Inelastic Behavior

Inelastic Behavior of
Materials and Structures
Inelastic Behavior 1
Revised 3/10/06
Inelastic Behavior of
Materials and Structures
Illustrate Inelastic Behavior of Materials and Structures
Explain Why Inelastic Response May be Necessary
Explain the Equal Displacement Concept
Introduce the Concept of Inelastic Design Response Spectra
Explain How Inelastic Behavior is Built into ASCE 7-05
Revised 2/29/04
Importance in Relation to ASCE 7-05
Derivation and Explanation of the Response

Reduction Factor R
Derivation and Explanation of the Displacement

Amplification Factor Cd
Derivation and Explanation of the Overstrength

Factor o
Inelastic Behavior of Structures

From Material
to Cross Section
to Critical Region
to Structure
Idealized Inelastic Behavior

From Material..
Stress
u
y
u
=
y
y
Strain
u
Stress-Strain Relationships for Steel
Stress-Strain Relationships for Steel
Unconfined Concrete
Stress-Strain Behavior
20000
4500 psi
8800 psi
13,500 psi
17,500 psi
18000
16000
Stress, psi
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
Strain, in./in.
Confined Concrete
Stress-Strain Behavior
no confinement
4.75 in.
3.5 in.
Pitch of
2.375 in.
in. dia.
1.75 in. spiral
8000
7000
Stress, psi
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
Huge increase in Strain Capacity !
1000
Tests of
6 in. x 12 in.
cylinders
0
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Average strain on 7.9 in. gauge length

Confinement by Spirals or Hoops

Asp
fyhAsp
ds
fyhAsp
Confinement
from spiral or
circular hoop
Forces acting
on 1/2 spiral or
circular hoop
Confinement
from square
hoop
Concrete Confinement
Rectangular hoops
with cross ties
Confinement by
transverse bars
Confinement by
longitudinal bars
Idealized Stress-Strain Behavior of

Confined Concrete
Kent and Park Model
No Hoops
4 in.
6 in.
9 in. Pitch of
12 in. in. dia.
4500
4000
Stress, psi
3500
3000
spiral
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
0.004
0.008
0.012
0.016
Strain, in./in.
Unconfined
Confined
Benefits of Confinement
Spiral Confinement
Virtually NO Confinement
Olive View Hospital, 1971 San Fernando Valley Earthquake
IDEALIZED INELASTIC BEHAVIOR

To Section..
Strain
Stress
Moment
ELASTIC
y
Strain
y
Stress
My
Moment
INELASTIC
Mu

To Section..
Moment
Mu
My
u
=
y
y
NOTE:
Curvature

Software for Moment - Curvature Analysis

XTRACT

To Critical Region and Member..
Mu
My
Moment
Area y
u
Curvature
Area u
LP
ELASTIC
INELASTIC

To Critical Region and Member..
Moment
Mu
My
u
=
y
y
NOTE:
Rotation

Critical Region Behavior of a Steel Girder
Strength Loss
Due to Flange
Buckling

To Structure..
Force
u
=
y
Note:
Displacement
Loss of Ductility through Hierarchy

Strain = 100
Curvature = 12 to 20
Rotation = 8 to 14
Displacement = 4 to 10
Ductility and Energy Dissipation Capacity
System ductility of 4 to 6 is required for

acceptable seismic behavior.
Good hysteretic behavior requires

ductile materials. However, ductility in
itself is insufficient to provide acceptable
seismic behavior.
Cyclic energy dissipation capacity is a

better indicator of performance.
Response Under Reversed

Cyclic Loading
(t)
+
Time
Earthquakes impose DEFORMATIONS. Internal Forces Develop

as a result of the deformations.
Laboratory Specimen under Cyclic Deformation Loading
Displacement
Transducer
(Controls )
+
Moment Arm L
7
5
3
Time
2
4
6
Hydraulic
Ram
Records (F)
Deformations are cyclic,

inelastic, and reversed
Load Cell
Laboratory Specimen under Cyclic Deformation Loading
Force
Displacement
Transducer
(Controls )
Moment Arm L
Deformation
Hydraulic
Ram
Records (F)
Measured Hysteretic
Behavior
Load Cell
Hysteretic Behavior
Force
Force
Deformation
ROBUST
(Excellent)
Deformation
PINCHED
(Good)
Hysteretic Behavior
Force
Force
Deformation
PINCHED (with strength loss)

