ME Lab I (Exp 3)

MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Muralla St. Intramuros, Manila

School of Mechanical Engineering and Manufacturing Engineering
Experiment Number 3
CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF
LUBRICATING OIL
8 JEREMIAS, John Karlo B. Date of Performance: August 6, 2015

ME139L / A3
Group 1
Date of Submission: August 13, 2015
GRADE
Engr. Teodulo A. Valle

Instructor
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
OBJECTIVES
THEORIES AND ANALYSIS
LIST OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURES
SET-UP OF APPARATUS
FINAL DATA SHEET
SAMPLE COMPUTATION
TEST DATA ANALYSIS
10
DISCUSSION
11
QUESTION AND ANSWERS
24
CONCLUSION
26
RECOMMENDATION
27
REFERENCES
28
PRELIMINARY DATA SHEET
29
EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL
Objectives:
1.
To be able to determine the carbon residue of sample lub oils.
2.
To have the knowledge about carbon residue test.
Theory/Hypothesis:
The laymans term for carbon is a widely distributed element that forms organic
compounds in combination with hydrogen, oxygen, etc., and that occurs in a pure state
as diamond and graphite, and in an impure state as charcoal. Symbol: C; atomic weight:
12.011; atomic number: 6; specific gravity: (of diamond) 3.51 at 20C; (of graphite) 2.26
at 20C. Carbon Residue is the quantity of carbon produced from a lubricating oil heated
in a closed container under standard conditions. Carbon residue for a fossil fuel can be
defined as the tendency of that fuel to form carbon deposits at high temperature in an
inert atmosphere. Carbon residue for a fuel is measured in weight percentage (wt %) or
parts per million by weight (ppm wt). High carbon residue value is undesirable for a fuel.
Different carbon residue values can be defined for a fuel depending on the measurement
method used. Ramsbottom Carbon Residue (RCR), Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR),
Micro Carbon Residue (MCR) are the indexes used corresponding to three different
measurement methods used. Carbon residue is the amount of carbon that is made by a
chemical process, such as heating up oil. It is mainly considered to be a by-product of
fuel. When gasoline is burned and used by a motor vehicle engine, it produces exhaust
that contains carbon monoxide. Carbon residue is what the leftover particles of a fuel
product are transformed into. There are tests that can determine the amount of residue
that remains after certain fuels are heated or burned.
The test method that is used to calculate the amount of carbon residue is known as
Ramsbottom Carbon Residue (RCR). This test is used to determine how much residue a
fuel is likely to leave. It also helps calculate the fuel's tendency to combust or burn.
Residue can also be calculated as the Micro Carbon Residue (MCR) or the Conradson
Carbon Residue (CCR). Both of these methods are equivalent in that they return the same
numerical value. The test is conducted by placing a small amount of fuel oil into a glass
container. As the glass is heated within a certain temperature range, the weight is
calculated and subtracted from what the glass weighed prior to being heated.
High amounts of residue can be damaging to the environment. For example, high levels
of carbon monoxide can lead to an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere. These gases are thought to contribute to global warming an overall
increase in the average earth temperature over decades.
Carbon residues can also be life threatening or poisonous. Exposure to high amounts of
carbon monoxide can lead to brain and cellular damage, including death by asphyxiation.
It is considered to be a pollutant and certain fuels may result in higher amounts of residue
than others. Additives, such as ethanol, may be mixed into certain types of fuel to reduce
the amount of carbon deposits.
Residues are usually only formed when the fuel oil reaches high temperatures. Machinery
plants, vehicles and the majority of home heating systems all use some type of fossil fuel
that produces a residue when heated. Some engine components may accumulate carbon
deposits over time that may need to be periodically removed in order to maintain optimum
performance. Chemicals such as fuel injection cleaners can help remove some of the
deposits that may be the root cause behind engine stalling and rough starts.
If lubricating oil is heated to a high temperature in an enclosure where there is a limited
supply of air, the greater part of the oil will be distilled and there will remain a residue of
carbon. The amount of this carbon residue in lubricating oil is an indication of the extent
of its decomposition when used for high-temperature lubrication.
Carbon residue determinations are generally made by the method introduced by
Conradson and the apparatus being used consists of the following equipment:
1. Porcelain crucible glazed throughout, 25 to 26 cubic centimeter capacity, 46
millimeters in diameter.
2. Skidmore iron crucible, 45 cubic centimeters capacity, 65 millimeters in diameter,
37 to 39 millimeters high with cover, without delivery tubes and one opening
closed.
3. Wrought iron crucible formed from spun sheet iron with cover, about 180 cubic
centimetres capacity, 80 millimeters in diameter, 58 to 60 millimeters high. At the
bottom of this crucible a layer of sand is placed about 10 millimeters deep or
sufficient to bring the Skidmore crucible with cover on, nearly to the top of the
wrought iron crucible.
4. Triangle, pipe stem covered, with a projection so as to follow the flame to reach
the crucible on all sides.
5. Sheet iron or asbestos hood provided with a chimney about 2 to 2 inches high,
2 1/8 to 2 inches in diameter, to distribute the heat uniformly during the process.
6. Asbestos or hollow sheet iron block (insulator), 6 to 7 inches square, 1 to 1
inches high, provided with opening in the center, 3 inches in diameter at the
bottom, and 3 inches in diameter at the top.
To determine carbon residue by Conradson apparatus, the oil sample, in the crucible, is
heated at a state rate and caused to vaporize. After ignition and further heating for a
specified time, the residue is cooled and weighed. Duplicate tests should agree within 10
per cent if the carbon residue is about 2 per cent or within 20 per cent if the residue is
above 0.5 per cent
For oils without detergency additives, carbon residue by the Conradson test is a rough
index of the tendency of the oil to decompose in service and to leave carbon residue on
hot surfaces.
In order to get accurate results, the dimensions of the apparatus used must be as nearly
as possible the same as those specified in this description. Special precautions must be
taken to observe the first appearance of vapors. In order to make this observation as
accurate as possible the gas burner may occasionally be momentarily removed to
facilitate this observation. If, at any time during the test the vapors from the oil exceeds
the 3 inch specification above the chimney of the hood, the gas burner may be removed
for a short interval until the size of the gas flame can be reduced sufficiently to keep the
vapour flame about 2 inches above the top of the chimney.
LIST OF APPARATUS
1. Meker Burner Used for heating,
sterilization
and
burning
of
substances.
2. Conradson Apparatus One type of

