables.
pumps.
A

treatise

All who
it is an

on

are

interested

in water-

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development

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fail in
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Historical
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wells ; Iri'igationof Arid districts ; Water
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Mining;
Wave
Price
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power,
$4.00

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artesian

ICE
POCKET

BOOK

OF

AND

REFRIGERATION
AND

REFRIGERATION

ICE

MAKING.

By

A. J. Wallis-

Taylor.
of the latest and most
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cold storage.
It explains the properties and refrigerating effect of the different
fluids in use, the management
of refrigerating machinery and the construction
and insulation
with their required pipe surface for different degrees of cold; freezing mixtures
of cold rooms
of cold rooms
for all kinds of provisions, cold storage
and non-freezing
brines, temperatures
and storage of ice, data and memoranda
charges for all classes of goods, ice making
for constant
hundred
reference
tables containing
valuable
by refrigerating engineers, with nearly one
in
the
installment
to every
fact and condition
references
and
required
ing
operation of a refrigeratIllustrated.
Price
(5th Edition, revised.)
$1.50
plant.
This

is

one

refrigeration and

INVENTIONS"

PATENTS

book designed as a guide to inventors

in perfecting their inventions, taking out their
It is not in any
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Advertisement.
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It is a book
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century's experience
inventor, together
quarter
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based upon
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with notes
the experience of many
This

is

patents

How
to Invent.
the subjects treated
How
Good
to Secure
in this work
are:
a
exhibit
How
to
Invention.
How
Invention.
to Interest
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Value
Value
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to Estimate
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Advice
on
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Patent
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and Contracts.
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Concerning
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Rights. 1900 Census
edition.
Price
120 pages.
$1.00

Among

Patent.

KNOTS
SPLICES

KNOTS,
This

is
and

AND

practical book
ornamental

ROPE

WORK.

giving complete

knots

in

common

and
use.

A. Hyatt

By
simple
with

directions

chapters

on

Verrill.
for making

all the

most

Splicing, Pointing,

ful
use-

Seizing,

OF

CATALOGUE

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GOOD,

BOOKS

and fiftyoriginal engravings,

Serving, etc. This book is fully illustrated with one hundred
and its appearance
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finished.
how
each kxiot, tie or spUce is formed
which
show
The
to Campers,
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wUl be found
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Travelers, Boy Scouts,
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It is the standard
reliable and practical and is not only a guide but a teacher.
is thoroughly
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of Rope.
the subject.
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of Rope
of Rope, Parts
ple
Strength of Rope, Weight of Rope.
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Terms
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knots and Bends.
Rope.
Seizing Rope.
5. Shortenings, Grommets
and
ings.
4. Noose,
Loops and IMooring Knots.
Selvages. 6. Lash128
and
150
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original
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Seizings and SpUces. 7. Fancy Knots
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LATHE

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Oscak

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Perrigo.

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not
who
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to convey
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descriptions and illustrations, which represent the very latest practice in lathe and boring
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of and latest developments
mill operations as well as the construction
tools.
of these important classes of machine
to manufacturing
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are
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history and the relations of the Lathe
mechanisms
from
of the various
and Thread
devices
for Feeds
Cutting
early efforts in this
Lathe
direction to the present time.
design is thoroughly discussed, including Back
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of the modern
Lathe.
Cutting Gears, and all the essential elements
Driving Cones, Thread
The classification of Lathes
is taken
up, giving the essential differences of the several types
of Lathes, including, as is usually imderstood,
Lathes, Speed Lathes,
Engine Lathes, Bench

Lathes, Pulley Lathes,

Forge Lathes, Gap

Reduction

Lathes,

Lathes, etc.

424

PRACTICAL

Precision

pages.

314

By

TURNING.

METAL

Lathes, Multiple Spindle Lathes, Rapid

Special Lathes, Electrically Driven

Forming

Lathes,
Turret
Lathes,
Price
illustrations.

Joseph

$2.50
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and nothing
This important and practicalsubject is treated in a full and exhaustive
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The
ing
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principlesand practice and all the different branches of Turnand
well illustrated.
All the different kinds of Chucks
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considered
are
voted
A feature
of the book is the important section deunusual
well as some
kinds, are shown.
Turret
to modern
practice; Boring is another subject which is treated fully; and the
of representative types.
Thread
Cutting
chapter on Tool Holders illustrates a large number
at reasonable
is treated
length; and the last chapter contains a good deal of information
The numerous
tools used by machinists
relating to the High-Speed Steels and their work.
In fact, the entire subject is treated in
also the adjuncts of the lathe.
are
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pensable
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who desires to keep up-to-date. 400 pages, fullyillustrated. Price
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experimental man

TURNING

AND

BORING

TAPERS.

By

Fred

H.

Colvin.

This treatise has to do with

other.
There are two
to turn tapers; the right way
and one
ways
to start the work
the right way;
it tells you how
properly, how to set the lathe, what tools to
Fourth
to use
use and how
them, and forty and one other little things that you should know.
25 cents
edition

LIQUID
AND

THE

LIQUEFACTION

OF

AIR
GASES.

By

T. O'Conor

Sloane.

LIQUID

AIR

This book
contains
audiences
miles and
future.

of Liquid Air, and

manufacture
historv of the theory, discovery, and
of
excited the wonder
illustrated description of all the experiments that have
an
of
how
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all over
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liquid air, like water, is carried hundreds
it in the near
be expected from
It tells what
buckets.
is handled
in open
may

gives the

problems of the century.

book
that renders
of the most
perplexing chemical
simple one
Startling developments illustrated by actual experiments.'
for the general reader,
It is not only a work of scientific interest and authority, but is intended
365
edition.
Second
one.
in a popular style easily understood
by every
being written
$2.00
Price
pages.
A

"

i6

GOOD,

OF

CATALOGUE

LOCOMOTIVE
CATECHISM.

AIR-BRAKE

By

PRACl

ICAL

BOOKS

ENGINEERING
Robert

H. Blackall.

text book.
It covers
book
is a standard
the Westinghouse
Air-Brake
cluding
Equipment, inthe No. 6 E. T Locomotive
the No. 5 and
Brake
the K (Quick-Service)
Equipment;
The operation of all parts
Triple Valve for Freight Service; and the Cross-Compound Pump.
is explained in detail, and a practicalway
of finding their peculiarities
of the apparatus
and
a
remedy, is given. It contains 2,000 questions with their answers,
defects, with
proper
railroad man
to pass
examination
will enable any
the subject of Air Brakes.
on
which
any
used by air-brake instructors and examiners
Endorsed
and
on
nearly every railroad in the
25th Edition.
350 pages,
United
States,
grams
fully illustrated with folding plates and dia-

This

$2.00

COMPOUND

AMERICAN

LOCOMOTIVES.

By

Fred.

