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MCEN90029

Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28
Creep

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 1

Summary
In this lecture we will introduce the concept of
creep and viscoelasticity. Over the next two
lectures, we will investigate
(1)
(2)

Time-dependent increase in strain at


constant stress
Time-dependent decrease in stress at constant
strain

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 2

Viscoelasticity
Viscoelastic materials do not exhibit a linear-elastic range
Show interdependence with stress and strain over time.
Stress and strain dependent on load history
Simplest model of viscoelasticity contains features of a
Hookean solid and a Newtonian liquid
Simplest model is:

= E +
Coefficient
of elasticity

Coefficient
of viscosity

(E)

( )

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 3

Viscoelasticity
Because of time
dependence and creep,
stress-strain relationships
are strain-rate dependent.
Thus the viscosity
coefficient, , is not
constant (depends on
nature of loading)

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 4

Creep and viscoelasticity


When ambient air temperature is constant
and low, metal strength and stiffness
remains constant
High temperatures lead to reduced yield
strength
Previously, we have assumed stress and
strain remains constant

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 5

Effect of tempering
temperature on mechanical
properties of Nickel-chrome
steel

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 6

The effect of temperature on the tensile strength of various steels

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 7

Creep and viscoelasticity


Time dependent increase in material strain under
constant load is termed creep
When strain/deformation is held constant, and a
reducing load (stress) occurs, this complementary
effect is called stress relaxation

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 8

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 9

Stress-strain-time-temperature relationships
For most metals, creep occurs above 0.3Tm,
where Tm is the metals melting temperature

Edward Andrade (1887-1971), an English Physicist,


performed creep experiments on lead (displacement
measured at const load and at a given temp until failure, or
for a specified lengthy time)

Typical
const load/
const temp
curves

E. Andrade
MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 10

Stress-strain-time-temperature relationships
The four principal stages of a typical creep curve for a metal
(1) initial stage: initial strain (usually elastic) due to initial loading
(2) primary stage: decrease in creep rate (strain hardening more rapid
than softening due to temp)
(3) secondary stage: creep rate const (equilibrium between strain
hardening and thermal softening)
(4) tertiary stage: increased
strain rate due to temp.
Structural instability and
cracking, may lead to failure

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 11

Stress-strain-time-temperature relationships
Problem:
For safe operation of metals, total deformation due to creep should be
below failure strain. This is usually ensured by setting a creep limit
(a standard creep limit at a given operating temp is 1% strain in
10,000 hrs)
How does one obtain long-life
creep data for different
stresses/temperatures (could
take a year!)

Answer:
Methods are used to
extrapolate long-life
data from short-term
tests

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 12

Analytical representations of creep behaviour


Creep strain c, which is a function of stress, ,
time, t, and temperature, T, can be represented by
three functions as follows:
1. Stress function:

f1 () = A1

c = f1 ( ) f 2 (t) f 3 (T)
(1)
'

f1 () =
A2 sinh& )
% 0 (

$'
f1 () = A3 exp& )
% *0 (

(2A)

A1, A2, A3 , are constants; 0 and "0 are


reference stresses

c = t1/ 3 + t + t 3

2. Time function:

(2B)

, , are material constants relating to the


primary, secondary and tertiary stages

3. Temperature function:

$ H '
f 3 (T) = exp&
)
% RT (

(2C)

H is the activation energy, R is


the universal gas constant, and T
is the absolute temperature
of Solids
MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics

Lecture L28 - 13

Analytical representations of creep behaviour


For design of components for creep, secondary stage most
critical (for low stresses, creep rate constant for long
periods)
From equation 2B:

c = t1/ 3 + t + t 3

Replaced by
strain constant
neglected

# d &
c = 0 + % (t
$ dt '

where d /dt = c is the secondary stage creep rate


n
Minimum creep rate related to stress: c = B

(3)
MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

B and n are material constants

Lecture L28 -(4)


14

Analytical representations of creep behaviour


The dependence of temperature can be included (from equation 1)
& H )
c = B exp(
+
' RT *
n

How does one predict


permissible
stress and

temperature for a creep


strain of, say, 0.5% in
10,000 hours? (without
doing a 10,000 hour test)
A log-log plot of c vs
yields a straight line. But cant
extrapolate data at high stress
due to large dependence of n
and H
stress/
on the
temperature regime
MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 15