apparatus used to determine the
amount of carbon residue will a
substance have.
3. Tripod Used to support glasswares,

such as flask and beaker, and other
container to be heated during
experiment.
4. Wire Mesh Used to distribute heat

from Bunsen or Meker burner evenly
and support the glassware together
with the tripod.
5. Chimney Used to transport smoke

of flue gas from one room to the
outside air.

PROCEDURE
1. Weigh crucible, record as W I.
2. Add 10g of oil (SAE 10 and SAE 30) to the crucible.
3. Place the crucible in the center of the Skidmore crucible and place these two inside
the sheet-iron crucible.
4. Place this on top of the lit Meker Burner atop of the wire mesh.
5. Wait until the oil burns.
6. When the oil has completely burned and no more vapors can be seen and no smoke
may be observed, wait for the crucible to cool down and then check for carbon residue.
7. Weigh the crucible with carbon residue (IF ANY) the record as W 3.
TOLERANCES: Weights of oil sample should be accurate to within 5 mg. Tests should be run in duplicate
and repeated if necessary until the percentages of carbon residue differ by not more than 10 per cent from
an average.
SET-UP OF APPARATUS
The picture on the left was the initial

set-up that was shown by the lab
assistant to the group. Generally, the
Conradson Carbon Residue Apparatus
measures the carbon residue of a
consumed fluid by means of mass
difference to cancel out the weight of
the crucible. Instead of a Bunsen
burner, a meker burner was used,
which was much stronger compared
the first one.
Conradson Apparatus Theoretical Set-up

Before the experiment, the crucible and the
fluid
will
be
weighed.
Generally,
for
easier
calculations, the fluid was made sure to be 10g.
Weighing of the crucible and fluid

Now, the fluid inside the crucible is combusted and
as a result, the carbon residue will be quantified as mass.
Take note that some fluids will have no carbon residue
at all. If that is the case, the group regarded the mass as
0g.
Actual Conradson Apparatus Set-up
FINAL DATA SHEET
Trials
Test Oil
(Oil
Specification
)
Weight
of
Crucible
W1
Weight
of Lub
Oil
W2
Weight of
Carbon
Residue
W3
Percent of
Carbon
Residue
Time
SAE 10
21.1 g
10 g
0g
0.0 %
8:58
SAE 30
21.1 g
10 g
0.0697 g
0.697 %
13:30
Equations:
C.R.%
W3
100%
W2
W3 weight of the crucible and carbon residue weight of crucible

