TRANSFORMER

TRANSFORMER TESTS

SOLVED

Example 1: A 5kVA, 1000/200 V, 50 Hz, single-phase

transformer gave the following test results :
OC test (hv side) : 1000 V
SC test (hv side) :

0.24 A

50 V

5A

90 W
110 W

Calculate : (i) equivalent circuit of transformer with circuit

constants, (ii) regulation at full load at 0.8 lagging pf, and (iii) kVA
load for maximum efficiency.
Solution :
(i) Equivalent circuit with circuit constants :
From oc test :
The test is conducted on primary side.
Given : V1 = 1000 V, I0 = 0.24 A, W = 90
We have

= V1 I0 cos0
=

W
V1 I0

so,

cos0

or

sin0 = 0.927

90
10000 0 .24

= 0.375 lagging

The working component of no-load current,

Iw = I0 cos0 = 0.24 0.375 = 0.09 A
The magnetizing component of no-load current,
I = I0 sin 0 = 0.245 0.927 = 0.222A
R0 =

V1
IW

1000
0 .09

= 11111

X0 =

V1
I

1000
0 .222

= 4504.5

From sc test :
1

TRANSFORMER

TRANSFORMER TESTS

SOLVED

The test is conducted on primary side.

Given : Vsc = 50 V, I1 = 5 A, W = 110 W
we have w = I21 R01
or R01 =

W
I 21

110
(5 )2

Z01 =

Vsc
I1

50
5

X01 =

Z 2 01 R 2 01

= 4.4
= 10

10 2 4.4 2

= 8. 98

Figure 4.31 shows the equivalent circuit with circuit constants.

R0 1 = 4.4 X0 1 = 8.98

I2

I1

I0 = 0.24 A
V1 = 10 00 V

IW

R0

Z L V2

X0

= 11111

= 4504.5

Fig. 4.31
(ii) Regulation of full-load 0.8 lagging pf :
(I2)FL =
K=

E2
E1

kVA rating 1000

E2

5 1000
200

= 25 A

20
= 0.22
1000

R02 = K2R01 = (0.2)2 4.4 = 0.176

X02 = K2X01 = (0.2)2 8. 98 = 0.36
Power factor = cos = 0.8, sin = 0.6
So, % regulation =

I2 R 02 cos I2 X02 sin

E2

100

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TRANSFORMER TESTS

SOLVED

2 .5 0 .176 0 .8 25 0 .36 0 .6
200

100

= 4.46
(iii) kVA load for maximum efficiency :
From oc test Wi = 90 W
(I1)FL =

kVA rating 1000

5 1000
=
= 5A
E1
1000

So, [Wcu]FL = (I1)2FL R01 = (5)2 4.4 = 110W

kVA at max
=5

= full-load kVA

Wi
[Wcu ]FL

90
110

= 4.52

Example 2: Obtain equivalent circuit of a 200/400 V, 50 Hz,

single-phase transformer form the following test data :
OC test

: 200 V

0.7 A

70 W

(on lv side)

SC test

10 A

85 W

(on hv side)

15 V

Calculate the secondary voltage when delivering 5kW at 0.8 pf

lagging, the primary voltage being 200 V.
Solution :
From oc test :
The reading are : V1 = 200 V, I0 = 0.7 a, W = 70W
We have W = V1I0 cos 0

TRANSFORMER

So, cos 0 =

TRANSFORMER TESTS

SOLVED

W
70
=
= 0.5
V1 I0
200 0 .7

andsin 0 = 0.866
Also Iw = I0 cos 0 = 0.7 0.5 = 0.35 A
I = I0 sin 0 = 0.7 0.866 = 0.606 A
R0 =

V1
IW

V1

X0 = I =

200
= 571.4
0 . 35
200
0 .606

= 330

From sc test :
It may be noted that this test is conducted on hv side, i. e. ,
instruments are placed on secondary, and primary had been
short-circuited.
The reading are Vsc = 15 V, I2 = 10A, W = 85W
We have W = I22 R02
So, R02 =
Z02 =

W
I22

85
10 2

= 0.85

Vsc 15
= = 1.5
I2 10

So, X02 = Z 2 02 R 2 02 = 1.52 0.852 = 1.24

Now,

X01 =

R01 =

0 . 85
R 02
0 . 85
=
2 = 0.21
2 = 400
K
(
)2 (2)
200

X 02 1 . 24
= 2 = 0.31
(2)
K2

The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 4.32.

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TRANSFORMER TESTS

R 0 1 = 0.21 X0 1 = 0.31

I2

I1

SOLVED

I0 = 0.7 A
IW

V1 = 200 V

R0

Z 2 V2

X0

571.4

330

Fig. 4.32

Secondary current , when delivering 5 kW at 0.8 pf lagging is

calculated as follows :
Output kVA

E 2 I2
or
1000
or

400 I2
1000

or I2

kW

= pf

5
=
0 .8
=

5
0 .8

= 15.63 A

Total voltage drop as referred to secondary,

E2- V2 = I2R02 cos + I2X02 sin
or 400 V2 = 15.63 0.85 0.8 + 15.63 1.24 0.6
So, V2 = 377.7 V

Example 3: A 50 kVA, 2200/220 V, 50 Hz, single-phase

transformer gave the following test results :
OC test (hv side)