Analytical representations of creep behaviour


Alternatively, combine equations (3) and (4), i.e.
# d &
c = 0 + % (t
$ dt '

and

c = B n

Thus, we can express the time to reach a specified value of

total
creep
strain
in
the
secondary
stage as follows:

c 0
t=
B n
Not reliable, since tertiary creep may commence before
predicted value of secondary creep!

i.e., dont know c for when secondary period finishes

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 16

Analytical representations of creep behaviour


A safer way method of predicting permissible stress/temp
for a given creep strain is:

1. Extrapolate graphs of creep


strain against log time for
several temperatures

2. Plot temperature vs log time


for various stresses at given
strain. Extrapolate curves to
required life
MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 17

Creep-rupture testing
How does one determine the creep-rupture strength of a
material for long endurances? Use a creep-rupture curve
Various values of stress applied in successive tests at constant
temperature, sufficient to cause rupture (from a few minutes to
several hundred hours)

Rupture/log time
relation for
chromiummolybdenumsilicon steel

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 18

Tension creep test equipment


Creep testing most commonly in
tension
Previously, dead-weight loading
system. Now, servo-hydraulic
systems
Temp significantly affects creep rate
British Standards
Max variation of temp along specimen
2C
Variation of mean temp 1 up to 600C
and 2C between 600C and 1000C
Bose ElectroForce 3200
material test instrument
MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 19

Creep during pure bending of a beam


Consider a beam subject to pure bending at a given
high temperature. Calculate the bending stress
distribution assuming:
(a) plane section remain plane under creep deformation
(b) creep behaviour the same in tension as in compression
n
(c) the creep rate is given by the expression c = B

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 20

Creep under multi-axial stresses


Most problems in engineering are 3-dimensional. How
do we relate uniaxial creep data to biaxial problems?
Assume:
(a) principal stresses and strains are in the same direction
(b) plastic deformation occurs at constant volume 1 + 2 + 3 = 0
(c) maximum shear stresses and strains are proportional

Expressing maximum shear stress and strain in terms of their differences:

1 2


= 2 3 = 3 1 =
1 2 2 3 3 1
Rearranging the above equations
to give the individual principal
strains in terms of the principal
stresses:
MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

)
2 &
1
1 ( 2 3 ) +
(
*
3 '
2
)
2 &
1
2 =

(
)
1 +
*
3 (' 2 2 3
)
2 &
1
3 =
3 (1 2 ) +
(
*
3 '
2

1 =

Lecture L28 - 21

Creep under multi-axial stresses


Express as a constant creep rate:
&
)
1
1 = (1 ( 2 3 ) +
'
*
2
&
)
1
2 = ( 2 ( 3 1 ) +
'
*
2
&
)
1
3 = ( 3 (1 2 ) +
'
*
2

Where is a function relating the


three principal stresses to the
uniaxial stress/creep condition

(5)

Using the von Mises yield criterion to obtain the effective stress, e gives:

2
2
2
1
e =
1 2 ) + (2 3 ) + (3 1 )
(
2

1/ 2

(6)

For simple tension,


2 = 3 = 0. Thus, e = 1

From the simple secondary-stage creep law,

= B

n
e

%
(
1
1 = B en 1 '1 ( 2 3 ) *
& 2
)
%
(
1
2 = B en 1 ' 2 ( 3 1 ) *
&
)
2
%
(
1
3 = B en 1 ' 3 (1 2 ) *
&
)
2

(7)

Thus, we can write

= e and therefore = B en 1
(from 5)
MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

(8)

(Three principalLecture
creepL28
rates)
- 22

Example
A steel gas flue tube of 100 mm diameter and 3 mm wall
thickness is to operate at 400C for a service life of
100,000 hours. Determine the allowable pressure for a
creep strain limit of 0.5%.
Assume at 400C, n = 3, B = 1.4510-23 m2/h.MN

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 23

Lecture summary
In this lecture we introduced the concept of
creep as the time dependent strain of a body
under constant stress. We derived expressions
for secondary stage creep behaviour in three
dimensions

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 24

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