W2 weight of the crucible and oil weight of crucible
Type
Classes C and D, CR, max. %
Extra light
0.1
Light
0.2
Medium
0.45
Heavy
0.55
Extra heavy
0.7
Ultra heavy
0.8
SAMPLE COMPUTATION
For SAE 40
W1 = 21.1g
W2 = 10g
W3 = 0.06979g
NOTE: The first sample, SAE 10, had a carbon residue of 0, therefore, computations arent
necessary
TEST DATA ANALYSIS

The table on the left, shows the results of the
PERCENT
TEST
CARBON
OIL
RESIDUE
TIME
experiment conducted by the group. In theory,

carbon residue test are conducted so as to know
(%)
SAE 10
8:58
SAE 40
0.7
13:30
Summarized Results
how much carbon a substance contains. In

mechanical
engineering,
machineries
use
lubrication and since these apparatus work on high

temperature conditions, these fluids tend to burn
out. A good characteristic of a lubricant is that, it
would not leave behind so much carbon so as not affect the tools performance.
Out of all the types of carbon residue tests, the conradson apparatus is used. This
test makes use of a porcelain crucible which would contain the fluid to be tested. Then, it
will be combusted until the oil has evaporated. The carbon residue on the crucible will be
quantified as mass and that would determine the percent of carbon residue on the
substance.
On the first trial, the test oil used was SAE10. According to the data, there was no
carbon residue percent recorded by the group (0%). This was due to the fact that after
the test, there are no visible carbon residue on the crucible. Also, it took 8 minutes and
58 seconds before the 10g of SAE 10 to burn out.
SAE 40 was used on the second trial. It turns out that there was 0.7 percent of
carbon residue on the fluid. This might be the reason as to why this fluid was more viscous
than SAE 10. Also, it took 13 minutes and 30 seconds for the oil to burn-out.
10
DISCUSSION
Petroleum products are mixtures of many compounds that differ widely in their
physical and chemical properties. Some of them may be vaporized in the absence of air
at atmospheric pressure without leaving an appreciable residue. Other nonvolatile
compounds leave a carbonaceous residue when destructively distilled under such
conditions. This residue is known as carbon residue when determined in accordance with
prescribed procedures. Thus the term carbon residue is used here to denote the
carbonaceous residue formed after evaporation and pyrolysis of a petroleum product. The
residue is not entirely composed of carbon but is a coke that can be changed further by
heating.
Carbon residue is the amount of carbon that

is made by a chemical process, such as heating up
oil. It is mainly considered to be a by-product of fuel.
When gasoline is burned and used by a motor
vehicle
Carbon Residue on a Machine Piece
engine,
it
produces
exhaust
that
contains carbon monoxide. Carbon residue is what
the leftover particles of a fuel product are transformed into. There are tests that can
determine the amount of residue that remains after certain fuels are heated or burned.
The test method that is used to calculate the amount of carbon residue is known as
Ramsbottom Carbon Residue (RCR). This test is used to determine how much residue a
fuel is likely to leave. It also helps calculate the fuel's tendency to combust or burn.
11
Lubricating oil products are mixtures of many compounds which differ widely in
their physical and chemical properties. Some of them may be vaporized in the absence
of air at atmospheric pressure without leaving an appreciable residue. Other non-volatile
compounds leave residue when destructively distilled under such conditions. This residue
is known as carbon residue when determined in accordance with prescribed procedure.
Carbon residues can also be life threatening or poisonous. Exposure to high
amounts of carbon monoxide can lead to brain and cellular damage, including death by
asphyxiation. It is considered to be a pollutant and certain fuels may result in higher
amounts of carbon residue than others. Additives, such as ethanol, may be mixed into
certain types of fuel to reduce the amount of carbon deposits. Carbon residue is the
residue formed by evaporation and thermal degradation of a carbon-containing material.
It is a measure of the carbonaceous material left in a fuel after all the volatile components
are vaporized in the absence of air.
Residues are usually only formed when the fuel oil reaches high temperatures.
Machinery plants, vehicles and the majority of home heating systems all use some type
of fossil fuel that produces a residue when heated. Some engine components may
accumulate carbon deposits over time that may need to be periodically removed in order
to maintain optimum performance. Chemicals such as fuel injection cleaners can help
remove some of the deposits that may be the root cause behind engine stalling and rough
starts.
12
Oil will leave a carbon residue; as it must, because oil always contains a certain
amount of fixed carbon. The amount and character of the carbon left, however, is an
indication of the grade of petroleum from which the lubricating oil was distilled and the
care exercised in refining. All oils oxidize or polymerize when heated, forming sediment,
the nature of which tells much about an oil. The heat of many explosions causes part of
the film of lubricating oil in the cylinder to flash off and to escape with the exhaust gases.
A residue, commonly called carbon deposit, is left behind, however, consisting of
carbon, solid hydro-carbons, etc. Oil must be continuously fed in to renew the thin film. It
is evident that by testing an oil by heating it in a tube over a Bunsen flame, we are
subjecting it to a condition something like that which it must meet in an automobile motor
and that decomposition must always result whenever oil is called in to endure heat. The
duration of heating and the temperature, of course, affect the outcome of the experiments.
There is usually no direct relationship
between gravity, viscosity, and carbon, but under
certain conditions there may be. Low-gravity oils will
generally have a higher carbon residue than highgravity oils; also, some high-viscosity oils will have
more carbon than low-viscosity oils. However, oils
Ramsbottom Carbon Residue App.
with the same gravity or the same viscosity may