H. Colvin.

for the engineman

or
shopman that shows in a plain,practical
locomotives
in use.
the various features of compound
Shows
how
they are made, what
way
A Bit of History. Theto do when
ory
they break down or balk. Contains sections as follows:
Steam
of Compounding
Cylinders. Baldwin
Pittsburg TwoTwo-Cylinder Compound.
Rhode
Island Compound.
Richmond
Rogers Compound.
Cylinder Compound.
Compound.
Vauclain
Tandem
win
BaldSchenectady Two-Cylinder Compound.
Compound.
Compounds.
The
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Balanced
motives.
LocoSchenectady Tandem.
Plans
Baldwin
Balanced
for Balancing.
downs.
BreakCompound.
Locating Blows.
Valves.
Drifting, Valve Motion.
Power
Reducing
Disconnecting,
of Compound
Practical Notes.
Locomotives.
The

only book

compounds

on

"

Fully illustrated '^and containing ten special "Duotone"

142 pages.
different types of Compounds.
Price
HIGHLY

APPLICATION
OF
Robert
Garbe.

SUPERHEATED

inserts on

ing
heavy Plate Paper, show-

$1.00

STEAM

TO

LOCOMOTIVES.

By

Contains
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practical book.
special chapters on Generation
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Superheated Steam
Compounding
Locomotive
Constructive
Details of Locomotives
Designs ofj
Superheaters;
using Highly
and
Results.
Illustrated with folding plates
Working
Superheated Steam;
Experimental
A

and

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tables.

COMBUSTION

By Wm.
This

OF
M.

COAL

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Barr,

book has been

of the common

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fuels

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$3.60

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to the generation of heat

tion
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and
smokeless

The presentation of this important subject is systematic and progressive. The arrangement
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points out the best methods
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greatest quantity of heat from any given quality of coal. Nearly 350 pages, fullyillustrated
Price
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DIARY

OF

ROUND

HOUSE

FOREMAN.

By

T. S. Reilly

This

is the greatest book of railroad experiences ever

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afford
organizing, etc., that one cannot
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176 pages.
Price
$1.00

LINK
Editor

MOTIONS, VALVES
of "American

AND

VALVE

SETTING.

By

Fred

H.

Colvin,Associate

Machinist."

for the engineer or machinist

A handy book
that clears up the mysteries of valve setting.
the different valve gears
Shows
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of different types are illustrated and explained. A book that every
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Contains
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Locomotive
power
Link
chapters on
Motion,
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Modern
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Alfree-Hubbell
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Fully illustrated.
Pnee
50 cents
,

17

CATALOGUE

LOCOMOTIVE

BOILER

OF

PRACTICAL

GOOD,

CONSTRUCTION.

By

Frank

BOOKS

A. Kleinhans.

The construction
of boilers in general Is treated, and following this, the locomotive
boiler
is taken
its various parts go through the shop.
Shows
all types of
up in the order in which
boilers used;
gives details of construction; practical facts, such as life of riveting,punches
and dies; work
done
for bending and flanging sheets, and other data.
per day, allowance
Locomotive
boilers present more
difficultyin laying out and building than any other type,
and for this reason
the author
them
uses
who
handle
as
can
them
examples.
Anyone
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tackle anything.
Contains

chapters on Laying Out Work;

Flanging and Forging; Punching; Shearing; Plate
General
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Tables; Finishing Parts; Bending;
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Box
Details; Smoke
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all need it.
No matter
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the type of boiler,you'll find a mint of information
that youwouldn't
be without.
Over 400 pages,
five large folding plates. Price
53.00
"

LOCOMOTIVE
BREAKDOWNS
Revised
by Wm. W. Wood,
edition.

AND
THEIR
REMEDIES.
Air-Brake
Instructor.
Just

By
issued.

Geo.

L. Fowlee.

Revised

pocket

It is out of the question to try and

of Locomotive
edition
Breakdowns.

tell you about every

subject that is covered in this pocket
Just imagine all the common
troubles that an engineer
time, and then add all of the unexpected ones, troubles that could
expect to happen some
may
but that you had never
thought about, and you will find that they are all treated with
occur,
the very
best methods
of repair. Walschaert
Locomotive
Valve
Gear
Troubles, Electric
the Air Brake
Headlight Troubles, as well as Questions and Answers
all included.
on
are
294
7th Revised
Edition.
Fully illustrated
pages.
$1.00

LOCOMOTIVE

CATECHISM.

By

Robert

Grimshaw.

The revised edition

of "Locomotive
Book
from
Catechism," by Robert
Grimshaw, is a New
Cover
of illustrations
It contains
twice as many
double
the number
to Cover.
and
pages
of previous editions.
Includes
the greatest amount
of practical information
ever
published
the construction
and
locomotives.
on
of modern
management
Specially Prepared Chapters
the Walschaert
Locomotive
Valve
the
the
on
Air
Brake
and
Electric
Head
Gear,
Equipment

Light

are

given.

It commends
examination

itself at

to every
once
Engineer and Fireman, and to all who are going in for
In plain language, with full complete answers,
not
promotion.
only all the
the young
less
engineer are given, but those which
and
questions asked by the examining
It is a veritable
experienced would ask the veteran, and which old hands ask as "stickers."
is entirely free from
and
Encyclopedia of the Locomotive,
mathematics, easily understood
with
their Answers.
over
Questions
4,000 Examination
thoroughly up-to-date. Contains
825 pages, 437 illustrations and
three folding plates. 28th
Revised
Edition.
$2.50
or

PRACTICAL

INSTRUCTOR

FIREMEN

AND

ENGINEERS.

AND

REFERENCE

By Chas.

BOOK

FOR

LOCOMOTIVE

F. Lockhart.

the Locomotive.
It appeals to every
railroad man,
An entirely new
book
as it tells him
on
has had years
how
Written
who
to do them.
by a man
things are done and the right way
The
of practical experience in locomotive
mation
inforshops and on the road firing and running.
be found
in any other similar treatise.
and
given in this book cannot
Eight hundred
will prove
are
included, which
specially helpful to
fifty-one questions with their answers
The
those preparing for examination.
Construction
Practical information
and Operaon:
tion
their Remedies;
Air
Brakes
and
Valve
of Locomotives.
Breakdowns
and
Gears.
Rules
As a book
of reference
it cannot
be
and Signals are handled
in a thorough
manner.
Duties.
into six parts, as follows:
1. The
Fireman's
excelled.
The
2.
book
is divided
3. Breakdowns
4. Air Brakes.
General
and their Remedies.
description of the Locomotive.
5. Extracts
851
6. Questions for examination.
The
from
Standard
Rules.
questions have
been carefully selected and arranged.
the examinations
These
cover
required by the different
railroads.
368
88
Price
illustrations.
$1.50
pages.

PREVENTION

OF

By George

RAILROAD

ACCIDENTS,

OR

SAFETY

IN

RAILROADING.

