f!..

Mpn=~ (

4- , 1:.. ~ 8,

i,

r Eke/l eises;;

1, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25,

2, 3,31::t,
4, 7
2,
8' 7 12

?ro6kltts ~

\ E/te;tllsis

':N

I. : ~

.:\

-r

/2../)

~ L- -t-

I l}.J
I

c)

IjN

1-

';0+

;He. ~
(
(?

~n

7- N +

::;H

/0

IL

JJ. / IS:

:H+Y

t3

"-7

-7>

.,

tt~

8.

1).25

Ei

9.
!5:

=:

-13,~eV

A2 = I=fe 10.
6,

)) = (i,tJ9"1-

E=,,= - (/3.6 12V )/3ro

e;::::: / 3,2 e.V

~/t nt-I)

(.-1- __'_) : : :
3~

z.Z-

,~

A = v :::::
Po" a ~iven

12.
"T.

6, !)b 3

-~
x. / D

,J. = OJ

m=

I, Z.n

= -O.3~8eV

/,5z4=

x.

fJ1~ (

ID C:,

/,S24)c ID 4--

tm- I

&, 5'fo. 3 11M

(n-I)

n2..

g,
13.
t

14.

-2

44

%IJ~( .
_ esf~;,o..+tOI1

fY/J.
'-I D+I
,

-3 I -2 -I D

18. See figures 1.9, 1.10, and 1.12

1-( ( -t-Z I

zp

4-5

Si

3d

--2 I -I I0 f+,
I +2

+3

~-Pls
()r /; i-/f;.

}1b,

if

~JADf) .~ Ro.. (50 9 IVAuf) TAe fJen~/ ~o( /; ~ IbJ?I'r:t tlr01 el1tJfes 10 deC/'e4s~
~c.:J( 4 rJh>tt tis fe;:r /'e;"a.II1.S' /&Irly eMsk-l btd- II-e-.
d S~ltce. iJeroe&( tie. /1u clefts tlltq( tJl{~O of- elecf7-.011
!htV'~Se.S ~ TIi~ ff' S'~sAd( /s /)!lect al'ler La.~.1 ieArL.
reachf"J i/e-Ntv I~ ~~/d 1ft? 6('CWS, 7t~. 14- arltlrhMt<.! If'8iM$
5 'Y'

20.
12.

(!s4q kJIrn~ )

Btl

>

(!:JOZ

I ~(lt(S~ lIe 7ft't eNo' e.ieht&tis, ~ 6~ /J1ac4 "sl11aller. iilJr Wbk(c;(

I hare. 6/lel1 .eX/eC!-f~cI/ . o/jJl'C?x/lJtaiely tJ~ same.. SI:ce. as .#~

1 {!{)r/'e~lIc1r'lJ

&~ J el'(()d e/e.!Jt eds

CI'
ftln
45
45
45
45
3d.
45
The.. Zit&{ I E I~ ~" ill!-. 45 ( e.1ec.f/'tl11 I~ a/l.fl4ses !!,<2e;st- Cr J
/lJADSe. 2Jic( e./~tlrDI1 AS loST fhlJ1 t( 301 Otif~! !-Dr 5'1;( ~r
&-

21.
/3,

SC!-

Ti'

l-~cfrol/s.l ~ I;CretlS~ t1.{!./,o~s

a !e/'/~o( f>e(!llt(s~

ZeN

/;ll101r,;C;. 'fA- e./e(Jirol1 /11~~e 77~9Ir(!,!., lAe.. 3! .

eJec.~11 IS {!/oSO" % fJ~ /It(C!.lells aile( lesS' sAreYclec(". 3D It-IS
/J101'e- "77';I1'11y bOIAItc/.
l/7cre.lIses:

23.
I~l

z..

3'~ : [~l4S 3d

[Itrl 3d 5"
I ~ Co3~ [1fr'1 3d ~
~

1.9

fJ1n2~

Cu :

flh-l 4s(3d /0

?/'D~/eh7S

2.

i a)

I b)

I
I

At -the- l1uc/et{s
ftt-f'~ao ..

tt

if! a.1f ~ La:~/aresj- ~ere ) .

l11u/-h;/req /;t

4rrr.l 'file aret? 6/ ({

SIAe~e/ 'to J~:i ift '-13~( ,fO/;4/;(''1':';y af air?/;'-/s /ocafec(
a d:5~l1ce r- fJ.DIf/ Me I1f,(d~i{ s ,
('~!)a" . 5,,<,- fir~ 1.12
/./f.

1-:5

3,

I Rb = eV

lor 11- :

E>S

4-I(~

2..

h(!J~H ( I) = /3. t, eY, = (), s 4-1 e I;

(s)"l.

2EJ

/J1ucA A~1!er-- ZeN, 7h~ /6I'C 01IJtlfrac-h()~ !>f!/t..;eel1 7'1&- eke-hI? t'AA'6( file I1lAdeus Ii -re.p.p~/f2.
frj 5s(4d 10 It; !las 1~ l/1Jfol/ s .ttltt{ an (2ve;, /;(jj?/, repp,

/?b /ttl:> 3r Jro7-t>i1S

t2lttX

fA.

c::

4, Phrrhl1 etei<Jo/:= IE
P~oion

..e.nU;r = .h

kF tJf Y'eie(JsecR ~= 3(4-0 ><: ID(~ J

1-

~)2~/8
(,19, ,!9 1'0-31)
I<J (/15"9 x /0 0/=> =} Is-x /D J

1<1=( /4-)

ICK.r) -

3.40}< IDI8 -

..L

=-

/<clf?b):;::'
2.~
9ft:,

gf

6r7

lC

IllS x:

-3(

(9,{D?)< 10 I=J

+ ~2.~
~

251102..

f&

==:

2,ZfJ.".. If)

X2f fs- x IDt,)2...

f%

N0 ~

,; d

==:.

-18

;;=.

Z("?-3 x /0

/1,DeV
=

1t.1 ef!

;n
Y

Y
7.12.

/0

E15. n = 5; l = 3; ml = -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3

E16. S = Z - Z*. Li, S = 3 - 1.28 = 1.72; Be, S = 4 - 1.91 = 2.09; B, S = 5 - 2.42 = 2.58; C, S = 6 3.14 = 2.86; N, S = 7 - 3.83 = 3.17; O, S = 8 - 4.45 = 3.55; F, S = 9 - 5.10 = 3.90. The amount of
shielding increases across the period as electrons are added to the outermost subshell. p electrons
are more shielded than s electrons, as shown by the larger increment in S between Be and B.

E19. The first ionization energy of Zn is much higher than that of Ca because Z* is much greater.
In moving to the right across a period, Z increases by one whole unit for each succeeding element,
but the shielding increases by only 0.35 units. Thus, there is a rapid increase in Z* in moving to
the right.
E25. a) S

b) Sr

c) V

d) Tc

e) In

f) Sm