Poor
Deformation
BRITTLE
Unacceptable
Hysteretic Behavior
Force
AREA=
Energy Dissipated
Deformation
ROBUST
Force
Deformation
PINCHED (No Strength Loss)
The structure should be able to sustain several

cycles of inelastic deformation without significant
loss of strength.
Some loss of stiffness is inevitable, but excessive

stiffness loss can lead to collapse.
The more energy dissipated per cycle, without

excessive deformation, the better the behavior
of the structure.
The art of seismic resistant design is in the details.

With good detailing, structures can be designed
for force levels significantly lower than would be
required for elastic response.
Why is Inelastic Response Necessary?

Compare the Wind and Seismic Design of a
Simple Building
Building Properties:
Moment Resisting Frames
Density = 8 pcf
Period T = 1.0 sec
Damping = 5%
Soil Site Class B
62.5
90
120
Wind:
100 MPH Exposure C
Earthquake:
Assume SD1=0.48g
Wind:
120 mph 3-Sec Gust
Exposure C
62.5
90
Velocity pressure q= 36.8 psf
Gust factor G = 0.85
120
Pressure coefficient Cp= 1.3
Load and Directionality Factor for Wind = 1.6x0.85=1.36
Total wind force on 120 face:
VW120= 62.5*120*36.8*0.85*1.3*1.36/1000 = 415 kips
Total wind force on 90 face:
VW90 = 62.5*90*36.7*0.85*1.3*1.36/1000 = 310 kips
Earthquake:
Building Weight W=
120*90*62.5*8/1000 = 5400
kips
VEQ = CSW
62.5
90
120
0.48
S D1
CS =
=
= 0.480
. (10
. / 10
. )
T ( R / I ) 10
Total ELASTIC earthquake force (in each direction):
VEQ = 0.480*5400 = 2592 kips
Comparison: Earthquake vs. Wind

VEQ
VW 120
2592
=
= 6.2
415
VEQ
VW 90
2592
=
= 8.4
310
ELASTIC Earthquake forces 6.2 to 8.4 times wind!

Virtually impossible to obtain economical design
How to Deal with Huge Earthquake Force?
Isolate structure from ground (Base Isolation)

Increase Damping (Passive Energy Dissipation)
Allow Controlled Inelastic Response
Historically, Building Codes use Inelastic Response Procedure.
Inelastic response occurs through structural damage (yielding).
We must control the damage for the method to be successful.
Assume Frame is Designed for Wind

Pushover Analysis Predicts Strength = 500 k
Force, kips
Actual
600
Idealized
400
200
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Displacement, inches
How will Frame Respond During

0.4g El Centro Earthquake?
Force, kips
600
Fy=500 k
K2=11 k/in
400
Idealized SDOF Model
200
K1=550 k/in
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Displacement, in.
El Centro Ground Motion

Acceleration, g
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
0
-0 .2
-0 .4
-0 .6
0
10
T im e , S e c o n d s
12
14
16
18
20
Response Computed by NONLIN:

Maximum
Displacement:
4.79
Maximum
Shear Force:
542 k
Number of
Yield Events:
15
Response Computed by NONLIN:
Yield Displacement = 500/550 = 0.91 inch

Maximum Displacement 4.79
=
= 5.26
Ductility Demand
Yield Displacement
0.91
Interim Conclusion (The Good News)