Bradshaw.

heart-to-heart
talk with Railroad
Employees, dealing with facts, not theories,
and how
accidents
in the ranks, from every-day experience, how
occur
men
ings
be avoided.
The book is illustrated with seventy
originalphotographs and drawthey may
No visionary schemes, no ideal pictures.
of work.
showing the safe and \ansafe methods
Just plain facts and Practical Suggestions are given. Every railroad employee who reads the
This
and

book

is

showing the

i8

OF

CATALOGUE

MACHINE
AMERICAN

MAKING

TOOL

GOOD,
SHOP

AND

PRACTICAL

BOOKS

PRACTICE

INTERCHANGEABLE

MANUFACTURING.

By

J. V. WOODWORTH.
book, containing no theorizing,no problematical or experimental devices, there
badly proportioned and impossible diagrams, no catalogue cuts, but a valuable
tion
collecof drawings
and descriptions of devices, the rich fruits of the author's own
experience.
In its 500-odd
the one
relates thereto, is
subject only. Tool Making, and whatever
pages

"shoppy"

are

no

dealt with.
rival.
The
stands
without
It is a complete practical treatise on
work
a
the
Tool Making
and system
of interchangeable
art of American
manufacturing
as
carried on
described
and illustrated all of the different types
States.
In it are
to-day in the United
and classes of small tools, fixtures, devices, and special appliances which
in general use
are
in all machine
where
manufacturing and metal working establishments
capacity,
economy,
in the production of machined
and
metal
interchangeabilitv
The
imperative.
parts are
is exhaustively discussed, and particular attention is paid to drill jigs,
science of jig making
in
and
other
devices
which
the parts to be machined
boring, profiUng and milling fixtures
and
the contrivances.
within
All of the tools, fixtures, and
are
located
fastened
devices
been
illustrated and described
the
actual
have
used for
or
are
production of work, such as
of
drill presses, lathes, patented machinery,
ical
parts
typewriters, electrical apparatus, mechanappliances, brass goods, composition parts, mould
products, sheet metal articles, di-op
531
Price
$4.00
pages.
forgings,jewelry, watches, medals, coins, etc.

HENLEY'S

ENCYCLOPEDIA

OF

TRADES.

Edited

G.

by

Joseph

PRACTICAL

ENGINEERING

Horner, A.M.L,

AND

ALLIED

M.E.

contains about
of illustrations,
including
2,500 pages with thousands
This work
sectional
the
covers
drawings with full explanatory details.
and
The best known
Engineering.
entire practice of Civil and Mechanical
expert in all branches
The Cyclopedia is admirably well adapted
to these volumes.
of engineering have contributed
well as the mechanical
the self-taught practical man,
as
to the needs
of the beginner and
gineer
enThe work
will be
shop superintendent, foreman, and machinist.
designer, draftsman,
is
in
It
to any
found a means
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progressive man.
thorough
encyclopedic
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of technical subjects,simple and clear in its descriptive matter,
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technicalities
formulae.
articles
The
brief as may
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or
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as
and without
unnecessary
of the subject, and are written by men
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yet give a reasonably clear and explicitstatement
of which
It tells you all you
have had ample practicalexperience in the matters
they, write.
want
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to know
engineering and tells it so simply, so clearly,so concisely,that one cannot
As a work
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For
a peer.
$6.00
help but understand.
per volume.
$25.00
complete set of five volumes, price
This

set of five volumes

diagrammatic

MACHINE

ARITHMETIC.

SHOP

By Colvin-Cheney.

have to do with daily. It tells you plainly about:

how
of the things you
This is an arithmetic
of balls or spheres; handy ways
for
to find surface or volume
of figures; how
to find areas
threads on any lathe; drillmg for taps;
gearing; cutting screw
calculating; about compound
the Metric
wheels, grindstones, milling cutters, etc.; all about
speeds of drills taps, emerv
decimal
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with conversion
tables; properties of metals; strength of bolts and
system
All sorts of machine
shop figuring and 1,001 other things, any one of
equivalent of an inch.
the trouble
v'hich ought to be worth
than the price of this book to you, and it saves
you
more
131 pages.
Price
50 cents
6th Edition.
of bothering the boss.

MODERN

By

Oscar

MACHINE
E.

SHOP

CONSTRUCTION,

EQUIPMENT

AND

MANAGEMENT.

Perrigo.

Machine
Plant from
Shop or Manufacturing
The
only work published that describes the Modern
for it until the finished product is shipped.
the site intended
is growing
on
the time the grass
the rebuilding
needed
bv those contemplating the erection of modern
shop buildings
Just the book
of Modern
Shop Methods, time and
and
reorganization of old ones, or the introduction
for practical shop
It is a book written and illustrated by a practicalshop man
cost systems.
want
facts.
It is the most
complete all-around
too busy to read theories and
men
who
are
225
original and specially-made
book
of its kind
ever
published. 400 large quarto pages.
!1"5.UU
illustrations.
Price

MECHANICAL
OF

CONSTRUCTION.

MOVEMENTS
APPLIANCES, MECHANICAL
Hiscox.
D.
Gardner
By

AND

NOVELTIES

the first
Unlike
movements.
mechanical
to the one
This is a supplementarv volume
apon
illustrations and descripcontains
in character, this volume
tions
v'olume, which is more
elementary
in
devices and appliances round
and of mechanical
combinations
of motions
of many
bv
with
line
a
shown
drawing
device
a
descnption
Each
being
different lines of machinery.
20

OF

CATALOGUE

PRACTICAL

GOOD.

BOOKS

of operation. From
the multitude
its working
of devices described,
parts and the method
and elevators,
and illustrated,might be mentioned, in passing, such items as conveyors
Prony brakes, thermometers.i various types of boilers,solar engines, oil-fuel burners, condensers,
of various
motors
engines, water
gas
evaporators, Corliss and other valve gears, governors,
and dynamos,
automobile
and motor
bicycles,railway block
descriptions,air ships, motors
for heavy
signals,car couplers, link and gear motions, ball bearings, breech block mechanism
of others of equal importance.
and a large accumulation
1,000 speciallymade
ings.
engravguns,
Price
396 octavo
$2.50
pages.

showing

MOVEMENTS,

MECHANICAL

AND

POWERS,

DEVICES.

By

Gardner

D. Hiscox.

motions
and appliances, accomcollection of 1,890 engravings of different mechanical
panied
it a book
of great value to the inventor, the draftsman,
by appropriate text, making
into eighteen sections or
tastes.
The
book
is divided
to all readers
with mechanical
and
Powers;
chapters in which the subject matter is classified under the following heads: Mechanical
of Power;
Measurement
of Power, Steam
Transmission
Power; Air Power
Appliances; Electric
Power
and Roads;
and Devices;
and Construction, Navigation
Gearing; Motion
Controlling
Mill and
and
Mining;
Horological;
Devices;
Motion;
Factory Appliances; Construction
12th edition.
Price $2.50
Miscellaneous
400 octavo
Drafting Devices:
Devices, etc.
pages.
This

is

SHOP

MACHINE

AND

TOOLS

SHOP

PRACTICE.

By

W.

H.