have different carbon residue.
Two Standards for determining carbon residue are widely used, one for Conradson
carbon residue, the other for Ramsbotton carbon residue. Both are applicable to relatively
non-volatile petroleum products which partially decompose when distilled at a pressure
13
of one atmosphere. Oils which contain ash-forming constituents will have erroneously
high carbon residue by either method depending upon the amount of ash.
In the Conradson Carbon Residue test, the apparatus and procedure are designed
as follows:
(a) To exclude air during the evaporation and pyrolysis of the oil sample from a
crucible
(b) To permit control of the prescribed rate of heating
(c) To eliminate condensation of distillates in or on the sample
The amount of residue is determined from the weight of the crucible before and after
the test. The Conradson carbon residue is reported as percent by weight of the original
sample.
The percentage of Conradson carbon
does not give an actual value for the
formation of carbon or coke in oil-firing
practice but only a relative value of this
formation in an improperly designed, or
inefficiently operated, oil burner installation.
Conradson Carbon Residue App.
When using the right grade of fuel oil for a

particular unit, and with proper preheat or
atomizing temperature, plus the correct air-to-fuel ratio, the carbon residue of fuel oil will
have little effect upon the combustion.
14
The carbon residue of a fuel is the tendency of carbon deposits to form under high
temperature in an inert atmosphere. It is known that the correlation between carbon
residue and diesel engine performance is poor.
However, in the absence of any other parameter, this property is included in fuel
specifications, indicating the carbonaceous deposit-forming tendencies of the fuel. Many
factors can affect the combustion process in diesel engines, including engine loading,
engine tuning and the ignition qualities of the fuel which all have an effect on the deposit
tendencies of a particular fuel.
The carbon residue value of a fuel depends on the refinery processes employed in its
manufacture. For straight run fuels, the value is typically 10 - 12% m/m, while for fuels
from secondary refining processing the value depends on the severity of the processes
applied. In some areas it can be as high as 20% m/m.
Modern engines are tolerant to a wide range of MCR valves. However, some older
engines, typically of the 1970s, are such that difficulties may be experienced burning fuels
with an MCR greater than 12% m/m, especially at low loads. Above this level, there is
likely to be increased carbonaceous deposit, which will affect the performance of the
engine. Operational experience has shown that the present generation of large, medium
and slow speed engines designed for residual fuel can tolerate a wide range of MCR
values without any adverse effect.
Engine oil is one of the hydrocarbon by-products derived from the distillation of mineral
oil. Although the oil has the primary purpose of lubricating the moving parts if the engine
carbonaceous deposits cannot be eliminated at the valves, piston rings, valve seats, and
15
ports. To a greater extent, the accumulation of the carbon on the specified part may cause
failure of the parts such as corrosion of the valves, sticking up the rings, and scoring of
the cylinder. Uncontaminated lubricating oil, with a minimal carbon residue, suits it for use
in engines.
Most fuel oils have a carbon residue that is within the proper limits and although
grades 4, 5, and 6 have varying carbon residues, no trouble should be experienced if the
correct grade of oil is used. With industrial burners the carbon residue is usually not too
critical, except in small furnaces or smelting pots where the combustion chambers are
small. With burners under large boilers, or with any type of furnace with large combustion
chambers, the carbon residue is not too important.
Industrial no. 2 oils are low enough in carbon to give no trouble from carbon. If any
carbon trouble appears with any grade of oil, it should be investigated before blaming the
oil. The oil may be of a good grade, but still there may be some carbon difficulty. Usually,
this is not caused by the oil, although it could be of the wrong grade. The burner, the
furnace, and the combustion can all create carbon trouble.
The following troubles may be encountered owing too high a carbon residue of the
oil or to carbon formation caused by various other factors. Some burners cannot handle
oil of too high a carbon residue, since carbon will form on the burner tip; this can build up
and eventually close the tip opening.
Small combustion chambers, as in small smelting furnaces, will sometimes have
carbon build-up on the walls. The oil may not burn completely in these small chambers,
16