: 2200 V

0.5 A

1000 W

SC test (hv side)

20 A

500 W

100 V

Calculate : (i) efficiency at full-load 0.8 lagging pf and (ii)

maximum efficiency at 0.8 pf and load at maximum efficiency.
5

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TRANSFORMER TESTS

SOLVED

Solution :
From oc test, Wi = 1000 W
The sc test is conducted on hv side, i.e. , primary side.
The full-load primary current.
(I1)FL =

kVa rating 1000

E1

50 1000
2200

= 22.73 A

Short-circuit test data have been given at 20A current on primary

side. Since short-circuit and cull-load current are different, the cu
loss at full load should be calculated as
22 .73

=
20

[Wcu]FL

500

= 645.81 W
(i) Efficiency at full-load 0.8 lagging pf :
% =
=

x full - load kVA pf

100
(x full - load kVA pf) Wi x 2 [Wcu ]FL
(1 50 0 .8 )
(1 50 0 .8 ) 1 (1)2 0 .64581

100

= 96.048
(ii) The load at maximum efficiency :
x=

Wi
[Wcu ]FL

1000
645 .81

= 1.244

Maximum efficiency,
%max =
=

(x full - load kVA pf)

(x full - load kVA pf) 2Wi

(1 .244 50 0 .8 )
(1 .244 50 0 .8 ) 2(1)

= 96.14
6

100

100

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TRANSFORMER TESTS

SOLVED

Example 3: Open-circuit and short circuit tests on a 5 kVA,

200/400 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer gave the following
test results :
OC test

: 200 V

1A

100 W

(carried on lv side)

SC test
circuited)

: 15 V

10A

85 W

(with primary short

Calculate : (i) Draw the equivalent circuit referred to primary. (ii)

calculate the approximate regulation of a transformer at full- load
0.8 pf lagging and at full-load 0.8 pf leading.
Solution :
(i) Equivalent circuit referred to primary :
From oc test :
The test is carried on lv side, i. e. , primary side. The
instrument reading are :
Vi = 200 V, I0 = 1A, W = 100 W
We have

= V1I0 cos0

So,

cos 0

and

sin 0

= 0.866

Now,

Iw = I0 cos 0 = 1 0.5 = 0.5 A

W
V1 I0

100
200 1

= 0.5

I = I0 sin 0 = 1 0.866 = 0.866 A

Hence, R0 =

V1
IW

200
0 .5

X0 =

V1
I

200
0 .866

= 400
= 231

TRANSFORMER

TRANSFORMER TESTS

SOLVED

From sc test :
In sc test, primary side is short-circuited.
carried on secondary side.

, the test is

The reading are given as Vsc = 15 V, I2 = 10A, and W= 85 W

Now,

W = I22 R02

So,

R02 =

W
85
=
= 0.85
2
(10 )2
I 2

15

Vsc

Z02 = I =
= 1.5
10
2
Z 2 01 R 2 02 = 1.5 2 0.85 2 = 1.236

X02 =
K=
So,

E2
E1

400
100

R01 =
X01 =

X 02
K2

=2

R 02
K2

0 . 85
(2)2

= 0.2125

= 0.309

1 .236
(2)2

The equivalent circuit referred to primary is as shown in

Fig. 4.33.
I2

I1

R0 1
0.2125

I0
V1 = 200 V

IW
R0

400

X0 1
0.309

Z L V2

X0

231

Fig. 4.33
(ii) Regulation at full load :
At 0.8 pf lagging :
8

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TRANSFORMER TESTS

(I2)FL =

(kVA rating 1000)

E2

% regulation = (
=

SOLVED

5 1000
= 12.5 A
400

I2 R 02 cos I2 X02 sin

E2

) 100

12 .5 0 .85 0 .8 12 .5 1 .236 0 .6
100
400

= 4.44
At 0.8 pf leading :
% regulation =
=

I2 R02 cos I2 X 02 sin

E2

100

12 .5 0 .85 0 .8 12 .5 1 .236 0 .6
400

100

= -0.19

Example 4 : A 250/500 V, single-phase transformer gave the

following test results :
Short-circuit test with low-voltage winding short circuited:
20 V

12 A

100 W

Open-circuit test:

250V

1A

80 W

on low-voltage side.
Find the efficiency, when the output is 10 A at 500 V at 0.8 pf lag.
Solution :
Since oc test is carried out by applying rated voltage (250 V) on lv
side (primary) with hv side open circuited, the wattmeter reading
gives the core loss corresponding to normal voltage, i.e.,
core (or iron) loss = 80 W

TRANSFORMER

TRANSFORMER TESTS

SOLVED

The sc test is carried out with lv winding (primary) short-circuited,

i.e., it is carried out on secondary side. (The current circuited on
secondary side = 12 A and power input = 100 W.)
So, copper loss corresponding to 12 A= 100 W
Now, efficiency at 10 A load is required.
So, copper loss corresponding to 10 A =

10

12

Hence, efficiency at 10 A, 0.8 pf and 500 V,

% =
=

Output power
Output power Iron loss Copper loss

500 10 0 .8
(500 10 0 .8 ) 80 69 .44

100

= 96.4

10

100

100 = 69. 44 W