Vandervoort.

work
of 555 pages and 673 illustrations,describing in every detail the construction, operation,
and machine
tools.
Includes
and manipulation of both hand
chapters on fiUng, fitting,and
taps, and dies; the lathe and its tools; planers, shapers,
scraping surfaces; on drills,reamers,
and cutters; gear cutters and gear cutting; drillingmachines
and their tools; milling machines
and their work; hardening and tempering; gearing, belting
and drill work;
grinding machines
Price
and transmission
$3.00
machinery: useful data and tables. 6th edition.
,
A

THE

MACHINIST.

MODERN

By

John

T. Usher.

This is a book
showing, by plain description and by profuse engravings, made
expressly for
machine
the work, all that is best, most
advanced, and of the highest efficiencyin modern
by which and through which, as Mr.
shop practice, tools,and implements, showing the way
have become
"American
machinists
in the world."
Maxim
and are the finest mechanics
says,
Indicating as it does, in every
line,the familiarityof the author with every detail of daily
fail to be of service to any
-connected
with
man
experience in the shop, it cannot
practically
the shaping or finishing of metals.
There
is nothing
experimental or visionary about the book, all devices being in actual use
and giving good results.
It might be called a compendium
of shop methods, showing a variety
of special tools and
ideas to many
appliances which will give new
mechanics, from the
at the bench.
to the man
It will be found
addition to any
a valuable
superintendent down
machinist's
whenever
difficult job is to be done,
new
a
or
library,and should be consulted
whether
it is boring , milling,turning, or planing, as they are all treated in a practical manner.
320 pages.
250 illustrations.
Fifth Edition.
Price
$2.50
...

MODERN

By

MILLING
Joseph

MACHINES:
G. Horner.

THEIR

DESIGN,

CONSTRUCTION

AND

TION.
OPERA-

and
and illustrates the Milling Machine
its work
in such a plain, clear,
and
illustrates the subject so clearlyand completely, that the up-to-date
afford to do without
the valuable
engineer cannot
mation
informachinist, student, or mechanical
which it contains.
It describes not only the early machines
of this class,but notes
their gradual development
into the splendid machines
of the present day, giving the design
construction
of the
various
and
types, forms, and special features produced bj' prominent
and foreign.
manufacturers, American
in all their development and modernized
Milling cutters
illustrated and described,
forms are
and the operations they are
different classes of work are carefully
capable of producing upon
described in detail, and the speeds and feeds necessary
are
discussed, and valuable and useful
these usually perplexing problems.
data given for de^rmining
The book is the most
hensive
comprework
Price
300 illustrations.
published on the subject. 304 pages.
$4.00

describes
This book
and forceful manner,

"

SHOP

KINKS."

By

Robert

Grimshaw.

222
other book on
being entirely different fron^ any
illustrations,
practice. Departing from conventional
style, the author avoids universal or
and limits his work to showing
common
usage
special ways of doing things better, more
methods
of representative
cheaply and more
rapidly than iisual. As a result the advanced
establishments
of the world
This book
shows
the
are
placed at the disposal of the reader.
where
be improved.
To the
large savings are possible,and how
proprietor
products may
it
holds out suggestions that, properly applied, will hasten his advancement.
No
employee
shoD can
afford to be without
it.
It bristles with valuable
wrinkles and helpful suggestions.
It will benefit all,from apprentice to proprietor. Every machinist, at any
age, should
study

book
machine
A

?ts pages.

of 400

pages

and

shop
shop

Fifth

Edition.

Price

"

21

$2.50

CATALOGUE

THREADS

OF

THREAD

AND

PRACTICAL

GOOD,

CUTTING.

By Colvin

and

This clears up
of the mysteries of thread-cutting, such
many
internal threads, catching threads, use of hobs, etc.
Contains
a
tables.
3rd Edition.
Price

TOOLS
FOR
MACHINISTS
OF
MEASUREMENT.

AND

WOOD
WORKERS,
G. Horner.

BOOKS

Stabel.
and
double
triplethreads,
lot of useful hints and several
as

25

INCLUDING

cents

INSTRUMENTS

By Joseph

The

which
principlesupon
cutting tools for wood, metal, and other substances
made
are
are
used by the machinist, the carpenter, or by any
identical, whether
other skilled mechanic
in
their daily work, and
the object of this book
is to give a correct and practicaldescription of
these tools as they are
commonly
designed, constructed, and used. 340 pages, fullyillustrated.
Price
$3.50

MANUAL
ECONOMICS
The

only

Training,
all grades

OF

MANUAL

TRAINING.

By

Louis

Rouillion.

book

needed
published that gives just the information
regarding Buildings, Equipment, and Supplies. Shows
of the

lists of

Also
shows
2nd Edition.

by all interested
exactly what

work

in Manual
is needed
for
Gives itemized

from the Kindergarten

to the High and
Normal
School.
used in Manual
and tells just what
Training Work
it ought to cost.
to
Contains
174
and
is fully illustrated.
buy supplies,etc.
pages,

everything
where
Price

$1.50

MARINE
MARINE
Dr. G.

TRAINING

ENGINES

AND
S.

Bauer, Leslie

ENGINEERING

DESIGN
BOILERS, THEIR
Robertson, and S. Bryan

AND
CONSTRUCTION.
Donkin.

By

In the words of Dr. Bauer, the present work owes

its origin to an oft felt want
of a Condensed
the Theoretical
Treatise, embodying
and
Practical Rules used in Designing Marine
Engines
The need for such a work has been felt by most
and Boilers.
in the conengineers engaged
struction
and working
of Marine
but also by those of
Engines, not only by the younger
men,
work
written
greater experience. The fact that the original German
was
by the chief engineer
Vulcan
is in all respects
of the famous
Works, Stettin, is in itself a guarantee
that this book
for the
all the information
which
is necessary
thoroughly up-to-date, and that it embodies
design and construction
of the highest types of marine
It may
be said,
engines and boilers.
Dr. Bauer
that the motive
which
has placed in the fast German
liners that have been
power
out
turned
of late years
from
the Stettin Works, represent the very
best practice in marine
engineering of the present day.
-This work
is clearlywritten, thoroughly systematic, theoreticallysound;
while the character
of its plans, drawings, tables, and
statistics is without
ful
reproach. The illustrations are carewell-executed
reproductions from actual working drawings, with some
photographic views
of completed
744 pages.
550 illustrations and
tables.
numerous
engines and boilers.

$9.00

MODERN

SUBMARINE

net

CHART.

cross-section
of the
view, showing clearly and distinctly all the interior of a Submarine
latest type.
You
information
from this chart, about the construction
and operation
get more
of a Submarine,
than in any other way.
No Details omitted
and to
everything is accurate
in every
scale.
It is absolutely correct
detail, having been approved
by Naval
Engineers.
and devices fitted in a modern
AU the machinery
the
Submarine
Boat are shown
and to make
all the features are shown
in operative form
engraving more
readily understood
with Ofiflcers
and Men
in the act of performing
This
the duties
in service
conditions.
assigned to them
CHART
IS REALLY
AN
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
A SUBMARINE.
It is educational
worth
and
times its cost.
Mailed
in a Tube
for
cents
25
many
"

MINING
ORE
DEPOSITS, WITH
Johnson

CHAPTER

ON

HINTS

TO

PROSPECTORS.