or as it leaves the burner it strikes the brickwork and carbon formation results. This
condition may be due to using the wrong grade of oil.
If the burner is not centered correctly, or if the burner tip is partially blocked,
throwing atomized oil against the side of the combustion chamber may result. This
condition is called flame impingement. This carbon formation is not due to the carbon
residue of the oil, but rather to the condensation of oil vapors, or atomized oil, on the
relatively cooler brickwork, forming carbon deposits.
High amounts of carbon residue can be damaging to the environment. For
example, high levels of carbon monoxide can lead to an increase in the concentration
of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These gases are thought to contribute to global
warming an overall increase in the average earth temperature over decades.
certain types of fuel to reduce the amount of carbon deposits.
17
starts.
Carbon Residue in Fuel Oils
The carbon residue of a fuel is the tendency of carbon deposits to form under
high temperature in an inert atmosphere. It is known that the correlation between carbon
residue and diesel engine performance is poor. However, in the absence of any other
parameter, this property is included in fuel specifications, indicating the carbonaceous
deposit-forming tendencies of the fuel. Many factors can affect the combustion process
in diesel engines, including engine loading, engine tuning and the ignition qualities of the
fuel which all have an effect on the deposit tendencies of a particular fuel.
The carbon residue value of a fuel depends on the refinery processes employed
in its manufacture. For straight run fuels, the value is typically 10 - 12% m/m, while for
fuels from secondary refining processing the value depends on the severity of the
processes applied. In some areas it can be as high as 20% m/m.
Modern engines are tolerant to a wide range of MCR valves. However, some
older engines, typically of the 1970s, are such that difficulties may be experienced burning
fuels with an MCR greater than 12% m/m, especially at low loads. Above this level, there
is likely to be increased carbonaceous deposit, which will affect the performance of the
engine. Operational experience has shown that the present generation of large, medium
and slow speed engines designed for residual fuel can tolerate a wide range of MCR
values without any adverse effect.
The following troubles may be encountered owing too high a carbon residue of
the oil or to carbon formation caused by various other factors. Some burners cannot
18
handle oil of too high a carbon residue, since carbon will form on the burner tip; this can
build up and eventually close the tip opening.
Small combustion chambers, as in small smelting furnaces, will sometimes have
carbon build-up on the walls. The oil may not burn completely in these small chambers,
or as it leaves the burner it strikes the brickwork and carbon formation results. This
condition may be due to using the wrong grade of oil.
If the burner is not centered correctly, or if the burner tip is partially blocked,
throwing atomized oil against the side of the combustion chamber may result. This
condition is called flame impingement. This carbon formation is not due to the carbon
residue of the oil, but rather to the condensation of oil vapors, or atomized oil, on the
relatively cooler brickwork, forming carbon deposits.
High amounts of carbon residue can be damaging to the environment. For
example, high levels of carbon monoxide can lead to an increase in the concentration
of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These gases are thought to contribute to global
warming an overall increase in the average earth temperature over decades.
19
starts.
The carbon residue of crude oil and crude oil products is a measure of the
propensity of the sample to form coke when combusted under specific conditions that
require a limited supply of oxygen. The carbon residue of a petroleum sample might be
considered to be analogous to the determination of fixed carbon for coal (ASTM D-3172,
ASTM D-3173, ASTM D-3174, ASTM D-3175). Petroleum products are mixtures of many
compounds that differ widely in their physical and chemical properties. Some of them may
be vaporized in the absence of air at atmospheric pressure without leaving an appreciable
residue. Other nonvolatile compounds leave a carbonaceous residue when destructively
distilled under such conditions. This residue is known as carbon residue when determined
in accordance with prescribed procedures. Thus the term carbon residue is used here to
denote the carbonaceous residue formed after evaporation and pyrolysis of a petroleum
product. The residue is not entirely composed of carbon but is a coke that can be changed
further by heating.
The method was originally devised to determine the carbon-forming tendencies of