The frame, designed for a wind force which is 15%
of the ELASTIC earthquake force, can survive the
earthquake if:
It has the capability to undergo numerous cycles of
INELASTIC deformation
It has the capability to deform at least 5 to 6
times the yield deformation
It suffers no appreciable loss of strength
REQUIRES ADEQUATE DETAILING

Interim Conclusion (The Bad News)

As a result of the large displacements associated with
The inelastic deformations, the structure will suffer
considerable structural and nonstructural damage.
This damage must be controlled by

adequate detailing and by limiting
structural deformations (drift)
Development of Equal Displacement

Concept of Seismic Resistant Design.
Concept used by:
UBC/IBC
NEHRP
ASCE-7
In association with Force Based

design concept. Used to predict
design forces and displacements
FEMA 273
In association with Static Push Over

Analysis. Used to predict displacements
at various performance points.
The Equal Displacement Concept
The displacement of an inelastic system, with

stiffness K and strength Fy, subjected to a particular
ground motion, is approximately equal to the displacement
of the same system responding elastically.
(The displacement of a system is independent of the
yield strength of the system)
Maximum Displacement (in)
Repeat Analysis for Various Yield Strengths

(All other parameters stay the same)
7
Elastic = 5.77
Avg. = 5.0 in.
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Yield Strength (K)

Ductility Demand
6
5
4
Inelastic
3
2
1
Elastic
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Yield Strength (K)

Constant Displacement Idealization

of Inelastic Response
IDEALIZED BEHAVIOR
3500
3500
3000
3000
2500
2500
Force, Kips
Force, Kips
ACTUAL BEHAVIOR
2000
1500
1000
2000
1500
1000
500
500
0
0
4
Displacement, Inches
Equal Displacement Idealization

of Inelastic Response
For design purposes, it may be assumed that

inelastic displacements are equal to the
displacements that would occur during an
elastic response.
The required force levels under inelastic response

are much less than the force levels required for
elastic response.
Equal Displacement Concept

of Inelastic Design
3500
Elastic
Force, Kips
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
Inelastic
500
0
0
5.77 6
Design for This Force
Design for this Displacement

Equal Displacement Concept

of Inelastic Design
3500
Elastic
Force, Kips
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
Inelastic
500
0
0 d =0.91 2
y
4 du=5.77 6
5.77
= 6.34
Ductility Supply MUST BE > Ductility Demand =
0.91
FE
3500
Force, Kips
3000
2500
2000
1500
FI
1000
500
0
0
dR
dI 6
Using Response Spectrum, Estimate ELASTIC Force Demand FE

Estimate Ductility Supply, , and determine INELASTIC Force
Demand FI = FE /. Design Structure for FI
Compute Reduced Displacement dR, and multiply by to obtain true
Inelastic Displacement dI. Check Drift using di
ASCE-7 Approach
Use basic elastic spectrum, but for strength,
divide all pseudoacceleration values by R,
a response modification factor that accounts for:
Anticipated ductility supply

Overstrength
Damping (if different than 5% critical)
Past performance of similar systems
Redundancy
Ductility/Overstrength
FIRST SIGNIFICANT YIELD
First
Significant
Yield
Force
Design
Strength
Displacement
First Significant Yield

is the level of force which causes complete
plastification of at least the most critical region
of the structure (e.g. formation of the first
plastic hinge)
The Design Strength of a Structure is equal
to the resistance at first significant yield.
Overstrength (1)
Force
Design
Strength
Displacement
Overstrength (2)
Force
Design
Strength
Displacement
Overstrength (3)
Force
Apparent
Strength
Over Strength
Design
Strength
Displacement
Sources of Overstrength
Sequential Yielding of Critical Regions

Material Overstrength (Actual vs Specified Yield)
Strain Hardening
Capacity Reduction ( ) Factors
Member Selection
Definition of Overstrength Factor

Overstrength Factor =
Apparent Strength
Design Strength
Force
Apparent Strength
Over Strength
Design Strength
Displacement
Definition of Ductility Reduction Factor Rd