By

J. P.

This book
gives a condensed
account
of the ore-deposits at present known
in South
Africa.
It is also intended
as
a guide to the prospector.
of geology
Only an elementary knowledge
mining
and
some
in order to understand
With
this work.
these
experience are necessary
qualifications,it wiU materially assist one in his search for metalliferous niineral occurrences
22

CATALOGUE
and,

the
Cobalt

Among
"

simple-ores

far as
of any

so

he may
Tin

"

enable

one

BOOKS

to form

idea

some

of the

are:

Molybdenum

"

Titaniferous
Tungsten

and
Lead

"

Chromiferous
"

Mercury

"

Iron

Oxides
Nickel
Iron
Hints

Antimony

"

"

"

"

Prospectors.
PHYSICS

bilities
possi-

find.

chaptersgiven
"

should

concerned,

are

PRACTICAL

GOOD,

OF

per
Copto

$2.00

AND

CHEMISTRY

OF

MINING.

By

T. H. Byrom.

of all preparing for examinations

in mining or qualifying for
for the use
practical
collierymanagers' certificates. The aim of the author in this excellent book is to place clearly
data which
will render him valuable
before the reader useful and authoritative
assistance in
information
his studies.
The only work
of its kind published. The
incorporated in it will
to
of
the
greatest
practical utility
students, mining engineers, collierymanagers,
and
prove
all others who
are
of mining
specially interested in the present-day treatment
problems.
The
contents
its
Laws
to
are
on:
the Behavior
Relating
Among
chapters
Atmosphere;
of
Diffusion of Gases; Composition of the Atmosphere:
Gases; The
of the
Sundry Constituents
Coal
Dust
and
Its Action; Explosives;
Atmosphere;
Water;
Carbon; Fire-Damp;
Combustion;
of Analysis of Coal; Strata Adjoining
Composition of Various Coals and Fuels; Methods
the Coal
and
Useful
Magnetism
Measures;
Electricity; Appendix;
Tables, etc ;
Miscellaneous
Illustrated
160
Questions.
pages.
$2.00
work

T. H. Cockin.
and 213 illustrations,
tails,
complete with practical dewhich
will Intuitivelyimpart
reader, not only a general knowledge
of the principles
of coal mining, but also considerable
insight into allied subjects. This treatise is positively
date in every
of every
instance, and should be in the hands
up to
collieryengineer,
in or
interested
are
geologist,mine
operator, superintendent, foreman, and all others who
connected
with
the industry.
2nd
Edition
$2.50
PRACTICAL
An
important

COAL

MINING.

work,

containing

By

428

pages
to the

PATTERN
PRACTICAL
This

is

PATTERN

By F. W.

MAKING.

complete and

MAKING

very

entirelypractical treatise

Barrows.

the subject of pattern making, illustrating

in wood
its pages
and metal.
From
are
taught just what you should
pattern work
you
know
about
It contains
a detailed
used by
description of the materials
pattern making.
and the more
use,
pattern makers, also the tools, both those for hand
interesting machine
Saw, and the Lathe.
Individual
tools; having complete chapters on the band saw, The Buzz
different kinds
are
fully illustrated and described, and the mounting
of
patterns of manj^
metal
is included.
patterns on plates for molding machines
Rules, Formulas
and Tables
for finding
are
included, containing simple and originalmethods
the pattern itself and
the weight of castings, both from
the drawings.
from
This section
useful
contains
and practical formulas,
which
will be found
in estimating
some
new
very
All of these
weights, with the accuracy
required for quotations to prospective customers.
rules are simple, and can
be put to practical use
and they
by the ordinary, every-day man,
have
been
proved by years of actual use.
a

on

Plain

rules for keeping down

the cost of patterns, with a complete system for checking the
of and marking the patterns, and a card record showing
what
the pattern
is, material
The book closes
used, where" located in safe, with its cost and date of production,is included.
with an original and practical method
for the inventory
and valuation
of patterns.
taining
Con326 pages
and 150 detailed illustrations. Price
$2.00
cost

PERFUMERY
HENLEY'S

TWENTIETH
Edited

The

most

by

D.

valuable Techno-chemical
of which
will prove

receipts,many
to-date

CENTURY
G.

in every

respect.

BOOK

OF

RECEIPTS, FORMULAS

AND

CESSES.
PRO-

Hiscox.

10,000 practical
Receipt Book published. Contains over
specialvalue to the perfumer, a mine of information, up$4.00
Price,Cloth, $3.00; half morocco
of

PERFUMES
AND
THEIR
PREPARATION.
By G. W. Askinson, Perfumer.
A comprehensive
there has been nothing omitted
treatise, in which
that could be of value
to the
Perfumer.
handkerchief
Complete directions for making
perfumes, smelling-salts,
sachets, fumigating pastilles:preparations for the care of the skin, the mouth, the hair, cosmetics,
hair dyes and other toilet articles are
given, also a detailed description of aromatic
substances:
their nature, tests of purity, and
A book
of general,
wholesale
manufacture.
well as professional interest,meeting the wants
as
not only of the druggist and perfume manufacturer,
also
but
of the general public. Third edition.
312 pages.
Illustrated.
$3.00
.

2-?

CATALOGUE

OF

PRACTICAL

GOOD,

BOOKS

PLUMBING
MECHANICAL

DRAWING

By R. M. Starbuck.

PLUMBERS.

FOR

A concise, comprehensive and practical treatise on the subject of mechanical

drawing in its
in any
various
modern
are
of all who
connected
with the
applications to the work
way
plumbing trade.
Nothing will so help the plumber in estimating and in explaining work to
customers
and workmen
as
a knowledge
of drawing, and to the workman
it is of inestimable
value if he is to rise above
his position to positions of greater responsibiUty. Among
the
of knowledge
1. Value
to plumber
are:
of drawing;
tools required
chapters contained
views needed
2.
common
and their use;
in mechanical
drawing.
ical
mechanPerspective versus
3. Correct
construction.
and
incorrect
methods
drawing in showing plumbing
in
3.
Floor and cellar plans and elevation;
plumbing drawing; plan and elevcction explained.
5.
scale drawings;
use
of triangles.
Use of triangles; drawing of fittings, traps, etc.
6.
in drawing
elevations and fittings. 7. Instructions
Drawing
plumbing
plumbing elevations.
8. The
of fixtures and fittings.
drawing of plumbing
fixtures; scale drawings. 9. Drawing
10. Inking of drawings.
11. Shading
12. Shading
of drawings.
of drawings.
13. Sectional
14. Plumbing
elevations
from
architect's
drawings; drawing of threads.
plan.
15. Elevations
16. Elevations
of separate parts of the plumbing system.
from
architect's
18. Architect's
plans. 17. Drawing of detail plumbing connections,
plans and plumbint?
19. Plumbing
elevations of residence.
elevations of residence
(continued); plumbing plans
for cottage.
20. Plimibing elevations;
21. Plans
roof connections.
and plumbing
tions
elevafor six-flat building. 22. Drawing
of various
of
system;
parts of the plumbing
use
23. Use
scales.
of architect's scales.
24. Special features
in the illustrations of country
25. Drawing
26. Drawing
of wrought iron piping, valves, radiators, coils, etc.
plumbing.
of piping to illustrate heating systems.
150 iUustrations.
Price
$1.50

MODERN

PLUMBING

ILLUSTRATED.