diesel fuels and lubricating oils in internal combustion engines. Carbon residue values of
various heavy feedstocks are indicative of the coke yields to be expected from these
materials in refinery coking operations (Speight, 1999, 2000 and references cited therein).
20
There are two older methods for determining the carbon residue of a petroleum or
petroleum product, the Conradson method (ASTM D-189, IP 13) and the Ramsbottom
method (ASTM D-524, IP 14). Both are applicable to the relatively nonvolatile portion of
petroleum and petroleum products, which partially decompose when distilled at a
pressure of 1 atmosphere. However, oils that contain ash-forming constituents have
erroneously high carbon residues by either method unless the ash is first removed from
the oil; the degree of error is proportional to the amount of ash.
The Conradson carbon method is the more usual test for determining the amount
of carbon residue left after evaporation and pyrolysis (destructive distillation) of residua,
heavy oil, and bitumen and is intended to provide some indication of relative coke-forming
propensity. The amount of Conradson carbon residue is also corrected for the presence
of mineral matter in the sample.
The application of the Conradson carbon residue determination to heavy
feedstocks, such as Athabasca bitumen, requires that a correction be made for inorganic
matter by determining the ash content of the carbon residue. In addition, the high
Conradson carbon residue of such feedstocks allows use of a smaller sample size
together with correspondingly shorter burning and flame times.
Lubricating oil products are mixtures of many compounds which differ widely in
their physical and chemical properties. Some of the m may be vaporized in the
absence of air at atmospheric pressure without leaving an appreciable residue.
Other non-volatile compounds leave residue when destructively distilled under
such conditions. This residue is known as carbon residue when determined in
accordance with prescribed procedure.
21
Carbon residue is the residue formed by evaporation and thermal degradation of

a carbon-containing material. The residue is not composed entirely of carbon but is a
coke that can be further changed by carbon pyrolysis. The term carbon residue is
retained in deference to its wide common usage. It is a measure of the carbonaceous
material left in a fuel after all the volatile components are vaporized in the absence of
air.
Oil will leave a carbon residue; as it must, because oil always contains a certain
amount of fixed carbon. The amount and character of the carbon left, however, is an
indication of the grade of petroleum from which the lubricating oil was distilled and the
care exercised in refining. All oils oxidize or polymerize when heated, forming sediment,
the nature of which tells much about an oil. The heat of many explosions causes part of
the film of lubricating oil in the cylinder to flash off and to escape with the exhaust gases.
A residue, commonly called carbon deposit, is left behind, however, consisting of
carbon, solid hydro-carbons, etc. Oil must be continuously fed in to renew the thin film. It
is evident that by testing an oil by heating it in a tube over a Bunsen flame, we are
subjecting it to a condition something like that which it must meet in an automobile motor
and that decomposition must always result whenever oil is called in to endure heat. The
duration of heating and the temperature, of course, affect the outcome of the experiments.