Force
Elastic Strength
Demand
Strength
Demand
Reduction due
To Ductility
Apparent Strength
Over Strength
Design Strength
Displacement
Elastic
Displacement
Demand
Definition of Ductility Reduction Factor

Ductility Reduction Rd =
Elastic Strength Demand

Apparent Strength
Force
Elastic
Strength
Demand
Apparent
Strength
Design
Strength
Strength
Demand
Reduction due
To Ductility
Over Strength
Elastic Displacement
Displacement
Demand
Definition of Response Modification

Coefficient R
Overstrength Factor =
Ductility Reduction Rd =
Apparent Strength
Design Strength
Apparent Strength

R=
Design Strength
= Rd
Definition of Response Modification

Coefficient R
Force
R x Design Strength
x Design Strength
Reduced (Design) Strength
Displacement
ANALYSIS DOMAIN
Elastic
Displacement
Demand
Definition of Deflection Amplification Factor Coefficient Cd

Elastic Strength
Demand
Apparent Strength
Design Strength
Computed Design
Displacement
Demand D
Actual Inelastic
Displacement
Demand I
Elastic
Displacement
Demand E
ASCE 7 Approach for Displacements

Determine Design Forces V=CsW, where Cs includes
Ductility/Overstrength Reduction Factor R.
Distribute forces vertically and horizontally, and
compute displacements using linear elastic analysis.
Multiply computed displacements by Cd to obtain
estimate of true inelastic response.
EXAMPLES of Design Factors

for Steel Structures
ASCE 7-05
R
Rd
Cd
Special Moment Frame

Intermediate Moment Frame
Ordinary Moment Frame
8
4.5
3.5
3
3
3
2.67
1.50
1.17
5.5
4.0
3.0
Eccentric Braced Frame

Eccentric Braced Frame (Pinned)
8
7
2
2
4.00
3.50
4.0
4.0
Special Concentric Braced Frame

Ordinary Concentric Braced Frame
6
3.25
2
2
3.00
1.25
5.0
3.25
Not Detailed
1.00
3.0
Note: Rd is Ductility Demand ONLY IF o is Achieved.

EXAMPLES of Design Factors

for Reinforced Concrete Structures
ASCE 7-05
R
Rd
Cd
Special Moment Frame

Intermediate Moment Frame
Ordinary Moment Frame
8
5
3
3
3
3
2.67
1.67
1.00
5.5
4.5
2.5
Special Reinforced Shear Wall

Ordinary Reinforced Shear Wall
Detailed Plain Concrete Wall
Ordinary Plain Concrete Wall
5
4
2
1.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.00
1.60
0.80
0.60
5.0
4.0
2.0
1.5
Note: Rd is Ductility Demand ONLY IF o is Achieved.
ASCE-7 Elastic Spectra as

Adjusted for Ductility and Overstrength
1.2
SDS=1.0g
SDS
CS =
R/ I
S D1
CS =
T(R / I )
Acceleration, g
1.0
SD1=0.48g
R=1
0.8
R=2
R=3
R=4
R=6
R=8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
Period, Seconds
Using Modified ASCE-7 Spectrum

to Determine Force Demand
1.2
Pseudoacceleration, g
R=1
1.0
R=4
0.8
0.6
V=0.15W
0.4
0.15
0.2
0.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Period, Seconds
Using Modified ASCE-7 Spectrum

to Determine Displacement Demand
25
Displacement,inches.
R=1
R=4
20
(R=4)*Cd
15
Cd=3.5
10
5
0
0
Period, Seconds
Displacements must be Multiplied by factor Cd

Because Displacements Based on Reduced
Force would be too low
INELASTIC = Cd REDUCED ELASTIC
25
INELASTIC = 3.65 in
Displacement,inches.
R=1
R=4
20
(R=4)*Cd
15
Cd=3.5
10
5
0
0
Period, Seconds
Equal Displacement approach may not be

applicable at very low Period Values
Equal Energy Concept

(Applicable at Low Periods)
ELASTIC ENERGY
FE
FI
EE
FE
y
FI
FE
FE2
E E = 0.5FE
y = 0.5 y
FI
FI

INELASTIC ENERGY
FI
EI
y
E I = FI u 0.5 FI y = FI y ( 0.5)

Assuming EE = EI :
FE
FI
FE
= 2 1
FI
Newmark Inelastic Spectrum (for Psuedoacceleration)

100
Elastic:
Pseudo Velocity, In/Sec
FE
FI =
2 1
Inelastic:
10
FI =
FE
EqualDisp.
Equal Energy
Transition
0.1
0.01
0.1
1
Period, Seconds
10
Newmarks
Inelastic Design Response Spectrum
To obtain Inelastic DISPLACEMENT
Spectrum, multiply the Spectrum shown in
Previous slide by (for all Periods)
Newmarks Inelastic Design Response Spectrum

for Acceleration and Displacement
100
Pseudo Velocity, In/Sec
Disp.
Accel.
10
0.1
0.01
0.1
1
Period, Seconds
10
At very low periods, ASCE-7 Spectrum does not reduce to

ground acceleration, so this partially compensates for
error in equal displacement assumption at low Period
Values.
Cs
Period, T
Note: FEMA 273 has explicit modifies for computing Target
at Low Periods

Inelastic Behavior

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Inelastic Behavior

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Inelastic Behavior of

Materials and Structures

Importance in Relation to ASCE 7-05

Derivation and Explanation of the Response

Derivation and Explanation of the Displacement

Derivation and Explanation of the Overstrength

Inelastic Behavior of Structures

Idealized Inelastic Behavior

Stress-Strain Relationships for Steel

Stress-Strain Relationships for Steel

Huge increase in Strain Capacity !

Average strain on 7.9 in. gauge length

Confinement by Spirals or Hoops

Idealized Stress-Strain Behavior of

Olive View Hospital, 1971 San Fernando Valley Earthquake

IDEALIZED INELASTIC BEHAVIOR

IDEALIZED INELASTIC BEHAVIOR

Software for Moment - Curvature Analysis

IDEALIZED INELASTIC BEHAVIOR

IDEALIZED INELASTIC BEHAVIOR

Critical Region Behavior of a Steel Girder

IDEALIZED INELASTIC BEHAVIOR

Loss of Ductility through Hierarchy

Ductility and Energy Dissipation Capacity

System ductility of 4 to 6 is required for

Good hysteretic behavior requires

Cyclic energy dissipation capacity is a

Response Under Reversed

Earthquakes impose DEFORMATIONS. Internal Forces Develop

Laboratory Specimen under Cyclic Deformation Loading

Deformations are cyclic,

Laboratory Specimen under Cyclic Deformation Loading

PINCHED (with strength loss)

PINCHED (No Strength Loss)

Ductility and Energy Dissipation Capacity

The structure should be able to sustain several

Some loss of stiffness is inevitable, but excessive

The more energy dissipated per cycle, without

Ductility and Energy Dissipation Capacity

The art of seismic resistant design is in the details.

Why is Inelastic Response Necessary?

Comparison: Earthquake vs. Wind

ELASTIC Earthquake forces 6.2 to 8.4 times wind!

How to Deal with Huge Earthquake Force?

Isolate structure from ground (Base Isolation)

Assume Frame is Designed for Wind

How will Frame Respond During

Idealized SDOF Model

El Centro Ground Motion

Response Computed by NONLIN:

Response Computed by NONLIN:

Yield Displacement = 500/550 = 0.91 inch

Interim Conclusion (The Good News)

REQUIRES ADEQUATE DETAILING

Interim Conclusion (The Bad News)

This damage must be controlled by

Development of Equal Displacement

In association with Force Based

In association with Static Push Over

The Equal Displacement Concept

The displacement of an inelastic system, with

Maximum Displacement (in)

Repeat Analysis for Various Yield Strengths

Avg. = 5.0 in.