By

R.

M,

Starbuck,

This

book represents
the highest standard
It has been adopted and used
of plumbing work.
in Cuba,
reference book
in its sanitary work
Porto
by the United States Government,
Hico, and the Philippines, and by the principal Boards
of Health
of the United
States and
Canada.

as

It gives connections, sizes and

to the master
plumber
and student
gives the mechanic

of fixtures.
It is
working data for all fixtures and groups
in demonstrating
to his customers
and in figm-ing work.
It
to the best modern
quick and easj- access
plumbing practice.
in its pages.
This
contained
book
Suggestions for estimating phimbing construction
are
represents, in a word, the latest and best up-to-date practice, and should be in the hands of
who wishes to keep himself up to the minute
architect, sanitary engineer and plumber
every
this important feature of construction.
Contains
on
following chapters, each illustrated
with
wash
a
sink, laimdry
tubs, vegetable
sink; lavatories,
full-page plate: Kitchen
of marble
slabs; bath tub, foot and sitz bath, shower
pantry sinks, contents
bath; water
closets operated
water
closets ; low-down
closets, water
closets, venting of water
by flush
and
water
hotel
restaurant
closet range;
sink, grease
valves,
slop sink, urinals, the bidet;
safe
soda
lines of refrigerators, bar sinks,
tain
founwastes, laimdry waste;
trap; refrigerators,
for S traps, venting;
nections
consinks; horse stall, frost-proof water
closets; connections
for drum
supporting of soil pipe; main
traps; soil pipe connections;
trap and
floor
fresh air inlet; floor drains and
water
closets and
cellar drains, subsoil drainage;
for bath rooms;
connections
for bath rooms,
local venting:
tinued;
conconnections;
connections
connections
for bath
connections
for bath
continued;
continued;
rooms,
rooms,
of poor
examples
system;
ready for test; testing of plumbing
practice; roughing- work
method
work ; continuous
of continvious
venting for two-floor
venting
venting ; continuous
for two lines of fixtures on three or more
floors ; continuous
closets ; plumbing
venting of water
for cottage house; construction
of special
for ceUar piping: plumbing for residence, use
for two-flat
building; plumbing for
house;
fittings;plumbing
plumbing for apartment
for oflSce building; plumbing for public toUet rooms;
double
building; plumbing
apartment
continued;
plmnbing
plumbing for pubhc toilet rooms,
plumbing for bath establishment;
for engine house, factory plimibing ; automatic
flushing for schools, factories, etc. ; use of
of
the Durham
flushing valves; urinals for pubhc toilet rooms;
system, the destruction
without
of lead; Automatic
Uft,
of work
use
pipes by electrolysis; construction
sewage
of cesspools: septic tank and
matic
autoautomatic
tank ; country plumbing ; construction
sump
of
water
house;
thawing
siphon: country
plumbing;
supply for country
sewage
mains
water
ings;
and
ser\ice by electricity; double
boilers: hot water
supply of large buildtion.
automatic
control of hot water
tank;
suggestions for estimating plumbing construc400
Price
octavo
$4.00
fully illustrated by 55 full-page engravings.
pages,

helpful

STANDARD
A

PRACTICAL

PLUMBING.

complete practical treatise

in all its
treatment

branches,

of

large amount
of the subject of Hot
a

Its thirty chapters include

about

By R. M. Starbuck.

Plumbing
covering the subject of Modern
pages
to a very
of space
complete and practical
being devoted
Boiler Work.
Circulation
and
and
Range
Water
Supply
it
phase of the subject one can think of, making
every
450

24.

OF

CATALOGUE

PRACTICAL

GOOD,

BOOKS

plumber, the journeyman plumber, and the apprentice

indispensable work to the master
an
the plumber's tools; wiping solder, composition and use;
plumber, containing chapters on:
traps; siphonage of traps; venting; continuous
venting; house
joint wiping; lead work;
house
drain; soil piping, rougliing; main
and sewer
connections;
trap and fresh air
sewer
water
closets; ventilation;
inlet; floor, yard, cellar drains, rain leaders, etc. ; fixture wastes:
residence
tories,
plumbing;
plumbing for hotels, schools, facimproved plumbing connections;
filtration of sewage
water
and
plumbing;
stables, etc.; modern
country
supply;
boiler problems;
hot and cold supply; range
boilers; circulation; circulating pipes; range
lift and its use;
for hot water
multiple connections
water
for large buildings; water
boilers; heating of radiation by supply system;
theory for the plumber; drawing for the
hot

plumber.

Fully illustrated by 347

engravings.

RECEIPT
HENLEY'S

TWENTIETH
Edited

by

$3.00

BOOK

BOOK

CENTURY
Gardner

Price

OF

FORMULAS

RECEIPTS,

AND

CESSES.
PRO-

D. Hiscox.

Receipt Book published, including over 10,000 selected

scientific,chemical, technological, and practical receipts and processes.
of Receipts ever
This is the most
of receipts for
complete Book
published, giving thousands
articles for everyday use.
the manufacturer
of valuable
Hints, Helps, Practical Ideas, and
The

most

valuable

Techno-chemical

Secret Processes
revealed within its pages.
are
of ways
of making money
and
tells thousands
command.
Modern

in its treatment

of every

It covers
every
is just the book

branch
everyone

subject that properly falls within

of the useful arts and

should
have at his

its scope,

the book

may

to be found
in the arts and industries
truthfully be said to present the very latest formulas
and to retain those processes
wliich long experience has proven
record
worthy of a permanent
number
of the subjects which
To present here even
a limited
find a place in this valuable
will be found
would
be difficult. Suffice to say that in its pages
matter
terest
of intense inand immeasurable
and to him who
wishes to
practical value to the scientific amateur
used in the arts, trades and
obtain
a
manufactures,
a
knowledge of the many
processes
instructive and remunerative.
knowledge which will render his pursuits moro
Serving as a
to the small
reference book
and suppplying intelligentseekers with
and large manufacturer
the information
the work
to conduct
will be found of inestimable
a process,
worth
necessary
to the Metallurgist,
the Perfumer,
the Painter, the Manufacturer
the Photographer,
of
of Alloys, the Cook, the Physician,
Glues, Pastes, Cements,
and Mucilages, the Compounder
the Druggist, the Electrician, the Brewer,
the Engineer, the Foundryman,
the jMachinist,
the Potter, the Tanner, the Confectioner, the Chiropodist, the Manicure,
the Manufacturer
of Chemical
Novelties
and Toilet Preparations, the Dyer, the Electroplater, the Enameler,
the Engraver, the Provisioner, the Glass
the Watchmaker,
the JewVorker, the Goldbeater,
eler,
the Hat
the Optician, the Farmer,
the Ink Manufacturer,
Maker,
the Dairyman,
the
and Metal
and Soap ]Maker, the Veterinary
Worker, the Chandler
Paper Maker, the Wood
Surgeon, and the Technologist in general.
work

A
to

mine

of information, and up-to-date in every

respect.
it covers
branch
of the Useful
as
EVERYONE,
every
WHAT

"Your

Twentieth

glad to have

thing of the

copy
sort I

IS

SAID

OF

THIS

A book
Arts.

which
will prove
of value
Price
800 pages.
$3.00

BOOK:

Century

Book
of Receipts, Formulas
and
of it, and if I could not replace it money
saw."
ever
(Signed) M. E. Trux,

Processes
couldn't

Sparta,

I am
duly received.
buy it. It is the best

Wis.

"

who
There
few persons
are
would
not be able to find in the book
would
Merchant's
Record
repay several times the cost of the book.
"

"

some

single formula

and Show

that

Window.

RUBBER
RUBBER
HAND
STAMPS
T. O'CoNOR
Sloane.

AND

THE

MANIPULATION

OF

INDIA

RUBBER.

By

This book gives full details on all points, treating in a concise and siini)l("
manner
the elements
of nearly everything it is necessary
to understand
for a coniniencenicnt
in anv
branch
of the
India Rubber
Manufacture.
The making
of all kinds of Rubber
Hand
Stamps, Small Articles
of India
J. S. Government
Rubber,
Composition, Dating Hand
Stamps, tlie Manipulation
of Sheet
Rubber, Toy Balloons. India Rubber
Solutions, Cements, Blackings, Renovating

25

CATALOGUE

OF

PRACTICAL

GOOD,

BOOKS

and
Treatment
for India
Rubber
Shoes, etc.; the Hektograph Stamp Inks, and
Miscellaneous
of the Discovery, Collection,and Manufacture
Notes, with a Short Account
of
India Rubber
set forth in a manner
are
designed to be readily understood, the explanations
being plain and
Tire Making and Vulcanizing ; also a
simple. Including a chapter on Rubber
chapter on the uses of rubber in Surgery and Dentistry. Third revised and enlarged edition.
175 pages.
Illustrated
$1.00

Varnish,

SAWS
SAW

FILINGS

AND

MANAGEMENT

OF

By Robert

SAWS.

Grimshaw.

book on filing,gumming,
A practicalhand
swaging, hammering, and the brazing of band saws,
the speed, work, and power
circular saws, etc.
A handy book for those who
to run
have charge
of saws, or for those mechanics
who do their own
filing,as it deals with the proper
shape and
teeth of all kinds and gives many
useful hints and rules for gumming,
pitches of saw
setting,
and filing,
is a practicalaid to those who use saws
and
for any purpose.
New
edition,revised
and enlarged.
Illustrated.
Price
$1.00

STEAM
AMERICAN

STATIONARY

ENGINEERING

ENGINEERING.

By

W.

E. Crane.

This

book
and takes in the whole
A plain talk on
begins at the boiler room
plant.
power
It is not intended
tific
to be scienevery-day work about engines, boilers, and their accessories.
mathematical.
in simple form
All formulas
that any one
or
are
so
understanding plain
arithmetic
can
The
author
has made
of them.
this the most
readily understand
any
tical
pracbook in print; has given the results of his years
of experience, and has included
about
aU that has to do with an engine room
a power
or
plant. You are not left to guess at a single
ooint.
You
shown
the various conditions ; how
are
to expect under
to secure
clearly what
the best results; ways
of preventing "shut
and repairs: in short, all that goes to
do^Tis"
make
up the requirements of a good engineer, capable of taking charge of a plant. It's plain
and yet of value to those high in the profession.
enough for practical men
A. partial list of contents
is: The
boiler room,
cleaning boilers, firing, feeding: pumps;
Avork:
jispection and repair; chimneys, sizes and cost; piping: mason
foimdations;
testing
cement;
piledriving; engines, slow and high speed; valves: valve setting: Corliss engines,
and condensers:
different types of
setting valves, single and double eccentric: air pumps
water
needed:
in crosshead
crank;
condensers:
or
lining up;
poixnds: pins not square
hardened
engineers' tools: pistons and piston rings; bearing metal:
; drip pipes from
copper
made,
of; oils; greases:
care
cylinder jackets; belts, how
testing lubricants: rules and

tables, including steam

and square
of segments;
root: cubes and cube
squares
Brick
work;
of circles.
Notes
on:
explosions; pumps;
Has a complete
valves: heaters, economizers;
pump
safety valves ; lap, lead, and clearance.
examination
for a license, etc., etc.
Illustrated. Price
Second
edition.
285 pages.
$2.00
root;

and

areas

tables;

areas

circumferences

EMINENT
Everyone
Locomotive,
in knowing

ENGINEERS.
who

By

Dwight

Goddard.

appreciates the effect of such great inventions as the Steam Engine, Steamboat,
discoveries,is interested
Machine, Steel Working, and other fundamental

Sewing
a

little about

the

men

who

made

them

and

their achievements.

most
Goddard
has selected
thirty-two of the world's engineers who have contributed
of our
civilization by mechanical
giving only such facts as
largely to the advancement
means,
of
280
mechanics
are
general
not.
or
interest and
in a way
which
appeals to all, whether
35 illustrations.
Price
$1.50
pages.
Mr.

ENGINE
A

RUNNER'S

CATECHISM.

By

Robert

Grimshaw.

the printo erect, adjust and run

cipal
features
of various
in use
engines
in the United
States.
Describing the principal
tions,
well-known
of engines: Temper
makes
Cut-off. Shipping and Receiving Foundajusting
Erecting and Starting, Valve
Setting, Care and Use, Emergencies, Erecting and Ad-

practicaltreatise for the stationary engineer, telling how

steam
specialand

Special Engines.
the catechism
questions asked throughout
are
plain and to the point,'"andthe answers
All the instructions
are
given in such simple language as to be readily understood
by anyone.
given are
any
complete and up-to-date; and they are written in a popular style, without
size for the pocket, clearly
technicalities or mathematical
is of a handy
formulae.
The work
and well printed,nicely bound, and profusely illustrated.
engineers this catechism
To young
The