22
starts.
23
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

1. What is pyrolysis of petroleum materials?
- Pyrolysis is the breaking apart of complex molecules into simpler units by the use
of heat, as in the pyrolysis of heavy oil to make gasoline.
2. What are the two types of carbon residue produced by pyrolysis?
- The two types of carbon residue produced by pyrolysis are charcoal and coke.
3. What is fixed carbon?
- Fixed carbon is the carbon of the chemical compounds in the oil and is
determined by chemical analysis.
4. What is incomplete combustion? How does it occur?
- Incomplete combustion is the reaction or process that does not convert all of the
fuel's carbon and hydrogen into carbon dioxide and water, respectively. For
example,
incomplete
combustion
of
carbon
produces
carbon
monoxide. Incomplete combustion occurs when there isn't enough oxygen to allow
the fuel to react completely to produce carbon dioxide and water.
5. What is the ignition quality in smaller engines?
- The property of a fuel that ignites when injected into the compressed-air charge
in a diesel engine cylinder; measurement is given in terms of cetane number.
6. What will happen when fuels have high cetane numbers?
- Fuels with higher cetane number have shorter ignition delays, providing more
time for the fuel combustion process to be completed. Hence, higher speed diesel
engines operate more effectively with higher cetane number fuels.
7. What is definition of cetane number?
24
- Cetane number is a measure of the ignition quality of diesel fuel; higher this
number, the easier it is to start a standard diesel engine.
8. What is definition of Diesel index?
- An empirical expression for the correlation between the aniline number of a diesel
fuel and its ignitability.
25
CONCLUSION
In this activity we have been able to perform a carbon residue test with the use of
the Conradson Apparatus. We have tested three sample lubricating oils: SAE 10 and SAE
40. From the results we have obtained, SAE 10 showed lesser amount of carbon residue
than the two. This results shows that SAE 10 is better than SAE 40 since it left lesser
pollution than the latter. But as we can see, SAE 10 burned up in a shorter time, which
means that SAE 40 is favourable in longer use than that of SAE 10 since SAE 40 burns
up in a much longer time.
Lubricating oils are designed for a specific purpose. When using oils we must
follow specifications and instructions in order to maximize the use of the oil. In this way
we can lessen the carbon residue production and help prevent global warming. Because
carbon residues can also be life threatening or poisonous, exposure to high amounts of
carbon monoxide can lead to brain and cellular damage, including death by asphyxiation.
It is considered to be a pollutant and certain fuels may result in higher amounts of carbon
residue than others. Additives, such as ethanol, may be mixed into certain types of fuel
to reduce the amount of carbon deposits. The carbon residue value of the various
petroleum materials serves as an approximation of the tendency of the material to form
carbonaceous type deposits under degradation conditions similar to those used in the
test method, and can be useful as a guide in manufacture of certain stocks.
26
RECOMMENDATIONS
First, it is important to have personal protective equipment for this activity. This
experiment deals with combustion of substances. Therefore, students with respiratory
conditions might not be able to tolerate the flue gas that the substances produce. Some
of these equipment includes face mask, gloves and apron if the student is tasked to hold
the apparatus, which is very hot.
Also, since the class schedule for this course is nine hours, it is better for the
students to be able to maximize their time. This includes, adding more test samples in
order to further conceptualize the concepts the activity is trying to instil into their minds.
27
REFERENCES
http://www.condition-monitoring.com/bunker_fuel_carbon_residue.htm
http://www.f.sereneenergy.org/f/Carbon_Residue.html
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-carbon-residue.htm
http://www.globalheattransfer.co.uk/about/media/ght-news/white-paper-revealsthe-dangers-of-carbon-residue
http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=FPZqEPpshpIC&pg=PA41&dq=carbon+re
sidue+test+of+lubricating+oil&hl=en&sa=X&ei=atgPUevJG877rAfs8oCoCQ&redir
_esc=y#v=onepage&q=carbon%20residue%20test%20of%20lubricating%20oil&f
=false
28
PRELIMINARY DATA SHEET
29

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MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Muralla St. Intramuros, Manila

8 JEREMIAS, John Karlo B. Date of Performance: August 6, 2015

Date of Submission: August 13, 2015

Engr. Teodulo A. Valle

THEORIES AND ANALYSIS

FINAL DATA SHEET

TEST DATA ANALYSIS

QUESTION AND ANSWERS

PRELIMINARY DATA SHEET

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

To be able to determine the carbon residue of sample lub oils.

To have the knowledge about carbon residue test.

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

2. Conradson Apparatus One type of

3. Tripod Used to support glasswares,

4. Wire Mesh Used to distribute heat

5. Chimney Used to transport smoke

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

The picture on the left was the initial

Conradson Apparatus Theoretical Set-up

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

calculations, the fluid was made sure to be 10g.

Weighing of the crucible and fluid

Actual Conradson Apparatus Set-up

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

FINAL DATA SHEET

W3 weight of the crucible and carbon residue weight of crucible

Classes C and D, CR, max. %

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

TEST DATA ANALYSIS

experiment conducted by the group. In theory,

how much carbon a substance contains. In

lubrication and since these apparatus work on high

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

Carbon residue is the amount of carbon that

contains carbon monoxide. Carbon residue is what

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

with the same gravity or the same viscosity may

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

When using the right grade of fuel oil for a

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

The method was originally devised to determine the carbon-forming tendencies of

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

Carbon residue is the residue formed by evaporation and thermal degradation of

Carbon residues can also be life threatening or poisonous. Exposure to high

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL

EXP 3: CARBON RESIDUE TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL