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Lecture L28
Creep
Lecture L28 - 1
Summary
In this lecture we will introduce the concept of
creep and viscoelasticity. Over the next two
lectures, we will investigate
(1)
(2)
Lecture L28 - 2
Viscoelasticity
Viscoelastic materials do not exhibit a linear-elastic range
Show interdependence with stress and strain over time.
Stress and strain dependent on load history
Simplest model of viscoelasticity contains features of a
Hookean solid and a Newtonian liquid
Simplest model is:
= E +
Coefficient
of elasticity
Coefficient
of viscosity
(E)
( )
Lecture L28 - 3
Viscoelasticity
Because of time
dependence and creep,
stress-strain relationships
are strain-rate dependent.
Thus the viscosity
coefficient, , is not
constant (depends on
nature of loading)
Lecture L28 - 4
Lecture L28 - 5
Effect of tempering
temperature on mechanical
properties of Nickel-chrome
steel
Lecture L28 - 6
Lecture L28 - 7
Lecture L28 - 8
Lecture L28 - 9
Stress-strain-time-temperature relationships
For most metals, creep occurs above 0.3Tm,
where Tm is the metals melting temperature
Typical
const load/
const temp
curves
E. Andrade
MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids
Lecture L28 - 10
Stress-strain-time-temperature relationships
The four principal stages of a typical creep curve for a metal
(1) initial stage: initial strain (usually elastic) due to initial loading
(2) primary stage: decrease in creep rate (strain hardening more rapid
than softening due to temp)
(3) secondary stage: creep rate const (equilibrium between strain
hardening and thermal softening)
(4) tertiary stage: increased
strain rate due to temp.
Structural instability and
cracking, may lead to failure
Lecture L28 - 11
Stress-strain-time-temperature relationships
Problem:
For safe operation of metals, total deformation due to creep should be
below failure strain. This is usually ensured by setting a creep limit
(a standard creep limit at a given operating temp is 1% strain in
10,000 hrs)
How does one obtain long-life
creep data for different
stresses/temperatures (could
take a year!)
Answer:
Methods are used to
extrapolate long-life
data from short-term
tests
Lecture L28 - 12
f1 () = A1
c = f1 ( ) f 2 (t) f 3 (T)
(1)
'
f1 () =
A2 sinh& )
% 0 (
$'
f1 () = A3 exp& )
% *0 (
(2A)
c = t1/ 3 + t + t 3
2. Time function:
(2B)
3. Temperature function:
$ H '
f 3 (T) = exp&
)
% RT (
(2C)
Lecture L28 - 13
c = t1/ 3 + t + t 3
Replaced by
strain constant
neglected
# d &
c = 0 + % (t
$ dt '
(3)
MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids
Lecture L28 - 15
and
c = B n
total
creep
strain
in
the
secondary
stage as follows:
c 0
t=
B n
Not reliable, since tertiary creep may commence before
predicted value of secondary creep!
Lecture L28 - 16
Lecture L28 - 17
Creep-rupture testing
How does one determine the creep-rupture strength of a
material for long endurances? Use a creep-rupture curve
Various values of stress applied in successive tests at constant
temperature, sufficient to cause rupture (from a few minutes to
several hundred hours)
Rupture/log time
relation for
chromiummolybdenumsilicon steel
Lecture L28 - 18
Lecture L28 - 19
Lecture L28 - 20
1 2
= 2 3 = 3 1 =
1 2 2 3 3 1
Rearranging the above equations
to give the individual principal
strains in terms of the principal
stresses:
MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids
)
2 &
1
1 ( 2 3 ) +
(
*
3 '
2
)
2 &
1
2 =
(
)
1 +
*
3 (' 2 2 3
)
2 &
1
3 =
3 (1 2 ) +
(
*
3 '
2
1 =
Lecture L28 - 21
(5)
Using the von Mises yield criterion to obtain the effective stress, e gives:
2
2
2
1
e =
1 2 ) + (2 3 ) + (3 1 )
(
2
1/ 2
(6)
= B
n
e
%
(
1
1 = B en 1 '1 ( 2 3 ) *
& 2
)
%
(
1
2 = B en 1 ' 2 ( 3 1 ) *
&
)
2
%
(
1
3 = B en 1 ' 3 (1 2 ) *
&
)
2
(7)
= e and therefore = B en 1
(from 5)
MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids
(8)
(Three principalLecture
creepL28
rates)
- 22
Example
A steel gas flue tube of 100 mm diameter and 3 mm wall
thickness is to operate at 400C for a service life of
100,000 hours. Determine the allowable pressure for a
creep strain limit of 0.5%.
Assume at 400C, n = 3, B = 1.4510-23 m2/h.MN
Lecture L28 - 23
Lecture summary
In this lecture we introduced the concept of
creep as the time dependent strain of a body
under constant stress. We derived expressions
for secondary stage creep behaviour in three
dimensions
Lecture L28 - 24