26

OF

CATALOGUE

PRACTICAL

GOOD,

BOOKS

Rules and data for estimating radiation and cost and such tables and information
shoo use.
interested in steam, hot water heating, and ventilation.
itan indispensable work for everyone
make
It describes all the principal systems of steam, hot water, vacuum,
vapor, and vacuumaccelerated
of hot water
systems
circulation,including
heating, together with the new
vapor
of ventilation and the fan or blower
system of heating and
chapters on up-to-date methods
I. Introduction.
II. Heat.
III. Evolution
ventilation.
of
Containing
chapters on:
IV. Boiler surface and settings. V. The
flue. VI.
artificial heating apparatus.
chimney
kinds.
VIII.
Forms
of radiating surfaces.
IX.
Pipe and fittings. VII. Valves, various
X. Estimating radiation.
XI.
Steam-heating apparatus.
Locating of radiating surfaces.
Hot-water
XIII.
Pressure
of hotXII.
Exhaust-steam
heating.
heating. XIV.
systems
Greenhouse
Hot-water
Vacuum
XV.
water
work.
heating. XVII.
appliances. XVI.
XVIII.
jMiscellaneous
XIX.
Radiator
exhaust
and
and vacuum
heating.
heating.
vapor
and
XXI.
IMechanical
ventilation
hot-blast heating.
Ventilation.
XX.
pipe connections.
District heating.
XXIV.
Pipe and boiler covering.
XXII.
Steam
appliances. XXIII.
XXVI.
Business
methods.
XXVII.
XXV.
Temperature
regulation and heat control.
information.
tables
and
useful
367 pages.
300 detailed
XXVIII.
JMiscellaneous.
Rules,
$3.00
engravings. Price

as

PIPES

STEAM
PIPES:

STEAM

THEIR

DESIGN

AND

CONSTRUCTION.

By

Wm.

H.

Booth.

The work
is well illustrated in regard to pipe joints,expansion offsets, flexible joints,and
self-contained
sliding joints for taking up the expansion of long pipes. In fact, the chapters
valuable
fitters and users.
most
to all steam
and expansion of pipes are
the flow of steam
on
of hanging them are well treated and illustrated.
The
strength of pipes and method
pressure
also flange joints and their
described, as are
Valves and by-passes are fully illustrated and
valuable chapters is that
One of the most
proportions, exhaust heads and separators.
proper
ing
and the saving of steam
on
by insulation with the various kinds of feltsuperheated steam
units from naked
and other materials with comparison tables of the loss of heat in thermal
Price
$S.OO
and felted steam
pipes. Contains 187 pages.

STEEL
AMERICAN

STEEL

WORKER.

By

E.

R.

Markham.

steel for everything

book tells how to select,and how to work, temper, harden, and anneal
of
to temper
class of tools and then leave the treatment
one
It doesn't tell how
earth.
kind
another
of tool to your
imagination and judgment, but it gives careful instructions for
It tells about
or just a screw-driver.
it be a tap, a reamer
detafl of every
tool, whether
every
of cutlery, and the annealing of dies.
In
the tempering of srnall watch
springs, the hardening
to know
that isn't included.
It is the
want
would
fact there isn't a thing that a steel worker
the
all grades of steel.
and
tempering
book
on
Among
standard
selecting, hardening,
the workman;
the following subjects: Introduction;
chapter headings might be mentioned
of heating; heating tool steel; forging; anrealing;
hardening baths; baths
steel; methods
after hardening;
ening;
the temper
steel; drawing
examples of hardfor hardening;
hardening
tools of machine
steel;
making
case
hardening;
spring tempering;
pack hardening;
366 pages.
of trouble; high speed steels, etc.
tools; causes
special steels; steel for various
3rd Edition.
Price
$2.50
Very fully iUustrated.

This
on

HARDENING,

TEMPERING,

ANNEALING,

AND

FORGING

OF

STEEL.

By

J. V.

WOODWORTH.
all modern
for the heating, annealing
work treating in a clear, concise manner
A new
processes
it a book of great practical value
forging, welding, hardening, and tempering of steel,making
mechanic
in general, with specialdirections for the successful hardening
to the metal-working
and
tempering of all steel tools used in the arts, including milling cutters, taps, thread dies,
both solid and shell, hollow
mills, pimches and dies, and all kinds of sheet metal
reamers,
fine cutlery, and
metal cutting tools of all description,as
working tools, shear blades, saws,
In this work
the simplest and most
weU
for all implements of steel both large and small.
as
are
given.
satisfactory hardening and tempering processes
The

uses

treatment

hardening

to

which the leading brands of steel may

different conditions
under
working
tempering of specialbrands.

for
and

are
conciselypresented, and their
for the
explained, also the special methods

be adapted

is also included, and special

for Case-hardening
A chapter devoted
to the different processes
288
4th Edition.
steel for tools of various kinds.
reference
made
to the adoption of machinery
$2.50
Price
201 Illustrations.
pages.

28

CATALOGUE

OF

PRACTICAL

GOOD.

BOOKS

TURBINES
MARINE
E.

STEAM

Ludwig and H.

TURBINES.

Vogel.

and

By Dr. G. Bauer
Translated

the German

from

O. Lasche.
and

edited

Assisted

by

by M. G. S.

Swallow.
This work forms a supplementary volume
authors
of this book, Dr. G. Bauer
The
construction.
turbine
authorities
on

to the book

and

O.

entitled

Lasche,

"

may

Marine
Engines and Boilers."
be regarded as the leading

the full expansion of steam

discusses turbines in which
is essentiallypractical and
shafts, as
of separate turbines
arranged for driving two or more
through a number
from
inlet
in wliich the complete
and turbines
expansion of steam
in the Parsons
system,
The

book

passes

in a turbine on one
shaft, as
exhaust
occurs
pressure
It will enable
a
designer to carry out all the ordinary
which
of steam
turbines, hence it fills a want
theoretical
works.
to

of the Curtis machines.

in the case
calculations
for the construction
necessary
is hardly met
by larger and more

and diagrams will be found, which

explain with remarkable
lucidity
curves
which
takes through
steam
turbine blades are designed as they are, the course
tiu-bine calculation, the influence
of steam
of various
types, the thermodynamics
information
In a word, the very
steam
of steam
tiu-bines, etc.
on
consumption
into
most
turbines
designer and builder of steam
requires. The book is divided
tion.
installathe design of a turbine
1. Introduction.
2. General
remarks
on
parts as follows:
5. Shafting and
3. The
calculation
4. Turbine
of steam
turbines.
design.
pellers.
pro8. General
remarks
the
6. Condensing
of turbines.
on
plant. 7. Arrangement
Turbine-driven
auxiliaries.
10.
Tables.
of
steam
9.
turbines
in
steamers.
arrangement
214 pages.
Large octavo.
Fully illustrated and containing 18 tables. Including an entropy
chart.
$3.60
Price, net

Numerous
the reason
turbines
of vacuum
which
a

tables,

why

MAKING

WATCH
WATCHMAKER'S

HANDBOOK.

By

Claudius

Saunier.

This

issued that can

work
has now
edition and there is no work
reached
its seventh
it for clearness and
as a
completeness. It contains 498 pages and is intended
Arts.
and allied Mechanical
in Watch-making
workshop companion for those engaged
Nearly
250 engravings and fourteen plates are included.
Price
$3.00
famous
to
compare

...

29

....